1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

Pechay (Brassica rapa) is a leafy vegetable that can

easily grow in containers. It is an annual biennial herb.

Leaves are smooth, 30 cm long, broad at the tip and

narrowing gradually at the base, extending downward to the

upper end of their elongated, thick and whitish stalks. The

leaves are erect; the flowers are pale yellow (Jimenez, F.

E. et al., 2000).

They can be grown in any type of soil. The plants become

healthier in light, sandy-loam and well-drained soil with a

pH level of 5–6.8. It needs a climate with a limited rainy

season and a short dry season not to exceed 2 months.

Pechay can be produced profitably with proper management

and cultural practices due to its marketability.

However, the prohibitive prices of commercially

formulated fertilizers have reduced many farmers' profit

margins, discouraging them from large-scale pechay

production.
 2

According to the Department of Agriculture (DA) that

commercial scale vegetable production in Bicol also

increased. Native pechay posted a 3% increase from last

year’s 10,318 MT to 10,635 MT in 2020.

One way of reducing the cost of production in growing

pechay to increase its profitability is by using organic

fertilizers. According to the Philippines Council for

Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and

Development (PCARRD), organic matter is an important

ingredient as it supplies some of the nutrient requirements

of the crop and it promotes favorable soil properties such

as granulation and tilth.

Among the known sources of organic fertilizer that may

add needed nutrients to the soil without raising the cost

of production is the substrate from which chopped rotten

pseudo-stems of abaca may be made. As previously explained

in the beginning, banana pseudo-stem usually becomes

biomass waste once the harvest time of banana fruit is

finished. Its disposal has become a major problem due to

the amount of waste it contains. Therefore, researchers

have started to extract the fibers and other components

from the stem and use them to produce various value-added

products.
 3

The bioprocessed banana pseudostem juice contained

prebiotic glucooligosaccharides (5 g L-1) and D-allulose,

according to the current study by Manisha Sharma et al.

(2017). (7 g L-1). Thus, the study represents a simple and

innovative bioprocess for the transformation of banana

pseudostem extract into a functional juice possessing high-

value biomolecules that exert multifarious health benefits.

As the result, the main focus of this research study

is to determine the effects of the different levels of

application of chopped rotten pseudo-stem of abaca on the

growth response of pechay.

Aside from the main focus, this research aiming also

to save the waste of rotten pseudo – stem of abaca.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

General Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects

of different levels of chopped rotten pseudo – stem of

abaca on the growth response of pechay.

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Specific Objectives

Specifically, it aimed to;

1. Determine the effect of chopped rotten pseudo – stem

of abaca in the growth response of pechay.

2. Identify the most suitable level of application

chopped rotten pseudo – stem of abaca in the growth

response of pechay.

3. Investigate the feasibility of chopped rotten pseudo

– stem of abaca as organic fertilizer for pechay

production.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study was developed with the intent of spreading

information and knowledge about the growing response of

pechay when different levels of chopped rotten pseudo-stem

of abaca were used. This study will benefit the following

individuals:

The Community - To have a new source of soil amendment

through the use of chopped rotten pseudo – stem of abaca

that can help soil moisture.

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The Department of Agriculture – To give realistic

information about growth response of pechay applied with

chopped rotten pseudo – stem of abaca as organic fertilizer.

The Farmers - To adopt this practice and reduce the

waste coming from the rotten pseudo – stem of abaca.

The Researchers - To have a new study to analyse and

evaluate this study before they conclude that it is

accurate and have a good outcome.

The Students - To be informed and get new ideas about

the use of chopped rotten pseudo – stem of abaca and they

can continue the gap of this study.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study was limited only to the effect of different

levels of chopped rotten pseudo-stem of abaca on the growth

response of pechay.

The experimental field had an area of 60 square

meters. The time and place of the study would be conducted

in Tabi, Gubat, Sorsogon from January 24 to April 28, 2022.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms were defined for better

understanding and further clarification.

Pechay (Brassica rapa) - It is the leafy vegetables

that can easily grow in containers and grown in any type of

soil, (Jimenez, F. E. et al, 2000).

As used in this study, it refers to the test crop, the

response of which to chopped rotten pseudo-stem of abaca

fertilization was evaluated in terms of its increment in

height and fresh weight.

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) - One of the

most widely used experimental design in agricultural

research. It is characterized by groups of equal sizes,

each of which contains a set of all treatments. The chief

advantage of this design is that it reduces experimental

error through proper grouping by retaining much of the

flexibility and simplicity of the complete Randomized

Design.

Replication - The number of times a given treatment is

duplicated or repeated in a test.

 7

In this study, replication was used to reduce

experimental error.

Treatment - It is something used as treating as

fertilizer and other recommended cultural practices,

preservation and others.

In this study, treatments refer to the different

levels of application chopped rotten pseudo – stem of abaca

as source of organic fertilizer.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

A review of related literature and studies is an

essential part of research. From this, comes the basis of

the study. This chapter presents some ideas related to the

research.

Ding Z., Han L., and Jin Z., et al. (2016) said that

there are many previous studies on banana waste resources-

based utilization pathways and stacking conditions for the

preparation of organic fertilizer, but few studies focus on

the comparison of application effects of finished banana

stalk fertilizer and ordinary commercial fertilizer.

The present study by Manisha Sharma and et al. (2017)

stated that a novel method for biotransformation of banana

pseudostem extract into a functional juice contains high-

value nondigestible oligosaccharides and a rare

monosaccharide of nearly zero caloric value—D-allulose. The

bioprocess involves employment of membrane separation

techniques, and the biocatalysts execute

glucosyltransferase and D-fructose epimerization

activities. The bioprocessed banana pseudostem juice was

estimated to contain prebiotic glucooligosaccharides (5 g

 9

L-1) and D-allulose (7 g L-1). Thus, the study represents a

simple and innovative bioprocess for the transformation of

banana pseudostem extract into a functional juice

possessing high-value biomolecules that exert multifarious

health benefits.

According to Saragih and et al. (2018), Abaca (Musa

textilis) fiber, one such kind, is rich in cellulose,

relatively inexpensive, and abundantly available. The data

of chemical and physical analysis showed the abaca fiber

has high cellulose (66.43%), hemicellulose (24.7%), lignin

(13.6%), and low water content (0.7%). Those results caused

the fiber to have a high value of mechanical property with

a tensile strength up to 308,7 MPa. The FTIR spectra showed

the presence of several functional groups that can be found

in lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. The surface

microphotograph showed the fiber's micron size and curled

shape. The characterization results of abaca fiber showed

that abaca fiber has the potential to develop as an

alternative material based on chemical, physical, and

thermal properties. The high cellulose content of abaca

fiber indicates this fiber can be applied in a wide sector,

such as composites, pulp, paper, filler, textiles, and

others. A SEM image showed the fiber's micron size. The

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thermal analysis showed the Abaca fiber has high stability

at temperatures around 371 degrees Celsius.

Armecin R B.'s research (2008), destructive sampling

was used, with sample plants partitioned as root,

pseudostem, and leaf tissues to determine the macro- and

micronutrients present in the sample. The essential

elements were examined using a standard protocol.

Regardless of the plant's stage of development, K ion

predominates in the pseudostem tissue, which is also linked

to the high concentration of this element in the harvested

fiber. Fe and Zn are the most abundant micronutrients in

root tissue. K and Fe were discovered to be the dominant

macro- and microelements in the fiber, respectively, posing

a risk of nutrient depletion due to crop removal.

Bondad et al. (1981) reported the nutrient contents of

the various organs of the abaca variety Tinawagan Puti. The

leaf blades contained 1.94% N, 0.13% P, and 1.47% K;

petiole contained 1.00% N, 0.06% P,and 2.06% K; leaf

sheaths or pseudostem had 0.77% N, 0.07% P, and 1.99% K at

the top, 0.70% N, 0.08% P, and 1.33% K at the middle, and

0.82% N, 0.08% P and 2.34% K at the base; the roots

contained 1.10% N, 0.04% P, and 3.98% K, and the roots had

1.25% N, 0.07% P and 2.30% K, respectively.

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In the Philippine Recommends for Fertilizer Usage (p.

38-39), it is stated that ipil-ipil leaves contain 3–4%

nitrogen. Dry ipil-ipil leaves are just as effective as

ammonium sulfate in providing nitrogen to rice under both

irrigated and rainfed conditions. Five 50 kg bags of dried

ipil-ipil leaves contain about the same amount of nitrogen

as 1 bag of ammonium sulfate.

In the Philippine Recommends for Soil Fertility

Management (p. 65), it is stated that mixture of animal

excreta and solid seedlings that accumulate in stable or

barns, can be used as fertilizer. The chief benefit from

manure is indirect. The organic matter which they apply in

large quantity improves soil structure thus, increasing the

capacity of the soil to hold the water and providing good

aeration. They stimulate the microorganisms decomposing

organic residues and aid in extraction by plants of

nutrients from the soil. Example of farm manures is excreta

of cattle, carabao, swine and chicken.

As stated in the Philippine Recommends for Fertilizer

(p. 29), the use of organic fertilizers and organic farming

techniques are not new in the farming sector and the

Chinese were the pioneers in the technique. Recycling plant

and animal waste to improve soil fertility and structure is

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a practice deeply rooted in the Chinese farming tradition,

upheld through 40 centuries of farming.

Tisdale and Nelson (p. 308) cite that solid manure

contains 50 to 80% water. Thus, an application of 10 tons

per acre would supply 2 to 5 tons of organic matter, which

would help to maintain the soil in better tilth, increase

carbon dioxide absorption and increase the organic matter

content of the soil.

Dr. Navarro B. Robin (p. 4), stated that it had been

known that organic fertilizer has a favorable effect on

plant growth which cannot be explained by the addition of

more nutrients. The humified organic fertilizers not only

supplement NPK and other nutrients, but also have physical

and physiological effects.

According to the research by Casim, R.M. 2021, the

growth performance of "sakurab" scallion green onion

(Allium fistulusom) was determined by the use of different

rates of chicken dung (5 tons/ha, 10 tons/ha, 15 tons/ha)

and soil amendments: rice hull, carbonized rice hull, rice

hull ash, and mushroom spent. The result is significant

differences among treatments in the different rates of

chicken dung in the average plant height, initial weight

 13

(intact leaves), and final weight (detached leaves). Non-

significant differences among treatments were noted in the

number of leaves, number of tillers, diameter of the bulb

and percent recovery.

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CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter presents the materials used and the

cultural practices followed in the culture of pechay.

Materials

FIGURE 1: Pechay (Brassica rapa) Seeds

Pavito

Pechay (Brassica rapa) Seeds: It is a leafy vegetable

that can easily grow in containers and be grown in any type

of soil (Jimenez, F. E. et al., 2000).

 15

This study used the Pavito variety as a common pechay

variety in Sorsogon, Bicol, Philippines.

FIGURE 2: Chopped rotten pseudo – stem of abaca

Chopped rotten pseudo – stem of abaca – It is a fibre

that contains prebiotic glucooligosaccharides and D-

allulose. It is a simple and innovative bioprocess for the

transformation of banana pseudostem extract into a

functional juice possessing high-value biomolecules that

exert multifarious health benefits (Manisha Sharma et al.

2017).

Carabao – Many farmers use it because of the hard

work. Because farming technology is expensive, Carabao uses

it as an alternative. It is used to cultivate the soil by

plowing and harrowing.

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Plow – It is one or more blades fixed in a frame drawn

by a carabao in the farming system. It is used to prepare

the soil for seedling planting by cutting furrows in it and

turning it over.

Harrow – In farming system, it is a heavy frame

equipped with teeth or tines that is dragged over plowed

land to break up clods and remove weeds.

Meter stick – It is used to measure length, especially

for establishing plots and drainage.

Weighing scale - It is a device used to measure the

weight of chopped rotten pseudo-abaca for each treatment.

Marking sticks – It is used to identify samples for

each treatment per block.

Sprinklers – It is used to spray water gently and to

ensure that every seedling in each treatment per block must

be sprayed by water.

Measuring Tape – It is used to measure the plant

height and width of leaves per centimetre. It is also used

to measure the distance a row per hill. and is also used to

measure the overall area.

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Methods

Design - The study used the Randomized Complete Block

Design of experimental research. The experimental area was

divided into three blocks of equal size, each of which

contained a complete set of treatments.

Treatments - There were four treatments used in this

study. The treatments composed the Control, plain soil;

Treatment A, 3.5 kilograms of chopped rotten pseudo – stem

of abaca, Treatment B, 7 kilograms of chopped rotten pseudo

– stem of abaca and Treatment C, 10.5 kilograms of chopped

rotten pseudo – stem of abaca.

Layout - The treatments were randomized in each block.

There were three blocks representing the replications. Each

replication contained 280 plants. Four treatments composed

one block in a random.

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BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2

Ctl A B C C B A Ctl

BLOCK 3 BLOCK 4

A Ctl C B B A Ctl C

Figure 3: Blocking of the Treatments

Sampling Procedure - After planting, the ten sample

plants were picked at random from 70 plants per treatment

per replication. Those ten sample plants were randomized

using the table of random numbers, and each was marked with

the marking stick for identification. Those ten sample

plants were used up by the end of the study.

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Management Practices

FIGURE 4: Selection of the Site

Selection of the Site - An area located at the

experimental field of the Tabi Elementary School, Gubat

Sorsogon was chosen as the experimental site.

The selected site is on the rice field. It is an open

field area that is better for pechay production. But, the

area is grassy, weedy, and has a clay texture.

Seed Sowing - The seed pieces that were of the same

size, age, and free from pests and diseases were selected

for planting. Seeds are sown in the available containers.

It uses carbonized rice hull (CRH) as soil media. It is

transplanted two weeks after sowing.

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FIGURE 5: Land Preparation

Land Preparation - The field was thoroughly cleared of

foreign materials before plowing. At the start of the rainy

season, the plowing of fields was plowed and subsequently

harrowed. Plowing was done three times to ensure the

thorough cultivation and destruction of weeds.

Plot Establishment – After plowing and harrowing, it

is time to measure the plot, 1 x 7 meters, using the

measuring tape. The hoe, shovel, rake, and bolo are the

major tools used. Using a hoe and shovel to cultivate the

soil deep enough for water drainage is also used to gain

the 10 cm plot height. A rake and bolo are used to

pulverize soil on the upper part of the plots.

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Application Chopped Rotten Pseudo – stem of Abaca -

After a plot has been prepared the chopped rotten pseudo –

stem of abaca was mixed with the soil following the

recommended rate of application in kilograms per meter in

every treatment.

FIGURE 6: Application Chopped Rotten Pseudo – stem of Abaca

For control treatment, only pure soil. Treatment A

(3.5 kilograms of chopped rotten pseudo – stem of abaca);

Treatment B (7 kilograms of chopped rotten pseudo – stem of

abaca); and Treatment C (10.5 kilograms of chopped rotten

pseudo – stem of abaca) were the experimental treatments.

The specific amount of chopped rotten pseudo-stem of

abaca compost intended for each treatment was weighed and

applied a full month before planting and testing the crop

using the pechay.

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FIGURE 7: Planting

Planting - The pechay pieces were planted at a

distance of 10 x 30 centimetres between hills and rows.

Planting was done in the afternoon. Two rows per hill in

all treatments. The newly planted plants were watered to

maintain their turgidity (PCARRD, 2000).

Each plot per treatment planted 70 seedlings, meaning

that each block contains 280 seedlings per block. Overall,

in replication, the population density is 1,120 pechay

seedlings.
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Replanting – One week after transplanting, the missing

hills were replanted with the pechay seedlings that were

taken from the border areas intended for the purpose.

Harvest – After gathering the plant height, width, and

number of leaves, pechay was harvested 45 days after

planting.

Care and Management

The field was frequently visited and inspected to

detect the presence of insect pests that attacked the

plants.

FIGURE 8: Fence Installation

Fence Installation – It is made of cassava stalks and

madre de agua. It helps to provide shade on plants from too

much natural disturbance like dogs, cats, chickens, etc.

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Homemade Insecticide: Madre de Agua Extract – It is

made and processed with 1-L of water equivalent to 500-ml

of Madre de Agua extract, 1 sachet of dishwashing liquid,

and 2 spoons of baking powder.

FIGURE 9: Homemade Insecticide: Madre de Agua Extract

Spraying was employed as the need arose. Plants were

sprayed with insecticides to control insect pests.

Cultivation and Weeding – It was done in the second to

third week after transplanting. Cultivation was done with a

trowel while hand pulling all of the growing weeds.

Watering - It is done early in the morning and late

afternoon using sprinklers.

Rain Trap Installation – It is made of plastic and has

a banana body. It helps to prevent mortality of the

seedlings because of the heavy rain and too much heat.

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FIGURE 10: Rain Trap Installation

Data Collection

Plant Height - The height of the pechay was taken

weekly after planting. It was done by measuring from the

base to the top part of the leaves of the ten randomly

selected plants taken from every treatment and replication

with the use of a measuring tape or ruler.

Width Leaves - The width of the pechay leaf was taken

weekly after planting. It was measuring the width of the

plant’s leaves in the ten randomly selected samples taken

from every treatment and replication with the use of

measuring tape.
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Number of Leaves - The number of leaves was taken

weekly after planting. It was done by counting each of the

selected plants one by one from every treatment and

replication.

Statistical Analysis - For a randomized complete block

design, all data collected were analyzed using analysis of

variance. Differences among treatment means were determined

by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the discussion of the results of

the study.

PLANT HEIGHT

TABLE A 1.1: Average height (cm) of ten sample plants per

treatment per replication taken 7 days after planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 3.45 2.95 3.35 3.35 13.1 3.275

TA 2.7 3.15 2.9 3.2 11.95 2.9875
TB 3.05 3.25 3.5 3.7 13.5 3.375
TC 3.3 3.5 3.65 3.3 13.75 3.4375
Grand Total (G) 52.3
Grand Mean 11.4969
CV: 0%

On the average height in centimeters of ten sample

plants per treatment per replication taken 7 days after

planting, the computed treatment means showed that

Treatment C and B obtained the highest mean of 3.4375 and

3.3875, respectively, which is statistically non-

significant to each other. Meanwhile Treatment A 2.9875 and

Control 3.275 are not significant.

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TABLE A 1.2: Average height (cm) of ten sample plants per

treatment per replication taken 14 days after planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 4.65 3.9 4 4.4 16.95 4.2375

TA 3.9 4.35 3.8 4.4 16.45 4.1124
TB 4.6 4.45 5.1 4.8 18.95 4.7375
TC 4.65 4.9 4.7 4.3 18.55 4.6375
Grand Total (G) 70.9
Grand Mean 4.4312
CV: 0%

On the average height in centimeters of ten sample

plants per treatment per replication taken 14 days after

planting, the computed treatment means showed that

Treatment B and C obtained the highest mean of 4.7375 and

4.6375, which are both significant, followed by Treatment A

and Control with the mean of 4.1124 and 4.2375, which are

statistically non-significant.
 29

TABLE A 1.3: Average height (cm) of ten sample plants per

treatment per replication taken 21 days after planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 5.65 7.05 6.1 5.6 24.4 6.1

TA 5.95 6.65 6.05 6.2 24.85 6.2125
TB 5.5 7.4 6.85 6 25.75 6.4375
TC 6.15 7.05 7.8 5.7 26.7 6.675
Grand Total (G) 1017
Grand Mean 6.3562
CV: 0%

The average height in centimeters of ten sample plants

per treatment per replication was taken 21 days after

planting. The computed treatment means showed that

Treatment C and B obtained the highest mean of 6.675 and

6.4375, respectively, followed by Treatment A and Control

with the mean of 6.2125 and 6.1, which was statistically

not significant.
 30

TABLE A 1.4: Average height (cm) of ten sample plants per

treatment per replication taken 30 days after planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 6.4 9.35 8.7 7.55 32 8

TA 7.55 8.75 7.6 8.05 25.15 6.2875
TB 7.35 9.65 8.9 9 34.9 8.725
TC 8.25 8.4 10.4 7.7 34.75 8.6875
Grand Total (G) 126.8
Grand Mean 7.925
CV: 0%

On the average height in centimeters of ten sample

plants per treatment per replication taken 30 days after

planting, the computed treatment means showed that

Treatment C and B obtained the highest mean of 8.6875 and

8.725 respectively, followed by Treatment A with a mean of

6.2875 and a Control mean of 8, which is statistically non-

significance.
 31

Figure 11: Average plant height (cm) per treatment per

week.

AVERAGE PLANT HEIGHT (cm) per TREATMENT

per WEEK
Control TA-3.5kg TB-7kg TC-10.5kg

9 9
8
7
6.1 6.2 6.4 6.3
5 5
4.2 4.1
3.3 3 3.4 3.4

WEEK 1 (DAT) WEEK 2 (DAT) WEEK 3 (DAT) WEEK 4 (DAT)

DISCUSSION

Based on the result of the study, the average height

in centimeters of pechay, there was no significant using

the different levels of application of chopped rotten

pseudo-stem of abaca. It could be possible that it was

affected by the heavy rains that caused stunted growth in

pechay.

To show variation, based on weatherspark.com, within

the month and not just the monthly total, we show the

rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered

on each day.
 32

FIGURE 12: Average Monthly Rainfall in February in Sorsogon

The average sliding 31-day rainfall during February in

Sorsogon is rapidly decreasing, starting the month at 7.9

inches, when it rarely exceeds 17.9 inches or falls below

1.4 inches, and ending the month at 5.9 inches, when it

rarely exceeds 13.6 inches or falls below 0.7 inches.

This result agrees to the study of Gull A., Ahmad A.

et al. (2019). Plants are subjected to a wide range of

environmental stresses which reduces and limits the

productivity of agricultural crops. The abiotic stress

causes the loss of major crop plants worldwide and includes

radiation, salinity, floods, drought, extremes in

temperature, heavy metals and etc.

Bengough (1997) cited that the hardness is strongly

affected by soil compaction, whether by wheel traffic, the

feet of stock, or even the wind-induced movement of large

 33

tree roots. It is also strongly affected by soil water

content, and can vary many folds over the typical range of

available water content in the soil.

WIDTH LEAVES

TABLE B 2.1: Average width leaves (cm) of ten sample plants

per treatment per replication taken 7 days after planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 1 1.1 1.1 1 4.2 1.05

TA 1 1 1.1 1.05 4.25 1.0626
TB 1.05 1 1.15 1.1 4.3 1.075
TC 1.05 1.05 1.1 1.05 4.25 1.0626
Grand Total (G) 17
Grand Mean 1.0625
CV: 0%

The average width of leaves in centimeters of ten

sample plants per treatment per replication taken seven

days after planting, the computed treatment means showed

that Treatment B obtained the highest mean of 1.075,

followed by Treatment C, A, and Control with a mean of

1.0626, 1.075, and 1.05, which is statistically not

significant.
 34

TABLE B 2.2: Average width leaves (cm) of ten sample plants

per treatment per replication taken 14 days after planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 2.3 2.45 2.4 1.6 8.75 2.1875

TA 1.75 2.05 2.25 1.65 7.7 1.9125
TB 1.75 2 1.8 2.1 7.65 1.9125
TC 2.35 2.05 2.7 1.8 8.9 2.225
Grand Total (G) 33
Grand Mean 2.0594
CV: 0%

On the average width of leaves in centimeters of ten

sample plants per treatment per replication taken 14 days

after planting, the computed treatment means showed that

Treatment A and B have the highest mean of both 1.9125,

which is statistically not significant to each other,

whereas Treatment C and Control, with a mean of 2.225 and

2.1375, are not significant.

 35

TABLE B 2.3: Average width leaves (cm) of ten sample plants

per treatment per replication taken 21 days after planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 2.8 3.5 3.4 2.4 12.1 3.025

TA 2.55 3.15 3.25 3 19.95 4.9875
TB 2.8 3.05 3.35 3.3 12.4 3.125
TC 3 3.2 3.95 2.25 12.4 3.1
Grand Total (G) 56.95
Grand Mean 3.5594
CV: 0%

On the average width of leaves in centimeters of ten

sample plants per treatment per replication taken 21 days

after planting, the computed treatment means showed that

Treatment A is the highest mean of 4.9875 which followed by

Treatment B, C, and Control with a mean of 3.125, 31 and

3.025 which statistically no significant.

 36

TABLE B 2.4: Average width leaves (cm) of ten sample plants

per treatment per replication taken 30 days after planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 4.2 5.6 5.4 4.4 19.6 4.9

TA 5 5.05 5.35 4.2 19.6 4.9
TB 4.65 5.15 5.45 5.4 20.45 5.1125
TC 4.65 5.4 5.95 4.8 20.8 5.2

Grand Total (G) 80.45

Grand Mean 50281
CV: 0%

The average width of leaves in centimeters of ten

sample plants per treatment per replication taken 30 days

after planting. The computed treatment means showed that

Treatment C has the highest mean of 5.2, followed by

Treatment B with a mean of 5.1125, and then, Treatment A

and Control have the same mean of 4.9, which is

statistically non-significant.
 37

Figure 13: Average width leaves (cm) per treatment per

week.

AVERAGE WIDTH LEAVES per TREATMENT

per WEEK
Control TA-3.5kg TB-7kg TC-10.5kg

5 5 5 5.1

3.02 3.13.1
2.3 2 2 2.2
1.11.11.11.1

WEEK 1 (DAT) WEEK 2 (DAT) WEEK 3 (DAT) WEEK 4 (DAT)

This result agrees with the study of Passioura (2002)

that it is now clear that roots, when they are growing in

physically inhospitable soil, send inhibitory signals to

the leaves. The effects of the signals on the leaves are

varied. They may affect stomatal conductance, cell

expansion, cell division, and the rate of leaf appearance.

In the field, plants experience very diverse environments,

both temporally and, especially in relation to roots and

soil, spatially.

Masle (1998); Hussain et al. (1999), stated that soil

compacted differentially in layers has shown noticeable

 38

effects on leaf growth and stomatal conductance as the

roots encounter or leave a compacted layer of soil,

generally with a delay of a few days between the first

experience by the roots of the changed conditions and any

effect on growth rate or stomatal conductance.

FIGURE 13: Average High and Low Temperature in February in

Sorsogon

According to weather-atlas.com, average high

temperature in February: 31°C. The warmest months (with the

highest average high temperature) are April and May (34°C).

Months with the lowest average high temperature are

January, February and December (31°C). Average low

temperature in February: 23°C. The month with the highest

average low temperature is May (26°C). The coldest months

(with the lowest average low temperature) are January and

February (23°C).
 39

Victor M. Rodriquez et al. (2015) cited that low

temperatures especially affect photosynthesis and fresh

weight. Stomatal conductance and the leaf water content

were dramatically reduced, and plants produced smaller and

thicker leaves. Under high temperatures, there was a

reduction of the weight that could be associated with a

general impairment of the photosynthetic activity.

NUMBER OF LEAVES

TABLE C 3.1: Average number of leaves from ten sample

plants per treatment per replication taken 7 days after
planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 3.9 4.4 4 4.3 16.6 4.15

TA 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.4 17 4.25
TB 3.9 4.4 4.1 4.5 16.9 4.225
TC 4.6 4.6 4.2 4 17.5 4.35
Grand Total (G) 68
Grand Mean 4.2438
CV: 0%

The average number of leaves from ten sample plants

per treatment per replication was taken seven days after

planting. The computed treatment means showed that

Treatment C has the highest mean of 4.3, followed by

 40

Treatment B and A with a mean of 4.225 and 4.25, which was

non-significant. Furthermore, the control mean of 41.5

TABLE C 3.2: Average number of leaves from ten sample

plants per treatment per replication taken 14 days after
planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 4.9 5.5 5.1 5.3 20.8 5.2

TA 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.3 20.1 5.25
TB 5.2 5.5 5.1 5.4 21.2 5.3
TC 5.2 5.6 5.2 5 21 5.25
Grand Total (G) 83.1
Grand Mean 5.25
CV: 0%

The average number of leaves from ten sample plants

per treatment per replication taken 14 days after planting

was taken. The computed treatment means showed that

Treatment B has the highest mean of 5.3, followed by

Treatment C and A with the same mean of 5.25 and for the

control, a mean of 5.2, which was non-significant.

 41

TABLE C 3.3: Average number of leaves from ten sample

plants per treatment per replication taken 21 days after
planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 5.2 5 4.7 4.3 19.2 4.8

TA 4.7 4.8 4.4 4.5 18.4 4.6
TB 4.8 5.4 4.8 4.7 19.7 4.925
TC 5 5.1 5.5 4.6 20.2 5.05
Grand Total (G) 77.5
Grand Mean 4.844
CV: 0%

On the average number of leaves from ten sample plants

per treatment per replication taken 21 days after planting,

the computed treatment means showed that Treatment C has

the highest mean of 5.05, followed by Treatment B's mean of

4.925, and Control having a mean of 48 and 4.6 for

Treatment A, which was statistically non-significant.

 42

TABLE C 3.4: Average number of leaves from ten sample

plants per treatment per replication taken 30 days after
planting.

Replication Treatment

Treatment R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Mean

CTRL 6.2 7 6.9 6.3 26.4 6.6

TA 6.7 6.8 6.4 6.5 26.4 6.6
TB 6.8 7.4 6.8 6.7 27.7 6.925
TC 7 7.1 7.5 6.6 28.2 7.05

Grand Total (G) 108.7

Grand Mean 6.794
CV: 0%

On the average number of leaves from ten sample plants

per treatment per replication taken 30 days after planting,

the computed treatment means showed that Treatment C has

the highest mean of 7.05, followed by Treatment B's mean of

6.925, and both Treatment A and Control having a mean of

6.6 that was statistically non-significant.

 43

Figure 15: Average number of leaves per treatment per week.

AVERAGE NYMBER OF LEAVES per TREATMENT

per WEEK
Control TA-3.5kg TB-7kg TC-10.5kg

7 7 7 7.1

5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5 5 5 5.1

4.2 4.3 4.2 4.4

WEEK 1 (DAT) WEEK 2 (DAT) WEEK 3 (DAT) WEEK 4 (DAT)

DISCUSSION

Based on the result of the study, the average number

of pechay leaves, there were no significant differences

using the different levels of application of chopped rotten

pseudo-stem of abaca. It could be affected by the heavy

rain, strong wind and pests that can cause loss of leaves,

plant stress and diseases on the growth response of pechay.

 44

FIGURE 16: Average Wind Speed in February in Sorsogon

According to weatherspark.com, the average hourly wind

speed in Sorsogon is gradually decreasing during February,

falling from 13.0 to 12.2 miles per hour over the course of

the month.The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray

line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands,

This result agrees with the study of Fender A. C. and

Contreras J. M. et al. (2011) that the number of leaves was

affected in particular not only by soil moisture and

nitrogen supply and the interaction of these factors, but

also by the prevailing saturation deficit of the air, while

we found no effect of temperature on beech leaf numbers.

 45

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and

recommendation of the study.

SUMMARY

This study looked at how different levels of

application affected the growth response of Pechay

(Brassica rapa).Chopped Rotten Pseudo-stem of Abaca (Musa

textilis) was conducted in the experimental area of Tabi

Elementary School, Tabi Gubat, Sorsogon from January 24 to

April 28, 2022. A 60 square meter lot, including the water

drainage, was used in the study. The area was thoroughly

prepared and divided into four blocks. Each block was

divided into four plots to contain all treatments. The

block represented the replication. The plots in the blocks

measured 1 x 7 meters. The study used the Pavito variety of

Pechay, planted 10 x 30 centimeters between hills and rows.

The design used in this study was the Randomized Complete

Block Design. Four replicated four times were observed in

this study. The treatments were as follows: Plain soil was

 46

used as the control; 3.5 kilograms of chopped rotten

pseudo-stem of abaca was used in Treatment A; 7 kilograms

of chopped rotten pseudo-stem of abaca was used in

Treatment B; and 10.5 kilograms of chopped rotten pseudo-

stem of abaca was used in Treatment C.

The data collected in this study were statistically

analyzed using the Randomized Complete Block Design

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

The average height in centimeters of ten sample plants

per treatment per replication was taken 30 days after

planting. The computed treatment means showed that

Treatment C and B obtained the highest mean of 8.6875 and

8.725 respectively, followed by Treatment A with a mean of

6.2875 and a control mean of 8, which is statistically non-

significance.

The average width of leaves in centimeters of ten

sample plants per treatment per replication taken 30 days

after planting. The computed treatment means showed that

Treatment C has the highest mean of 5.2, followed by

Treatment B with a mean of 5.1125, and then, Treatment A

and Control have the same mean of 4.9, which is

statistically non-significant.
 47

The average number of leaves from ten sample plants

per treatment per replication taken 30 days after planting,

the computed treatment means showed that Treatment C is the

highest mean of 7.05, followed by Treatment B mean 6.925

and both Treatment A and Control having the mean of 6.6

that resulted statistically non-significant.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the study, the researchers

concluded that the use of different levels of application

of pseudo-stem of abaca non-significantly affected the

growth response of pechay. But the result must be affected

by heavy rain that causes waterlogging and soil compaction.

According to the study's findings, the Treatment C –

10.5 kilograms of chopped rotten pseudo–stem of abaca is

the most appropriate level of application in the growth

response of pechay, followed by the Treatment B – 7

kilograms, Treatment A – 3.5 kilograms, and Control, in

that order.
 48

The result of the study stated that Treatment C—10.5

kilograms of chopped rotten pseudo–stem of abaca was the

feasible level to be applied as organic fertilizer for

pechay production.

RECOMMENDATION

Based from the result of the study, the researchers

recommend do not use of chopped rotten pseudo-stem of abaca

during rainy season and clay soil texture. Despite, the

researchers recommended to use of chopped rotten pseudo-

stem of abaca as organic fertilizer mixed of sand and

carbonized rice hull ratio of 1:1:1 to avoid soil

compaction.
 49

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Asunsion Jr., Ramon C. (1936). Introduction to Tropical

Crop Production (First Edition) by Saint Mary’s Publishing
1308, P. Guivarra, Sta. Cruz, Manila, p.643

Bureau of Plant Industry, (1974). Manual of Experimental

Technique and Statistical Analysis for Agriculture,
Research Publisher, Manila, Philippines, p.4

Dieleman J.A. and Heuvelink E. (2015). Factors affecting

the number of leaves preceding the first inflorescence in
the tomato. Journal of Horticultural Science Volume 67,
1992 - Issue 1

Ding Z., Han L., and Jin Z., et . al (2016). Effect of

Banana Stalk or Organic Fertilizer. Asian Agricultural
Research, 8 (7) : 64 – 68

Fender A. C., Contreras J. M., and Leuschner C. (2011).

Multiple environmental control of leaf area and its
significance for productivity in beech saplings Trees(2011)
25:847–857 DOI 10.1007/s00468-011-0560-z

Gull A., Ahmad A. et al. (2019). Biotic and Abiotic

Stresses in Plants. CHAPTER METRICS OVERVIEW. DOI:
10.5772/intechopen.85832

James E. Knott and Jose R. Deamon Jr. (1967). Vegetable

Production in Southeast Asia (Laguna, U.P. College of
Agriculture, Los Ba os, Laguna)
 50

JS Jayaprabha, M Brahmakumar, VB Manilal, (2011). Journal

of Natural Fibers 8. p. 149-160

Mendiola, Nemesio Blanco, (1975). Principles of Field Crop

Production (First Edition, Malabon Rizal United Circulation
Inc.). p.145

Nurhayati Abdullah, and et al.,(2014). International

Journal of Biological, Veterinary, Agricultural and Food
Engineering. p. 712-716

Organic Farming Journal. (1985). Organic Farmers

Association of Iloilo. P.4

PCARRP. (1983). The Philippine Recommends for Fertilizer

Usage, Technical Bulletin Series No. 52, p.34

PCARRP. (1982). The Philippine Recommends for Fertilizer

Usage, Technical Bulletin Series No. 52, p.38-39

PCARRP. The Philippine Recommends for Soil Fertility

Management, Technical Bulletin Series No. 36, p. 63-65

PCARRD. (2000). Pechay Production Guide Information

Bulletin Series No. 161

Passioura J.B. (2002). Soil Conditions and Plant Growth.

Plant, Cell & Environment Volume 25, Issue 2 p. 311-318

Saragih, S. W., Rosliana Lubis, Basuki Wirjosentono, &

Eddyanto. (2018). Characteristic of Abaca (Musa textilis)
 51

Fiber from Aceh. AIP Conf. Proc.2049 (pp.020058-1 020058-

7). aceh timur: AIP Publishing.

Tisdale Samuel and Wermer Nelson, (1925). Soil Fertility

and Fertilizer. Mc Millan Publishing Co. Inc. New York
U.S.A, p.308

Victor M. Rodriquez and et al, (2015). Effect of

Temperature Stress on the Early Vegetative Development of
Brassica oleracea L. BMC Plant Biology. 15:145

weather-atlas.com

weatherspark.com.ph
 52

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A, FORMULA

1. FORMULA FOR ANNOVA

a. Calculate the Treatment totals and Grand total

Total degree of freedom= (replication)(treatment) - 1
Treatment d.f. = t - 1
Error d.f. = t (r - 1)
Grand total=

Correction factor (C.F.)

G = Grand total, n = replication x treatment

b. Calculate the correction factor and various sum of

squares (SS):
Total Sum of Squares =∑ C.F.

∑
Treatment SS = C.F.
Error SS = Total SS - Treatment SS

c. Calculate the Mean Square (MS):

Treatment MS =

Error MS =

d. Calculate the computed F value for testing

significance of the treatment:

F =
 53

2. FORMULA FOR COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

Grand mean =
√
cv =
 54

APPENDIX B, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

PLANT HEIGHT

WEEK 1
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.47562 0.15854 2.97847 0.07401 3.49029
Groups 5 3 2 4 1 5
Within 0.05322
Groups 0.63875 12 9

1.11437
Total 5 15
Total 1507 15

WEEK 2
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between 1.10187 0.36729 4.10955 0.03204 3.49029
Groups 5 3 2 7 3 5
Within 0.08937
Groups 1.0725 12 5

2.17437
Total 5 15

WEEK 3
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.77812 0.25937 0.48321 0.70012 3.49029
Groups 5 3 5 4 1 5
Within 0.53677
Groups 6.44125 12 1

7.21937
Total 5 15
1.73708 0.28951
Error 3 6 4

5.51416
Total 7 11
 55

WEEK 4
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 2.000469 3 0.666823 0.611676 0.62028 3.490295
Within
Groups 13.08188 12 1.090156

Total 15.08234 15

WIDTH LEAVES

WEEK 1
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.04687 0.01562 0.23809 0.86810 3.49029
Groups 5 3 5 5 2 5
Within 0.06562
Groups 0.7875 12 5

0.83437
Total 5 15

WEEK 2
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 0.035 3 0.011667 0.28866 0.832748 3.490295
Within
Groups 0.485 12 0.040417

Total 0.52 15
 56

WEEK 3
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.44187 0.14729 1.38356 0.29518 3.49029
Groups 5 3 2 2 1 5
Within 0.10645
Groups 1.2775 12 8

1.71937
Total 5 15

WEEK 4
ANOVA
Source of P-
Variation SS df MS F value F crit
Between 0.63187 0.21062 1.91840 0.1804 3.49029
Groups 5 3 5 6 7 5
Within 0.10979
Groups 1.3175 12 2

1.94937
Total 5 15

NUMBER OF LEAVES

WEEK 1
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 0.003125 3 0.001042 0.4 0.755545 3.490295
Within
Groups 0.03125 12 0.002604

Total 0.034375 15
 57

WEEK 2
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.21736 0.07245 0.39398 0.75964 3.49029
Groups 9 3 6 5 4 5
Within 2.20687 0.18390
Groups 5 12 6

2.42424
Total 4 15

WEEK 3
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.04921 0.01640 0.07154 0.97408 3.49029
Groups 9 3 6 2 2 5
Within 0.22932
Groups 2.75187 12 3

2.80109
Total 4 15

WEEK 4
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.57351 0.19117 0.77915 0.52795 3.49029
Groups 9 3 3 1 5 5
Within 2.94432
Groups 5 12 0.24536

3.51784
Total 4 15
 58

APPENDIX C, PLATES

Site Evaluation

Collecting Materials
 59

Seed Sowing

Land Preparation
 60

Layout

Fence Installation
 61

Watering

Weeding
 62

Data collection

Pest and Diseases

 63

APPENDIX D, LETTERS

Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY
Castilla Campus
ISO CERTIFIED Mayon, Castilla, Sorsogon
9001:2015
BSA Department

Date: December 20, 2021

The Dean
Sorsogon State University
Castilla Campus

Sir/Madame:
May we respectfully request for the presentation of
our thesis entitled: Growth and Yield of Green Onion
(Allium fistulosum) A ffected by Different Levels of
Application of Fresh Grind Pseudo-Stem of Abaca (Musa
textilis) on December 20,2021 at 10:30-11:30 AM.

Anticipating for your favorable action.

Very truly yours,

RHENE A. BARCELON

LIEZL F. PEROL

NELLY E. OFALSA

Favorably endorsed:
MARLON G. GABELO
Adviser

12-20-2021
Date signed
 64

Conformed:
Evaluation Committee Members

MICHELL L.MATIENZO
Approved:

AGNES LORIA
Approved:

MARY ANN P.CARO

Area Chairman

Note:

1. Copy of the report to be presented should submitted to

the evaluation committee at least (3) days before the
schedule date.
2. This form should be accomplished at least (2) days
before the schedule date.
 65

Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY
Castilla Campus
ISO CERTIFIED Mayon, Castilla, Sorsogon
9001:2015

REQUEST FOR FINAL PRESENTATION

Date: April 27, 2022

The Dean
Sorsogon State University
Castilla Campus

Sir/Madame:
This is to request permission for our final
presentation the herein attached copy of report entitled,
on Growth Response of Pechay (Brassica rapa) Applied with
Chopped Rotten Pseudo-stem of Abaca (Musa textilis) at 7:30
- 9:00am, room number 1.

Anticipating for your favorable action.

Very truly yours,

RHENE A. BARCELON

LIEZL F. PEROL

NELLY E. OFALSA

Favorably endorsed:
MARLON G. GABELO
Adviser

04-28-2022
Date signed
 66

Conformed:
Evaluation Committee Members

MICHELL L.MATIENZO
Approved:

AGNES LORIA
Approved:

MARY ANN P.CARO

Area Chairman

Note:

1. Copy of the report to be presented should submitted to

the evaluation committee at least (3) days before the
schedule date.
2. This form should be accomplished at least (2) days
before the schedule date.
 67

Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY
Castilla Campus
ISO CERTIFIED Mayon, Castilla, Sorsogon
9001:2015

The Campus Administrator

Sorsogon State University - Castilla Campus

Sir/Madame:
This is to request permission to reproduce for binding
the herein attached copy of report entitled GROWTH RESPONSE
OF PECHAY (Brassica rapa) APPLIED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
CHOPPED ROTTEN PSUEDO – STEM OF ABACA (Musa textilis),
prepared by the undersigned as a partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the course BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
AGRICULTURE.

_____________________
RHENE A. BARCELON

_____________________
LIEZL F. PEROL

_____________________

NELLY E OFALSA

_____________________
MARLON G. GABELO
Adviser
 68

Recommending Acceptance and Approval:

MICHELL L. MATIENZO 05-06-2022

Evaluation committee Date signed

AGNES LORIA 05-06-2022

Evaluation committee Date signed

MARY ANN P. CARO 05-06-2022

Chairman, Evaluation committee Date signed

Certified correct as to grammar and format:

CYNTHIA BASAL 05-06-2022

English Editor & Format Editor Date Signed

Accepted and recommended for approval:

REYNALDA DUANA 05-07-2022

OIP/research Coordinator Date Signed

JEROME M. LLABRES, MSA 05-07-2022

OIC-Program Chair Date signed

Approved:

SUSAN F. ASTILLERO Ph.D.

Campus Administrator