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The Skeletal System

Classification of Bone
 Parts of the skeletal system  Bones are classified on the basis of shape
 Bones (skeleton) into four groups
 Joints  Long
 Cartilages  Flat
 Ligaments  Short
 Irregular
 Two subdivisions of the skeleton
1. Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton

Functions of the Bones

 Support the body
 Protect soft organs
 Skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal
cord
 Rib cage protects thoracic cavity organs
 Attached skeletal muscles allow
movement
 Store minerals and fats
 Calcium and phosphorus Classification of Bones
 Fat in the internal marrow cavity  Long bones
 Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)  Typically longer than they are wide
Classification of Bones  Shaft with enlarged ends
 The adult skeleton has 206 bones  Contain mostly compact bone; spongy bone at
 Two basic types of osseous (bone) ends
 All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist,
tissue ankle, and kneecap bones) are long bones
Examples:
 Dense, smooth, and homogeneous

 Small needlelike pieces of bone

 Many open spaces
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 Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that
form within tendons (patella)
Examples:

Classification of Bones Classification of Bones

 Flat bones  Irregular bones
 Thin, flattened, and usually curved  Irregular shape
 Two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a  Do not fit into other bone classification
layer of spongy bone between them categories
Exmples: Examples:

 Structure of Bone
 Long bone anatomy
Classification of Bones  Diaphysis (shaft)
 Short bones  Makes up most of bone’s length
 Generally cube-shaped  Composed of compact bone
 Contain mostly spongy bone with an outer  Periosteum
layer of compact bone
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 Outside covering of the diaphysis
 Fibrous connective tissue membrane
 Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers secure
periosteum to underlying bone

Structure of Bone
 Long bone anatomy (continued)
 Epiphyseal line
 Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
 Seen in adult bones
 Epiphyseal plate
 Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young,
growing bone
 Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone

Structure of Bone
 Long bone anatomy (continued)
Structure of Bone
 Epiphysis (ends)  Long bone anatomy (continued)
 Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by  Endosteum
thin layer of compact bone  Lines the inner surface of the shaft
 Made of connective tissue
 Articular cartilage
 Covers the external surface of the epiphyses  Medullary cavity
 Made of hyaline cartilage  Cavity inside the shaft
 Decreases friction at joint surfaces  Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
 Contains red marrow for blood cell formation
in infants until age 6 or 7
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Structure of Bone
 Microscopic anatomy of spongy bone
 Composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone
called trabeculae and open spaces
 Open spaces are filled by marrow, blood
vessels, and nerves
Structure of Bone
 Bone markings
 Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and
ligaments
 Passages for nerves and blood vessels
 Categories of bone markings
 Projections or processes—grow out from
the bone surface
 Terms often begin with “T”
 Depressions or cavities—indentations
 Terms often begin with “F”

Structure of Bone
 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells situated in bone matrix
 Lacunae
 Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes
 Lamellae
 Concentric circles of lacunae situated around
the central (Haversian) canal

Structure of Bone
 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone
(continued)
 Central (Haversian) canal
 Opening in the center of an osteon (Haversian
system)
 Runs lengthwise through bone
 Carries blood vessels and nerves
 Osteon (Haversian system)
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 A unit of bone containing central canal and  break in a bone
matrix rings  Types of bone fractures
 Structural and functional unit of compact bone  Closed (simple) fracture is a break that
does not penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture is a broken
bone that penetrates through the skin

 are treated by reduction and

immobilization
 Closed reduction: bones are manually
coaxed into position by physician’s hands
 Open reduction: bones are secured with
pins or wires during surgery
 Healing time is 6–8 weeks

 Repair of bone fractures involves four

major events
 Hematoma (blood-filled swelling, or bruise)
is formed
 Fibrocartilage callus forms
 Cartilage matrix, bony matrix, collagen fibers
splint the broken bone
 Bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage callus
 Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate in
 Bone remodeling occurs in response to
mechanical stresses

Structure of Bone
 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone
(continued)
 Canaliculi
 Tiny canals
 Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
 Form a transport system connecting all bone
cells to a nutrient supply
 Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
 Canal perpendicular to the central canal
 Carries blood vessels and nerves

Axial Skeleton
 Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
 Divided into three parts

Bone Fractures
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Skull
 Hyoid bone
 Closely related to mandible and temporal bones
 The only bone that does not articulate with
another bone
 Serves as a movable base for the tongue
 Aids in swallowing and speech
Skull
 Two sets of bones form the skull
1. Cranium bones enclose the brain
2. Facial bones
 Hold eyes in anterior position
 Allow facial muscles to express feelings
 Bones are joined by sutures
 Only the mandible is attached by a freely
movable joint

Skull
8 cranial bones protect the brain
1 Frontal bone
2 Occipital bone
3 Ethmoid bone
4 Sphenoid bone
5, 6 Parietal bones (pair)
7, 8 Temporal bones (pair)
Skull
14 facial bones
1, 2 Maxillae (pair)
3, 4 Palatine bones (pair)
5, 6 Lacrimal bones (pair)
7, 8 Zygomatic bones (pair)
9, 10 Nasal bones (pair)
11 Vomer bone
12, 13 Inferior nasal conchae (pair)
14 Mandible