AMGO31 different lel in a circuit, the total capacitance is (Note: Cy= $C, +Cyu) Jess than the capacitance of the lowest rated ‘capacitor. ‘equal to the capacitance of the highest rated capacitor, AMGOIS inductors are connected in series in a circuit, the ) A-less than the inductance of the lowest rated inductor. B- equal to the inductance of the highest rated inductor. ©) equal to the sum of the individual inductances. 13 AMGO31 {s the total capacitance of a certain circuit containing three capacitors with capacitances of 25 microfarad, 03 microfarad, and .12 microfarad, (Refer to figure 1 on page 3-26.) When different rated capacitors are connected in series ina circuit, the total capacitance is cape r ear han hcg o he highest ed ci C-equal tothe sum of all the capacitances. 25 3-71, Answer C, JSGT 30, FGH ‘As seen in the formula given, when capacitors connected in parallel, the total capacitance is equal to. the sum of al the capacitances. Connecting capacitors in parallel gives the same effect as adding the areas of their plates, 3-72, Answer C. JSGT 3D, FGH ‘As seen in the formula given, when inductors are ‘connected in series, the total inductance is equal to the sum ofall the inductances. 3-73, Answer A. JSGT 3D, FGH {As seen in the formula given, capacitances in parallel ‘are additive, The total capacitance equals .4uF (.25 + 03 + 0.12= 4), 3-74, Answor A. JSGT 3D, FGH ‘When capacitors are connected in series, the total capacitance of the clrcult is less than that of any single Capacitor. This can be seen in the formula used to calculate total capacitance in a series circu.Cr= 1 UCy + WCz + C3. Figure 1. Equation, 375. AMGOSI 26.) Refer to figure 2 on page 3-2 Wish wal capacitance of a circuit containing three capacitors in series with capacitances of .02 microfarad, 05 microfarad, and .10 microfarad, respectively? A-.IT0 WE. B-0.125 pF. ©0125 uF. Cpe 3-78. Answer C. JSGT 3D, FGH To calculate total capacitance in a seis cig the formula in figure 2. The total capactarn nF. Remember, total capacitance in a seis oka than any single capacitor. 1 UC + Cy + 1/C3 Figure 2. Equation, 3.76 AMGO3L (Refer to figure 3 on page 3-27.) When more than 0 inductors of differen inductances Aare connected in parallel ina cireuit, the total inductance is @less than the inductance of th lowest rated inductor. ‘B-equal tothe inductance of the highest rated inductor. (equal o the sum of the individual inductances, 3-76, Answer A. JSGT 30, FGH Total inductance in a parallel i ane using the formula in figure 3. AS YO inductance in a parallel creat eatery sum of the reciprocal ofthe ines that total inductance in a paral is than the inductance of the low acdsaree 5 anette WL] + Lz + 1/L3... Figure 3. Equation, 3-7 AMG031 ‘When calculating power in a reactive or inductive AC circuit, the true power is A-more than the apparent power. B-less than the apparent power in a reactive circui and more than the apparent power in an inductive circuit, bless than the apparent power. | | 3.78 AMGO31 (Refer to figure 5 on page 3-27.) ‘What is the impedance of an ac-series circuit consisting of an inductor with a reactance of 10 ohms, a capacitor with a reactance of 4 ohms, and a resistor with a resistance of 8 ohms? A-22 ohms, B~5.29 ohms, 10 ohms. 3-77. Answer C. JSGT 3D, FGH True power equals voltage times the portion of current that is in phase with the voltage. Apparent power, on the other hand, equals voltage times total current in and out of phase with the voltage. When capacitance or inductance is added to a circut, the current and voltage are not exactly in phase. Therefore, true power in a reactive or inductive AC circultis always less than the apparent power. 3-78. Answer C. JSGT 3D, FGH This is an application of the formula given for computing impedance. Since reactance values are already in ohms, plug the values given into the formula and periorm the required calculations. The answer is 10 ohms. 8? +(10-4)? = 0 ohms Z= VR? + (X,- Xo) m Impedance R= Resistance inductance Reactance Zc = Capacitive Reactance Figure 5. Formula,Chapter 3 Bag, eee 379 AMGOBL “Transfer of electrical energy from one conductor toanother without the aid of electrical connections ®is called induction. B-iscalled capacitance. ‘C-can cause excessive arcing and heat, and as results practical for use only with low ‘oltagesfamperages. 380 AMGOSL ‘What happens to the current in a voltage step-up, transformer witha rato of 1 to 47 ©The current is stepped down by a 1 to 4 ratio. 'B-The currents stepped up by a1 to 4 ratio. ‘C-The current does not change. 3-79, Answer A. JSGT 3D, FGH ‘Anytime a wire passes through a m: ‘electrical energy is induced into the we it you were to arrange two conductors nt. electrically) such that the magnetic feds ‘one cus through the other conductor, acura be induced in the second conductor, This pens is called induction and is the principle by when transformers operate, 3-80, Answer A. JSGT 3D, FGH transformer cannot generate power. Thee ‘transformer steps up the voltage, it must spew current by the same ratio. This i evden nbek> for power (P = | x E). If voltage increases cunt must decrease, and if vollage decreases rst increase.Section E - Electronic Control Devices 329 SECTION E - ELECTRONIC CONTROL DEVICES Section E of Chapter 3 introduces semiconductor theory. It begins by lookin. Si atthe pina r apple tose princes to modem semiconcucordevees suas doces Tanicors and loge eases 381 AMGO3L Capacitors are sometimes used in DC circuits to ‘A-counteract inductive reactance at specific locations. ®)smooth out slight pulsations in current/voltage. ‘C-assistin stepping voltage and current up and/or down, 382 AMGO31 as A-cutout switches. Brectifiers. C-relays. 383 AMGOSL Ina P-N-P transistor application, the solid state device is tumed on when the Qbase is negative with respect to the emitter. Base is positive with respect to the emitter. ‘C-emite is negative with respect 10 the base. 384 AMGO3I Inan N-P.N transistor application, the solid state evice is turned on when the ‘A-emitter is positive with respect to the base. _By bases negative with respect othe emir (Orase is positive with respect to the emitter. 385 AMGo3I Typical application for zener diodes is as 2 fall wave etfs half-wave rectifiers. CO voltage regulators. 3-81. Answer B. JSGT 3E, FGH During fluctuations in voltage, a capacitor will absorb potential during variations above nominal voltage, and discharge potential during variations below nominal voltage. This smooths out pulsations in the nominal voltage. 3-82, Answer B. JSGT 3E, FGH ‘The most important characteristic of a diode is that it permits current to flow in one direction only. The effect Is lke an electron check valve that permits flow in one direction but blocks any attempt to flow in the opposite direction. This characteristic permits diodes to be used to rectly AC to DC. 3-83. Answer A, JSGT 3E, FGH To tum ona transistor, a small amount of current must flow into the base and the emitter-base must be forward-biased. A P-N-P transistor is forwardbiased when the base is negative with respect to the emitter. 3-84, Answer C. JSGT 3E, FGH Totum on a transistor, a small amount of current must flow into the base and the emitter-base must be forward-biased. An N-P-N transistor is forwardbiased when the base is positive with respect to the emitter. 3-85, Answer C, JSGT 3E, FGH Zener diodes, sometimes called "breakdown diodes ‘are primarily used for voltage regulation. They are designed so that they will break down and allow current flow in the reverse-biased direction when the ciroult potential Is equal to or in excess of the desired Zener voltage rating. oe3-30 3486 AMGO3L l Forward biasing of a solid state device will cause the device to ‘A-conduct via zener breakdown, @yconduct. C-tum off. 3.87 AMGOIS (Refer to figure 23 on page 3-30.) fan open occurs at Ry the light ‘A-cannot be tumed on. B_will not be affected. @2cannot be tured off. Sheeler ae, 3-86, Answer B. JSGT 3E, FaH ifa voltage source is attached to a sem, diode with a positive terminal comecen et material, and a negative terminal tothe noe said fo be forward-biased and will conduct! 3-87. Answer C. JSGT 3E, FGH This is a dimming circuit and shows a pteinss with a resistor R, that prevents the ight ronty ‘completely turned off. The light can be opts {ull dim to full bright. An open at R reduces eis drop across R and increases the brightest: bulb at all settings. The most appropriate ars: the light cannot be turned off. Figure 23, Transistorized Circuit‘Section E - Electronic Control Devices: 3.88 AMGO3L (Refer to figure 22 on page 3-31.) ‘Which illustration is correct concerning bias application and current (positive charge) flow? (CURRENT FLOW Se oucton CURRENT FLOW ee, 31 3-88. Answer A. JSGT 3E, FGH In order for current to flow in a transistor, the cemitter-base junction must be forward-biased. Forward biasing requires the base of an NPN transistor to be positive with respect to the emitter, which is true in llustration 1. Positive charge flow defines the current flow as being from positive to negative, which is also depicted in ilustration 1. lustration 2is incorrect because the emitter-base junction is reverse biased and no current can flow. Ilustration 9 is incorrect because the emitter and collector on this PNP transistor are connected backwards and no current can flow. (CURRENT FLOW [coLuector JGouector Figure 22. Transistors(e, $82 389 AMGOSL {Refer to figure 23 on page 3-30.) IER, sticks in the up position, the light will Qe on full bright. Bebe very dim. C-not illuminate. 3.90 AMGO3L (Refer to figure 24 on page 3-32.) ‘Which statement conceming the depicted logic gate is true? ‘A-Any input being I will produce a 0 output. B>Any input being 1 will produce a 1 output. ‘C-All inputs must be to produce a 1 output, INPUTS 3-89. Answer A. JSGT 36, Foy IR sticks in the up position, maxim to the base ofthe NPN transistor Ths maximum bias of the base-emiter yo th bias in the base-emitter and reverse ye "= base-collector, maximum current fone it illuminates fully. tothe 3-90, Answer B. JSGT 3E, FA-t50.1 Figure 24 represents logic OF gate nancy any input of 1 (on) results in an ouput ys example, it input number 1, OR input runt input rumber 3 are 1 (on), the ouput ib, OUTPUT Figure 24. Logie Gate, 391 aMGost (tect ie 2509 ge 3.3) na funetonal and operating circuit, the depicted lo gates output will be 0 oe ‘Aconly when all inputs are 0 when all inputs are 1. when one of more inputs ae 0 3-91. Answer C, JSGT 3E, FA-150-1 ad Figure 25 represents a logic AND gate. In, gate, every input must be 1 (on) ino fo be 1 (on). For example, input number ty i: number 2, AND input number $ must Dé 1 et ‘output to be 1 (on). However, if one ore 0 (of) the output willbe 0 (of) Only WHE. jcorract because having all inputs # cnly condition that results in @ 0 oution E - Electronic Control Devices Figure 25. Logic Gate. Jer to figure 26 on page 3-33.) ich ofthe logic gate output conditions is correct jth respect to the given inputs? 19-92, Answer B. JSGT 3E, FA-180-1 The iltustrations in figure 26 represent exclusive OR gates. This type of loge gat is designed to produce @ $F (on) output whenever the two inputs are dissimilar. Sstoction 2s the only ilustration that nas an output of 1 (on) with two dissimilar inputs. Figure 26, Logie Gates.9 Ra ta re 3.93 AMGO3L : Capacitors are sometimes used in DC circuits to ‘A-counteract inductive reactance at specific locations. 3s in current/voltage. Cassis in stepping voltage and current up and/or @ smooth out slight pul down. 3.94 AMGO3L Which of the following are commonly used as rectifiers in electrical circuits? 1, Anodes. 2. Cathodes. 3. Diodes. a3, B ©3 a 2 3-09. Answer B. JSGT 3E, FH Capacitors are often used to help sng variations in current/voltage to aiding electromagnetic interference causey electricity. Answer A is incorrect becar, reactance is not a factor in a purely Docs is incorrect since a trensiormer piney: step up or step down voltage and cen shat a capacitor can be used to store large anne, voltage. 3-94, Answer C. JSGT 3E, FGH Diodes and vacuum tubes are commoni sib rectify AC electricity into DC electri.SECTION G- CIRCUIT ANALYSIS ‘ection G of Chapter 3 draws on the information presented in the previous sections to introduce Section rg imaddtiontobasi system and component troubleshooting, Section G dscuses sonar electrical circuits and explains their basic operating principles. 3.95 AMGOIS ‘When referring to an electrical circuit diagram, what point is considered to be at zero voltage? AWThe circuit breaker. B~The fuse. (©> The ground reference, 3.96 AMGOIS (Refer to figure 15 on page 3-37.) With the landing gear retracted, the red indicator light will ot come on if an open occurs in wire Eemunber 19, Benue 7. number 17, 3-95. Answer C. FGH The common reference point ina cieutiscax the ground. This is the reference point anus ‘most circuit voltages are measured, andisrony considered to be at zero potential, 3-96. Answer A. JSGT 3G, FGH ‘With the up limit switch inthe ger up pes = is supplied tothe red light from the bus how ‘5 amp breaker, wire #19 and then wire #8 Tes! indicator ligt will not come oni a bresko either wire #19 or #8. Wire #7 and #17 sure} to the press-to-tes circuit forthe redand ge respectively.tion G + Circuit Analysis. 337 Down LiGHT ‘SWTTCH a2 10—), —s— av, swnTCH BYPASS RELAY THROTTLE SWITCHES Figure 15. Landing AMGOIS fer to figure 15 on page 3-37.) No. 7 wire is used to complete the PUSH-TO-TEST circuit. ‘open the UP indicator light circuit when the landing ‘ear is retracted. = close the UP indicator light circuit when the landing pear is retracted. AMGOLS, fro figure 15 on page 3-37.) en the landing gear is down, the green light will not me on if an open occurs in wire A-number 7, number 6, ‘number 17, NOTE: SWITCHES SHOWN ‘GEAR DOWN - ON THE GROUND Gear Cireuit 19-97, Answer A. JSGT 3G, FGH Wire #7 supplies power to the #18 and #17 wires of the press-to-test function on both the red and green indicator lights. This system allows the flight crew to make certain that the bulb is not burned out. 3-98, Answer B. JSGT 3G, FGH When the landing gear Is in the down position, power Is. ‘supplied to the green light from the bus through the § ‘amp breaker, then wire #6 through the nose gear down ‘switch, then wire numbers #5, #4, and #3. A break in any ofthese would prevent the ight from iluminating. Wire #7 and #17 supply current to the press-to-test circutt.jt 3-99, Answer C. JSGT 3G, FGH ifthe PCO relay does not operate, able to close. Switch 13 and ewich ipa ows valve open light in the cockpit. With swtch igo" light will not illuminate. Sem 399 AMGOLS (Refer to figure 16 on page 3-38.) Nhat wil be the effet ifthe PCO relay fails to operate when the left-hand tank is selected? 'A-The fuel pressure crossfeed valve will not open. B-The fuel tank crossfeed valve open light will illuminate, (© The ft pressure erssfed valve open igh wil no illuminate, ‘av SHOWN WITHOUT ELECTRICAL POWER TO BUS OSHC AL RELAYS sea {oigen To posmon ‘snot Fue. SELECTOR swmcH cay ‘cross Fez0 | | cnoss FeeD | Fuecenessune] [ Fue. Tank VALVE OPEN | | VALVE OPEN Caumion wantin tins w cocker Figure 16. Fuel System Circuit,G- Circut Analysis, 100 AMGOIS fer to figure 16 on page 3-38.) ‘TCO relay will operate if 24-volts DC is appl ‘bus and the fuel tank selector is inthe lied 10 101 AMGOIS er to figure 16 on page 3-38.) th power tothe bus and the fuel selector switched to right-hand tank, how many relays in the system are to figure 16 on page 3-38.) electrical power is applied to the bus, which lays are energized? PCC and TCC. -TCC and TCO. PCO and PCC. 103 AMGOIS to the left-hand position. Using the schema ify the switches that will change position. $,9,10, 11, 12, 13, and 15. 3,5,6,7, 11, and 13, $,6,11, 12, 13, 15, and 16, 3:30 3-100. Answer B. JSGT 3G, FGH When the fuel selector switch is in the crosstocd position, power is supplied to the FCF relay, which in tum powers switch number 17. Through this switch the crossfeed valve is energized, closing switch 19 and allowing relay TCO to be energized. 3-101, Answer A. JSGT 3G, FGH When the system has power to the bus, and the fuel selector is switched to the right-hand tank, power Is fed {fom the bus to the RTS relay. This relay opens switch 7 and closes switch 8. Opening switch 7 removes: power from cross-feed valve switch 11 which in tm Femoves power from relay POC causing switch 15 to ‘open, When switch 8 closes, power flows to switch 12 rine cross-teed valve and feeds power to relay PCO nhich closes switch 13. A total of three relays have been operated. ‘9-102. Answer A. JSGT 3G, FGH ‘Arnote at the top left of the schematic tells you that all relays are spring loaded to the position shown. When power is supplied to the bus it has a path through Switches 5, 7, 9, and 11 to the PCC relay. Power also hhas a path through switches 18 and 20 to relay TCC. 9-103, Answer C. JSGT 3G, FGH ‘With the bus energized and the fuel selector in the left-hand position, relay LTS receives power which ‘changes the position of switches 5 and 6. Opening ‘switch 5 causes switch 11 to open and remove power trom relay PCC, allowing switch 15 to close. (Note: switch 15 is shown closed because itis spring loaded to that position when the circu is not energized.) Closing switch 6 energizes switch 12 which allows power to flow to relay PCO and close switch 13. On the Other side of the circu, when power is supplied to the bus, relay TCC energizes and opens switch 16.3.40 3104 AMGOIS om {Refer to figure 18 on page 3-40. When the landing gears re up and the throttles are Fetarded, the warning hom will not sound if an open ‘occurs in wire Ayno.4. “B-No. 2. C-No.9. "7 WARNING HORN ‘THROTTLE (OPEN) a SWITCH = 5 \$——— 5» — #4 DOWN — p— 8 14 LEFT GEAR pire ‘SWITCH e DOWN oN Shep dg 3-104, Answer A. JSGT 3G, FoH The warning hom receives wire #7, For the hor to sound cr ba, completed from the horn to ground tne throttle switch (which is closed when nent retarded), wire #4, the lft gear sutena®® down position), and finally wire #14 to out #4 were to break, the circuit could not be ae NEUTRAL — #100 at ‘RIGHT GEAR SWITCH Figure 18, Landing Gear Circuit. 3105 AMGOIS (Refer to figure 18 on page 3-40.) ‘The control valve switch must be placed in the neutral position when the landing gears are down to ‘A-permit the test cireuit to operate, prevent the waming hom from sounding when the throttles are closed. er rnt ‘C-remove the ground from the green light. 3-105. Answer B. JSGT 3G, FGH ‘When the gear is down, you do net hom to sound when you retard te control vaive switch were not in the NO 9 the warning hom would have a path wires #6, #5, #10, #11, #3, and #14‘Section G - Circult Analysis 3-106 AMGOIS (Refer to figure 19 on page 3-41.) Under which condition will a ground be provided for the waming horn through both gear switches when the throttles are closed? ‘A-Right gear up and left gear down, B-Both gears up and the control valve out of neutral. Left gear up and right gear down. ‘Down — Down ama “s LEFT GEAR ‘SWITCH RIGHT GEAR ‘SWITCH 341 9-106. Answer C. JSGT 3G, FGH The only way the warning horn can be grounded through both gear switches is i the left goar is up and the right gear is down. Trace the circuit from the 28V ‘source through wire #10 to the horn, then wire #11 to the throttle switches, which are closed in this problem. After current passes through the throttle switches, It continues through wire #12 to the left gear switch which must be in the up position to provide @ path through wire #6 to the right gear switch which must be down to complete the circult. WARNING HORN t Ls, 12 ——f_ ff Suro Figure 19, Landing Gear Circuit. 3.407 AMGoIS {Refer to figure 19 on page 3-41.) ‘When the throtles are retarded with only the right ‘ear down, the warning horn will not sound if an open 3-107. Answer A. JSGT 3G, FGH With the conditions described, trace the circu from the 28V source through wire #10 to the horn, then Wire #11 to the throttle switches, which are closed in this problem. After current passes through the throttle ‘switches, it passes through wire #12 to the left gear switch which must be in the up position to provide @ path through wire #5 to the right gear switch which Prist be down to complete the circu tf @ break in wire #5 occurs, the warning horn will not sound.3-42 ee oR) eee ieee 3.108 AMGOLS (Refer to figure 19 on page 3-41.) ‘When the landing gears are up and the throttles are retarded, the warning hor will not sound if an open ‘occurs in wire Ayo.6, B-No. 5. C-No. 7. 3109 AMGOIS (Refer to figure 20 on page 3-42.) ‘Troubleshooting an open circuit with a voltmeter as, shown in this circuit will ‘A-permit current to low and illuminate the lamp. B-create a low resistance path and the current flow will be greater than normal permit the battery voltage to appear on the voltmeter, 3-108. Answer A. JSGT36, Fay Under the coniitions described, the source through wire #10 ona then wire #1110 the throtesvixhet t= be closed. After current passes they switches, it continues through wie noe? the grounded right gar switch wien Position. It wire #8 were open, tests not sound. e 3-109. Answer C. JSGT 36, FGH When the voltmeter is connected acs: tm resistor, the voltmeter closes the creut bys (shunting) the burned-out resistor, Tisaos: to flow from the negative terminal of htt through the switch, through the vote and back to the postive terminal of heb the resistance ofthe voltmeter i shih ‘amount of current flows inthe cul Thea {09 low fo light the lamp, but the votes battery voltage, Figure 20, Circuit Diagrar