LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Name of Learner:____________________________
Grade Level: 12
Strand/Track: ACADEMIC
Section:________________________
Date:__________________________

A. Background Information for Learners

A research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement about the
possible outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular property of a population, such as
presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or relationships between variables. Specifying
the research hypotheses is one of the most important steps in planning a scientific quantitative research study.
A quantitative researcher usually states an a priori expectation about the results of the study in one or more
research hypotheses before conducting the study, because the design of the research study and the planned
research design often is determined by the stated hypotheses. Thus, one of the advantages of stating a
research hypothesis is that it requires the researcher to fully think .

B. Learning Competency with code

lists research hypotheses (if appropriate) CS_RS12-If-j-8

C. Directions/ Instructions

After going through with this unit, you are expected to:

1. Read and follow each direction carefully.

2. Accomplish each activity for the mastery of competency.
3. Use the Learning Activity Sheets with care.
4. Record your points for each activity
5. Always aim to get at least 80% of the total number of given items.
6. If you have any questions, contact, or see your teacher through messenger or text

What I Need to Know

When you are finished identifying your statement of the problem or research questions/objectives, you may
now start formulating the hypothesis of your study. What is hypothesis?

A Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a
specific and testable prediction on what you expect to happen with the variables in your study. Usually, it proposes a
possible relationship between the independent variable (what the researcher changes) and the dependent variable
(what the research measures). It is also described as an “educated guess” of what possibly the result would be of your
research, which should be supported on existing theories and knowledge. Furthermore, the hypothesis states a
tentative answer to your research question that can be tested by further investigation in which you can support or
refute it through scientific research methods such as data collection and statistical analysis. It is the primary idea of any
inquiry that transforms the research questions into a prediction and integrates components like variables, population,
and the relation between the variables. Hypothesis formulation is employed when conducting correlational, ex-post
facto, quasi experimental, and experimental studies.

As a researcher, you must determine whether your hypothesis is accepted or not base on the findings and
outcome of your research study. Not all studies have a hypothesis while, some studies have several hypotheses.

Types of Research Hypothesis

1. Simple Hypothesis
A simple hypothesis is a prediction of the relationship between two variables, the independent variable
and the dependent variable.It shows a connection between one independent variable and a single dependent
variable.

Ex: The higher the poverty rate in society (one independent variable), the higher the number would be
the out of school youth (one dependent variable)

2. Complex hypothesis
The complex hypothesis reflects the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent
variable. It expresses a connection between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent
variables.

Ex: Eating more vegetables and fresh fruits (independent variables) leads to boost immune system
and enhance blood circulation and digestion (dependent variables).

3. Empirical Hypothesis
 An empirical hypothesis is also called as the “working hypothesis.” It is presumed to explain certain
facts and relationships of phenomena. It comes to life when a theory is being put to the test, using observation
and experiment. From the name itself “working,” it would mean that it can be changed or replace anytime as
soon as it is no longer supported or accepted base on the observation and experimentation being done. It is
going through some trial and error and perhaps changing around those independent variables.

Ex: Plants watered everyday grow faster than plants watered once a week. (Here, trial and error are
leading to a series of findings).

4. Logical hypothesis
Logical hypothesis expresses explanation with limited evidence that can be verified logically. It reflects
a relationship of the variables which anchored based on logical phenomena. Sometimes, a logical hypothesis
can be turned into an empirical hypothesis in which you have to test your theories and postulates.

Ex: Tomato plants bear fruit faster in Earth than in Moon. (Until we are can test the soil and plant
growth in Moon's ground, the evidence for this claim will be limited, and the hypothesis will only
remain logical).

5. Statistical hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis is an analysis of a portion of a population. It can be verified statistically. The
variables in a statistical hypothesis can be transformed into quantifiable sub-variable to assess it statistically.

Ex: If your research is about the psychosocial development of K-3 pupils of the private and public
schools in the city, you would want to examine every single K-3 pupil in the city. It is not practical.
Therefore, you would conduct your research using a statistical hypothesis or a sample of the K-3 pupil
population.

6. Null hypothesis
The null hypothesis is denoted with the symbol H o It exists when you consider that there is no
relationship between the independent and dependent variables or that there is an insufficient amount of
information to claim a scientific hypothesis.
Ex: There is no significant change in my health, whether I exercise every day or not.
7. Alternative hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis is denoted with the symbol (H a). It is an alternate statement expressed to be
tested in order to generate the desired output when the empirical or working hypothesis is not accepted. In an
attempt to disprove a null hypothesis, you tend to seek an alternative hypothesis.

Ex: My health improves during the times when I sleep 8 hours a day than sleeping for 4 hours only.

A Hypothesis can be classified as Directional and Non-directional Hypothesis

Directional Hypothesis
The directional hypothesis relates the relationship between the variables and can also predict its
nature. It illustrates the direct association of the impact of the independent variable with the dependent
variable, whether it is positively or negatively affected. The direction of the statement should be clear and
justified according to the findings of the study. Since the hypothesis is gearing to one specific direction it is
investigated through a one-tailed test.
Ex: Students who are eating nutritious food have higher grades than students not having a proper
meal. (This shows that there is an effect between the grades and nutritious food and the direction of
effect is clear that the students got a higher grade).
Non-directional Hypothesis
A non-directional hypothesis is used when there is no principle involved. It is a premise that a
relationship exists between two variables. However, the direction of the effect is not specifically determined. It
is a statement that reflects the association of the independent variable to the dependent variable without
predicting the exact nature of the direction of the relationship.This relationship is not specified as negative or
positive. The hypothesis, in this case, is investigated through a two-tailed test.

Ex: There is a significant difference in the average grades between those students that have proper
nutritious meal and those that do not have proper meals. (This depicts that there is an effect between
the average grades and nutritious food, but it does not reflect the direction of the effect whether it is
positively or negatively affected).

Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis

These guidelines must be observed in formulating your hypothesis.

1. Before writing your specific hypothesis, spend more time researching about the topic you are interested in.
Focus on information and previous studies related to your topic.
2. Your independent variable and dependent variable must be included in your hypothesis.
3. The relationship of your variables must be reflected in your hypothesis. Will your independent variable affects
your dependent variable?
 4. Your hypothesis should be simple and specific as possible. If your hypothesis is vague and complicated, it
would be difficult to find the answer to your question.
5. Your hypothesis should be concise and comprises clear and simple language. Make it short and simple for it to
be easily understood and avoid any misconceptions or misunderstandings.
6. Your hypothesis should be testable without violating ethical standards. It means that it could be investigated
and measured through a scientific methods such as statistical analysis and data interpretation.
7. Your hypothesis must be falsifiable. It means that your hypothesis can be proven wrong through experiments
or empirical data. There are no absolute answers to research questions, but there is a possibility of validating
the hypotheses to be true beyond a reasonable doubt. 

What’s New
Activity 1. : Own Words
Direction: In your own words, briefly define the following terms according to how you understood the lesson.
Write your answers to the space provided.

1. Alternative hypothesis
_______________________________________________________________
2. Complex hypothesis
_______________________________________________________________
3. Concise._
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
4. Directional hypothesis. _______________________________________________________________
5. Empirical hypothesis.
______________________________________________________________
6. Falsifiable.
_______________________________________________________________

7. Hypothesis.
______________________________________________________________

8. Non-directional hypothesis.
______________________________________________________________

9. Null hypothesis. _______________________________________________________________

10. Testable.

What Is It
Example 1

Determine the following hypotheses, whether it is a good or bad hypothesis base on what you have learned.
Put a check (√) mark on the right column to indicate your answer. Briefly support your answer with an explanation or
remark.

Hypotheses Good Bad Reason/Remark

1. If the amount of water given to √ This hypothesis is not clear and specific.
my plants will be altered, then It does not answer a specific question or
they may grow at different give a possible explanation of a potential
rates. phenomenon.

2. When there is less oxygen in √ This hypothesis is good because it is

water, the mortality rate of the testable, simple, written as a statement,
fish is increased. and establishes the participants (fish),
variables (oxygen in water, and mortality
rate), and predicts effect (as oxygen
levels decrease, the mortality rate is
increased).

3. Pest infected plants that are √ This hypothesis gives a clear indication
exposed to insecticidal soap of what is to be tested (the ability of the
will have fewer pest after a insecticidal soap to minimize pest
week than pest infected plants infestation), it includes the independent
that are not treated. variable (insecticidal soap) and the
dependent variable (number pest), and
predicts the effect (exposure to
insecticidal soap reduces the number of
 pests).

4. In detecting enemy aircraft, a √ This hypothesis is not clear in its

sound warning signal is more statement. There is no point of
effective to a fighter pilot. comparison with the sound warning
signal.

5. Studying of students is more √ This hypothesis is clear, concise, and

efficient under bright lights complete. It can also be tested and can
than studying under dim lights. be falsifiable.

What’s More
Activity 2: Type Identity
Given the following hypotheses, identify the type and direction which applies to each. Write your answer in the
right column.

Hypotheses Answer

1. The higher the unemployment rate, the higher will

be the poverty and crime rate.
2. Increase the intake of food with high carbohydrate
content daily leads to obesity.
1. There is a significant change in my sleeping pattern
when I drink milk before sleeping or do not.
2. Planets revolve around the sun at diverse speeds.

3. There is no relationship between the use of social

media and the attention span of students in school.
4. Implementing a flexible working arrangement
enhance job contentment of the employees.
5. Sex education for high school students has no effect
on the rates of teen pregnancy.
6. People who value freedom and longevity are more
likely to experience happiness than those who do
not value their freedom and longevity.
7. The number of lectures attended by the senior high
school students does not affect their final exam
scores.
8. If you sleep at least 6 hours a day, you will get a
high score on the test than if you get less sleep.

What I Have Learned

Activity 3: With Guidance

Refer to the guidelines on how to write a hypothesis. Choose at least 3 guidelines and explain them further on
why or how they are vital in formulating hypothesis. Write your explanation in the right column of the table.

Guideline Answer
What I can do
Task 4: Ho vs Ha
Base on your research study, refer to your research questions. Formulate three (3) null hypotheses and three
(3) alternative hypotheses. Write your research title and research questions, followed by your hypotheses. Use the
space provided for your answer.

Research Title:

Research Questions:

Null Hypotheses (Ho) Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS