See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/352381564

JOINT WAVEFORM INTEROPERABILITY SYSTEM - COMMON TACTICAL DATA

LINKS FOR THE FORCE OF 21ST CENTURY

Research · June 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23398.55362

CITATIONS READS

0 1,635

1 author:

Vivek Gopal
Jawaharlal Nehru University
12 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Vivek Gopal on 14 June 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

JOINT WAVEFORM Lt Col Vivek Gopal, a graduate of the National
INTEROPERABILITY Defence Academy, was commissioned in
SYSTEM (JOWIS) – COMMON December 2000. A MTech, paratrooper &
TACTICAL DATA LINKS FOR certified Project Management Associate, the
THE FORCE OF 21ST officer is presently posted as Instructor at a
CENTURY premier training establishment.

DISCLAIMER: DATA USED FOR THIS BRIEF IS SOLELY BASED ON OPEN

SOURCE ACCESS/ OSINT & CREDIBILITY OF THE INFORMATION PRODUCED IS
AS GOOD AS THE CITED SOURCE; BEING VERY FEW IN OPEN DOMAIN OWING
TO THE NATURE OF THE TOPIC.

THE ABBREVIATION JoWIS IS AN ACRONYM COINED BY THE AUTHOR AS

HYPOTHESIS.

(Source: Source: Data Link Solutions - Link 16 TacNetTM Tactical Radio. (2021). Datalinksolutions.net.
http://www.datalinksolutions.net/products/tacnet-radio.php)
 2

Abstract - Evolving threats of the modern day battlefield are characterized

by swift operations, battlefield transparency & a combat pulse which is an
amalgamation of overwhelming force being applied at the point of decision.
This has been made possible due to the advances in technology which
provides near real-time information to the commanders, shortening the
Observe-Orient-Decide-Act or OODA loop & thereby the sensor to shooter
kill cycle. This real time information rides over a network of networks linking
geographically dispersed entities sharing information over data links,
thereby providing situational awareness. These data links need to be shared
among the services to ensure the forces act on a Common Operating
Picture. Data link networks & the main communication backbone, therefore,
need to be interoperable.Carrying a plethora of information, these data links
need to have advanced capabilities in terms of the information payload as
well as the survivability characteristics in a communication degraded
environment. Various nations in the world have developed or are in the
process of developing new data links or using the existing ones to achieve
jointness of effort. However, despite the number of links in use,
interoperability among these remains to be developed – to arrive at a
Common Data Link which will enable all assets (weapon platforms) to
operate & exchange real-time information. While the US Forces & NATO
have been leading in this field, India too has made a start, albeit late. As we
inch towards adopting new technology to be fused into warfare, this is the
right time to explore the feasibility of a Common Data Link; a Joint
Waveform Interoperable System of JoWIS which can form a part of new
systems being inducted as well as retain the capability to integrate with
legacy systems already in use.

Keywords– Datalink, TDL, Link 11, Link 16, Link 22, JREAP, SIMPLE,
NEWN, AFNET, Trigun, IACCS, C4ISR, NCW, NCO, EBO
 3

Introduction

Network-centric by its name is an oxymoron – networks being ‘centre-less’,

hence a network; however, the forces are proponents of the Metcalfe’s law1.
Tactical Data Links or TDLs are inseparable from Network Centric
Operations or Warfare (NCO/ NCW); in fact the former serves as the
enabler for the latter. The present brief also covers the aspects of NCW &
addresses the issues with reference to TDLs & their importance especially
in terms of interoperability which is at the core of NCW. To arrive at a
Common Operating Picture (COP), there is a need for all the tactical
elements to ‘talk to each other’ as it is this shared awareness that brings out
the essence of Effect Based Operations or EBO, which is, overwhelming
superiority over the adversary. To be able to ‘Strike Before He Thinks’
requires the three services or the triad to leverage this information to an
advantage using all means at hand & finally utilize the most optimal
package at the point of decision. To tide over the interoperability issues, a
Common Data Link across the entire services network called Joint
Waveform Interoperability System or JoWIS is proposed.

This brief delves into the aspect of TDLs & how a common data link is
inescapable to promote jointness of operations. Technical details have
deliberately been left out to limit the scope of this brief. For the readers of
interest, detailed analysis of the data links is available as reference to this
brief.

Network Centric Operations – Foundation for Jointness

Network Centric Operations (NCO) or Network Centric Warfare (NCW) is a

key component of the armed forces based on shared perspective or a
common operating picture (COP) arrived at by use of computer &
communication networks working in tandem.The Joint Doctrine of the Indian
Armed Forces in 2017 as well as the Land Warfare Doctrine later in 2018
both have highlighted the aspects & inescapability of Command, Control,

1“Metcalfe’sLaw, named after Robert Metcalfe, the inventor of Ethernet and founder of 3Com Corporation.
It was a phenomenon first observed in commercial communications as Metcalfe sought to address the
problem of creating larger networks out of many smaller ones. The law contends that the power of a
network increases with the square of the number of nodes connected to the network. Network-centric
warfare advocates build on this law by asserting that maximizing the number of nodes increases the
chances of realizing the promise of networks through ubiquitous connectivity and interoperability.”
(Anatomy of Network-Centric Warfare. (2004, May 18). SIGNAL Magazine.
https://www.afcea.org/content/anatomy-network-centric-warfare)
 4

Communications, Computers, Information, Intelligence, Surveillance &

Reconnaissance (C4I2SR).i Three fundamental questions that always arise
are – interoperability of the systems of different services, limited bandwidth
available & threats posed to the cyber-systems in a growing dependence on
networks. However, a dependence on NCW is the key to defence
transformation as well as to ensure that we operate from a position of
overwhelming advantage, if not asymmetry, in a futuristic hostile situation.
With the growing importance of NCO which may also serve as a deterrent,
the objectives can be stated as:-
• Self-evolving & self –synchronized system development

• Ability to reach a COP in shorter time frames – reduce reaction

time or take a proactive stance

• Tap into a joint or collective knowledge of the situation on

ground to enable furtherance of overall aim

Although there are proponents of the theories concerning over-dependence

on ‘information’ for warfare, the aim of this brief is not about weighing the
benefits of NCW against its disadvantages or vulnerabilities. Here, we are
merely trying to understand the ways & means of establishing a nationalized
cross-domain information grid within which the assets are networked using
a common data link system which is hypothesized as JoWIS. The
importance of NCW has also been studied which reflects the shortening of
the OODA cycle.

“In traditional military operations, a mission is assigned and planned, forces

are generated, and operations are executed to concentrate power on an
objective.This is a highly coordinated, “stepped” cycle (see Fig.1 below):
periods of relative inaction, during which forces are generated and actions
coordinated (the flat part of the step) alternate with periods of action, when
combat power is applied (the vertical part). However, if forces were
networked to create a near-real-time situational awareness, then we could
act continuously along a relatively smooth “combatpower curve.” We would
no longer need to pause before deciding on further action; the information
and coordination needed would already be there. The shared situation
awareness promised by network-centric operations would also permit
aflattened decentralized command structure in which decisions could and
would be made at the lowest practicable level of command. Combined with
self- synchronization, it would permit us to reclaim the “lost combat power”ii
 5

Fig.1 - Self-synchronization & Speed of Command: Effect of Networked Operations

(Source: http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Smith_EBO.PDF)

History of Data Links

World War II (WW2) veteran & code breaking expert Gordon Welchman can
be described as one of the founding fathers of modern-day Tactical Data
Links.He was subsequently overshadowed by the fame of colleague Alan
Turing. A maths genius Welchman & Turing were both responsible for
cracking of the Nazi Enigma code which led to the code-breaking &Allies
were able to decipher key German secret messages during the war.

Welchman subsequently moved to America and developed the Joint

Tactical Information DistributionSystem (JTIDS) – the military
communications TDL system still in use today in theUnited States (US) and
with North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) forces. JTIDS supports data
communications in air, surface and land using Link 16, a populartactical
data link.

The work done by Welchman was so important that Churchill designated it

as ‘Ultra-Secret’ & that it should remain classified at all cost. The complex
cryptanalysis technique deciphered a plethora of information despite the
message string remaining unbroken. This technique is still in use by the
NATO forces.

Polish cryptanalysts had also developed ‘Bomba’, an electromechanical

device which could find the Enigmasettings used by German operators. The
Polish design was further improved upon by Welchman after the machine
was smuggled into Britain. Another outstanding invention by Welchman was
the ‘Diagonal Board’ which was more powerful than the ‘wheel setting’ used
by the Germans to randomly program their Enigma machines.
 6

After obtaining US citizenship in 1962, Welchman joined the MITRE

Corporation, working on secureJTIDS communication systems for the US
military. He developed the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) algorithms
for frequency hopping and cipherprotection. JTIDS was sponsored by the
Air Force Electronic Systems Division (ESD). A book2 authored by
Welchman created a furore in which he described the war time activities of
code breaking. Welchman died in 1985, however, his work was also
published as a paper3 in 1986.

Understanding a Tactical Data Link

Sharing a common data link is a pre-requisite for all sensors & weapon
platforms on the ground, sea or air to be able to share information. Tactical
Data Link (TDL) is the means to disseminate processed information from
Radars, Electronic Warfare (EW), Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), Sonars
and information related to various combat functions between the far-fighting
units on a battlefield. TDL exchanges digital information on a near-real-time
basis over a common network, with the tactical data updated continuously
and automatically by each of the nodes.The information provides the
common approach to various systems & operating environments. The
information moves on this data link & hence the developed data link should
be future-proof; capable of supporting future generation weapon platforms
securely. Managing, exploiting & there after extracting & disseminating data
over the information layer is what is of prime importance. Various data links
that are being used as part of existing tactical communication systems has
been listed as Appendix ‘A’ to this brief.

While planning to deploy a TDL, it is important to plan & define our space
not only in termsof length, height and width, but based on the operating
volume which will be a function of the range, area, altitude and time
domains.

Range – Depending on what distances are the various employed

assets going to operate is crucial. Radio frequency (RF)
characteristics are a function of the distance of operation as well as
the electro-magnetic & surrounding environment. For line of sight
(LOS) communication we may depend on Ultra-high frequencies
(UHF) or Very high frequencies (VHF). For non- LOS cases, we may
have to rely on waveforms riding on satellite links or airborne/ ground
relays.

2
Welchman, G. (1982). The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes.
3
Gordon Welchman (1986) From Polish Bomba to british Bombe: The birth of ultra, Intelligence and National
Security, 1:1, 71-110, DOI: 10.1080/02684528608431842
 7

Area – Range helps us in determining the type of waveform &

frequency of operation selection. Area, similarly, helps us determine
the architecture that will have to be in place to generate the COP. We
might have a single point of reception for air to ground communication.
However, when mingled with early warning elements, local intelligence
assets (Radars for example), will need a network of relays to
disseminate the same information to as many nodes.

Altitude – This factor can be seen as the range function in a vertical

orientation. The data link should not suffer due to multi path effects or
terrain masking.

Time - This factor is based on the weapon platform being used. Land
& naval vessels may operate continuously during day & night.
Airborne platforms may only be available for a short duration based on
the operations envisaged. How quickly can the information be passed
over the links established i.e. the time-sensitive nature is thus also
important while deciding the link.

As the number of links with varying characteristics are utilised, planning the
operation with as many interfaces also become pertinent. After the factors
mentioned above are decided, we can move on to designing the network.
This will involve simulation of the various data link capabilities of the
platforms being pressed into action. Extensive use of a ‘Link Planning
Simulation & Management Tool’4 is inescapably required to plan the same.
It is with this tool that one will be in a position to decide the way information
will be received by the platforms, disseminated, collected & collated, limited
by the data link capabilities5.

Various TDL standards as evolved by NATO forces & comparison of some

of the standards are listed as Appendix ‘B’ & Appendix ‘C’ to this brief
respectively.

Data Links Used in Different Nations

The aim behind network-enabled military capabilities is to collect, process &

distribute information across several domains & multiple platforms in a
Battlefield Internet of Things (IoT). Using TDLs enables the users to
cooperate & collaborate using various computing devices & gain a decisive
overall advantage over the adversary. There are several interoperability
4
Refer iSMART - interoperable Systems Management and Requirements Transformation document suite. iSMART
supports a suite of documentswhich define the TDL requirement in ahierarchy. iSMART isan open process that can
be employed by any organization to assist in themanagement of interoperability.
5
This has been stated very simplistically. The planning will be time consuming & very deliberate as it will have to
take into account assets which will ‘come-and-leave’ the network. Redundancy planning as well as contingency
nodes etc all has to be planned & simulated.
 8

issues that present themselves while implementing a common TDL for use,
however, various countries are understanding the significance of being
linked to achieve sharing the COP.iii

The advances made by the countries involve methods to share the data
securely without an eavesdropping in real-time with low latency to gain the
information advantage in the tactical battle area. Also, there have been
doctrinal changes which emphasize how operations are to be conducted
leveraging the potential of advanced technologies & to gain from them.

The succeeding pages cover how the various countries have embraced &
adapted to using TDLs as part of C4ISR operations to achieve net-centricity.

USA

As covered previously, the US forces started developing & employing TDLs

as early as 1950s. Various data links that have been developed to meet a
specific requirement include Link 1, Link 4, Link 11, Link 14, Link 16 & the
latest Link 22. There are other links too, such as Joint Range Extension
Application Protocol or JREAP which extend the capabilities & range of the
Link 16/ 22 (Refer Fig. 2). Each link has a typical use case which has been
covered as Fig. 3.

“In the Data Links evolution, there are two main generations. The first
generation Data Links (Link1, Link4, Link11, Link11B, Link14) was
developed on 8-bit computers, in 1950’s and 1960’s, with limited
functionality and slow data rates (600 - 2400 bps). The second generation
Data Links (Link16, Link22) was developed on 16-bit computers, in the
1970’s and 1980’s, is multifunctional and works at faster data rates
(2400bps-1Mbps).”iv

Fig. 2 - Envisaged Use of TDLs

(Source: TACTICAL DATA LINK – FROM LINK 1 TO LINK 22. (2016). Scientific Bulletin of
Naval Academy, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-16-i2-046)
 9

Fig. 3 - TDLs – Application Scenarios

(Source: TACTICAL DATA LINK – FROM LINK 1 TO LINK 22. (2016). Scientific Bulletin of
Naval Academy, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-16-i2-046)

TDLs help to achieve a joint picture to the commanders which assists in the
execution of the operation with precision based on accurate & real time
information. This also serves as the basis for the design of the typical
protocols customized to suit the requirement. As brought out above, the
TDLs to be used in the case of joint operations are the Link 16 & Link 22.
The networking scheme characteristics of the various TDLs are covered
below as Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 - TDL Architectures

(Source: TACTICAL DATA LINK – FROM LINK 1 TO LINK 22. (2016). Scientific Bulletin of
Naval Academy, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-16-i2-046)

Covering all the data links will exceed the scope of this brief. However, the
important links which operate for joint operations are the ones we should be
looking at to promote the development of similar protocols to achieve the
aim of jointness.
 10

Link 16or TADIL- J or Tactical Digital Information Link –J- This is a

high-capacity datalink, with frequency hopping features and anti - electronic
counter-measure capabilities (Anti-ECM). Links 16 uses Joint Tactical
Information Distribution System (JTIDS) terminals and Multifunctional
Information Distribution System (MIDS). Link 16 has implemented the Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique, that provides 128 time
slots/second for the various users. The time slots are organized in several
functional groups of network users.

Unlike Link1 and Link 11, Link 16 uses encrypted high-capacity datalink,
with a mesh network, and provides electronic protection measures for fully-
operational communications in combat situations (air, terrestrial, sea).
Enhanced communication capabilities are provided by Link 16 & assists in
the real time tactical information exchange. The salient features include
nodelessness, anti-ECM, increased throughput, small form factors for use in
aerial platforms, secure voice & precise position indication. Utilising LOS
principle the various Link 11 terminals are the JTIDS (1st and 2nd generation
equipment), Multifunction Information Distribution System (MIDS) Low
volume terminals (LVT) series 1 to 11 for various platforms & MIDS JTRS
which is the Joint Tactical Radio System. A point to note here is that while
Link 16 refers to the whole network, JTIDS is the communication component
of the network.

Link 22 – With features similar to Link 11, this TDL enables BLOS (Beyond
Line of Sight) communication capabilities, so in the HF band Link 22 is able
to provide communications up to 300 nautical miles. Link 22 scores over
other systems in being operable even in inclement weather conditions by
working at a lower data rate. Redundancy is built-in – if a specific unit fails,
the whole network is not affected because of the distributed protocols
usage. The protocol stack of Link 22 & a comparison with Link 16 is shown
below as Fig. 5 & a comparison between Link 11 & Link 22 shown at Fig 6.

Fig. 5 - Protocol Stack for Link 22

(Source: TACTICAL DATA LINK – FROM LINK 1 TO LINK 22. (2016). Scientific Bulletin of
Naval Academy, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-16-i2-046)
 11

Fig. 6- Comparison Between Link 16 & Link 22

(Source: TACTICAL DATA LINK – FROM LINK 1 TO LINK 22. (2016). Scientific Bulletin of Naval
Academy, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-16-i2-046

JREAP – Joint Range Extension Application Protocol - Enables tactical

data to be transmitted over larger distances. Capabilities include extending
the range-limited tactical networks to beyond LOS (BLOS) while reducing
their dependence upon relay platforms, reducing the loading on stressed
networks, providing backup communications in the event of the loss of the
normal link, and providing a connection to a platform that may not be
equipped with the specialized communications equipment for that TDL.v
JREAP software can be integrated into a host system or into a standalone
processor. The appropriate interface terminals are required at each end of
any JREAP alternate media link. (refer Fig. 7)
 12

Fig. 7 - Implementing JREAP

(Source: TDL Technology Magazine, 2017)

JREAP & Standard Interface for Multiple Platform Link Evaluation or

SIMPLE are both used when TDLs are to be linked beyond the normal
communication limits. JREAP relies on encapsulation of data with the
JREAP wrapper, so BLOS communication can take place with those
platforms which are not even equipped with Link 16 equipment. On the
other hand, SIMPLE is not used in the operational environment & is used to
transmit between geographically dispersed test environments.vi

China

Not much information is available as OSINT with respect to the data links
planned to be used or already in use for the PLA. However, inference can
be drawn with respect to the impetus being given to ‘informatization’ as a
key player towards force upgradation.vii

“Without informatization, there is no modernization.”

- Xi Jinping during the inspection of the Hainan

Provincial Government Affairs Data Centre, 13 April 18.

Apart from the focus on informatization, the Chinese are working on

development of the ‘tactical internet’ which can link various units
together.viiiThe Chinese are well aware of the various Data links in use by
the US forces. They have reiterated the resolve to develop strategic
advantage over the adversary by the following tenetsix: -
• Strengthen strategic planning
• Speed up the construction of networks
• Promote technological innovation
• Promote collaboration between civil & military
 13

Military use of the ‘cloud’ has also been expressed as an area of interest by
the Chinese.xNeedless to say that the Integrated Network & Electronic
Warfare INEW roadmap of the Chinese is sure to keep pace with the
developments as are taking place with rest of the leading nations, more so,
when China is investing heavily in satellites to build a robust all round
capability. For system-of-systems integration [tixironghe, 体系融合], the PLA
(read Strategic Support Force or SSF) will need not only to integrate these
systems together but also seamlessly feed this information into force-wide
networks such as the Integrated Command Platform [yitihuazhihuipingtai,
一体化指挥平台] to support both strategic missions and theatre command
operations.xi

Pakistan

Like other modern militaries, the Pakistani armed forces also boast of
C4ISR capabilities. The most visible elements of Pakistan’s C4ISR network
include the ‘Erieye’ and ‘Karakoram’ Eagle Airborne Early Warning &
Control (AEW&C) systems. Although the capabilities are shrouded in
secrecy, hints & OSINT suggest mention of a national data-link
solution.Pakistan’s C4ISR system could be seen as an implementation of
core technologies, particularly ISR and communications.

The Pakistani military makes use of multiple data-link protocols. Details in

open source are very few, however an estimate based on how the PAF
operates can throw some light on to the TDLs architecture The PAF’s
primary TDLs are the Link-16 MIDS-LVT(Low Volume Terminal) which it
supposedly claims as indigenously developed.xii(Ref Fig. 8)

The earliest official record of the ‘National Data Link’ occurred in 2010-11
when the indigenous data-link solution was listed by the Ministry of Defence
Production (MODP). The system is in operational use on the JF-17. The
Link-16 MIDS LVT and NDL are two separate networks, possibly being
linked by PAF’s Erieye and ZDK03 AEW&C.xiii

Fi. 8 - MIDS LVT

(Source: HAVELSAN Inc, Turkey)
 14

The availability of the NDL gives the PAF the flexibility to readily network
future airborne assets like the medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE)
UAVs. The SDRs used to support Pakistan’s indigenous data-links are
sourced from overseas from firms such as Harris as well as Rohde and
Schawrz.

There are claims of Pakistan having developed its ‘own’ tactical network & is
also progressing in the sphere of SATCOM to ensure BLOS
communications capability.

Australia

The Australian Defence Force is developing innovative networked

sensortechnologies, and testing autonomous vehicles to offset the smallsize
of their forces. They are testing network communications that will permit
oneoperator to control a formation of unmanned aerial vehicles that can be
programmedto peel off independently for surveillance, or to launch an
attack.xivThere are interoperability issues also which have been identified by
the Australian Defence Forces (ADF)& measures to overcome them.xv

The ADF plans to use the TULIP system for management of the TDLs -
ThroUgh Life Interoperability Planning (TULIP) process. “TULIP is a
structured through project life cycle process. It provides a method to plan for
interoperability from the start and continuously assess interoperability.
National and platform specifications are used to enhance STANAGs/MIL-
STDs for all platforms implementing TDLs. TULIP includes: -

• A single TDLs authority

• TDL implementation and testing policies
• Detailed TDLs standards
• Detailed platform specification documents
• Integration development testing and feedback processes
• Interoperability review, analysis, testing and feedback processes
• Supporting tools and configuration management procedures.”xvi

France

The French are progressing a concept of “Guerre Infocentre”, or Infocentric

Warfare, which emphasizes on the importance of information flows rather
than the network itself. The initial program is the Future Air Land Combat
Network System, to provide different combat platforms to contribute to
cooperative engagement of targets.xvii
 15

Germany

Germany is developing a future soldier system called “Infanterist der

Zuknft”, which will introduce new networking methods between combat units
and higher command levels. The system includes optical components,
soldier-level computing equipment, and a tactical military internet which
links voice and data systems.xviii

United Kingdom

The UK has its own Global Information Infrastructure, which is planned as a

single, general purpose network, with a specialized security architecture and
a family of joint command battlespace management applications. The UK
system design will expand to allow multinational forces, such as the United
States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to also promote collaborative
effort to share a common operating picture through Voice Over IP and video
teleconferencing.xix

Status of Tactical Data Links in India

"Jointmanship is a key ingredient for success in war. A nation that utilises the combined
strength of its Armed Forces effectively will prevail over enemy. We have accepted the
strength of this doctrine."

— Air Chief Marshal Tipnis, PVSM, AVSM, VM, ADC, ex- Chief of Air Staff

The above quote resonates with the steps taken over the past two decades
to develop the capability of NCO in India.xxWith greater focus now on
development of niche technologies, Indian forces too, have endeavored in
developing system-of-systems which contribute towards fruition of a ‘joint’
effort. NCW lies at the foundation of joint operations. India has understood
the gravity of developing NCO or NCW & its utilization across the entire
spectrum of conflict. The net-centricity of operations finds mention in the
Joint Warfare Doctrine issued in 2017 as well as the Land Warfare Doctrine
in 2018.To quote on the aspect of battle space awareness from the Joint
Warfare Doctrine for Indian Armed Forces, 2017, listed at page 44,

“32. Reconnaissance and Surveillance of land/maritime/air battle

domainswill be conducted utilising a broad spectrum of ground, sea, air and
spacebased sensors. Inputs of strategic reconnaissance using aerial
platforms andsatellites will also be made available/exploited. Emphasis is to
be placed ontimely evaluation and dissemination of intelligence data to the
concerned agencies with an intention of shortening the observation to
engagement cycle.”
 16

India has to keep pace with the effort being undertaken by some of the
leading nations as mentioned earlier, probably ‘at the speed of technology’,
if not less.

“[….] in the new strategic environment, Indian forces will be compelled to

deter and fight in multiple domains and different theaters. Achieving decisive
effects on the ground will not always be India’s main effort—and when it is,
such effects can increasingly be delivered from other domains, such as with
fighter-bomber aircraft, ship-based missiles, or offensive cyber
operations.”xxi

Advances have been made by the tri-services in developing networks which

aim towards net-centricity. The succeeding paragraphs list out the
communication architecture that has evolved over the past decade.

Navy

The Navy rules the roost when it comes to indigenisation of weapon

systems. This drive has resulted in approximately 119 combat platforms &
various weapon-sensor suites which has made it a force to reckon with. This
has been achieved by the ’15-year indigenization plan’ covering the period
till 2022. The plan has been shared with the Confederation of Indian
Industry to garner maximum participation in collaborative ventures.
Similarly, a “Science & Technology Roadmap – 2025’ is also in place, with a
singular aim of developing indigenous technology for naval applications.xxii

In 2019, The Defence Acquisition Council or DAC approved the

procurement of the Software Defined Radio (SDR) for the Navy. The radio
which holds promise for the future & is in the process of in-scaling is the
version developed by the Navy (WESSEE - Weapons Electronics System
Engineering Establishment), DRDO & BEL (Bengaluru). The Indian Navy
which is already using a ‘data-link’ will serve to benefit from this endeavour.
The advantages of the SDR primarily include the capability to work with
various waveforms & protocols, easy upgradation & most importantly the
aspect of interoperability which is the cornerstone for joint operations.xxiii

As recent as February 2021, the project sanction order for developing SDRs
was given to 18 firms under the revamped Defence Acquisition Procedure
(DAP) 2020 Make –II category.xxiv

High capacity wireless networks are going to dominate the digital battlefield.
SDR based Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) or going to serve the
purpose of Combat Net Radios. Spectrum being scarce, there is a need to
squeeze in as many bits of information as the selected waveform permits.
 17

These waveforms, available in the upper spectrum of frequency bands

identified by the Navy are in the range of (300 to 475+ MHz). Multi-channel
modulation will hold the key to make the spectrum resource being shared by
a plethora of users at the same time. These waveforms are generally
available in the L, S & C bands.xxv

Apart from the Maritime Operation Centres (integrating sea, shore & air
assets) established by the Navy, pertinent network related developments in
the Navy include the Navy Enterprise Wide Network or NEWNxxvi, Link 11
Mod 1 tactical data link used as well as the Trigun system. All of the above
apart from the P8I & IL38SD airborne system which is a force multiplier for
the Navy. National Command Control Communication Intelligence (NC3IN)6
Network with Information Analysis & Management Centre or IMAC7 as the
hub has also been established at Gurugram.xxvii NEWN serves as the secure
Navy Unified Domain with a linking of all ships & establishments – it is the
information backbone or highway which is currently being exploited. The
maritime operation centres are linked with that of coast guard as part of the
NC3IN providing maritime domain awareness.

Trigun - The Trigun System, as part of the Maritime Domain Awareness

Program, has been designed and developed indigenously by the Centre for
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics (CAIR) functioning under the DRDO
to enhance battlespace transparency. It has the capability to collect data
about the all kinds of civil and military vessel, submarines and aircraft and
information being relayed to the information centres or nodes.xxviiiAnalyzed
information is there after shared with submarines and aircraft through
satellite communication. The system is in its most advanced stage & by
2024, post integration of AI, will help predict the future response to a
developing situation.

The fitment of Trigun (AIS-MDA) has enabled the IL 38SDto undertake

Network Centric Operations by improving Battle SpaceAwareness and
informed decision-making. Automated Identification System or AIS data
comparison on-board the aircraft helpssanitize the plot and instantaneous
data transmission also updates it at theMaritime Operations Centres (MOC)
of the Navy.xxix

6
The Indian Navy has established the NC3IN linking 51 stations, including 20 of the Navy and 31 of the Coast
Guard, with a nodal Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC).The NC3I links 20 naval and 31 Coast
Guard monitoring stations to generate a seamless real-time picture of the nearly 7,500-km long coastline.
7
The Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) is located in Gurugram. It is the main center of the
Indian Navy for coastal surveillance and monitoring. IMAC is the nodal centre of the National Command Control
Communications and Intelligence Network (NC3I Network). It is a joint initiative of Indian Navy, Coast Guard and
Bharat Electronics Ltd. and functions under the National Security Adviser (NSA).
 18

Link 11 Mod I - For the Indian Navy - Link II Mod I Communication System,
establishes Wide Area Network among Naval units (aircraft, ships,
submarines, shore establishments, etc) over radio circuits and satellite
communications for exchange of tactical data to achieve a COP.xxxThere are
aspects of interoperability of data during exercises held with friendly foreign
countries (FFCs). Case in point of US Link-16 & the Link 11 Mod I used by
us which operate as a different set of protocols. Discussions on these
interoperability aspects, keeping in mind the availability of real-time data
have also taken place between the US & Indian Navy.xxxiFurthermore, The
Bharat Electronics Limited or BEL, Bengaluru developed Link 11 Mod I has
also been delivered to Boeing as part of the P8I program.xxxii
Indian Navy has also signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with
Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) for sharing
ocean services data, expertise in operational oceanography which will also
feature as part of the information being assessed while planning
operations.xxxiiiThe use of GSAT-7 satellite8 towards NCW by the Navy is
also being progressed with its validation carried out during the TROPEX
exercise in 2014. The satlink is also based on the Link 11 Mod 1 waveform
as discussed earlier.xxxiv

Airforce

The Airforce had envisaged the development of the Airforce Network

(AFNET)xxxv& later the integrated Air Command and Control Systems
(IACCS) back in 2008. AFNET was made operational in 2010xxxvi& in 2019,
the first node of the IACCS was declared as operational in Bengaluru.xxxvii

AFNET - This is a net which encompasses fibre optics, satellites and

multiple other means to ensure that all assets are connected in every station
and in every base using Internet Protocol (IP) Multi-Protocol Switching
Protocol (MPLS) based Network with Optic Fibre Cables (OFC) as
backbone. The network is secured with a host of advanced state-of-the-art
encryption technologies &is designed for high reliability with redundancy.IAF
also has an exclusive entirely Air Force cellular network, which allows pan
India coverage, however, being a CDMA based network, the coverage is

8
GSAT-7 – Project Rukmini - Positioned at 74 degrees east, GSAT-7 weighs 2650 kg with a payload power of around 2
kilowatts (kW) and a designed mission life of 7- 9 years. Based on ISRO's I-2K bus, GSAT-7 carries payloads operating
in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF), S, C and Ku-bands providing a great degree of versatility to relay various types of
transmissions. GSAT-7's geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) of 249-kilometre perigee, 35,929-kilometre apogee at
an inclination of 3.5 degree with respect to the equator allows it to provide a coverage footprint of some 3600 km
across IOR.
 19

restricted to near the base only. A material management online system is

fully functional & the Aircraft Maintenance Management System is also
being integrated, to cater to platforms from Russia, France, UK and the
USA. It will finally take the shape of a single EMMS (Electronic maintenance
Management System) developed by WIPRO.

IACCS - The IACCS network rides on the AFNET backbone interlinking all
assets including air-defence & EW systems. This makes it possible to
control aircraft from almost anywhere within the country. There are reports
of the operationalization of the Operational Data Link or ODL which will link
the pilot’s cockpit right to the decision making agency or the sensor-shooter
kill chain (SSKC) as it is called. Integration with Navy’s Trigun& Army’s Air
Defence Control & Reporting (AD C&R) is yet to take place, although it has
been planned.xxxviii(Refer Fig. 9)

Fig. 9 - IACCS
(Source: AIR DEFENCE IS EVERYWHERE. (2020, July 24). Vifindia.org.
https://www.vifindia.org/article/2020/july/24/air-defence-is-everywhere)

The Indian Air Force has already established 5 nodes of the IACCS in the
western sector at Barnala (Punjab), Wadsar (Gujarat), Aya Nagar (Delhi),
Jodhpur (Rajasthan) and Ambala (Haryana) with assistance from BEL or
Bharat Electronics Limited. The 4 new major nodes and 10 new sub-nodes
will come up under Phase-II of the IACCS project. While 3 nodes will be
deployed in eastern, central and southern India, the fourth is meant for the
strategically-located Andaman and Nicobar Islands archipelago in the Bay
of Bengal, watching over Malacca Strait.xxxix

Army

The Army is not too far behind & along with the capability development of
SDRs as mentioned in the Technology Capability & Roadmap 2018, has
taken major steps towards linking of the sensor to shooter to develop a
 20

functional grid. The heart of the system is the Combat Information

Distribution & Dissemination System or CIDSS which is in the process of
being interacted with the electronic warfare elements, Air-defence network &
a Battlefield Management System.xl

For the high speed backbone, the Network for Spectrum (NFS) project has
progressed, albeit a bit slow & shall reach completion soon. The NFS has
been perceived to be a network based on optical fibre links which offers
immense bandwidth to support triple-play services of voice, data & video. All
major assets of the Army will be interlinked on this network & last mile
connectivity is planned based on Army Static Switched Communication
Network or ASCON phase IVxli.

NFS - Network For Spectrum (NFS) has been planned as an Exclusive

Optical Fibre based ‘Nationwide Communication Network’ for Defence
Services. This will be a Countrywide Secure, Multi service and Multi-
protocol Converged Next Generation Network (NGN) based on exclusive
and dedicated Tri-services Optical Transport Backbone.

ASCON - ASCON project will be an upgrade to the existing Asynchronous

Transfer Mode Technology to Internet Protocol (IP) / Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (MPLS) technology, the ministry said. Optical Fibre Cable (OFC),
Microwave Radio, and Satellite will be used for communication, it added. In
any operational scenario, the project will provide better survivability,
responsiveness, and high bandwidth and enhance the communication
coverage of network closer to IB/LC/LAC.

The overarching system of the convergence of the networks of the triad is

planned as the Defence Communication Network or DCNxlii which was
dedicated to the services in 2016.xliii

Having seen the effort taken for developing the communication architecture,
few lacunae still remain viz., training & validation of the joint communication
architecture which lends to present a COP as well as interoperability of the
systems among the triad. While we are inching towards a DCN, it is JoWIS
as hypothesized which holds greater promise towards a seamless network,
integrating the various sensor inputs in the tactical battle area or TBA &
delivering the optimal package at the point of impact. How JoWIS aims to be
an integral & pivotal part of the envisaged ‘Mosiac Warfare’9 of the future is
9Mosaic Warfare -A concept, like the ceramic tiles in mosaics, individual warfighting platforms are put
together to make a larger picture, or in this case, a force package. The idea will be to send so many
weapon and sensor platforms at the enemy that its forces are overwhelmed.
 21

covered subsequently. Needless to say, that the steps being taken towards
achieving a fully functional capable is being noticed by our neighbours
too.xliv
How Other Sister Technologies Can Contribute

While we have considered the TDLs used across some foreign nations as
well as our own country, it is noteworthy that the future scope in terms of
some niche technologies be also brought in this brief. Communication as a
domain is extremely dynamic & upwards trend in technology make it an
ever-evolving field. Some of the technologies highlighted ahead merit
attention as their capabilities can be leveraged for establishing TDLs.

Tactical Cloud

By placing information on the cloud10, on-demand access to information will

be available to all the platforms. Easier said than done, these technologies
for a tactical cloud have been under consideration through the program
Joint Information Environment (JIE) of the US Forces for over a decade.xlv
Main applicability of this cloud is being seen for intra-communication
between aerial platforms. JIE would further migrate to Joint Enterprise
Defence Infrastructure (JEDI), and specific (Fit-for-Purpose) clouds in
coming times. Issues of cyber-security plague the developmental aspects of
a tactical cloud, however, it remains a capability to reckon with in the future.

Pseudo-Satellites

Implementing High Altitude Pseudo-satellites or HAPS systems which help

in establishing a MANET for the duration of the operation envisaged (Refer
Fig 10). HAPS may also be utilised for NLOS communication.

Fig. 10 - SHARP – Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform

(Source: Aragon-Zavala, A., Luiscuevas-Ruiz, J., & Delgado-Pe. (2008). High-Altitude Platforms
for Wireless Communications. John Wiley & Sons.)

10
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction.” – National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) definition, Setember 2011.
 22

Tactical Space Layer

There are also reports of methods being used to fuse data from multiple
sensors at multiple altitudes — to include airborne, high altitude and even in
space based assets to augment the COP.xlvi

Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML)

The use of this technology can only be understated. Avenues of use with
respect to use of AIare immense. In the case of TDLs the AI models along
with a proper ML engine can help in intelligent spectrum sensing & auto-
prioritize the users to send signals or data based on content of the signal
message.

These technologies can also be used to make or recommend decisions

based on imagery database & suggesting the correct force tocounter the
threat.Automating the response of the weapon platforms can also be done
using advanced programming based on how well the model or engine is
trained as per the datasets available.

Technologies such as Quantum Technology, Private Long Term

Evolution (LTE) Networks&HF Communication11 can also be gainfully
used to provide robust data links & complement the existing TDLs.

Way Forward for India – Common Tactical Data Link (JoWIS) &
Recommendations

Having seen the triad working on developing or partially developed TDLs, it

will be prudent incase steps are taken now to address the issue of
interoperability within the systems being tested & developed. It is evident
that the backbone network seems to be in place for the country. It is the
TDLs that need further deliberation. To arrive at a common denominator in
this case will need immense effort & surmounting technological challenges
as the systems being used will need to have the form factor or Size Weight
& Power (SWaP) considerations based on the platform being employed.
Also, issue of LOS & BLOS communication with multiple level of encryption
is the need.

11
Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) - NVIS propagation is particularly useful where radio communications
coverage is required in regions where the ground is mountainous or rough because other modes relying on more
direct coverage have significant areas where the radio signal is masked or shadowed.When NVIS propagation is
being used, the near vertical incident signal is "reflected" by the ionosphere and returned to the Earth over an area
of many kilometres either side of the transmitter. In this way good local coverage can be obtained. Frequency of
selection is critical & 75 to 80 degrees to horizontal is preferred giving an illuminated area of nearly 350 kilometres.
 23

The software prowess of our nation needs to be tapped alongside the fusion
between the academia-military-industry ‘iron triangle’. The Navy has clearly
taken a lead in this domain of utilizing TDLs. Balance two services may also
like to utilize the similar link qualities & protocol to arrive at a ‘joint’ solution.

Keeping the above in mind, one can list out some of the requirements of
JoWIS without getting into the technical details of the exact protocol stack et
al.
Hardware Requirements

Software Defined Radios – The sooner we can utilize their potential, the
better it is. It is their inherent capabilities to transmit data utilizing various
waveforms that makes them the foundation for TDLs.

InterfacingTerminals – Data terminals based on the platform of application

need to be tailor-made to meet the SWaP requirements (Ref Fig. 11) of a
particular weapon system or static installation. Similar considerations for the
antennae will also have to be made.

Communication Backbone – A robust & secure communication backbone

which can offer speeds in Gigabits per second is the minimum requirement
to have a (near) real-time data flow.

Fig. 11 - Small Form Factor IBM TDL Solution

(Source: IBM Global Services – TDL Solutions)

Information Technology (IT) Infrastructure – The IT infrastructure

consisting of switches, multi-data link routers (gateways) & high-speed data
processing chips are a pre-requisite for implementing TDLs.
 24

Scalability & Modularity – An important aspect to be kept in mind while

developing hardware to make it future-proof.

Software Requirements

Human- Machine Interface or Man Machine Interface (MMI) – Has to be

an optimal mix of easy to assimilate & user-friendly dashboards with filters
at all levels to prevent a ‘data-tsunami’ at all nodes of operation.

Protocol Development & Communication Technology – Based on the

utilization of the RF spectrum (HF/VHF/ UHF) & the waveform chosen,
access techniques will have to be designed accordingly. Time Division
Multipole Access (TDMA) seems to be the most commonly used scheme so
far based on the scarcity of spectrum available obviating use of frequency
division architecture. Similarly, protocols will have to be developed, tried
&tested before implementation to ensure that all the nodes are able to
access the information as intended.

Cyber-Security – As professed by many theorists, the issue plaguing the

implementation of NCW lies majorly around cyber-attacks, making the
network vulnerable. Encryption algorithms will have to be developed to
make the waveforms & data therein un-hackable.

Least Signature in Spectrum – Low Probability of Intercept or LPI signals

will be most suited to this requirement, however, a trade-off will have to be
considered between the range, power of the signal & jam-resistant
properties.

The list above is nowhere exhaustive. Apart from the above, there will be a
need to ensure that if a common tactical data link (JoWIS) is what are
ultimate aim will be, then the future procurements/ acquisitions/ production
should cater to the requirements ab-initio as part of the qualitative
requirements specified in Request for Proposal (RFP) documents etc.
Methods for backward compatibility or retro-fitment with legacy equipment
has to be considered for the risk of not making the existing equipment
redundant. One might also like to employ tools such as the Portfolio Theory,
Bayesian Analysis or the Monte Carlo Simulations to arrive at logical
conclusions while employing JoWIS.
 25

Recommendations

Following recommendations can be suggested for development of JoWIS: -

Recommendation 1. A Program Office for executing the Project JoWIS be

set-up with a Joint Oversight Committee (say at HQ Integrated Defence
Staff) which will look into the progress made by various cross-functional
teams to arrive at developing the JoWIS alongwith implementation in
software & hardware.

Recommendation 2. Develop sensor technology which is compatible with

the JoWIS envisage d& developed to ensure connectivity when
implemented.

Recommendation 3. Implement the fusing of existing networks to include

logistics as well as maintenance networks on the same network which can
be viewed as a joint picture at the theatre level or later at the National level.

Recommendation 4. More impetus on chip manufacturing. Very small

scale integrated circuit design will be of prime importance due to the SWaP
considerations.

Recommendation 5. RF Fingerprinting is essential to aid the data links

transmit the IFF information. Products being acquired or developed in-house
should have this provision during manufacture.

Recommendation 6. Cryptographic advancement is essential to safeguard

the implementation & there after implementation of JoWIS. Quantum
cryptography, although will make the system complicated than it already is,
is the way forward to ensure hack-resistant communication. Similarly, ‘Data
at Rest’ encryption is also essential for data centres or main nodes which
will be repositories of information.

Recommendation 7. Exhaustive training will be essential while we

implement the JoWIS. This is because a new set of protocols will come into
force & the operators will need to be fully confident of the system as well as
the new procedures which will come into play.

Recommendation 8. Decision will have to be made to develop in-house

systems for such a common data link or utilize off-the-shelf hardware &
software as available ex-trade.
 26

Recommendation 9. Start investing in High Frequency or HF links as with

the remaining in-use spectrum already getting congested, might not be
suited to meet the overall requirement.

Gestalt

“The four fundamental requirements (capabilities) for conducting network

centric operations are Networked Communications, Information Sharing,
Advanced Information Technologies such as Agents and Decision Support
Algorithms and Networked Enabled Platforms (vehicles, tanks, ships,
aircraft and other weapon systems).[…] The military instrument of Network
Centric Warfare will have to be forged on suitably integrated organizations,
new technologies, joint concepts and doctrines, and joint training and joint
communication architecture. Hence the important issues that the Services
need to examine in far greater details are:-
• Jointly evolved communication architecture.
• Joint/Integrated organizations.
• Joint concepts and a joint doctrine to fight future conflicts.
• Induction of new technologies.
• Network enabled platforms (tanks, ships, aircraft etc.)”xlvii

NCW revolves around operations in the cognitive domain & later it is the
dominance achieved which translates into an advantage for the side poised
with an agile network of networks. To achieve this network, the adoption of
a tactical data link, seamlessly integrating the triad in inescapable. It is with
a robust data network relying on interoperable tactical waveforms that effect
based operations can actually fructify with an overwhelming ascendancy
over any adversarial challenge. We are graduating from the IoT to the
Internet of Intelligence& it is time we graduated from being ‘network –
enabled’ to ‘network-centric’ in this disconnected intermittent & limited
bandwidth environment.
 27

CERTIFICATE

The paper is author’s individual scholastic articulation. The author

certifies that the article is original in content, unpublished and it has not
been submitted for publication / web upload elsewhere and that the
facts and figures quoted are duly referenced, as needed and are
believed to be correct.

Disclaimer: Views expressed are of the author and do not necessarily

reflect the views of CENJOWS.
 28

Endnotes

iIndia’s Network Centric Warfare Capabilities - Defense Industry. (2019, June 10). Defense Industry.
http://defenseindustry.in/indias-network-centric-warfare-
capabilities/#:~:text=In%20the%20Joint%20Doctrine%20of,Theatre%20Battle’%20with%20an%20operati
onally

ii
Smith, E. (2002). Effects Based Operations Applying Network Centric Warfare in Peace, Crisis, and War”, Chapter 2,
pp 77-78 http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Smith_EBO.PDF

iiiFranz-Stefan Gady. (2020, December 21). Network-Centric Warfare: Can Europe be ready? Wavell
Room; Wavell Room. https://wavellroom.com/2020/12/21/network-centric-warfare-europe-defence/

ivTACTICAL DATA LINK – FROM LINK 1 TO LINK 22. (2016). Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy, 19(2).
https://doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-16-i2-046
v
NPFC - MIL-STD-3011 - Joint Range Extension Application Protocol (JREAP) | Engineering360. (2019).
Globalspec.com. https://standards.globalspec.com/std/13386406/mil-std-3011

vi
Miller, john. (2017). JREAP vs Simple. TDL Technology, (5), 12–13.

vii
admin. (2019, February 12). People’s Republic of China’s Practice of Network Power //
中華人民共和國網絡權力實踐 | Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949. Reddragon1949.com.
https://reddragon1949.com/chinese-military-views-peoples-republic-of-chinas-practice-of-network-power

viii
admin. (2016, March 16). Chinese Military Informatization Construction & Development Process //
中國軍隊信息化建設和發展的過程 | Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949. Reddragon1949.com.
https://reddragon1949.com/chinese-military-views-chinese-military-informatization-construction-development-
process

ix
admin. (2017, April 25). 中國優先發展網絡戰略信息化戰 // China to give priority to the development of network
strategy & information warfare | Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949. Reddragon1949.com.
https://reddragon1949.com/chinese-military-views-china-to-give-priority-to-the-development-of-network-
strategy-inform

x
admin. (2017, March 28). 中國軍事戰雲 ~ Chinese Military Use of the Battle Cloud | Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949.
Reddragon1949.com. https://reddragon1949.com/chinas-military-infratsructure/chinas-military-organization-
intelligence-chinese-military-use-of-the-battle-cloud

xiCostello, J., &Mcreynolds, J. (n.d.). China’s Strategic Support Force: A Force for a New Era CHINA
STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES 13.
https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/china/china-perspectives_13.pdf

xii
Bilal Khan. (2016, March 27). Pakistan’s C4ISR (Part 4): Communications (Data-Links). Quwa.
https://quwa.org/2016/03/27/pakistans-c4isr-part-4-communications-data-links/

xiii
Bilal Khan. (2015, October 17). JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed. Quwa.
https://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/

xiv
David Fulghum, Cyber-Hammer, Aviation Week and Space Technology, May 29, 2006,p.48.

xv
(2004). Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.174.2663&rep=rep1&type=pdf

xviibid
 29

xvii
Giles Ebbutt, Flaws in the System: Modern Operations Test the Theory of Network Centricity, Jane’s International
Defence Review, July 2006, p.61.

xviii
Staff, “German Soldier Networking System Evolves”, International Defense Digest,
Jane’s International Defense Review, July 2006, p.10.

xix
Giles Ebbutt, Flaws in the System: Modern Operations Test the Theory of Network Centricity, Jane’s International
Defence Review, July 2006, p.57, 61

xx
Air Chief Marshal AY Tipnis's message at a seminar held on "Jointmanship under New Technological Environment"
at Defence Service Staff College Wellington, March 27-28, 2000.

xxiTarapore, A. (2020). The Army in Indian Military Strategy: Rethink Doctrine or Risk Irrelevance.
https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Tarapore_Ground_Forces_in_Indian_Military.pdf

xxii
The Indian Navy: Trendsetter in Indigenisation. (2015). Vifindia.org.
https://www.vifindia.org/article/2015/july/28/the-indian-navy-trendsetter-in-indigenisation

xxiii
Online, F. (2019, August 20). “Make in India” Software Defined Radio: “Mother” of all solutions for tactical
communications of armed forces. The Financial Express; The Financial Express.

xxivHarmeet Singh. (2021, February 20). Indian Army to get Software Defined Radio (SDR). Aviation-
Defence-Universe.com; ADU Media. https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/indian-army-to-get-
software-defined-radio-sdr/

xxv
Maj Gen LB Chand. (2020, December 3). Indian Navy : A Network Centric Force First Off The Block. Aviation-
Defence-Universe.com; ADU Media. https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/indian-navy-a-network-centric-
force-first-off-the-block/

xxvi
Services | Bay Datacom Solutions. (2020). Baydatacom.com. https://www.baydatacom.com/newn.html

xxvii
IT Seminar 2015 at Western Naval Command | Indian Navy. (2015). Indiannavy.nic.in.
https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/it-seminar-2015-western-naval-command

xxviii
Mayank Singh. (2020, February 9). New system with AI to boost maritime security... The New Indian Express; The
New Indian Express. https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/feb/09/new-system-with-ai-
to-boost-maritime-security-2100873.html

xxix
Rikeesh Sharma (2013): Transformation of Indian Naval Aviation Post New Inductions, Journal of Defence Studies,
Vol-7, Issue-1.pp- 31-48

xxx
OneIndia Defence Bureau. (2016, February 3). BEL to showcase gen-next naval systems at IFR.
Https://Www.oneindia.com. https://www.oneindia.com/india/bel-showcase-gen-next-naval-systems-at-ifr-
2002208.html

xxxi
Online, F. (2019, December 10). Interoperability of India, US Naval Ships: Tactical Data inter-linking to be
discussed at 2+2 Dialogue. The Financial Express; The Financial Express.
https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/interoperability-of-india-us-naval-ships-tactical-data-inter-linking-to-
be-discussed-at-22-dialogue/1790119/

xxxii
PTI. (2010, May 12). Indian-designed Data Link II delivered to Boeing. The Economic Times; Economic Times.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indian-designed-data-link-ii-
delivered-to-boeing/articleshow/5921211.cms
 30

xxxiii
V Rishi Kumar. (2020, December 20). Indian Navy, INCOIS sign MoU to share ocean services data. @Businessline;
The Hindu BusinessLine. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/indian-navy-incois-sign-mou-to-share-
ocean-services-data/article33378103.ece

xxxiv
SauravJha. (2014, September 21). GSAT-7 bolsters Indian Navy’s Network Centric Warfare (NCW) capability.
News18; News18. https://www.news18.com/blogs/india/saurav-jha/navy-10879-748594.html
xxxv
PTI. (2008, August 16). India developing network centric warfare capability: Naik. The Economic Times; Economic
Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/india-developing-network-centric-warfare-capability-
naik/articleshow/3370673.cms
xxxvi
Saurabh Joshi. (2010, September 14). IAF network goes live | StratPost. StratPost | India’s 1st Defense News
Website. https://stratpost.com/iaf-network-goes-live/
xxxvii
IAF-BEL Launches IACCS To Give Air Defence Control Over Peninsular India. (2021). Indiandefensenews.in.
http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2019/10/iaf-bel-launches-iaccs-to-give-air.html
xxxviii
Saluteindia. (2019, August 20). MILITARY MODERNISATION: INDIAN AIR FORCE - Saluteindia. Saluteindia.
https://saluteindia.org/military-modernisation-indian-air-force/

xxxix
IndraStra Global. (2015). ANALYSIS | India’s Integrated Air Command & Control System (IACCS) : A NCW
Milestone. IndraStra. https://doi.org/https://lccn.loc.gov/2015203560

xl
The Official Home Page of the Indian Army. (2020). Www.indianarmy.nic.in.
https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp2PMR7C.aspx?MnId=HmcRMFxtRPYbfmYV1jWRYA=
=&ParentID=dAbwKLhQ1i3r4w3Agf1PEQ==
xli
Fernandes, B. (2020, October 3). India Army to get new communication network ASCON for Rs 7,796 cr: Defence
Ministry. Republic World; Republic World. https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/law-and-order/india-army-
to-get-new-communication-network-ascon-for-rs-7796-cr.html
xlii
Case Study DCN - HCL Infosystems. (2016). HCL Infosystems. https://www.hclinfosystems.in/case-study-dcn/
xliii
viralweb. (2016, June 30). Defence Communication Network (DCN) dedicated to the nation. Aviation-Defence-
Universe.com; ADU Media. https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/defence-communication-network-dcn-
dedicated-nation/
xliv
Muhammad Jawad Hashmi and Sultan Mubariz Khan, “Emerging Network Centric Warfare Capabilities of Indian
Military: Challenges for Pakistan’s Security” - Available as Pakistan National Defence University (NDU), Margalla
Papers, Accessed online athttps://ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/margalla-
paper/margallapapers2019issueii/04-Emerging-Network.pdf- it brings out how the steps taken towards
improving the ISR capability in India would provide it better situational awareness against Pakistan as well as
better decision making capability for the commanders.

xlv
The “tactical cloud”, a key element of the future combat air system | Foundation for Strategic Research. (2019).
FRS. https://www.frstrategie.org/en/publications/notes/tactical-cloud-key-element-future-combat-air-system-
2019
xlvi
Strout, N. (2021, May). Army approves rapid development of Tactical Space Layer. C4ISRNET; C4ISRNET.
https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/05/01/army-approves-rapid-development-of-tactical-
space-
layer/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=C4ISRNET%205.3&utm_term=Editorial%20-
%20Daily%20Brief

xlvii
An Operational Perspective of Network Centric Warfare in the Indian Context. (2021). Usiofindia.org.
https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/an-operational-perspective-of-network-centric-warfare-in-the-
indian-context-2/
 31

References

1. National Research Council. 2010. Information Assurance for Network-Centric Naval Forces. Washington, DC:
The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12609.

2. Yongbin Wang, Hongbo Liu and Qintao Liu, "Tactical data link based on OMNET++," 2013 15th IEEE
International Conference on Communication Technology, 2013, pp. 151-156, doi: 10.1109/ICCT.2013.6820364.

3. Joint Development of Inter- Services Network and C4I2 Systems. (2021). Idsa-India.org. http://www.idsa-
india.org/an-oct-00-9.html

4. Tactical Data Link Solutions Certified For US DoD’s Secure Internet Protocol Router Network. (2015).
Defenseworld.net.
https://www.defenseworld.net/news/12920/Tactical_Data_Link_Solutions_Certified_For_US_DoD_s_Secure_I
nternet_Protocol_Router_Network#.YIuffrUzbVg

5. admin. (2018, October 3). Chinese Military Analysis of Korean Army Network Centric Warfare Capabilities //
中國軍事韓軍“網絡中心戰”建設現狀及未來發展趨勢 | Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍 1949. Reddragon1949.com.
https://reddragon1949.com/chinese-military-views-chinese-military-network-space-forces/chinese-military-
analysis-of-korean-army-network-centric- warfare-capabilities

6. Witvliet, B.A., Alsina-Pagès, R.M. Radio communication via Near Vertical Incidence Skywave propagation: an
overview. TelecommunSyst 66, 295–309 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-017-0287-2

7. Al-Shehri, S.M., Loskot, P. & Hirsch, M.J. Enabling connectivity for tactical networks in mountainous
areas by aerial relays. TelecommunSyst 71, 561–575 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-018-0532-3

8. NVIS: Near Vertical Incidence Skywave. (2021). Qsl.net. https://www.qsl.net/wb5ude/nvis/

9. Spalding, R. (n.d.). Net-Centric Warfare 2.0: Cloud Computing and the New Age of War. Retrieved May 1, 2021,
from https://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/ncw%20cloud%20computing.pdf - Thesis

10. Akarsu, A. (n.d.). Overcoming NLoS: Connecting TDL Networks with SATCOM. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from
https://www.tuyad.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Havelsan-Alper-Akarsu.pdf - Overcoming NLoS:
Connecting TDL Networks with SATCOM

11. MrityunjoyMazumdar. (2011). Defense Media Network. Defense Media Network.

https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/indian-naval-aviation-isr-capabilities-set-for-a-quantum-leap/
- Indian Naval Aviation: ISR Capabilities Set for a Quantum Leap

12. Rajesh Uppal. (2021). Rajesh Uppal / International Defence, Security & Technology. International Defense
Security & Technology Inc. https://idstch.com/geopolitics/indian-ocean-maritime-security-threats-and-
maritime-domain-awareness-mda-technology-requirements/

13. Sengupta, P. K. (2021, May). Indian Navy Orders DRDO-Developed & BEL-Made SDRs. Blogspot.com.
http://trishul-trident.blogspot.com/2021/02/indian-navy-orders-drdo-developed-bel.html

14. ..:: India Strategic ::.. Space: Indian Navy eyes ‘Gagan’ to achieve network centricity. (2015). Indiastrategic.in.
https://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories549.htm
 32

APPENDICES
(All Appendices information attributed to synthesys.co.uk)

Appendix ‘A’

VARIOUS TACTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DATA LINKS

33
 34

Appendix B

TACTICAL DATA LINK STANDARDS – NATO FORCES

35
 36

Appendix C

COMPARISON OF TDLs
37
 38

CERTIFICATE

The paper is author’s individual scholastic articulation. The author certifies

that the article is original in content, unpublished and it has not been
submitted for publication / web upload elsewhere and that the facts and
figures quoted are duly referenced, as needed and are believed to be
correct. The paper does not necessarily represent the views of the
CENJOWS.

Disclaimer: Views expressed are of the author and do not necessarily

reflect the views of CENJOWS.

View publication stats