8.

Electrostatics
is said to be a conservative force.
CONTENTS b.During work done by a conserative force,
8.1 Introduction the mechanical energy is conserved.
8.2 Application of Gauss’ law c. Work done is completely recoverable.
8.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Example : gravitational force, magnetic
8.4 Electric Potential due to a Point Charge, a force etc.
Dipole and a System of Charges ii. What is potential energy ?
8.5 Equipotential Surfaces Ans :- Potential energy is the work done against
8.6 Electrical Energy of Two Point Charges c on se r va ti v e f o rc e ( or f o rce s) i n
and of a Dipole in an Electrostatic Field achieving a certain position or
8.7 Conductors and Insulators, Free Charges c on f ig ur a ti on o f a gi ve n s ys t em .
and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor iii. What is Gauss’ law and w hat is a
8.8 Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation Gaussian surface ?
8.9 Capacitors and Capacitance, Combination Ans :- Gauss’ law : The flux of the net electric
of Capacitors in Series and Parallel field through a closed surface equals the
8.10 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor net charge enclosed by the surface
Without and With Dielectric Medium
divided by  0
Between the Plates
8.11 Displacement Current   q
8.12 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
 E ds 
. =
0

 Introduction where q is the total charge within the

surface. Mathematically,
11.1 INTRODUCTION :
i) Electrostatics deals with the study of electric charges  
q
at rest. φ   E. ds
0
ii) The electrical charge modifies the property of
surrounding space by producing electric field. Electric Where  is the total flux coming out of
field is a characteristic of system of charges.
a closed surface and q is the total charge
iii) Faraday developed the idea of electric field lines inside the closed surface.
of force, for pictorially representing electric field
surrounding system of charges.
iv) Electric lines of force from small surface area of a
positively charged conductor enclose a tube like Q.2. Two charges of magnitudes - 4Q and
structure and is called a tube of force. Tube of force
+ 2 Q are located at points (2a, O)
possesses same properties as those exhibited by electric
line of force. and (5a, O), respectively. What is the
Tube of force originating from charge depends on the electric flux due to these charges
magnitude of charge and permittivity of medium through a sphere of radius 4a with
surrounding charge. Only one tube of induction starts its centre at the origin ?
from unit positive charge.
Ans :- The sphere of radius 4a encloses only
v) The number of tubes of induction starting from
charge q is 'q' which is irrespective of medium. the negative charge Q 1 = - 4Q. The
Number of tubes of induction from positive charge positive charge Q2 = + 2Q being located
q=q
at a distance of 5a from the origin is
Q.1. Can you recall ? outside the sphere. Only a part of the
i. What are conservative forces ? electric flux lines originating at Q2 enters
Ans :-
the sphere and exits entirely at other
a. If work done by or against a force is
independent of the actual path, the force
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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

points. Hence, the electric flux through concentric Gaussian sphere of radius r
the sphere is only due to Q1. passing through P as shown in the figure
Therefore, the net electric flux through below. Let ds be a small area around
the point P on the Gaussian surface.
Q1  4Q
the sphere  
0  0 . The minus
sign shows that the flux is directed into
the sphere, but not radially since the
sphere is not centred on Q1.

Q.3. Write common steps involved in

calculating electric field intensity by
using Gauss’ theorem.
Ans :- Common steps involved in calculating
electric field intensity by using Gauss’
theorem :
i. Describe the charge distribution (linear/
surface/volume) Uniformly charged spherical shell
ii. Obtain the flux by Gauss’ theorem and or hollow sphere
mark as equation (1).
iii. Due to symmetry and spheres being
iii. Visualize a Gaussian surface and justify
concentric, the electric field at each point
it. on the Gaussian surface has the same
iv. With the electric field intensity E as magnitude E and it is directed radially
u n k n o wn , o b t a i n e l e c t r ic f lu x b y outward. Also, the angle between the
calculation, using geometry of the direction of E and the normal to the
structure and symmetry of the Gaussian surface of the sphere (ds) is zero i.e.,
surface and mark as equation (2). cos θ = 1
 

E. ds 
E ds cos θ = E ds
8.2 APPLICATION OF GAUSS’ LAW :
Q.4. Obtain expression for electric field  Flux d  through the area ds,d  = E ds
intensity due to uniformly charged Total electric flux through the Gaussian
spherical shell or hollow sphere. surface
Ans :-
   
 

E. ds 
i. Consider a sphere of radius R with its = Eds = ds
centre at O, charged to a uniform charge
density  placed in a dielectric medium   = E 4 r 2 . ...(2)
of permittivity     0 k  . The total v. From equations (1) and (2),
charge on the sphere, q =  x 4  R . 2
q
ii. By Gauss’ theorem, the net flux through  4 r 2
0
a closed surface,
q q
 0 (for air/vacuum k = 1) ...(1)  E=
4 0 r 2
where q is the total charge inside the Substituting q =  x 4R2 in equation (3),
closed surface.
4R 2
iii. To find the electric field intensity at a E=  x
point P, at a distance r from the centre 4 0 r 2
of the ch arged sphe re, im ag ine a

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

R 2
 E=
 0r 2
From equation (3) it can be seen that,
the electric field at a point outside the
shell is the same as that due to a point
charge.
vi. Director of electric field is outward if shell
or sphere is positively charged and
inward if it is negatively charged.
vii. Thus, it can be concluded that a uniformly
charged sphere is equivalent to a point
charge at its centre. iv. By symmetry, the magnitude of the
viii. Special cases : electric field will be the same at all the
Case (a) : If point P lies on the surface points on the curved surface of the
of the charged sphere, r = R cylinder and will be directed radially
o u t wa r d. The an gle b et we e n th e
q 
 E=  
4 0 R 2
0 direction
E
of and the normal to the
Case (b) : If point P lies inside the sphere
Since there are no charges inside,  = 0 
surface of the cylinder  ds  is zero
 E=0  

Q.5. Obtain an expression for electric i.e., cos θ = 1

field intensity due to an infinitely long  
 E. ds 
straight charged wire or charged Eds cos θ = Eds
conducting cylinder.
Ans :- Flux d  through the area ds, d  = Eds
Total electric flux through the Gaussian
i. Consider a uniformly charged wire of
surface
infinite length having a constant linear

charge density  (charge per unit 

length), kept in a medium of permittivity

 =  E . ds =  Eds = E  ds

    0 k  .   = E x 2 r ...(2)
v. From equations (1) and (2)
ii. By Gauss’ theorem, the net flux through
a closed surface. q
 0 = E x 2 r
q
φ q
 0 (for air/vacuum k = 1) ...(1)
Since  = , q = 
1
where q is the total charge inside the
closed surface. 
  0 = E 2 r
iii. To find the electric field intensity at P, at
a distance r from the charged wire, 
imagine a coaxial Gaussian cylinder of E=
2 0 r
length  and radius r (closed at each end
The direction of the electric field E is
by plane caps norm al to the axis)
directed outward if  is positive and
passing through the point P as shown
in figure below. Consider a very small inward if  is negative.
area ds at the point P on the Gaussian
surface.

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Q.6. Assuming expression for electric Q.7. Derive an expression for electric
field intensity at a point due to field intensity due to uniformly
infinitely long straight charged wire charged infinite plane sheet.
or charged conducting cylinder, Ans :-
Gaussian
obtain expression for electric field
surface
intensity if point lies (i) outside the
surface (ii) on the surface and (iii) 
inside the surface of wire or cylinder. E P E1 = E
Ans :- PS
i.

i) Consider a uniformly charged thin infinite

plane sheet.
ii) Let s be the surface charge density of
sheet. By symmetry electric field is
perpendicular to plane sheet and
directed outwards.
iii) To find electric field intensity at a point P,
construct an imaginary cylinder around
P with its axis perpendicular to plane
sheet and having cross sectional area
ds.
If is surface charge density (charge per iv) The plane sheet passes through the
unit area ) of wire/cylinder, middle of cylinder’s length so that the
q ends of cylinder are equidistant.
then  = v) Electric field intensity has same
A magnitude at a given distance on the
either sides of sheet.
  vi) The electric flux pass through each end
    
2R 2R ( E || to ds ) but does not pass through
 
the curved surface ( E || to ds ) of
  = 2 R  Gaussian cylinder.
Total Normal Electric induction over
 Gaussian surface = e E (2ds) .... (i)
Electric intensity, E 
2 0 r where,
ds = surface area of end faces of the
2R cylinder.
 E
2 0 r vii) Algebraic sum of charges enclosed by
Gaussian cylinder = s ds
R viii) According to Gauss’ theorem,
 E=
 0r T.N.E.I. = s ds .... (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii),
This in an expression of electric field eE(2ds) = s ds
intensity for a point lying outside the 
surface. E= .....(iii)
2
ii. If point P lies on the surface of cylinder This is required expression.
(1), then q = 0 i.e.,  = 0 Note :
From equation (iii), electric field intensity is
 E=0
independent of the distance of point from
plane sheet.

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gravitational force is always attractive,

Reading between the lines electric force can be attractive (for unlike
charges) or repulsive (for like charges).
 Points (i) to (v) of the above answer
are presented as per sequence of Q.9. What is electrostatic potential energy ?
commonsteps described in Q.3. Ans :-
 I f c h a rg ed o b je ct is p la c ed in i. Electrostatic potential energy is the work
a n ym e d i u m o t h e r t h a n a i r o r done against the electrostatic forces to
vacum m,  0 in e x p r e s s io n wi ll achieve a certain configuration of
charges in a given system.
cha rge to where k is dielectric
ii. As like charge repel and unlike charges
constant of that medium.
attract each other, a charge always
exerts a force on any other charge in its
vicinity. Some work is always d o ne t o
Enrich Your Knowledge m ov e a ch a r ge i n t he presence of
 Value of permitivity of free space is another charge.
iii. Thus, potential energy arises from any
 0  8.85x 10 -12 C 2 / Nm 2 collection of charges.
iv. Consider a positive charge Q fixed at
1 some point in space. For bringing any
  9 x 109 Nm2/C2
4 0 other positive charge close to it, work is
Hence, in calculations is retained for necessary. This work is equal to the
easier substitutional value. change in the potential energy of their
system.
Thus, work done against a electrostatic
q
 Linear charge density,   force = Increase in the potential energy
 of the system.
q  
Surface charge density,    F . dr  dU,
A
Where, dU is the increase in potential
q energy
Volume charge density,  
V when the charge is displaced through
 
and is the force exerted on the
8.3 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL ENERGY : dr F
charge.
Q.8.
Can you recall ? Q.10. Obtain an expression for the electric
potential energy of a system of two
 What is gravitational potential ?
isolated point charge.
Ans :- Consider a test charge q0 in the electric
We measure the gravitational potential

energy of a body (1) by assigning  = 0 for field of a of a source charg + Q. The
E
a reference configuration (such as the body
electric force acting on the test charge,
at a reference level ) (2) then equating  to

the work W done by an external force to q0 , is a conservative force. When the
move the body up or down from that level to E
a point. We then define gravitational potential test charge is moved in the field at
of the point as gravitational potental energy constant velocity by some external
per unit mass of the body. agent, the work done by the field on the
We follow the same procedure with the charge is equal to the negative of the
electric force, which is also a conservative work done by the external agent causing
force with the only difference that while the the displacement. Suppose an external

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

agent moves the test charge without r

acceleration from a point B, at a distance 1 dx
r1 from + Q up to a point A, at a distance =  4 Qq 0
0 r1 x
2
r, Fig. 8.5.
r
1  1
=-  Qq 0  
4 0  x  r1

1  1  1 
Since the electric field surrounding a =-  Qq 0      
4 0  r  r1 
p o i n t c h a r g e i s n o t u n if o r m , t h e
electrostatic force on q0 increases as it
1 1 1 
approaches Q. Consequently, the
= Qq0   
external agent has to exert on q0 a force 4 0  r r1 
of increasing magnitude and, for equal
= u
displacements, do increasing amout of
work. Because the force exerted varies where u = u A - u B is the change in
along the path, we imagine the total
the potential energy of the charge in
displacement to be made up of a large
moving it from the point B to the point A.
number of infinitesimal displacements
Choosing the potential energy of q0 to
 be zero when it is infinitely far away from
. The distance dx is so small that, at
dx Q, i.e., r1 =  , its potential energy at a
an average distance x from Q the distance r from Q is

1Qq0
electrostatic force
F
on q 0 has a ur  
4 0 r
constant m agnitude.
Thus, the potential energy of a system
1 Qq0
F o f two p oi nt ch ar g es q 1 an d q 2 , a
4 0 x distance r apart is
 1 q1 q 2
over the distance dx. The force by ur  
F ext 4 0 r
the external agent is equal and opposite
[ N ot e : Ta ki n g u (  ) = 0 o f t e n a
  
to at every instant : =- . convenient reference level in
F F ext F electrostatics, but in circuit analysis
Therefore, the infinitesimal work dW other reference levels are often more
done by the external agent for the convenient.]

displacement is Q.11. Ve r i f y c h a n g e i n e l e c t r o s ta t i c
dx
 
potential energy depends upon the
dW = . = Fext dx = - Fdx end points and is independent of
F ext dx
actual path taken by charge.
1 Qq 0 Ans :- Refer equation (3) derived in Q.17.
 dW = - dx It implies that, change in electrostatic
4 0 x 2
potential energy depends upon the end
The total work done by the external agent points and independent of actual path
in moving the test charge from A up to B taken by charge.
is the line intergral of dW between the
limits x=r1 and x = r. Q.12. State formula for work done against
xr r
 1 Qq 0  electrostatic force while displacing
W   dW     4 x2
dx

charge + q 0 at distance r 1 towards
x r1 0 charge + Q at distance r2.

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Ans :- Work done against electrostatic force a distance r from it.

= Change in electrostatic potential iii. In terms of potential, potential energy of
energy the ‘two charge’ system is given as,
U(r) = V1(r)q2 = V2(r)q1,
Qq0  1 1 
W = u    where V1(r) and V2 (r) are the respective
4 0  r2 r1  potentials of charges q 1 and q 2 at
distance r from either.
Q.13. Write formula for potential energy U iv. Thus, Electrostatic Potential (V) =
of system of two point charge q1 and Electrostatic Potential Energy per unit
q2 separated by distance r. charge.

q1 q 2 U
i.e., V=
Ans :- U(r) = q
4 0 r
v. Electr ost atic p oten tia l d if f ere nce
between any two points in an electric
Q.14. State the SI unit and one non-SI unit
field can be written as V2 - V1 =
of potential energy.
Ans :- SI unit of energy : the joule (J) U 2  U1 dW
Non-SI unit of energy : the electronvolt
 = work done ( or change
q q
(eV).
in PE) per unit charge to move the
charge from point 2 to point 1.
In electrostatics, one joule is the
change in electric potential energy
Q.16. Explain relation between electric
when a charge of one coulomb is
field and electric potential.
moved through a potential difference of
Ans :-
1 volt. Therefore, 1J=1C x 1V, so that
i. Consider the electric field produced by
1V = 1J/C.
a charge +q kept at point O.
ii. A unit positive charge (+q0) is present in
vicinity is moved towards charge +q
Q.15. Discuss the concept of electric
through small distance dx.
potential.
iii. As direction of electric field of charge +q
Ans :-
is outward, displacem ent dx is in
i. Electric potential at any point in an
direction opposite to field as shown in
electric field is defined as work done in
figure below.
bringing a unit charge from infinity to that
point against the direction of electric field
intensity.
ii. Potential energy of a two particle system
at a distance r from each other is iv. As electrostatic force is along , work
1  q1 q 2   
  done is dW = = Fdx = - Edx
U(r) =
4 0 r  r  F . dx
v. But dW = dV x q0 = dV
 q1   q2  ... (  q0 is a unit charge )
=   q =   q  Potential difference between M and N,
 4 0 r  2  4 0 r  1 dV = - Edx
 q   dv
The quantity V(r)    depends  E=
dx
 4 0 r 
Thus the electric field at a point in an
upon the charge q and location of a point electric field is the negative of the
a distance r from it and is termed as the potential gradient at that point.
electrostatic potential of the charge q at

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Q.17. Write a note on zero potential. v. Total work done in displacing the unit
Ans :- positive charge from  to point A is given
i. The nature of potential is such that its by
zero point is arbitrary. This does not r r
mean that the choice of zero point is 1 q
W =   Fdx    dx
insignificant. Once the zero point of the   4 0 x 2
potential is set, then every potential is
m easured with respect to that q  1 
r
1
  ....   x dx 
2
reference. Hence, the zero potential is = 
set conveniently. 4 0  x   x 
ii. On the contrary in case of a point charge
q 1 1   1 
or localised collection of charges, the =    ...   0 
zero point is set at infinity. Thus the 4 0  r     
potential at a point A in an electric field is
the amount of work done to bring a unit q
W= ...(3)
positive charge from infinity to point A. 4 0 r
iii. For electrical circuits the earth is usually vi. Electrostatic potential at A due to charge
taken to be at zero potential. q is
q
8.4 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT V=W= ...(4)
4 0 r
CHARGE, A DIPOLE AND A SYSTEM OF
Equation (4) is the required expression.
CHARGES : Inferences :
Q.18. Derive an expression for electric a. A positively charged particle produces a
potential due to a point charge. What p o s i t i ve e l e ct r i c p o t e n t i a l a n d a
can you infer from the expression ? negatively charged particle produces a
Ans :- negative electric potential.
i. Consider a point charge +q located at
q
point O. Let a positive unit charge be b. At r =  ,V = =0
brought from  to point A as shown in 
figure below. This shows th at the electros tatic
pot ential is zero a t inf inity.
c. For any point at a distance r from the
point charge q, the value of V is the same
and is independent of the direction of r.
Electric potential due to a Hence electrostatic potential due to a
point charge single charge is spherically symmetric.
ii. Point ‘M’ is an intermediate point on this
path such that OM = x. Q.19. Show graphical variation of electric
iii. Magnitude of electrostatic force on a unit field (or electric force) and electric
positive charge at M is potential due to a single charge at a
1 q distance r.
F= x .... (1) Ans :-
4 0 x2
It is directed away from O, along OM.
iv. For infinitesimal displacement dx from
M to N, the amount of work done is given
by
 dW = -Fdx ... (2)
The negative sign appears as the
displacement is directed opposite to that
of the force. Variation of elecric field and
potential with distance

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Q.20. Derive an expression for the electric resultant electric potential at P due to the
potential at a point due to a short dipole is
electric dipole. Hence, w rite the 1 q 1 q
expression for the electric potential V = V 1 + V2 = 
4 0 r1 4 0 r2
at a point
i. on the dipole axis (ii) on the dipole
1 1 1 q  r2  r1 
equator.
=       .. (3)
OR 4 0  r1 r2  4 0  r1 r2 
Derive an expression for the electric Method 1 :
potential at a point due to an electric In the figure, PA1 = PA = r1 and PB1=PB = r2.
dipole.
For short dipole (2  << r),  OA1A and
Ans :-
i. Consider an electric dipole AB of dipole OB1 B, OA1 = OB1 =  cos θ
length 2  and point charges +q and -q.  r 2 - r 1 = PA 1 - PB 1 = A 1 B 1 = 2  cos θ
 Also, r1 - r2 = PA1 x PB1 = (PO + OA1)
Its electric dipole m oment p has (PO-OB1)
= (r +  cos θ ) (r -  cos θ )
magnitude p = 2q  . Let P be a point at
=  2 -  2 cos2 θ
a distance r from O, the centre of the
dipole, in a direction θ with the dipole ~ r2 (   << r ) ...(4)
axis, as shown in Fig. 8.9. Let AP = r1 Method 2 :
and BP = r2 From  PAA1, by cosine rule,
r12 =r2 +  2 + 2r  cos (1800- θ )=r2
 2 
1  2  2 cos θ  1  2 cos θ 
 
 r r ~
  r 

2
where has been ignored because,
r2
for a short dipole (2  << r), so that

<< 1.
r
1 2
  
 r1 = r 1  2 r cos θ 

1 2
1 1  
  1  2 cos θ 
Electric potential due to a r1 r  r 
short electric dipole
The electric potential at P due to the 1  
charge + q is ~ 1  cos θ 
r r 
1 q
V1 = + 
4 0 r1 . ...(1)
ignoring higher powers of in the
r
and that due to the charge -q is binomial expansion.
1 q   
1  2 cos θ 
V2 = -
4 0 r2 ..(2) Similarly, r22 ~ r2  r 
Since potential is a scalar quantity, the

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

1 2 midpoint is an equipotential plane with

  
r2 = r 1  2 r cos θ 
potential zero.
 iii. As electric potential is work done by
electric field per unit charge, zero
1 2
1 1   potential across plane would mean no
  1  2 cos θ  work done to move a charge anywhere
r2 r  r  in this plane.
Hence, no work is done to move a
1   
~ 1  cos θ  charge anywhere in the equatorial plane
r  r  of electric dipole.
    2  2
    cos θ   2 cos θ ..(5) Q.22. A charge q is moved from a point A
r1 r2 r  r  r above a dipole of dipole moment p
 From Eqs. (3) and (4). to a point B below the dipole in
equatorial plane without acceleration.
q  2 cos θ  1 2q  cos θ Find the work done in this process.
V=   . ..(6)
4 0  r 2
 4 0 r2 Ans :-

1 p cos θ
=
4 0 r 2
This is the required expression.
Particular cases :
(i) At a point on the dipole axis, θ = 0 0
(nearer to the charge +q) or 1800 (nearer
to the charge -q).
i. Displacement of charge is along equatorial
 cos θ =  1
line of dipole (AB) where potential is zero
1 ρ throught.
 Vaxis =  . ii. As work done, W = qV,
4 0 r 2
work done in the process is zero.
(ii) At a point on the dipole equator, θ =900
or 2700. Q.23. Three charges -q, +O and -q are
 cos θ = 0  Vequator = 0 placed at equal distance on straight
[ Note : Since Vequator = 0, the equatorial plane line. If the potential energy of the
of a dipole is an equipotential plane of electric system of the three charges is zero,
potential equal to zero. No work is required then what is the ratio of Q : q ?
to move a charge anywhere in the equatorial Ans :- Potential energy of 3 charge-system.
plane.]
1  q1 q 2 q1 q 2 q1 q 2 
   
4 0  r12
U=
Q.21. Explain why no work is done to move r13 r23 
a charge anywhere in the equatorial
plane of electric dipole.
Ans :-
i. Electric potential due to electric dipole
at any point on equatorial line is zero.
ii. This makes the plane perpendicular to Taking, r12 = r, r13 =2r, r23 = r
the line between the charges at the Also, q1 = q3 = - q and q2 = Q

1   qQ q 2  qQ 
   
4 0  r r 
U=
2r
Given : U = 0

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

Q.25.
2qQ q 2
 
r 2r Use your brain power
Q 1 Is electrostatic potential necessarily zero
  at a point where electric field strength is
q 4
zero ? Justify.
Electric potential is a scalar quantity while
Q.24. Derive an expression for electrostatic
electric field intensity is a vector quantity.
potential due to system of charges.
When we add potentials at a point due two
Ans :-
or more point charges, the operation is
i. Consider a system of charges q1, q2.....
simple scalar addition along with the sign
qn at distances r1, r2 ...... rn respectively
of v, determined by the sign of the q that
from point P as shown in the figure
produces V. At a point, the individual charges.
belwo.
Midway between the two charges of an
electric dipole, the potentials due to the
two charges are equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign, and thus add up to zero.
But the electric fields due to the charges
are equal in magnitude and direction -
towards the negative charge - so that the
net field there is not zero. But midway
b e t we e n two l ik e cha rg e s of eq u a l
System of charges magnitudes, the potentials are equal in
ii. The potential V1 at P due to the charge magnitude and have the same sign, so
q1 is that the net potential is nonzero. However,
1q1 the fields due to the two equal like charges
V1 = are equal in magnitude but opposite in
4 0 r1 direction, and thus vectorially add up to
Similarly the potentials V2, V3......Vn at P zero.
due to the individual charges q2, q3....qn
are given by, 8.5 EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES :
1 q2 1 q3 Q.26. What do you mean by an equipotential
V2 = , V = , surface ?
4 0 r2 3 4 0 r3 What is the shape of equipotential
surfaces for the special case of (i) a
1 qn
Vn = uniform field (ii) a single point charge ?
4 0 rn Ans :- An equipotential surface, in a region
iii. By the superposition principle, the where an electric field is present, is a
potential V at P due to the system of three-dimensional surface on which the
charges is the algebraic sum of the electric potential is the same at every
potentials due to the individual charges. point.
 V = V1 + V2 + .... + Vn Electric field lines and equipotential
surf aces are always m utually
1  q1 q 2 q  perpendicular. In a diagram, only a few
=    ... n 
4 0  r1 r2 rn  representative equipotentials are shown,
usually with equal potential differences
1 n
qi bet ween adja cent surf aces. Aslo,
V=
4 0
r
i 1
equipotential surfaces for different
i
potentials do not touch or intersect since
iv. For a continuous charge distribution, a p o i n t c a n n o t b e a t t wo e l e c t r i c
summation should be replaced by potentials simultaneously.
integration. For the special case of a uniform field,
in which the field lines are equally-
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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

spaced parallel lines, the equipotentials Q.28. Draw figures of equipotential

are parallel planes perpendicular to the surface for follow ing charge
field lines, Fig. 8.12 (a). distributions :
For the special case of a singlepoint Ans :-
charge, for which he field lines are radial, i. point charge
the equipotentials a re concentric ii. line charge
spheres centred on the point charge. iii. uniform electric field
Fig. 8.12 (b). iv. electric dipole
For a given point charge q. v. two identical positive charges
C vi. two identical negative charges
V= vii. a. between 2 plane metallic sheets
r
connected to a cell.
q 1 b. When one of the sheets is replaced
where C = is a constant. Since by a charged metallic sphere.
4 0 r
is not a linear function of r, equipotentials Sr. Charge Figures
with equal potential diffeences between No. distributions
adjacent surface are not evenly spaced
i. Point charge
in radius.

ii. Line charge

iii. Uniform
electric field

iv. Electric
dipole

v. Two identical
Field lines and
positive charges
equipotential surfaces
(a) in a uniform field (b) for a positive
point charge
vi. Two identical
negative charges
Q.27. Explain why is it impossible to have
electric field not normal to
equipotential surface.
vii. Between 2
Ans :-
a. plane metallic
i. If the field is not normal, it would have a
sheets
non zero component along the surface.
connected to
ii. As a result, to m ove a test charge
a cell.
against this component work would
have to be done.
iii. But by the definition of equipotential viii. When one of the
surfaces, there is no potential difference b. sheets is replaced
between any two points on an equipotential by a charged
surface and hence no work is required metallic sphere.
to displace the charge on the surface.
iv. Therefore, we can conclude that the
electrostatic field must be normal to the
equipotential surface at every point, and
vice versa.

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

8.6 ELECTRICAL ENERGY OF TWO POINT 1 q

CHARGES AND OF A DIPOLE IN AN V  1
B 4 r
0 21
ELECTROSTATIC FIELD :
   
Q.29. Define electrostatic potential energy
of a system of point charges. where r21 = r21 , r = r - r being the
21 2 1
Ans :- Electrostatic potential energy of a sysem
of point charges is defined as the total position vector of B with respect to A.
amount of work done to assemble the Consequently, the work done by an
system of charges by bringing them external agent in bringing q2 from infinity
from infinity to their present locations. to B in the electric field of q1 is
1 q1q 2
Q.30. Derive an expression for the W 2 = VB.q2 =
potential energy of a system of two 4 0 4 0
point charges. Hence, the total work done is
Ans :- The electric potential energy of a system
of point charges at rest in free space is
1 q1q 2
W= W 1 + W 2 = 0 +
defined as the work done by an external 4 0 4 21
agent against the electric force in
assembling the charges by bringing 1 q1q 2
=
them from infinity to their locations in the 4 0 4 21
configuration, always keeping the
Since the charges were always kept in
charges in equilibrium.
equilibrium, the change in the potential
Consider assembling a system of two
point charges q1 and q2 at points A and energy u f  u i equals W..
B, respectively, in a region free of Since the charges were brought from
  infinity where their potential energy is
external electric field. Let r and r be assumed to be zero, ui = 0. Therefore,
1 2
the potential energy of he system of two
the position vectors of A and B, respectively, point charges is
with respect to an arbitrary reference
frame. 1 q1q 2
u  uf 
4 0 4 21

Q.31. Derive an expression for potential

energy for a s ystem of N point
charges.
Ans :- Refer Q.44 to derive expression for
potential energy of a system of two point
charges.

 
In bringing a charge q3 from  to C  r3 
A system of two isolated  
point charges
work has to be done against electrostatic
In the absence of charge q since there forces of both q1 and q2
is no external electric field in the region,  W 3 = (potential at C due to q1 and q2) x
no work is done in bringing the first q3
charge q1 from infinity to A, so W 1 = 0.
1  q1 q 2 
Subsequently, due to q the potential =    x q3
4 0  r13 r23 
at B is

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

small and does not significantly distort

1  q1q3 q 2 q3  the electric field and the potential at the
=   
4 0  r13 r23  point.
Similarly, in bringing a charge q 4 from
Q.33. A spherical shell of radius b with
  charge Q is expanded to a radius a.
 to D  r4  wor k ha s to be done Find the work done by the electrical
  forces in the process.
against electrostatic forces of q1, q2, Ans :- The electrical charges move radially as
and q3 shell expands.
 W 3 = (potential at C due to q1 and q2) x As the electric field in this case is
q3 conservative, total work done by field
force is,
1  q1q 4 q 2 q 4 q3 q 4  W = Ui - Uf
W4 =
4 0  r  r  r 
 14 23 34  1  q2 q2 
Proceeding in the same way, we can =   
2  4 0 b 4 0 a 
write the electrostatic potential energy

q2  1 1 
of a system of N point charges at r , =   
1 8 0  b a 
  [ N o t e : St u d e n t s c a n f i n d m o r e
, as information about the above condition
r2 ..... rN
with the help of following link :
https://doubtnut.com/question-answer-
1 q j qk physics/a-spherical/shell-of-radius-b-
U=
4
 r jk
with-charge-q-is-expanded-to-radius-a-
0 allpairs
find-the-work-done-by-the electr-
12296792]
Q.32. What is the potential energy of a point
charge in an external electric field ? Q.34. Obtain an expression for potential
Ans :- Consider a charge q placed in an energy of an electric dipole in an
external electric field at a point whose external field. Discuss potential
position vector with respect to an energy if dipole is (i) perpendicular
 and (ii) parallel to electric field.
arbitrary reference fram e is . If
r Ans :-
i. Consider a dipole with charges -q and
  +q separated by a finite distance 2,
V  r  is the potential of the point, with
  
placed in a uniform electric field.
respect to an arbitrary reference zero at E
infinity, then the potential energy of the ii. It experiences a torque which tends to
charge q at the point is 
where it is assumed that q is sufficiently rotate it as shown in figure below, =

small and does not significantly distort
 
the electric field and the potential at the
point. p x E  pE sin θ

 
u r   qV  r 
   
where it is assumed that q is sufficiently

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

iii. To neutralize this torque, let us assume field E ?

an external torque be applied, which ii. How much torque would the dipole
rotates it in the plane of the paper from experience in this field ?
Ans :-
angle θ 0 to angle θ , without angular
acceleration and at an infinitesimal
angular speed.
iv. Work done by the external torque
0 0

W =   ext 0dθ   pEθ sindθ

00 00

i. As the equipotential surfaces of uniform

= pE [-cos θ - (-cos θ 0 ) ]
electric field are plane parallel to YZ

= pE [-cos θ + -cos θ 0 ] planes, direction of m ust be
E
= pE [cos θ 0 - cos θ ] perpendicular to Yz planes, i.e., along
X-axis.
This work done is stored as the potential
ii. Torque experiences,
energy of the system in the position
when the dipole makes an angle θ with
 = pE sin θ
the electric field. = q (2  ) E sin θ
v. Thus, potential energy of electric dipole = q (2b) E sin θ .. (here,2  =2b)
in external electric field is, = 2qbE sin θ
U ( θ ) - U( θ 0 ) = pE (cos θ 0 - cos θ )
Special cases : 8.7 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS, FREE
Choosing U ( θ 0 ) = 0, we get, CHARGES AND BOUND CHARGES INSIDE A
a. If initially the dipole is perpendicular to
CONDUCTOR :
the field Q.36. Distinguish between conductors and
insulators.
 
i.e., θ 0  then Ans :-
E 2
Sr.
Conductors Insulators
   No.
U ( θ )= pE  cos  cos θ  = - pE cos θ
 2  i. Conductors are Insulators are materials
  materials or or substances which
U ( θ )= - p . substances which resist electricity to flow
E
b. If initally the dipole is parallel to the field allow electricity to through them.

flow through them.
then θ 0 = 0 ii. Th e y c o n t a in a They do not free charges
E
number of free carriers.
U ( θ ) = pE (cos0 - cos θ )
cha rge carriers
U ( θ ) = pE (1 - cos θ ) (free electrons).
For example, in a
Q.35. A dipole with its charges, -q and +q m et a l t h e o u te r
located at the points (0, -b, 0) and (0 (valence) electrons
+ b, 0) is present in a uniform electric are loosely bound
field E. The equipotential surfaces of to the nucleus and
this field are planes parallel to the are thus free for
YZ planes. conductivity, when
i. What is the direction of the electric an external electric
field is applied.

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

iii. A conductor can An insulator can carry on the surface, leaving a net positive charge
carry any distribution a ny d i st ri b ut io n o f on some regions of the surface and a net
of external electric external electric charges negative charge on other regions.
charges on its on its surface or in its This charge distribution causes an additional
surface or in interior and the electric electric field at interior points such that the
interior and electric field in the interior can total field at every point inside is zero.
field in interior can have non zero values. The charge distribution on the conductor is
be zero. such that the net electric field at all points on
the surface to be perpendicular to the surface,
iv. Examples : Metals, Examples : W ood, thereby altering the shapes of the field lines
humans, earth and glass, ebonite near the conductor.
animal bodies

Q.37. Explain why insulating material can

be considered as a collection of
molecules that are not easily ionized.
Ans :-
i. In insulaors, the electrons are tightly
bound to the nucleus and are thus not
available for conductivity.
ii. There are no free charges since all the
charges are bound to the nucleus.
iii. This makes removing charge to from an
ion of a substance extremely difficult.
iv. Hence, an insulating material can be
A Faraday cage or an
considered as a collection of molecules
electrostatic shield
that are not easily ionized.
The use of a conducting box to protect
sensitive instruments from stray electric
Q.38. State the properties of conductors
fields, or the use of a conducting wire cage
in electrostatic conditions.
to protect a person near a high-voltage
Ans :- Properties of a charged conductor in
installation or from lightning strike, is called
electrostatic conditions :
electrostatic shielding. The hollow conductor
(1) Net electric field inside the conductor is
or the conducting wire cage that shields its
zero.
interior from external electric fields is called
(2) Net electric field just outside the conductor
a Faraday cage or Faraday shield. A Faraday
is normal to its surface at every point.
cage, made from a contiguous metal sheet
(3) Electric potential inside the conductor is
or from a fine metal mesh, is used to shield
constant and equal to that on its surface.
its content or occupant from static and
(4) Excess charges reside only on the
nonstatic electric fields.
surface of the conductor but, for a
conductor of arbitrary shape, the surface
Q.40. The safest way to portect yourself
charge density at a point is inversely
from lightening is to be inside a car.
proportional to the local curvature of the
Justify.
surface.
Ans :- The body of the car is metallic. It provides
electrostatic shielding to the person in
Q.39. Explain electrostatic shielding. What
the car because electric field inside the
is a Faraday cage ?
car is zero. The discharging due to
Ans :- When an isolated conductor, uncharged
lightning passes to the ground through
or charged, is placed in an external
the metallic body of the car thereby
electric field, as in Fig. 8.28, all points of
keeping person sitting inside safe.
t h e c o nd uc t o r com e t o t h e s am e
potential. The free conduction electrons
in the conductor distribute themselves

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

Q.41. Explain the electrical behaviour of 8.8 DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRIC POLARISATION
conductors and insulators on the
Q.43. Explain concept of electric polarisation.
basis of free and bound charges
Ans :-
inside the materials.
i. Certain substances when are placed in
Ans :- In a material, the inner shell electrons an external field, their positive and
are tightly bound to their respective negative charges get displaced in
nuclei and together they have fixed lattice opposite directions and the molecules
p o s it i on s . T h e y a re ca ll ed bo un d develop a net dipole moment. This is
charges. called polarization of the material.
In metals, the outermost valence ii. The dipole moment per unit volume is

electrons are loosely bound to
called polarization and is denoted by .
their respective nucleus and, due to the P
regular atomic arrangement in a lattice,  
are set free to move inside the metal. For linear isotropic dielecris = e
P E
They are called free charges or free .
electrons. Under an applied electric field, W here, is a constant called electric
the free electrons drift in a direction susceptibility of the dielectric medium.
o p p os it e t o t he el e ct ri c f ie ld a n d iii. Examples : Dielectrics substances
constitute an electric current in the show electric polarisation.
m et a l. i n e le ct r o lyte s, el ec t ri ca l
dissociation of ionic molecules results Q.44. D ef i n e e l e c tr i c p o la r i zat i o n i n
in both positive and negative f ree dielectrics.
charges, and electric conduction is due
to both types of free charges. Under Ans :- Definition : The electric polarization at
electrostatic conditions, excess charges every point within a dielectric is defined
reside only on the surface of a conductor. as the electric dipole moment per unit
volume. It has the direction of the external
In insulators, all inner shell and outer electric field.
shell electrons are tightly bound to their
respective nuclei so that even at room Q.45. Explain concept of dielectrics.
temperature the number of free charges Ans :-
is several orders lower than that in a
metallic conductor. hence, they are poor i. Dielectrics are non-conducting
conductors of electricity and heat. In the substances which cannot transmit
absence of free conduction electrons, electric charge through them.
excess charges transferred to an Examples :
insulator remain localized. An insultor
can have non-zero surface charge Glass, wax, water, wood, mica, rubber,
density as well as volum e charge stone, plastic, etc.
density.
ii. Dielectric substances do not contain any
free electrons in them, so they have no
Q.42. State reason for restricted
charge carriers.
movements of charge carriers in
electrolytic conductors. iii. Dielectries can be polarised through
small localised displacement of charges.
Ans :- In electrolytic conductors, positive and
negative ions act as charge carriers but iv. Dielectrics are insulates which can be
their movements are restricted by the used to store electrical energy.
electrostatic force between them and
v. Dielectrics can be classified as polar
the external electric field.
dielectrics and non-polar dielectrics.

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E=0 E0
Q.46. Distinguish between polar and non- +
polar dielectries. + – –+ –+
–
Ans :- +
– –+
Sr. + + –+ –+
Polar dielecric Non-polar dielecric – –
No.
+
– –+
i. A dielectric molecule A dielectric in which +
– –+

in which the centre the centre of mass of E
of mass of positive the positive charges Fig. (a) Fig. ( b)
charges (protons) coin cide s with the iii) Thus, non-polar molecules acquire
does not coincide centre of mass of the induced dipole mom ent and get
with the centre of negative charges is polarized.
mass of negative called a non- pola r iv) The induced dipole moments of different
charges (electrons), dielectric.
molecules are added up and give rise to
because of the
net dipole moment.
asymmetric shape
of the molecules is
called polar dielectric.
Reading between the lines
ii. Representation : Representation :

The non polar dielectric in absence of

electric field
iii. They have permanent These have symmetrical
dipole moments of shapes and have zero Q.48. E xp la i n po l ar iz a ti on of a p o la r
the order of 10- 30 dipole moment in the dielectric in an external electric field.
Cm. They act as normal state. Ans :-
tiny electric dipoles,
as the charges are
separated by a
small distance.

iv. Examples : Examples :

HCl, water, alcohol, H2, N2, O2, CO2,
NH3 benzene, methane

Q.47. Explain polarization of non-polar i. The molecules of a polar dielectric have

molecules. tiny permanent dipole moments. Due to
Ans :- In absence of external electric field the thermal agitation in the material in the
arrangement of non-polar molecular is absence of any external electric field,
as shown in fig. (a). these dipole moments are randomly
ii) In presence of external electric field, the oriented. Hence the total dipole moment
positive and negative charges are is zero.
displaced in opposite direction until ii. When an external electric field is applied
external force on constituent charges the align with the field. As a result, the
balanced by internal molecular forces of dielectric develops a net dipole moment
in the direction of the external field.
field (fig. (b)).
Hence the dielectric is polarized.

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

iii. The extent of polarization depends on

the relative values of the two opposing
energies :
Reading between the lines
a. The applied external elecric field
which tends to align the dipole with The induced dipole moment disappears
the field. when the field is removed. The induced
b. T h e r m a l e n e r g y t e n d i n g t o dipole moment is often responsible for the
randomise the alignment of the attraction of a charged object towards an
dipole. uncharged insulator such as charged comb
and bits of paper.
Q.49. How does the electric field inside a
dielectric decrease when it is placed
in an external electric field ? Enrich Your Knowledge
Ans :- Suppose a rectangular slab of dielectric
 If we apply a large enough electric field, we
is placed in an electric field E , with two of can ionize the atoms and create a condition
0
for electric charge to flow like a conductor.
its parallel sides perpendicular to the field.
The fields required for the breakdown of
The dielectric becomes polarized.
dielectric is called dielectric strength.
polarization charges appear on the external
surfaces of these two parallel sides such that
within the dielectric the field due to the 8.9 CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE
 CAPACITOR WITHOUT AND WITH
polarization charges is opposite to E . DIELECTRIC MEDIUM BETWEEN THE PLATES
0
Thus, the magnitude of the net electric field Q.50. What is a capacitor ?

Explain capacitance of a capacitor.
 Ans :- A capacitor is a device used to store
E within the dielectric is less than E , electrical charge and electrical energy.
It consists of at least two electrical
E conductors, called as capacitor plates,
E 0 where k is the relative permittivity plates may simply be air or, usually, filled
k with a dielectric.
(dielectric constant) of the dielectric. Consider a capacitor having two
conducting plates close to, put not
touching, one another (Fig.8.34). Imagine
that each plate is neutral, so the potential
Learn this as well
Surface density of polarization charges
equals electric polarization.
We define the electric polarization at every
point within a dielectric as the electric
dipole moment per unit volume. It has the
direction of the external electric field. The
electric polarization may also be defined as
the surface density of induced or polarization A capacitor consisting of two
charges appearing on the dielectric surface conducting plates
normal to the applied electric field. difference between the plates is zero. If
Consider a rectangular slab of a linear isotropic a small positive charge q is transferred
dielectric placed in a uniform external electric from one plate to the other, the second
field. The dielectric becomes polarized plate acquires a charge +q while that on
regardless of whether it is polar or nonpolar. the first plate is -q and a small potential
difference appears between the plates.

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

As the amount of charge on each plate iii. Now consder another insulated metal
i ncr e a s e s , so do es t h e p ot e nt ia l plate P 2 held near the plate P 1 . By
difference between the plates. The induction a negative charge is produced
potential difference V between the on the nearer face and an equal positive
plates is directly proportional to the charge develops on the farther face of
magnitude of charge Q on each plate : P2 as shown in the figure below.
Q V
 Q=C V
The constant of proportionality C is
called t h e c a p a c i t a n c e . T h e
c a p a c i t a n c e depends only on the
geometry of the plates and the type of
dielectric between the plates.
When the terminals of a battery
are connected to the plates of an initially iv. The induced negative charge lowers the
u n c ha rg e d ca p acit or, t he ba tt er y potential of plate P1, while the induced
potential V moves a small amount of positive charge raises its potential.
charge of magnitude Q from the plate at v. As the induced negative charge is closer
the higher potential to the other plate. The to P1 it is more effective, and thus there
capacitor remains neutral overall, but is a net reduction in potential of plate P1.
with charges + Q and - Q on opposite vi. If the outer surface of P2 is connected
plates. The capacitance C is then the to earth, the induced positive charges
ratio of the maximum charge Q that can on P 2 being free, flows to earth. The
be stored in the capacitor to the applied induced negative charge on P2 stays on
voltage V across its plates or, in other it, as it is bound to positive charge of P1.
words, capacitance is the largest This greatly reduces the potential of P2
amount of charge per unit potential as shown in the figure below.
difference that can be stored on the
device.
[Note : A capacitor is represented in
circuit diagrams by the symbol,   ]

Q.51. State and define SI unit of capacity.

Ans :- i) The SI unit of capacity is called the
farad.
ii) Capacity of conductor is given by, vii. If V1 is the potential on plate P2 due to
Q charge (-Q) then the net potential of the
 C= system will now be +V -V1.
V
Hence the capacity C2 =
1 coulomb(C)
 1 Farad (F) = viii. Thus, capacity of metal plate P 1 , is
1volt (V) increased by placing an identical earth
Thus, a conductor has capacitance one connected metal plate P2 near it.
farad, if one coulomb of charge raises
its potential by one volt. Q.53. How is capacitor represented
sym bol i ca ll y ?
Q.52. Explain principle of a capacitor.
Ans :- Ans :-
i. Consider a metal plate P1 having area A
with some positive charge +Q be given Q.54. What are the different types of
to the plate. condensers? Describe in brief .
ii. Let its potential be V. Its capacity is given Ans :- The three main types of condensers
by,

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

depending on their shape are - is earth connected.

1) Parallel plate condenser.
v) A medium of permitivities e is
2) Spherical condenser.
present between two cylinders.
3) Cylindrical condenser.
1) Parallel plate condenser : b
k
a
i) It consists two parallel metal plates
each of area A separated by a finite
- + + -
distance d containing dielectric - + + -
between them. - + + -
ii) One of the plate is positive charged
and other is connected to earth. - + + -
- + + -
+ + + + ++ + + +Q
d E Note: i) Capacity of a spherical conductor
- - - - - - - - –Q with radius R and having charge Q
on its surface, is given by, C =
2) Spherical condenser : 4pe0R
i) I t co nsists of t wo conce ntric ii) Capacity of earth conductor
spheres of radii a and b (b > a). (R = 6400 km) is nearly 711 mF.
iii) Capacity of parallel spherical
ii) The outer surface of inner sphere conductor is,
is positively charged. kab
C = 4pe0 ×
iii) Inner surface of o uter sphere ba
where,
acquires a negative charge by
k - dielectric constant.
induction.
iv) If the inner sphere is earthed and
iv) Outer surface of outer sphere is the outer sphere is charged, then
earth connected. the capacity of condenser
becomes
v) A m e diu m of perm itt ivity e is
present in the space between two ab
C = 4pe0b + 4pe0
spheres. ba

Q.55. Derive an expression for the

k
effective or equivalent capacitance
+ + +
+ a b
(capacity) of a combination of a
number of capacitors connected in
+ + series. OR
+ +
+ Derive an expression for the effective
+ +
capacitance of three capacitors
connected in series.
3) Cylindrical condenser : Ans :- In the series arrangement of capacitors,
i) Cylindrical condenser consists of the capacitors are connected end to end
two coaxial cylinders of radius a and and a cell is connected across the
b respectively (b > a). combination of the capacitors as shown
in Fig. 8.38.
ii) Outer surface of inner cylinder is
positively charged.
iii) Inner surface of outer cylinder
acquires negative charge.
iv) The outer surface of outer cylinder

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

Let C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , be the capacitances i. Diagram :

of the three capacitors connected in
series and Q, the charge on each
capacitor. Let V1, V2, V3 be the potential
differences across the capacitors.
Now, charge = capacitance x potential
difference
 Q = C1V1 = C2V2 = C3V3
Q Q Q
 V1 =
C1 , V2 =
C2 and V3 =
C3
If V is the potential difference
across the combination and C is the
equivalent or effective capacitance of the ii. Explanation :
combintion, we have, a. Capacitors are said to be connected
Q Q in parallel, if they are connected
C=  V= between two common points or
V C junctions.
But, V = V1 + V2 + V3 b. Consider thr ee capacito rs of
Q Q Q Q capacitances C1, C2, C3 connected
 = + + in parallel.
C C1 C 2 C 3 Let C 1 , C 2 , C 3 be the charges
1 1 1 1 deposited on the capacitors as
 = + + shown in the figure.
C C1 C 2 C 3 c. Suppose a potential difference ‘V’
In general, if n capacitors of is applied across the combination.
capacitances C1, C2, C3, ........ Cn, are Then, the potential difference
connected in series, the equivalent between the plates of each
capacitance (C) of the combination is capacitors is V but charges on each
given by capacitor are different.
1 d. S in ce di f f e re nt cu r re nt f l ows
1 1 1 1 through different branches, so the
= + + +.... C
C C1 C 2 C 3 n charges are given by.
Q1 = C1V,
Q2 = C2V,
Q3 = C3V ... (1)
Reading between the lines
e. A ccor d in g t o t h e p r in ci p le o f
The general formula for effective capacitance c on se r va ti on of c h a r ge .
Cs for series combination of n capacitors. Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
= C1V+C2V+C3V
1 1 1 1 ... [From equation(1)]
= +
C s C1 C 2 +.... C  Q = V (C1+C2 + C3) ...(2)
n f. If these capacitors are replaced by
If all capacitors are equal then a single capacitor of capacity C p
1 such that
n C
=  Cs = then using equation (2),
Cs C n CpV = V(C1+C2 + C3)
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3
Q.56. Derive an expression for effective
capacitance of three capacitors
connected in parallel.
Ans :-

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

capacitor plates the electric fields due

Reading between the lines to the two charged plates add up. The
net field is thus
The general formula for effective capacitance    Q
Cp for parallel combination of n capacitors E=   
Cp = C1 + C2 + ..... Cn 2 0 2 0  0 A 0 ... (1)
If all capacitors are equal then The direction of E is from positive to
Cp = nC negative plate.
vi. Let V be the potential difference between
the two plates. Then electric field
8.10 CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL PLATE
between the plates is given by
CAPACITOR WITHOUT AND WITH
V
DIELECTRIC MEDIUM BETWEEN THE E= or V = Ed ... (2)
d
PLATES
Substituting equation (1) in equation
Q.57. Obtain an expression for (2),
c a p ac i ta n c e o f a p ar a l l el pl a t e
c a p ac i to r w it ho u t a d i e le c tr i c . Q
V=
Ans :- A 0 d
i. A parallel plate capacitor consists of two vii. Thus, capacitance of the parallel plate
thin conducting plates each of area A, capacition is given by,
held parallel to each other, at a suitable
distance d apart. Q Q A 0
ii. T h e p l a t e s a r e se p a r a t e d b y a n C  
V  Qd  d
insulating medium like paper, air, mica,  
glass etc. One of the plates is insulated  A 0 
and the other is earthed as shown if This is the required expression.
figure below.
Q.58. Obtain an expression for
capa citance o f a pa ral lel p l ate
capa citor w ith a die lectric .
Ans :-
i. Consider a parallel plate capacitor with
the two plates each of area A separated
by a distance d. The capacitance of the
capacitor is given by
A 0
C0 
d
ii. Let E o be the electric field intensity
iii. W hen a charge +Q is given to the between the plates before the
insulated plate, then a charge -Q is introduction of the dielectric slab. Then
induced on the inner face of earthed the potential difference between the
plate and +Q is induced on its farther plates is given by Vo = Eod,
face. But as this face is earthed the
charge +Q being free, flows to earth.  Q
where E o - = , and  is the
iv. In the outer regions the electric fields due  0 A 0
to the two charged plates cancel out. surface charge density on the plates.
Making net field is zero. iii. Let a dielectric slab of thickness t (t < d)
  be introduced between the plates of the
E=  0 capacitor as shown in the figure below.
2 0 2 0
v. In the inner regions between the two

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

Q Q A 0
C  
V Q  d  t
d  t   d  t  
A 0  k  k
This is the required expression.

Q.59. A metal sheet is introduced between

the plates of a charged parallel-plate
capacitor. What is its effect on the
capacitance of the capacitor ?
Dielectric slab in the capacitor Ans :- Suppose the parallel-plate capacitor has
iv. The field E o polarizes the dielectric, capacitance C o. plates of area A and
inducing charge -Qp on the left side and separation d. Assume the metal sheet
+Qp on the right side of the dielectric. introduced has the same area A.
v. These induced charges set up a field Ep Case (1) : Finite thickness t. Free
inside he dielectric in the opposite electrons in the sheet will migrate
direction of Eo. The induced field is given t o war d s th e p os it ive p lat e o f t h e
by capacitor. Then, the metal sheet is
 p Qp attracted towards whichever capacitor
 Qp 
 ....   p   plate is closest and gets stuck to it, so
A 
Ep =
 0 A 0  that its potential is the same as that of
vi. The net field (E) inside the dielectric t h a t p l a t e . Th e g a p b e t we e n t h e
reduces to E0 - Ep. capacitor plates is reduced to d-t, so that
the capacitance increases.
E0  E0  Case (2) : Negligible thickness. The thin

....   k
 E = Eo - Ep =  metal sheet divides the gap into two of
k  E0  E p  thicknesses d1 and d2 of capacitances
where k is a constant called the
C1 =  0 A/d1 and C2 =  0 A/d2 in series.
dielectric constant.
Their effective capacitance is
Q
 E=
A 0 k or Q = Ak  0 E ...(2) C1C 2  0A  A
C=   0  C0
C1  C 2 d1  d2 d
vii. The field Ep exists over a distance t and
E o over the remaining distance (d - t)
between the capacitor plates. Hence the Q.60. What will happen if a parallel plate
p o t en t ia l d if f e r en ce be t we e n t h e capacitor is filled with (i) dielectric of
capacitor plates is constant k (ii) conducting slab ?
V = Eo (d - t ) + E (t) Ans :-
i For dielectric slab :
E0  E 
= Eo (d - t ) + t  ...  E  k0  Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
k   increases k times, i.e., C = kCo.
ii. For conducting slab (k =  )
 t
= Eo d  t    A 0
 k
 C = d- t  t
Q  t k
=
A 0 d  t  k 
A 0
viii. The capacitance of the capacitor on the = ... ( k =  )
d-t
introduction of dielectric slab becomes
d A 0
= x C0 ...(Co = )
d- t d

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

i. e., Capacitance increases by a factor

 d 
of  
d-t

Q.61. State the expression for the

c a p ac i ta n c e o f a p ar a l l el - pl a t e
capacitor filled with a dielectric.
Explain how its capacitance can be
increased. Displacement current in the
Ans :- The capacitance of a parallel-plate space between the plates of the
capacitor filled with a dielectric is capacitor
Ak 0 ii. In the conducting part of the circuit free
C= electrons form the flow of current. But
d in the region between the plates of the
where A is the area of each plate, k is capacitor, there are no free electrons
the relative perm ittivity (dielectric available for conduction in the dielectric.
constant) of the medium between the iii. As the circuit is closed, the current flows
plates,  0 is the permittivity of free through the circuit and grows to its
s p a ce a n d d i s t h e u n if o r m p l a t e maximum value (ie) in a finite time (time
separation. constant of the circuit). The conduction
The capacitance of a parallel-plate current, ie is found to be sam e
capacitor can be increased by (1) everywhere in the circuit except inside
increasing the area of each plate (2) the capacitor.
decreasing the distance between the two iv. As the current passes through the leads
plates (3) filling the space between the of the ca pacitor, the ele ctric f ield
two plates by a m edium of greater between the plates increases and this
relative permittivity. in tu rn causes pola risatio n o f the
dielectric.
v. Thus, there is a current in the dielectric
due to the movem ent of the bound
Reading between the lines charges. The current due to bound
charges is called displacement current
Diagram for case (i) :
(id) or charge-separation current.

Q.63. Derive relation between conduction

current and displacement current.
Ans :-
i. Electric field inside a parallel plate
capacitor with dielectric of constant k
produces charge
q = Ak  0 E
Where dq/dt is the conduction current
(ie) in the conducting part of the circuit.

8.11 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT dq dE

This gives, ie =  Ak 0
Q.62. Explain origin of Displacement dt dt
cu rren t. dE i
Ans :-   e
i. Consider a parallel plate capacitor with
dt Ak 0 t
a dielectric connected across a DC
source as shown in figure below.

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

dE Q.65. Show that the energy of a charged

  ie (for fixed value of A)
1
dt
capacitor is CV2. Also, express this
Thus, the rate of change of electric field 2
(dE/dt) across the capacitor is directly in other forms. OR
proportional to the current ( i e ) flowing in Derive an expression for the energy
s t o re d i n a c ha rg e d ca pa c it or.
the conducting part of the circuit.
Express it in different forms.
 dE  Ans :- To charge a capacitor, an external agent
ii. Term Ak 0   has dimensions of has to do work against the electrostatic
 dt 
forces due to the charges already
current and indicates the displacement present on the plates of the capacitor.
of bound charges in the dielectric of the Let C be the capacitance of the
capacitor under the influence of the capacitor. Let Q and V be the final
electric fie ld. This curren, ca lle d charge and the potential difference
displacement current ( i e ), respectively when the capacitor is
charged. Let q be the charge on the
 dE  capacitor at some stage during the
 i d = Ak 0  
 dt  charging and  , the corresponding
potential difference between the plates.
 dE  The work done by an external agent in
for k = 1, i d = Ak 0  
bringing additional small charge dq from
 dt 
This means, displacement current infinity and depositing it on the capacitor
exists at any point in space where, time is
varying electric field (E) exists (i.e., dE/ dW = potential difference x charge =  dq
dt  0). q q
But, C =   =
 C
8.12 ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR q
Q.64. Explain energy storing in a capacitor.  dW = dq
C
Ans :-
The total work done in charging the
i. A capacitor is a device used to store
capacitor is
energy.
ii. Charging a capacitor means transferring Q
qdq 1  q 2 
electron from one plate of the capacitor W=  dW =    
to the other. Hence work will have to be 0
C C 2 
done by the battery in order to remove Now, Q = CV
the electrons against the opposing
1 1 1
forces.  = CV2 = (CV) V = QV
iii. These opposing forces arise as the 2 2 2
electrons are being pushed to the This work is stored in the form of
negative plate which repels them and potential energy, in the electric field in
electrons are removed from the positive the medium between the plates of the
plate which tends to attract them. capacitor.
iv. In both the cases, the forces oppose the  Energy of a charged capacitor
transfer from one plate to another. 1 Q2 1 1
v. As the charges on the plate increases, = = CV2= QV
opposition also increases. 2 C 2 2
vi. This work done is stored in the form of
electrostatic energy in the electric field Q.66. Observe and discuss.
between the plates, which can later be
recovered by discharging the capacitor. The energy supplied to the battery
i s Q V bu t en e rg y s to re d i n th e

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1 Q.68. A capacitor has some dielectric

electric field is QV. The rest half
2 between its plates and the capacitor
1 is connected to a DC source. The
of energy is QV wasted as heat in battery is now disconnected and
2 then the dielectric is removed. State
the connecting w ires and battery whether the capacitance, the energy
itself. stored in it, the electric field, charge
Ans :- There exists a transient period when stored and voltage will increase,
capacitor charges from zero potential to decrease or remain constant.
V. During this period transient current Ans :-
flows into a capacitor which is lesser
than final (saturation) current that flows Battery is Battery is
through capacitor. Quanity connected removed
Before reaching equilibrium, energy is
lost during this transient period in the i. Capacitance C=kCo C=KCo 
form of heat and electrom agnetic Remains same
radiation. ii. Charge Q = Q0 Q=Q 0 
Remains same
Q.67. Find the ratio of the potential V = V0
differences that must be applied
V0
across the parallel and series ii. Voltage [ Battery 
combination of two capacitors C1 and k
C2 with their capacitances in the ratio maintains
1 : 2, so that the energy stored in potential decreases
these two cases becomes the same. difference]
Ans :- Let Vs and Vp be potential applied acrss
ser ies and parallel com b inat ions iv. Electric E = Eo
E0
E 
respectively k
Also, Cs and Cp be the capacitance in decreases
s e r i e s a n d p a r a ll e l c o m b i n a t i o n U0
respectively. v. Energy U = U oK U 
Given : Us = U p k
decreases
1 1
C s Vs2  C p Vp2
2 2 8.13 VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATOR
Q.69. What is the Van de Graaff generator ?
 1 1 
2    Ans :- The Van de Graaff generator is a high-
 p
V C C C2
   s   1  voltage electrostatic generator that is
 Vs  Cp C1  C 2 used to produce very high potential
differences of several million volts. It was
C1  C 2 1 constructed by US physicist Robert Van
= x de Graaff in 1931. The high potential
C1C 2 C1  C 2
difference produced by the Van de Graaff
1 generator is used to produce high-
= ...(Given C1 : C2 = 1: 2) energy ion beams in a linear accelerator
2
inside (Fig.8.62)
Vp 1
  Q.70. State principle of Van de Graaff
Vs 2
generator.
Ans :- Principle : Van de Graaff generator is

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Sagar Umarkar Sir Electrostatics

based on the following electrostatic charged particles having energies of the

phenomena : order of 10 MeV. Such high energy
i. A sharp pointed conductor has large particles are used.
charge density. Hence, the surrounding i. to carry out the disintegration of nuclei
air becomes conducting and produces of different elements,
discharge called ‘corona discharge.’ ii. to produce radioactive isotopes,
ii. When a charged conductor is brought iii. to study the nuclear structure,
in contact with a hollow conductor, then iv. to study different types of nuclear
i t t r a n sf e r s t h e cha rg e t o h ol lo w reactions.
conductor. The transferred charge v. accelerating electrons to sterilize food
resides on the outer surface of the and to process materials.
hollow conductor uniformly.
Note :
Q.71. State the principle of working of the i) It is used to produce high potential of the
Van de Graaff generator. Describe its order of few millions of volt.
construction with a neat labelled ii) It is used to accelerate heavy, positively
diagram. charged particles.
Ans :- Principle of working : The Van de e.g. protons, deuteron,  - particles.
Graaff g e n e r a t o r w o r k s o n t h e iii) In medicine such beams are used to
principles of corona or point treat cancer.
discharge, that the charge on hollow iv) It is used in nuclear physics, studies
conductor resides entirely on its outer involving collision experiments for
surface and that the c h ar g e su p p li e d probing nuclear structure, producing
t o a n i n s u l a t e d conductor increases different radioactive element/isotopes for
its potential. carrying out nuclear reacton, nuclear
Construction : Refer Fig.8.62, A hollow disintegration.
spherical conductor C is supported and
insulated from the ground by a tower of
ceramic insulators. A long, vertical,
endless belt made of special insulating
paper or fabric (rubberised silk) is
continuously driven by an electric motor
from the ground up to the inside of the
conductor. Near the ground, the belt
passes close to a spraycomb A which
is connected to a high-voltage source.
The spraycomb consists of a set of
sharp needle points. Another spraycomb
c o l l e c t o r B i s co n n e c t e d in s i d e
conductor C at the top. The entre
apparatus is usually enclosed in a
pressurized vessel containing a gas
such as nitrogen or Freon.
Housed inside the assembly is an
evacuated tube through which positively
charged particles may be accelerated
from a source at the same potential as
the conductor C to a target at the ground
potential.

Q.72. State uses of Van de Graaff generator.

Ans :- Uses : The main use of Van de Graff
generator is to produce very high energy

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