CHAPTER 5

MAGNETI
SM &MATTER

Thestudyofpr
oper
ti
esofmagnet s,
magneticsubst
ancesandofassoci
atedphenomenon
i
sthematt
erofmagneti
sm.
Thephenomenaofatt
ract
ionofsmallbi
tsofi
rontowar
dstheor
ewascal l
edmagnetism.

TheBarMagnet:Thebarmagneti sthemostcommonl yusedform ofanart

if
icialmagnet.I
tmay
ber ectangularorcy l
indr
icali
[Link] experiment
sthatamagnethast wopol es,
similartoposi ti
veandnegat i
vechargeofanel ectri
[Link] hemagnetar e
namedast heNor thpoleandSouthpol [Link] i
cneedl eissuspended
freel
y ,t
hepol ewhi chpointsappr
ox i
matelytowar
dst hegeographi
cnorthi
scalledNor t
hpoleand
thepol ewhi chpointsapproxi
matelytowardsgeographi
csouthiscall
edSouthpol e.

Magneti
cFieldLines:Magnet i
cf i
eldisthespacearoundamagnetort hespacearounda
conduct
orcarr
yingcurr
[Link]
izeamagneti
cfi
eldgraphi
cally
,theconceptofmagneti
cfi
eld
l
ineswasint
[Link]
lowingaretheproper
ti
esofmagneticfi
eldli
nes.
 Theyareconti
nuousclosedloops.
 Thetangentdrawntoal i
neoff or
ceatanypoi
ntoni tr
epresentst
hedi r
ect
ionofr
esult
ant
magnet
icf
iel
d att
hatpoi
nt.

 Theyaredi r
ectedawayf rom t
heNor t
hpoleandt owardstheSouthpol
eint heregi
on
outsi
dethemagnet .
 Theydonoti nt
ersect
,fori
ftheydi
d,atthei
rpoi
ntofint
ersect
iont
hemagneti
cfiel
dwould
havetwodiffer
entdir
ecti
ons.
 Theyarecrowdedi nt
heregionwher
ethemagnitudeofthemagneti
cfi
eldi
sstr
onger.

REPRESENTATI
ONOFMAGNETI
CFI
ELD

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 Unif
orm Fi el
d:A magnet icf iel
dissaidtobeunifor
mi fithast
hesamest rengt
hand
di
recti
onatal lpoints.I
tisrepresent
edbyasetofequal
lyspacedparal
l
ell
i
nes.
 Non-Uni form Field:Amagnet i
cfi
eldi
ssai
dtobenon- unif
ormifi
thasdif
fer
entstr
engt
h
anddirect
ionsatdi ffer
entpoints.

Unif
orm Fiel
d NonUni
for
m Fiel
d Nor
mal
l
y Nor
mal
ly
InwardField Outwar
dFiel
d

MAGNETI
CDI
POLE

A magnet
icdi
pol
e consi
stsoft
wo unl
i
ke pol
esofequal
st
rengt
hsepar
atedbyasmal
ldi
stance.
Eg:
Abarmagnet
,acur
rentl
oop,
Sol
enoi
det
c.

MAGNETI
CDI
POLEMOMENT( )

Theproductofstrengt
hofei
therpol
eandt
hedi
stancebet
weent
wopol
esi
scal
l
edas
magnet
icdi
polemoment .
 Itisavectorquant
ity
.
 Thedi
rect
ionof i sf
rom SouthPoletoNor
thPol
e.
 Themagnitudeoft
hemagneticdipol
emomentisequalt
othepr
oductofei
thermagnet
ic
pol
estrengt
handt
hel
engt
hoft
hemagnet
.Thati
s =m (
2).
2
 SIuni
tisA-m

CURRENTLOOPASAMAGNETI
CDI
POLE

Acur
rentcar
ryi
ngcoi
lbehav
esasamagnet
icdi
pol
einanext
ernalmagnet
icf
iel
[Link]
magnet
icdi
pol
emomentofsuchacur
rentl
oopi
s =NI ,
wher
e

N=Numberoft ur
nsint
hecoi
l
A=areaofthecoi
l
I=cur
renti
nthecoil

Thedir
ect
ionof isnormalt
othepl
aneofthecoilandt
he i
sint
hedi
rect
ionof .The
2 2
uni
tofmagnet
icdipol
emomenti
sampere-metr
e( Am ).

MAGNETI
CDI
POLEMOMENTOFAREVOLVI
NGELECTRONORATOM ASAMAGNETI
CDI
POLE

Consi
deranel
ect
ronofchar
ge(
e)per
for
m uni
for
m ci
rcul
armot
ionar
oundast
ati
onar
y

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nucl
eusofchar
ge(+Ze)
,let(
r)bether
adiusand(v)bet
hev el
oci
tyoft
heel
ect
ron.
Anorbi
ti
ngchargei
sequival
entt
oacurrentl
[Link]
entint
heloopi
s

I= . But
, T=

……………….
.(1)

Now,
magnet
icdi
pol
emomentofat
om i
s
M =NI
A ……………….
.(2)

2
Wher
e N=1, A=ar
eaofel
ect
ronor
bit=r

Puteqn.1)i
nto2)weget

M =I
A= ………….
……….(
3)

Accor
dingt
oBohr
’st
heor
y,t
heangul
armoment
um ofel
ect
roni
nst
ati
onar
yor
biti
sgi
ven

byL= = Wher
en=1si
ncet
heor
biti
squant
ized

Then = ………….
……….(
4)

Puteqn.4)i
n3)weget

M=

Not
e:

BohrMagnet
on:Themagnet
icdi
pol
emomentassoci
atedwi
thanat
om duet
otheor
bit
almot
ion
ofanel
ect
roni
nfi
rstor
bitofhy
drogenat
om i
scal
l
edasBohrmagnet
on(
B)
.

B=

 Thev
alueofBohrmagnet
oni 27×1024Am2
sB=9.

Barmagnetasanequi
val
entSol
enoi
d

Consi
derasolenoidofl
ength2land‘n’oft
ermsperunitlengthofradi
us‘a’
.
LetPbeapointont heaxi
sofasolenoidatadist
ance‘r’fr
om thecentr
eofthesolenoid.
Consi
derasmal l
elementofthethi
ckness‘dx’
ofthesolenoidatadist
ance‘x’
from thecent
re.

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Numberoftur
nsi
ntheel
ement=[Link]
Themagnit
udeoft
hemagnet
icfi
eldatapoi
ntPduet
otheci
rcul
arel
ementi
s

dB=

Whent
hepoi
ntPi
satv
eryl
argedi
stancef
rom O,
i.
e.r>>aandr>>x
, ,
then
3
r

 dB

Ast
herangeofxv
ari
ousf
rom –lt
o+l
,thet
otalmagnet
icf
iel
datPduet
othecur
rent
car
ryi
ngsol
enoi
dis

B=

Butt
hemagnet
icmomentoft
hesol
enoi
dis
M=

 B=

Thisist
heexpr
essi
onforthemagnet
icf
iel
dontheaxi
all
i
neofsol
enoi
dwhichissi
milart
o
themagneti
cfi
eldontheaxi
alli
neofashortbarmagnet
.Hence,asol
enoi
dcar
ryi
ngcurrenti
s
equi
val
enttoabarmagnet
.

NOTE:
[Link]
icFi
eldI
ntensi
tyatapoi
ntont
heaxi
all
ine
Consideramagnet
icdipol
eofpolestr
engt
hm and+m separ
atedbysmalldi
stanceto2l.
LetpointPbeapoi ntont heaxiall
i
neofashortbarmagnetatwhi chmagnet i
cfiel
d
i
ntensit
yist
obedetermined.

Themagnet
icf
iel
dint
ensi
tyatapoi
ntont
heaxi
all
i
nei
sgi
venby

B=

[Link]
icFi
eldI
ntensi
tyataPoi
ntonEqui
tor
iall
i
neofBarMagnet

Consi
dera magnet
icdi
pol
e ofpol
e st
rengt
h m and +m separ
ated bysmal
l
di
[Link]
ntPbeapointontheaxiall
ineofashortbarmagnetatwhich

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magnet
icf
iel
dint
ensi
tyi
stobedet
ermi
ned.

Themagnet
icf
iel
dint
ensi
tyatapoi
ntonaequat
ori
all
i
nei
sgi
venby

B=

TORQUEONAMAGNETI
CDI
POLEI
NAUNI
FORM MAGNETI
CFI
ELD

Amagneticdi
pol
ekeptinauni f
orm magnet
icdi
pol
eexper
iencesatorquerot
ati
ngthe
di
pol
[Link]
derasmal
lbarmagnetofl
engt
h(2l
)kepti
nauni
for
m magneti
cfi
eldofi
nducti
onBat
anangl
et
othedi
rect
ionoft
hef
iel
dasshowni
nthef
i [Link] bet
gur hepol
est
rengt
hoft
he
pol
es.

For
ceonNpol
e,FN =mBal
ong
For
ceonSpol
e,FS=-mB,
opposi
tet
o

TheforceFN andFB ar
eequalandopposi
teandtheyactal
ongpar
all
ell
i
nesi
nopposi
te
di
rect
[Link]
tut
eacoupl
eproducingat
orque.
Thetorqueacti
ngonthemagnetisgiv
enby

=magni
tudeofonef
orcerdi
stancebet
weent
hei
rli
neofact
ions.

=mBBC;
from ABC,
sin=  BC=ACsi
n

=mBACsi
n; 2l
butAC=( )
,thel
engt
hoft
hemagnet
.
2l
=mB( )si m 2l
n=( )Bsi
n
.
 =MBsi ( m 2l
n; =M)
I
nvect
orf
orm =

Not
e:

 When=00,
thet
orquei n00=0
s=MBsi

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 When=900,
thet
orquei n900=MB
s=MBsi
EXPRESSI
ONFORPOTENTIALENERGY

Tor ot
ateadipol
eagainstthetorqueacti
ngoni t
,[Link]
sworkdoneis
storedinthedipol
easitspotenti
alenergyatitsrot
atedposi
ti
[Link] ot
ateadi
pol
eagai
nstthe
torqueact
ingonit,
anequalandoppositeexter
naltor
queistobeappl
ied.
Consi
deramagnet
icdi
pol
eofdi
pol
emoment kepti
nauni
for
m magnet
icf
iel
dof
i
nduct
ion .Let bet
het
orqueact
ingoni
t.
Wor
kdonet
orot
atet
hedi
pol
ethr
oughasmal
langl
edi
sdW =
d.
Wor
kdonet
orot
atet
hedi
pol
efr
om posi
ti
on1t
oposi
ti
on2i
sW = .
I
fthei
nit
ial
posi
ti
oni
staken1=900and2=,
then

cos900–cos]
W =MB[
=MBcos
=+
Thi
swor
kdonei
sst
oredi
nthesy
stem asi
tpot
ent
ial
ener
[Link]
efor
ethepot
ent
ial
ener
gy
oft
hesy
stem i
sU= .OrU=MBcos
Not
e:

 When=00,
thepot
ent
ial
ener
gyU=MBcos00=MB
,
 When=900,
thepot
ent
ial
ener
gyU=MBcos900=0
,
 When=1800m t
hepot
ent
ial
ener
gyU=MBcos1800=MB
,
 Theleastv
alueofpot
ent
ialener s–MB,when=[Link]
gyi sist
hest
abl
eequi
l
ibr
ium
posi
ti
onofthedi
pol
e.
 Themax imum valueofpot ent
ialener s+MB,when=[Link]
gyi si
st heunst
abl
e
equi
li
bri
um posi
tionofthedipol
e.
 Whent hemagnetex ecut
esoscill
ati
onaboutt
heaxi
sofr
otat
ion.t
hentheperi
odof
osci
l
lati
onisgiv
enby

Wher
eI-momentofi
ner
ti
a,M -magnet
icdi
pol
emomentandB-magnet
icf
iel
d.

GAUSS’
SLAW I
NMAGNETI
SM

Gauss’
slawi
nmagnet
ism st
atest
hatt
henetmagnet
icf
luxt
hroughanycl
osedsur
facei
s
al
way
szero
i
.e.
,

TERRESTRI
ALMAGNETI
SM

Ter
restr
ialmagnet
ism i
sthestudyofthemagneti
cfi
eldofear
[Link]
thisanat
uralmagnet.
Ear
thcanbev i
sual
izedasahugespherecontai
ningabigbarmagnetal
ongitsdi
ametersucht
hat
N -Pol
eoft hi
smagnetl i
estowardsgeographi
calsouthpoleandS-Pol eofthi
smagnetl i
es

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t
owar
dsgeogr
aphi
cal
nor
thpol
e.

Axi
softhi
simaginar
ybarmagnetandtheaxisofrot
ationofmakeanangl 50 wi
eof11. t
h
eachother
.Magneti
cpolesofear
tharenott
ruegeogr
[Link]
rect
ionofmagnet
icfiel
d
ofear
thisfr
om magnet
icSouthPolet
othemagneti
cNorthPole.

Not
e:
 Theaxisofr ot
ati
onofear t
hiscall
edpolaraxisorgeographi
caxis.
 Theli
nej oiningthenorthandsout hpoleofaf r
eelysuspendedmagneti scall
edmagnet
ic
axi
s.
 Avert
ical planepassi
ngt hroughgeographicaxi
siscall
edgeographi
cmer idi
an.
 Avert
ical planepassi
ngt hroughmagnet i
caxisi
scalledmagneti
cmer i
dian.
 Magneticax isofeart
h’simaginar
ymagnetandsuspendedmagnetatr estorsame.

MAGNETI
CELEMENTSOFEARTH

Themagnitudeanddi rect
ionofear
th’
smagneticfi
eld ataplacecanbedet
ermi
ned
compl
etel
yfr
om cert
ainquant
it
iescal
ledt
hemagnet
icel
ementsofear
th.

[Link]
icDecl
inat
ion

I
tisdef
inedast
heangl
ebet
weent
hemagnet
icandt
hegeogr
aphi
cmer
idi
anatapl
ace.I
tis
denot
edby
.

[Link]
icI
ncl
inat
ionorDi
p
I
tist
heangl
ebet
weent
heEar
tht
otalmagnet
icf
iel
datapl
acet
othehor
izont
almagnet
ic

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f
iel
dint
hemagnet
icmer
idi
an.I
tisdenot
edby.

[Link]
izont
alComponentofear
th’
smagnet
icf
iel
d
I
tisthecomponentofear
th’smagnet
icfi
eldal
ongthehori
zontali
nthemagneti
cmer i
dian.
Ear
thmagneti
cfiel
datapl acecanberesol
vedint
orect
angularcomponent
[Link] al
ongthe
hor
izont
alandBV al
ongt
hev
ert
ical
.Ifi
stheangl
eofdi
pthen,
BH =BcosandBV =Bsi
n

t
an=

SOMETERMSCONNECTEDWI
THMAGNETI
ZATI
ON

[Link]
izi
ngI
ntensi
ty(
H)
I
tist
hedegr
eeorext
entt
owhichmagneti
clinesofforcecanmagnet
izeasubst
anceand
i
sdenot
edbyH.I
fB0i
sthemagnet
icf
luxdensit
yinvacuum.
1
ThenHBorH= .TheSIuni
tofHi
sAm .Hi
sal
soknownasmagnet
izi
ngf
iel
dor

magnet
icf
iel
dst
rengt
h.

2.I
ntensi
tyofMagnet
izat
ion(
I)
I
ntensi
tyofmagnet
izat
ionI,i
sdef
inedast
hemagneti
cmomentdev el
opedperuni
tvol
ume.
Whenamagnet i
csubstancei
ssubject
edt
oauni
form magnet
icf
iel
d.

 I=

I
tist
hear
eaofcr
osssect
ionand2l
ist
hel
engt
hofspeci
men,
itsv
olumei
s
V=a2l

I=

I
ntensi
tyofmagnetizat
ionI,
isalsodefinedasthepolestr
engthperunitar
eaofthe
speci
men, wheniti
ssubjectedtoauniformfield,t
heareabeinghel
d,normall
ytotheli
nes
offor
ce.
Ii
ssai dt
obeposi ti
veifthesubstancei smagneti
zedinthedirect
ionoffi
eldand
1
negat
ivei
fitismagnet
izedinoppositedir
ecti
[Link]
nSIisAm .

[Link]
icI
nduct
ion(
B)

Magneti
cinducti
onB,atanypoi
nt,i
nsidet
hemat t
erisdefi
nedasthenumberofli
nesof
f
orceassociat
edwit
hunitareaatthatpoi
nt,whentheareaishel
datri
ghtangl
estothe
l
inesoff
orce.
 Magnet
ici
nduct
ionBi
sal
soknownasmagnet
icf
luxdensi
tyorsi
mpl
ymagnet
ic

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f
iel
d.
 Theuni
tofBisWeberm2ort
[Link]
tofBi
sgauss.
4
1tel
sa=10 gauss(
G).
 Themagnet
ici
nduct
ioni
sthesum oft
hemagnet
icf
iel
dB0 atv
acuum andt
he
magnet
icf
iel
d0Ipr
oducedduet
othemagnet
izat
ionoft
hesubst
[Link],
B=0
H+I
( )
[Link]
icFl
ux(
)

Magneti
cfl
uxthroughasur
faceisdef
inedasthenumberofli
nesoffor
cepassi
ngnormall
y
t
hroughthesurf
[Link]
sgivenbythedotproductofmagneti
cinduct
ionandareav
ector,
t
hati
s= .Theuni
tofmagnet
icf
luxi
sWeber(
Wb)
.

[Link]
meabi
li
ty
I
tisdef
inedast
her
ati
obet
weenmagnet
ici
nduct
iont
othest
rengt
hofmagnet
izi
ngf
iel
d.

i
.e.
,= . OR

I
tist
hedegr
eeorex
tentt
owhi
cht
hemat
eri
ali
sper
meabl
etomagnet
icl
i
nesoff
orce.
 Forpar
amagnet
icandf
err
omagnet
icmat
eri
al>1andf
ordi
amagnet
icmat
eri
als
<1.
 TheSIuni sWbA1m1.
tofi
 Ther
ati
ooft
heper
meabi
l
ityofamedi
um (
)t
othatoff
reespaceorv
acuum (
0)i
s

cal
l
edr
elat
iveper
meabi
l
ity(
r)
,thati
sr=  =0[Link]
ati
veper
meabi
l
ityi
sa

uni
tlessquant
it
y.

[Link]
ibi
li
ty(
m)

fIi
I st
heintensi
tyofmagnet
izat
ionproducedi
nagi
vensampl
eduet
oamagnet
izi
ngf
iel
d
H;t
hensuscepti
bil
i
tyoft
hesampleis

m =

Suscepti
bil
ityofa magnetic substance isdefi
ned as t
he r
ati
o ofint
ensit
yof
magnet
izati
onproducedt ot
hemagnetizi
ngf i
eld.
Suscepti
bil
ityofa substance gives an idea,how easi
lya subst
ance can be
magnet
[Link]
bil
i
tyhasnounit
s.

RELATI
ONBETWEENANDm

Thetot
almagnet
icf
luxdensit
y(B)i
namater
iali
sthesum ofthemagneti
cfl
uxdensi
tydue
t
ovacuum (
B0)duet
othemagneti
zingfor
ceandt
hemagneticfl
uxdensit
yduetomagneti
zat
ion
B=0(
H+I
).Di
vi
dingt
heequat
ionbyHweget

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ism &Mat
ter I
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sicsNot
es

 =0(
1+m) =1+m,
but =r

 r=1+m

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFMAGNETI
CMATERI
ALS

[Link]
amagnet
icMat
eri
als
Themat eri
alswhi
chareweaklymagnet
izedi
nthedir
ecti
onopposi
tet
othedi
rect
ionof
appl
iedmagneticf
iel
dareknownasdi
amagnet
icmat
eri
als.
Eg:Gold,Si
l
ver,
Mercury
,Lead.
 I
tisobser
vedthatwhenadiamagneticmat
eri
ali
skepti
nanonuni
for
m magnet
ic
f
iel
ditt
endstomovefrom st
rongert
oweakerr
egi
onsoft
hef
iel
d.
 Thebehav
iourofdi
amagnet
icsubst
ancei
sindependentoft
emper
atur
e.
 Adi
amagnet
icmat
eri
alcanbecompar
edt
oadi
elect
ri
chav
ingnonpol
arat
oms.

Pr
oper
ti
esofDi
amagnet
icMat
eri
als

 Di
amagnet
icsubst
ancesar
efeebl
yrepel
l
edbymagnet
s.
 Whenarodofdiamagneti
cmater
iali
ssuspendedi
nanext
ernalmagnet
icf
iel
d,t
her
od
al
i
gnsi
tsel
fatr
ightangl
est
othemagneti
cfi
eld.
 I
fadiamagneti
cli
quidi
stakeninawat chglassandkeptbetweent
hepol
epi
ecesofa
magnet
,thel
i
quidshowsasl
ightdepr
essi
oninthemiddl
eregi
on.
 Thei
ntensi
tyofmagnet
izat
i I
on()f
oradi
amagnet
icmat
eri
alhasasmal
lnegat
ivev
alue.
 Whenadiamagneti
cmater
iali
skeptinamagnet
icf
iel
d,t
hedensi
tyofmagnet
icl
i
nesof
f
orcei
nsi
deissl
ight
lyl
esst
hanoutsi
de.
 Themagneti
csusceptibi
l
ity(m)ofdi
amagnet
icsubst
ancesi
sasmal
lnegat
ivev
alue.I
tis
3 6
oft
heorderof–10 t o–10 .
 Ther
elat
iveper
meabi
l
ity(
r)ofdi
amagnet
icmat
eri
ali
ssl
i
ght
lyl
esst
han1.
 Whenadi
amagnet
icmat er
iali
skepti namagnet
izi
ngf
iel
d(H)
,themagnet
ici
nduct
ion
i
nsi
det
hemat
eri
ali
slesserthanthati
nvacuum.
 Di
amagnet
icmat
eri
alsdonotobeyCur
ie’
slaw.

Par
amagnet
icMat
eri
als
Themateri
alwhichar
eweakl ymagnet
izedinthedir
ecti
onofappl
i
edmagnet
icf
iel
dar
e
knownaspar
amagneti
cmateri
als.
Eg:Al
umini
um,Chromi
um, Plat
inum,
Manganese,Ant
imony.

9886076601
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ENCE
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ism &Mat
ter I
IPUC_Phy
sicsNot
es

Pr
oper
ti
esofPar
amagnet
icMat
eri
als

 Par
amagnet
icmat
eri
alsar
efeebl
yat
tract
edbymagnet
s.
 Whenarodofparamagnet
icmat
eri
ali
ssuspendedi
nanext
ernalmagnet
icf
iel
d,t
her
od
al
i
gnsi
tsel
fpar
all
elt
othemagnet
icf
iel
d.
 I
faparamagnet
icl
i
quidi
stakeninawatchglassandkeptbet
weent
hepol
epi
ecesofa
magnet
,thel
i
qui
dshowsasl
ightr
isei
nthemiddler
egi
on.
 Thei
ntensi
tyofmagnet
izat
i I
on()f
orapar
amagnet
icmat
eri
alhasasmal
lposi
ti
vev
alue.
 Whenaparamagneticmater
iali
skeptinamagnet
icfi
eld,t
hedensi
tyofmagnet
icl
inesof
for
cei
nsi
deissli
ghtl
ymor et
hanoutsi
de.
 Themagnet
icsuscepti
bil
i
ty(
m)ofpar
amagnet
icsubst
ancesissmal
lposi
ti
veval
ue.
 Therel
ati
vepermeabil
it
y(r)ofparamagnet
icmat
eri
ali
ssl
i
ghtlymore
than1.
 Whenapar amagneti
cmat er
iali
skeptinamagnetizi
ngf
iel
d( H)
,themagnet
ici
nduct
ion
i
nsidethemater
ial
isgreaterthanthati
nvacuum.
 Paramagnet
icmateri
alsobeyCur i
e’sl
aw.

[Link]
romagnet
icMat
eri
als
Themat er
ial
swhi charest
rongl
ymagnet i
zedi
nt hedi
rect
ionoft
heappl
i
edmagnet
icf
iel
d
areknownasf er
romagneti
cmat er
ial
s.
Eg:I
ron,St
eel,Ni
ckel,
Cobaltandall
oysl
ikeal
nico.

 Ifthefer
romagnet ici
spur eandhomogenous,t hendomai nswhicharealreadyinthe
dir
ecti
onoft heappl i
edex pandcont i
nual
lyattheexpenseofther emai
ningdomai ns
andult
imatelyallthemagneticmoment sareali
gnedi
nt hedir
ect
ionoftheappliedf
iel
d.
 Iftheappli
edf i
eldisv er
yst r
ongt henallthemagneti
cmoment soft hedomai nsare
ali
gnedinthedirecti
onofthef i
eldatonce.

Pr
oper
ti
esofFer
romagnet
icMat
eri
als

 Fer
romagnet
icmat
eri
alsar
est
rongl
yat
tract
edbymagnet
s.
 Whenar odoffer
romagnet i
cmater
iali
ssuspendedinanexternalmagnet
icfiel
d,t
her
od
qui
ckl
yali
gnsit
sel
fparal
leltothemagneti
cfiel
d.
 Fer
romagnet
icmater
ial
st endtomovefrom str
ongert
oweakerpart
softhefi
eld.
 Thei
ntensi
tyofmagnet
izat
i I
on()f
oraf
err
omagnet
icmat
eri
alshasal
argeposi
ti
vev
alue.
 Whenf erromagneti
cmat eriali
skepti namagneti
cfiel
d,thendensit
yofmagnet
icl
inesof
for
ceinsideisveryhi
ght hanout si
de.
 Themagnet icsuscepti
bil
ity(m)offerr
omagnet
icsubstancesisalar
geposi
ti
veval
ue.I
tis
oftheorderofthousands.
 Therel
ativepermeabil
it
y( r¬)ofparamagnet
icmater
ial
ismor ethan1.
 Whenafer
romagnet
icmat
eri
aliskepti
namagnet i
zi
ngf
iel
d(H)
,themagnet
ici
nduct
ion
i
nsi
det
hemateri
ali
smuchgreat
erthant
hati
nvacuum.

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Magnet
ism &Mat
ter I
IPUC_Phy
sicsNot
es

 Par
amagnet
icmat
eri
alsobeyCur
ie’
slaw.

CURI
ESLAW
I
tst
atest hattheint
ensityofmagneti
zationis
a)Directlyproport
ionaltomagnet
icfiel
d( B) and
b)Inverselyproporti
onaltot
emperature(T)

i
.e,
. I butBH

 I

Or  but

i
.e.
,  Or = Wher
eCi
scur
iesconst
ant

HYSTERESI
S

Considera f er
romagneticsubst ance whi ch isunmagnet i
sed
i
nitial
l
y .Now i tisplacedi [Link] hecur rentt
hr oughthe
solenoidisi ncreasedt hemagneticintensi t
yHi [Link] he
i
ntensityofmagnet i
zationIinthemat erialincr
easesal ongOAt i
ll
magnet izati
on r eaches a saturati
on v [Link] ond t his poi
nt,
magnet izati
onr emai [Link] tH i sdecr easedt ozer oby
reducingt hecur r
enti nthesol
enoidtoz [Link]=0i tisfound
I
0asr epr
[Link],somemagneti
sm isl
eft
i
[Link]
ntisknownasret
enti
velyorr
emanence.

Nextthecurrenti
nt hesolenoidisrever
sedandsl owl yi
[Link] ticularvalueofH
atC, t
heintensit
yofmagnet i
zati
onbecomesz [Link] civ
[Link] hecurrent
i
sr ever
sedandi ncreasedinmagni tude,agai
nmagnet i
zati
[Link]
sgi venbyt hecurved
[Link] hecur rentisreducedt ozeroandi ncreasedint hereversedirect
[Link] he
[Link] clerepeatsitsel
[Link] veOAdoesnotr et
racei tselfwhenHi s
reduced.
I
tisfoundt hatthei nt
ensityofmagnet i
z at
ionoft hesampl elagbehi ndt hemagnet i
zing
i
ntensitywhenasampl eoff err
omagnet icmateri
alistakenthroughacy cleofmagnet i
zati
[Link]
phenomenoni scall
edhysteresi
[Link] oopABCDEFAi sknownashy st
eresisl
oop.
Per
manentMagnet
s&El
ect
romagnet
s
Subst
anceswhichatr oom t
emper
atur
eret
ainthei
rferr
omagnet
icpr
oper
tyf
oral
ong
per
iodoft
imearecal
ledper
manentmagnet
s.
Permanentmagnet
sareusedi
nmeasuri
ngi
nstr
uments.

Pr
oper
ti
esofPer
manentMagnet
s
 Themat
eri
alshoul
dhav
ehi
ghr
etent
ivi
tysot
hatmagneti
sst
rong.
 Themat
eri
alshoul
dhav
ehi
ghsat
urat
ionmagnet
izat
ion.
 Themat
eri
alshoul
dhav
ehi
ghcoer
civ
itysot
hati
tisnoteasi
l
ydemagnet
ized.

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ENCE
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ism &Mat
ter I
IPUC_Phy
sicsNot
es

 Themat
eri
alshoul
dhav
ehi
ghper
meabi
l
itysot
hati
tcanbemagnet
izedeasi
l
y.

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ENCE
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