MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Reviewer

Mechanics

Science describing the behavior of bodies under the action of forces.

Rigid Body

A body that does not deform under the action of forces

Non-Rigid Body

A body that deforms under application of loads

LOAD CLASSIFICATION

A. According to Time
1. Static Load
A gradual application of loads for which equilibrium is achieved at a very short time
2. Sustained Load

Load that is constant over a long period of time

3. Impact Load
Impulsive and rapid application of loads
4. Repeated Load
Successive application and removal of loads
B. According to Distribution
1. Concentrated
Point load
2. Distributed Load
A load distributed along a line or a surface
C. According to Location and Method of Application
1. Centric Load
Load that pass through the centroid of the resisting section
2. Torsional Load
Load that twist a member
3. Flexural / Bending Load
Load that is applied transversely to the longitudinal axis of the member
4. Combined Loading
Any combination of the first 3 above.

NORMAL STRESS

Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is the force on a
member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi, now in N/mm 2 or MPa.

where
P = applied normal load in Newton
A = e area in mm2
Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress. Normal stress develop
when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the material.

Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area. Example is the bolt that
holds the tension rod in its anchor. Another condition of shearing is when we twist a bar along its
longitudinal axis. This type of shearing is called torsion. Another type of simple stress is the bearing
stress, it is the contact pressure between two bodies.

Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure tension (or tensile
force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to compressive force) are
under compressive stress.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will tend to
lengthen the member.

THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist
bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.

TANGENTIAL STRESS (Circumferential Stress)

Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of the tank is L and the
wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:

LONGITUDINAL STRESS, σL

Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:
 SPHERICAL SHELL
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the
stress at the wall can be expressed as:

Strain
is the measure of the deformation (aka displacement) of a material. For an object
being pulled in only one direction this equation is given simply as ϵ=ΔL\L.

Simple Strain

Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied
force, to the original length.

Stress-Strain Diagram

Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing machine. As the axial
load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gage length is measured at each
increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the
original cross-sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and the strain ε can be
obtained.

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE’S LAW)

From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight line.
This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke
in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly
proportional to strain or
ELASTIC LIMIT

The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape
when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

The region in stress-strain diagram from O toP is called the elastic range. The region from P to R
is called the plastic range.

YIELD POINT

Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding
without any increase in load.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH

The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.

RAPTURE STRENGTH

Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength.

MODULUS OF RESILIENCE

Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually
increased from O to P, in Nm/m 3 . This may be calculated as the area under the stress- strain curve
from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure). The resilience of the material
is its ability to absorb energy without creating a permanent distortion.

MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS

Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually
increased from O to R, in Nm/m 3 . This may be calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain
curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to
break.

WORKING STRESS, ALLOWABLE STRESS, AND FACTOR OF SAFETY

Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The maximum
safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be
limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit. However, since proportional limit is difficult to
determine accurately, the allowable tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided
by a factor of safety. The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called
the factor of safety.

AXIAL DEFORMATION

In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and is given
by
 To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional area,
and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit. If however, the cross sectional area is not
uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and applying
integration. If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined
by considering a differential length and applying integration

STIFFNESS, k

Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement.
It has the unit of N/mm.

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