Reinforced Concrete Design

By: Assist. Prof. Dr. Haleem K. Hussain

University Of Basrah
Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department

E-Mail: haleem_bre@[Link]
[Link]@[Link]

LOGO
1
 Chapter II
Flexural Analysis Reinforced Beam
STRENGTH DESIGN APPRACH
The analysis and design of a structural member may be regarded as the process of selecting the proper
materials and determining the member dimensions such that the design strength is equal or greater than the
required strength. The required strength is determined by multiplying the actual applied loads, the dead
load, the assumed live load, and other loads, such as wind, seismic, earth pressure, fluid pressure, snow, and
rain loads, by load factors. These loads develop external forces such as bending moments, shear, torsion, or
axial forces, depending on how these loads are applied to the structure.
In proportioning reinforced concrete structural members, three main items can be investigated:
1 .The safety of the structure, which is maintained by providing adequate internal design strength.
2 .Deflection of the structural member under service loads. The maximum value of deflection must be
limited and is usually specified as a factor of the span, to preserve the appearance of the structure.
3 .Control of cracking conditions under service loads. Visible cracks spoil the appearance of the structure
and permit humidity to penetrate the concrete, causing corrosion of steel and consequently weakening the
reinforced concrete member. The ACI Code implicitly limits crack widths to 0.016 in. (0.40 mm) for
interior members and 0.013 in. (0.33 mm) for exterior members. Control of cracking is achieved by
adopting and limiting the spacing of the tension bar.
It is worth mentioning that the strength design approach was first permitted in the United States in 1956 and
in Britain in 1957. The latest ACI Code emphasizes the strength concept based on specified strain limits on
steel and concrete that develop tension-controlled, compression controlled, or transition conditions.
ASSUMPTIONS
Reinforced concrete sections are heterogeneous (nonhomogeneous), because they are made of two
different materials, concrete and steel. Therefore, proportioning structural members by strength design
approach is based on the following assumptions:
1. Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing bars at the same level, provided that the bond
between the steel and concrete is adequate.
2. Strain in concrete is linearly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
3. The modulus of elasticity of all grades of steel is taken as Es = (200,000MPa or N/mm2). The stress
in the elastic range is equal to the strain multiplied by Es.
4. Plane cross sections continue to be plane after bending.
5. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected because (a) concrete’s tensile strength is about 10% of its
compressive strength, (b) cracked concrete is assumed to be not effective, and (c) before cracking,
the entire concrete section is effective in resisting the external moment.
6. The method of elastic analysis, assuming an ideal behavior at all levels of stress, is not valid. At high
stresses, non-elastic behavior is assumed, which is in close agreement with the actual behavior of
concrete and steel.
7. At failure the maximum strain at the extreme compression fibers is assumed equal to 0.003 by the
ACI Code provision.
8. For design strength, the shape of the compressive concrete stress distribution may be assumed
rectangular, parabolic, or trapezoidal. In this text, a rectangular shape will be assumed (ACI Code,
Section 22.2).
TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURE AND STRAIN LIMITS
Three types of flexural failure of a structural member can be expected depending on the percentage of
steel used as explained before.
It can be assumed that concrete fails in compression when the concrete strain reaches 0.003.A range of
0.0025 to 0.004 has been obtained from tests and the ACI Code, Section [Link], assumes a strain of
0.003.
In beams designed as tension-controlled sections, steel yields before the crushing of concrete. Cracks
widen extensively, giving warning before the concrete crushes and the structure collapses. The ACI Code
adopts this type of design. In beams designed as balanced or compression-controlled sections, the
concrete fails suddenly, and the beam collapses immediately without warning. The ACI Code does not
allow this type of design.
Strain Limits for Tension and Tension-Controlled Sections
The design provisions for both reinforced and pre-stressed concrete members are based on the concept of
tension or compression-controlled sections, ACI Code, Section 21.2. Both are defined in terms of net
tensile strain (NTS), (𝜀t , in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength, exclusive of pre-stress strain.
Moreover, two other conditions may develop: (1) the balanced strain condition and (2) the transition
region condition. These four conditions are defined as follows:
1. Compression-controlled sections are those sections in which the net tensile strain, NTS, in the
extreme tension steel at nominal strength is equal to or less than the compression-controlled strain
limit at the time when concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003,(𝜀c =
0.003). For grade 60 steel, (fy = 420 MPa), the compression-controlled strain limit may be taken as
a net strain of 0.002, Fig. a. This case occurs mainly in columns subjected to axial forces and
moments.
2. Tension-controlled sections are those sections in which the NTS, 𝜀t, is equal to or greater than
0.005 just as the concrete in the compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003, Fig. c.
3. Sections in which the NTS in the extreme tension steel lies between the compression controlled
strain limit (0.002 for fy = 420 MPa) and the tension-controlled strain limit of 0.005 constitute the
transition region, Fig. b.
4. The balanced strain condition develops in the section when the tension steel, with the first yield,
reaches a strain corresponding to its yield strength, fy or 𝜀s= fy/Es, just as the maximum strain in
concrete at the extreme compression fibers reaches 0.003, Fig. d.
In addition to the above four conditions, Section [Link] of the ACI Code indicates that the net tensile
strain, 𝜀t, at nominal strength, within the transition region, shall not be less than 0.004 for reinforced
concrete flexural members without or with an axial load less than 0.10 f′c Ag, where Ag=gross area of the
concrete section.
Note that dt in Fig. above, is the distance from the extreme concrete compression fiber to the extreme
tension steel, while the effective depth, d, equals the distance from the extreme concrete compression
fiber to the centroid of the tension reinforcement. These cases are summarized in Table below:
LOAD FACTORS
For the design of structural members, the factored design load is obtained by multiplying the dead load by
a load factor and the specified live load by another load factor. The magnitude of the load factor must be
adequate to limit the probability of sudden failure and to permit an economical structural design. The
choice of a proper load factor or, in general, a proper factor of safety depends mainly on the importance
of the structure (whether a courthouse or a warehouse), the degree of warning needed prior to collapse,
the importance of each structural member (whether a beam or column), the expectation of overload and
the accuracy of calculations.
Based on historical studies of various structures, experience, and the principles of probability, the ACI
Code adopts a load factor of 1.2 for dead loads and 1.6 for live loads. The dead-load factor load.
Moreover, the choice of factors reflects the degree of the economical design as well as the degree of
safety and serviceability of the structure. It is also based on the fact that the performance of the structure
under actual loads must be satisfactorily within specific limits.
If the required strength is denoted by U (ACI Code, Section 5.3.1), and those due to wind and seismic
forces are W and E, respectively, according to the ACI and ASCE 7-10 Codes (American society of civil
Engineering) , the required strength, U, shall be the most critical of the following factors:
1. In the case of dead, live, and wind loads,

U= 1.4 D
U= 1.2 D+ 1.6L
U= 1.2 D+ 1.0L+1.0 W
U= 0.9 D+1.0 W
U= 1.2 D+ (1.0L+0.5 W)

2. In the Case of Dead Load , Live and seismic load ( earthquake) forces , E

U= 1.2 D+ 1.0L+1.0E
U= 0.9 D+ 1.0E

3. For load combination due to roof live load , Lr , rain Load ,R, Snow load ,S, in additional to dead ,
live load , wind , and earthquake load:

U= 1.2 D + 1.6L+0.5 (Lr or S or R)

U= 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (1.0 L or 0.5 W)
U= 1.2 D + 1.0 W + 1.0 L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
U= 1.2 D + 1.E + 1.0 L+ 0.2 S
3. Where fluid load F is present, it shall be included as follows:
U= 1.4 ( D + F)
U= 1.2 D + 1.2F + (L or 0.5 W)+ 1.6(Lr or S or R)
U= 1.2 D + 1.2F + 1.0 W + L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
U= 1.2 D + 1.2F + 1.0 E + L + 0.2 S
U= 0.9 (D+F) + 1.0 E
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR 𝝓
The nominal strength of a section, say Mn, for flexural members, calculated in accordance
with the requirements of the ACI Code provisions must be multiplied by the strength
reduction factor, 𝜙, which is always less than 1. The strength reduction factor has several
purposes:
1 .To allow for the probability of understrength sections due to variations in dimensions,
material properties, and inaccuracies in the design equations.
2 .To reflect the importance of the member in the structure.
3 .To reflect the degree of ductility and required reliability under the applied loads
The ACI Code, Table 21.2.1, specifies the following values to be used
A higher 𝜙 factor is used for tension-controlled sections than for compression-controlled sections, because
the latter sections have less ductility and they are more sensitive to variations in concrete strength. Also,
spirally reinforced compression members have a 𝜙value of 0.75 compared to 0.65 for tied compression
members; this variation reflects the greater ductility behavior of spirally reinforced concrete members
under the applied loads. In the ACI Code provisions, the 𝜙 factor is based on the behavior of the cross
section at nominal strength, (Pn, Mn), defined in terms of the NTS, 𝜀t, in the extreme tensile strains, as
given below. For tension-controlled members,𝜙= 0.9. For compression-controlled members, 𝜙= 0.75
(with spiral reinforcement) and 𝜙= 0.65 for other members.

For tension-controlled sections 𝜙= 0.9

For Compression -controlled sections
a- with Spiral Reinforcement 𝜙= 0.75
b- other Reinforced member 𝜙= 0.65
For Plain Concrete 𝜙= 0.6
For Shear and Torsion 𝜙= 0.75
For Bearing on Concrete 𝜙= 0.65
For Strut and Tie model 𝜙= 0.75
A higher 𝜙 factor is used for tension-controlled sections than for compression-controlled sections, because
the latter sections have less ductility and they are more sensitive to variations in concrete strength. Also,
spirally reinforced compression members have a 𝜙 value of 0.75 compared to 0.65 for tied compression
members; this variation reflects the greater ductility behavior of spirally reinforced concrete members
under the applied loads. In the ACI Code provisions, the 𝜙 factor is based on the behavior of the cross
section at nominal strength, (Pn, Mn), defined in terms of the NTS, 𝜀t, in the extreme tensile strains, as
given in Table 1. For tension-controlled members,𝜙= 0.9. For compression-controlled members, 𝜙= 0.75
(with spiral reinforcement) and 𝜙= 0.65 for other members.
For the transition region, 𝜙may be determined by linear interpolation between 0.65 (or 0.75) and 0.9.
Figure 3.6a shows the variation of 𝜙for grade 60 steel ( 420 Mpa) . The linear equations are as follows:

∅= 0.75+ (𝜀 −0.002) (50) For Spiral Members

250
∅= 0.65+(𝜀 −0.002) ( ) For Other Members
3

Alternatively ∅ may be determined in the transition region , as a function of ( c/dt) for grade 60 (
fy 420 Mpa) steel as follows:

∅= 0.75+ 0.15 ( − ) … … ……….. For Spiral Members

/
∅= 0.65+ 0.15 ( − ) …………….. For Other Members
/
EQUIVALENT COMPRESSIVE STRESS DISTRIBUTION
The distribution of compressive concrete stresses at failure may be assumed to be a rectangle, trapezoid,
parabola, or any other shape that is in good agreement with test results.
When a beam is about to fail, the steel will yield first if the section is under reinforced, and in this case the
steel is equal to the yield stress. If the section is over reinforced, concrete crushes first and the strain is
assumed to be equal to 0.003, which agrees with many tests of beams and columns. A compressive force, C,
develops in the compression zone and a tension force, T, develops in the tension zone at the level of the
steel bars. The position of force T is known because its line of application coincides with the center of
gravity of the steel bars. The position of compressive force C is not known unless the compressive volume
is known and its center of gravity is located. If that is done, the moment arm, which is the vertical distance
between C and T, will consequently be known.
In Fig. above, if concrete fails, 𝜀c = 0.003, and if steel yields, as in the case of a balanced section, fs = fy.
The compression force C is represented by the volume of the stress block, which has the non-uniform shape
of stress over the rectangular hatched area of b*c. This volume may be considered equal to C = b c(𝛼1 f'c ),
where 𝛼1 f'c is an assumed average stress of the non-uniform stress block.
The position of compression force C is at a distance z from the top fibers, which can be considered as a
fraction of the distance c (the distance from the top fibers to the neutral axis), and z can be assumed to be
equal to 𝛼2 C, where 𝛼2 <1. The values of 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 have been estimated from many tests, and their values
are as follows:
𝛼1 = 0.72 for f'c ≤ (28MPa); it decreases linearly by 0.04 for every (7MPa) greater than (28 MPa)
𝛼1=0.72- 0.04* ( f’c-28)/7

for f'c < (28MPa); it decreases linearly by 0.025 for every (7MPa) greater than (28MPa)
𝛼2=0.425- 0.025* ( f’c-28)/7
The decrease in the value of 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 is related to the fact that high-strength concretes show more
brittleness than low-strength concretes.
To derive a simple rational approach for calculations of the internal forces of a section, the ACI Code
adopted an equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution, which was first proposed by C.S. Whitney
and checked by Mattock and others. A concrete stress of 0.85 f'c is assumed to be uniformly distributed
over an equivalent compression zone bounded by the edges of the cross section and a line parallel to the
neutral axis at a distance (a=𝛽1c) from the fiber of maximum compressive strain, where c is the distance
between the top of the compressive section and the neutral axis. The fraction 𝛽1 is 0.85 for concrete
strengths f'c ≤ (28MPa) and is reduced linearly at a rate of 0.05 for each (7MPa) of stress greater than
(28MPa) (Fig. 3.9), with a minimum value of 0.65.

𝜷1=0.85- 0.05* ( f’c-28)/7 ≤ 0.65

SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTION IN BENDING
The balanced condition is achieved when steel yields at the same time as the concrete fails, and that failure
usually happens suddenly. This implies that the yield strain in the steel is reached (𝜀y =fy/Es) and that the
concrete has reached its maximum strain of 0.003.
The percentage of reinforcement used to produce a balanced condition is called the balanced steel ratio,
𝜌b. This value is equal to the area of steel, As, divided by the effective cross section bd.
𝜌b= As ( balanced)/bd
Where:
b = width of compression face of member
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension reinforcement
Two basic equations for the analysis and design of structural members are the two equations of
equilibrium that are valid for any load and any section:
1 .The compression force should be equal to the tension force; otherwise, a section will have linear
displacement plus rotation:
C=T
2 .The internal nominal bending moment, Mn, is equal to either the compressive force, C, multiplied by its
arm or the tension force, T, multiplied by the same arm:
Mn = C(d − z) = T(d− z)
(Mu = 𝜙Mn after applying a reduction factor 𝜙)
The use of these equations can be explained by considering the case of a rectangular section with tension
reinforcement. The section may be balanced, under reinforced, or over reinforced, depending on the
percentage of steel reinforcement used.
Balanced Section
Let us consider the case of a balanced section, which implies that at maximum load the strain in
concrete equals 0.003 and that of steel equals the first yield stress at distance dt divided by the
modulus of elasticity of steel, fy/Es. This case is explained by the following steps.
Step 1. From the strain diagram

𝑪𝒃 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
=
𝒅𝒕 − 𝑪𝒃 𝒇𝒚
𝑬𝒔

From triangular relationships (where cb is c for a balanced section) and by adding the numerator
to the denominator,

𝑪𝒃 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
=
𝒅𝒕 𝒇𝒚
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 +
𝑬𝒔
If Es = 200000 Mpa
Then :

𝐶𝑏 = ( ) 𝑑𝑡 …………….(1)
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚

𝑇=𝐶 0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑎= ………….(2)
.

𝜷1C= a effective depth

While 𝜷1= 0.85 when fc’ <= 28 MPa

𝜌b= As ( balanced)/bd = Asb/b d Asb= 𝜌b*b*d……(3)

Substitute in eq. (2)

0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑓𝑦 𝜌b*b*d
. . (𝜷1c)
𝜌b = =
Cb from equation (1) then
. 𝜷1 𝒅𝒕
𝜌b = ( )( ) …….(4)
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
 While the nominal Moment Mn = C(d − z) = T(d− z)
and z = a/2
and 𝑎 =
.

Mn = C(d –a/2) = T(d− a/2)……………….(5)

Or Mn = As fy (d− a/2)
To get the usable design moment φMn, the previously calculated Mn must be reduced by the
capacity reduction factor:

𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
1.7𝑓 𝑐 𝑏

while 𝜌b= or 𝐴𝑠=𝜌b 𝑏𝑑 then :

𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝑓𝑦𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑑 −
1.7𝑓 𝑐 𝑏

∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝑓𝑦𝜌𝑏𝑑 1− … … ( 6)
.
Or ∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑅𝑢 𝑏𝑑
𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 1 − , 𝑎= lead to = ……..(7)
. . .
For 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚 =
.
then :

1
𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 1 − 𝜌 𝑚 … … . . (8)
2
Then :

. 𝜷1 𝒅𝒕 𝜷1
𝜌b = ( )( )= ( )( ) …….(9)
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚 𝒅

For one steel layer (d/dt) =1

Upper Limit of Steel Percentage
The upper limit ort he maximum steel percentage ρmax, that can be used in a singly reinforced concrete section in
bending is based on then net tensile strain in the tension steel, the balanced steel ratio, and the grade of steel used. The
relationship between the steel percentage ρ in the section and the net tensile strain ɛt ,is as follows:

𝑓𝑦
0.003 +
𝜀𝑡 = 𝐸𝑠 − 0.003
𝜌
𝜌𝑏
For fy=420 MPa and fy/Es= 0.002 then

0.005
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜌 − 0.003
𝜌𝑏

These expressions are obtained by referring to

Figure shown. For a balanced section,

𝑎 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑦 𝜌 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝐶 = = =
𝛽 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑏 𝛽 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝛽

Similarly for any steel Ratio ρ :

𝑐=
.
𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
 Divide both sides by d to get:

= ∗ … … … … . . (10)

From the triangles of the strain diagrams,

.
=
.
.
𝜀 = /
− 0.003 ………..(11)
Similarly:
.
= … … … … . . 12
. /

Substitute in eq. (10)

𝑐 𝜌 𝑐 𝜌 0.003
= = … … … … . . 13
𝑑 𝜌 𝑐 𝜌 𝑓𝑦
0.003 +
𝐸𝑠
Substitute in eq. (11)
. .
𝜀 = /
− 0.003 = − 0.003
 .
= ………..(14)
.

For fy=420 , Es= 200 Gpa, Fy/Es= 0.0021

.
= ……….
.

The limit for tension to control is 𝜀t ≥ 0.005 according to ACI. For 𝜀t = 0.005, becomes:

.
= ……….
.

.
= = = 0.625
.

𝜌 ≤ 0.6375𝜌 Tension Control

For design purpose 𝜀 =0.005 and :
𝜌≤𝜌 and 𝝓 =0.9

𝑓𝑦
0.003 +
𝜌 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜌 … . . (15)
0.008
When 𝜌 > 𝜌 section will be in transition state
then 𝝓 will be between 0.65 and 0.9

Previously :
𝝓Mn= Ru bd2 or Mn= Mn= Rn bd2
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 1 −
1.7𝑓 𝑐
𝑓𝑦
𝑚=
0.85𝑓 𝑐
Then 𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 1 − 𝜌 𝑚

𝜷1
𝜌b = ( )( )

For one steel layer (d/dt) =1, Fy = 420 MPa, f’c=28 MPa , ….. And m= 17.65
.
𝜌b = .
1 = 0.0283
𝑓𝑦
0.003 +
𝜌 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜌 … . . (15)
0.008

420
0.003 +
= 200000 𝜌 = 0.63375𝜌 = 0.63375 ∗ 0.0832 = 0.017935
b b
0.008
 1
𝑅𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑓𝑦 1 − 𝜌 𝑚
2 𝑚𝑎𝑥
1
𝑅𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9 0.017935 ∗ 420 1 − 0.017935 ∗ 17.65
2
𝑅𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.7

That’s mean when 𝜌 > 𝜌 𝜀 < 0.005

and ACI cod [Link] limited that should be not less than 0.004 in transition region

To keep enough ductility for beam when 𝜀 = 0.004

𝑓𝑦
𝜌 0.003 +
= 𝐸𝑠
𝜌 0.003 + 𝜀
𝜌 0.003 + 0.0021
=
𝜌 0.003 + 0.004
Then 𝜌 = 0.724𝜌
,

And ∅ calculated from

∅t= 0.65+(𝜀 -0.002) (250/3) and when 𝜀 =0.004
0.817 < ∅ ≤ 0.9 and
0.004 < 𝜀 ≤ 0.005
𝜌 = 0.0283 , Fy = 420 MPa, f’c=28 MPa , ….. and m= 17.65
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑡= 0.0724 *𝜌 = 0.0205
1
𝑅𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑡 = ∅𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑡 𝑓𝑦 1 − 𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑡 𝑚
2

𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑡 = 0.0205 ∗ 420 1 − 0.5 ∗ 0.0205 ∗ 17.65 = 7.05

𝑅𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑡 = 0.812 ∗ 7.05 = 5.76

This value is very close from 𝑅𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , so increase the steel over the max ratio at the transition region does not increased
effectively section capacity so its preferable to add steel ad compression zone instead of over the 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡
,
Example (1) : For the section shown below , calculate :
a- the balanced steel ratio.
b- the maximum reinforcement area allowed by ACI Code for a tension – controlled section and
transition region.
c- The position of the Neutral axis and the depth of the equivalent compressive stress block for
the tension – controlled section in b.
Given : f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 420 MPa,

Solution
𝜷1
a) 𝜌b = ( )( )

𝜷1= 0.85 for f’c <= 28 Mpa

d=dt d/dt = 1
𝑓𝑦 420
𝑚= = = 17.65
0.85𝑓 𝑐 0.85 ∗ 28
.
𝜌b = 1 = 0.0283
.

Asb= 𝜌b * b *d=0.0283 * 650 *400=7358 mm2

b) 𝜀 = 0.005 for tension control

. .
𝜌 = 𝜌 = ∗ 0.0283 = 0.01804
. .

As max= 𝜌max * b *d=0.018043 * 650 *400= 4690.4 mm2

For Transition region , 𝜀 = 0.004

. .
𝜌 , = 𝜌 = ∗ 0.0283 = 0.0219
. .
As max,t= 0.0219*400* 650= 5694 mm2

∅t= 0.65+(𝜀 -0.002) (250/3)= 0.65+(0.004-0.002) (250/3)=0.817

c) Block stress depth

C= T
.
0.85 f’c*a * b= As max. Fy ……. a= = 𝜌 𝑚. 𝑑
.
amax = 0.01804 ∗ 17.65 ∗ 650=206.96 mm

.
Or C= = = 243.48 mm
.
Example (2) : Determine the design moment strength and the position of the neutral axis of the
rectangular section shown below , if the reinforcement used is 4∅ 25 𝑚𝑚 , Given : f’c = 28 Mpa,
fy = 420 Mpa,

So;ution:

As= 4∅ 25 𝑚𝑚 = 4 ∗ 252 *π/4= 1960 mm2

𝜌= As/bd= 1960 / ( 300*540) = 0.012098

𝜌< 𝜌max = ( 0.018040 from Exa. 1) OK

Tension Control
So ∅= 0.9

C= T
0.85 f’c*a * b= As. Fy

0.85 * 28 *a * 300= 1960 * 420

a= 115.29mm Or a = 𝜌 m. d = 0.012098 * 17.65 * 540= 115.29 mm

.
C= = = 135.64 mm (𝜷1= 0.85 for f’c <= 28 Mpa)
.

dt= d ( one layer)

 .
𝜀= ∗ 𝜀 = .
* 0.003= 0.00894 > 0.005 o.k

Tension failure so φ=0.9

φ Mn=Mu= φT ( d-a/2)= φ As fy(d-a/2)

= 0.9 * 1960 * 420* ( 540 -115.29/2)= 357.37*106 N. mm = 357.37 KN.m

Example (3) : Repeat Example (2) Using As = 4∅ 32 𝑚𝑚 ( H.W)

Lower limit or Minimum Percentage of Steel

If the factored moment applied on abeam is very small and the dimensions of the
section are specified (as is sometimes required architecturally) and are larger
than needed to resist the factored moment , the calculation may show that very
small or no steel reinforcement is required. In this case, the maximum tensile
stress due to bending moment may be equal to or less than the modulus of
rupture of concrete fr. If no reinforcement is provided, sudden failure will be
expected when the first crack occurs, thus giving now warning. The ACI Code,
Section 9.6.1, specifies a minimum steel area, As min,

0.25 𝑓 𝑐 1.4
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = bw. d ≥ 𝑏𝑤. 𝑑 … … … … … 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑐 = 31 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = … … … … … … . . 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓 𝑐 < 31 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦
0.25 𝑓 𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = … … … … . 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑐 ≥ 31 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦
For T beam Section b= bw and the flange will be under tension like the cantilever beam :

0.25 𝑓 𝑐 1.4
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥. d ≥ 𝑥. 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
Where :
X= 2 bw or Bf whichever is smaller
bw = Width of web
bf= width of flange

ADEQUACY OF SECTIONS:

A given section is said to be adequate if the internal moment strength of the section is equal to or greater than the
externally applied factored moment, Mu, or φ Mn ≥ Mu. The procedures can be summarized as follows:
[Link] the external applied factored moment, Mu
Mu=1.2MD+1.6ML
[Link] φ Mn for the basic singly reinforced section:
a- Check that 𝜌 min ≤ 𝜌≤ 𝜌max
b. Calculate a=As fy∕(0.85f′cb) and check 𝜀 for φ.
c. Calculate φ Mn= φ Asfy (d−a/2).

3 If φ Mn ≥ Mu, then the section is adequate ; tension-controlled section.:

Example (4) : A 2.5 m Span cantilever beam has a rectangular section and reinforced as shown below , The beam carries
a dead load , including its self weight of 22 KN/m and a live load of 13 KN/m , using f’c=28 MPa, fy = 420 MPa. Check if
the beam is safe to carry above load.

Solution:

1- External Load
Wu= 1.2 D.L+ 1.6 L.L= 1.2 * 13+1.6 * 22= 50.8 KN/m
𝑊𝑢 𝑙 50.8 ∗ 2.5
𝑀𝑢 = = = 158.75 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2 2

𝜀
2- Check As φ22= 380 mm2
. ∗ ∗
𝑎= = = 100.6 𝑚𝑚
. ∗ . & ∗
𝑎
𝑐= = 118.35 𝑚𝑚
0.85
 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 = 400 mm, φ=0.9
.
𝜀 = 𝜀 = ∗ 0.003 = 0.00714 > 0.005 (𝜀 )
.

∗
Or check = = = 0.01425 < 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01804
∗

3- calculate the φMn= φAs fy (d-a/2)

.
φMn= 0.9 ∗ 3 ∗ 380 ∗ 420 ∗ 400 − = 150.69𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Other Solution
 = 0.01425 < 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01804
𝑓𝑦 420
𝑚= = = 17.65
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 0.85 ∗ 28
1
𝑅 = 𝑓𝑦 1 −  𝑚
2
= 0.01425*420(1-0.5*0.01425*17.65)=5.532 N/mm2

∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅R b 𝑑
= 0.9 ∗ 5.23 ∗ 200 ∗ 400 = 150.69 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Example (5) : A simply supported beam ha a span of 6 m . If the cross section is shown below , f’c=21 MPa, fy = 420
MPa determine the allowable uninform load live load on the beam assuming the dead load is due to self weight of the beam
, given b= 300 mm, h= 500 and reinforced with 5∅ 20 𝑚𝑚 1570 𝑚𝑚2 .

Solution
Find the centroid of steel area

3 ∗ 50 𝐴𝑠𝑏 + 2 ∗ 75 𝐴𝑠𝑏
𝑦 = = 60𝑚𝑚
5 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑏

dt=h -50= 500-50 =450

d=h-y’=500-60=440mm
𝛽1 600 𝑑𝑡
𝑏 =
𝑚 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑

𝑚= = =23.53 , 𝛽1=0.85 𝑓 𝑐 < 28 MPa

. . ∗

0.85 600 450

𝑏 =
17.65 600 + 420 440

𝑏 =0.02173

. /
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏 = 0.6375 𝑏 = 0.01385
.
 ∗
= = = 0.01189 < 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ok (φ=0.9)
∗

1.4 1.4
𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.003 <  = 0.01189 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑦 420

𝑚𝑖𝑛 <  < 𝑚𝑎𝑥

∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅R b 𝑑
1
𝑅 = 𝑓𝑦 1 −  𝑚
2
= 0.01189 ∗ 420 1 − ∗ 0.01189 ∗ 23.53 = 4.295

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 4.295 ∗ 300 ∗ 440 = 224.52 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Self weight of beam= 0.9*.5*1*24=3.6KN/m

. ∗
MDL= = 16.2 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Mu= 1.2 MDL+ 1.6 MLL
224.52=1.2*16.2+1.6*M.L
[Link]=128.175
𝑊𝑙 ∗ 6
𝑀𝐿𝐿 = 128.175 =
8
WLL=28.48 KN/m
 H.W
Example (6) : Check the design Adequacy of a factored moment Mu= 40.71 KN.m , using,
f’c=21 Mpa, fy = 280 MPa
Example (7) : Determine the design moment strength of section shown below , Given f’c=28 Mpa and
fy=420 Mpa and check the specification of the section according to ACI [Link] Mu= 40.71 KN.m ,
using, f’c=21 Mpa, fy = 280 MPa

Solution:
As = 4* 𝜋 = 1470 𝑚𝑚2
= = 𝑏𝑑 − 150 ∗ 100 = 300 ∗ 500 − 150 ∗ 100
= 150000 𝑚𝑚2
1470
= = 0.01089
135000

𝛽1 600 𝑑𝑡
𝑏 =
𝑚 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
dt=d=500 mm

𝑚= = =17.65
. . ∗
0.85 600
𝑏 = 1 = 0.0283
17.65 600 + 420

0.003 + 420/200000
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗ 0.0283 = 0.018041
0.003 + 0.005
 1.4 1.4
𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00333 ( 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 𝑐 < 31𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 420
𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00333 <  = 0.01089 < 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0184

𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 ∅ = 0.9

Assume stress block depth = a =100 mm

Compression area = a * b – 100 * 150

C=T
0.85 f’c Ac= As fy

∗
A c= . ∗
= 25941 𝑚𝑚2
Ac=a * b – 100 * 150=a*300-150*100
a=136.47 mm> 100 mm
136.47 100
300 ∗ 136.47 ∗ − 150 ∗ 100 ∗ ( )
𝑦 = 2 2 = 78.78 𝑚𝑚
300 ∗ 136.47 − 150 ∗ 100
The Moment Arm between C and T is :

d-𝑦 =500-78.78=421.22 mm
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑦
= 0.9 ∗ (1470 ∗ 420 ∗ 500 − 78.78 = 234.06 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Rectangular section with compression
reinforcement (Double Reinforced
section )
In concrete sections proportioned to resist the bending moments resulting from external loading on a
structural member, the internal moment is equal to or greater than the external moment, but a concrete
section of a given width and effective depth has a minimum capacity when 𝜌max is used. If the external
factored moment is greater than the design moment strength, more compressive and tensile
reinforcement must be added.
Compression reinforcement is used when a section is limited to specific dimensions due to architectural reasons, such
as a need for limited headroom in multistory buildings. Another advantage of compression reinforcement is that long-
time deflection is reduced, as is explained in Chapter 6. A third use of bars in the compression zone is to hold stirrups,
which are used to resist shear forces.
Two cases of doubly reinforced concrete sections will be considered, depending on whether compression steel yields or
does not yield.
1- When Compression Steel Yields
Internal moment can be divided into two moments, as shown in Fig. below. Let Mu1 be the moment produced by the
concrete compressive force and an equivalent tension force in steel, As1, acting as a basic section. Then Mu2 is the
additional moment produced by the compressive force in compression steel A s′ and the tension force in the additional
tensile steel, As2, acting as a steel section.

The moment Mu1 is that of a singly reinforced concrete basic section,

𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑐
𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦
𝑎= ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑎/2
0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏
∅𝑀1 = ∅ As1 fy ( d-a/2)
∅𝑀2 = ∅ As2 fy ( d-d’)

For ∅𝑀1: −
𝐴𝑠1
1 = 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙  max 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
𝑏𝑑
And 𝑓𝑠 = fy then
∅𝑀2 = ∅ As2 fy ( d-d’)
Or

T2=Cs

𝐴𝑠2. 𝑓𝑦 = As’ fy As’=As2

∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝑀𝑛1+ ∅𝑀𝑛2

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1+ 𝐴𝑠2 As1=As-As’

𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦 ( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑦
𝑎= =
0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏 0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏

𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠′ ∗ 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦( 𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2
. /
𝜌1= 𝜌 − 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏
.
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜌1= 𝜌 − 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎, 𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
And φ will be less than 0.9 , so:
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠′ ∗ 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − + 0.9𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦( 𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2

Noted that ( As-As’) ≤ 𝜌max,t *b*d

In the compression zone, the force in the compression steel is Cs = A′s(fy−0.85f′c) ,taking into account
the area of concrete displaced by A′[Link] this case,

T=As fy= Cc+Cs=0.85f′c a b+A′s (fy - 0.85 f′c)

As fy - A′s fy + 0.85 f′c A′s =0.85 f′c a b=Cc=As1 fy (for the basic section)

Divided by b d fy :
𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑠1
𝜌1 = 𝜌 − 𝜌 1 − 0.85 = 𝜌1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜌1 ≤
𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑
Therefore,
𝑓𝑐 0.003 + 𝑓𝑦/𝜀𝑡
𝜌1 = 𝜌 − 𝜌 1 − 0.85 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏
𝑓𝑦 0.008

This Eq. is more accurate than previous [Link] is quite practical to use both equations to check the
condition for maximum steel ratio in rectangular sections when compression steel yields.
The maximum total tensile steel ratio, ρ ,that can be used in a rectangular section when compression steel
yields is as follows:
Max ρ = ρ max+ ρ’

where ρ max is maximum tensile steel ratio for the basic singly reinforced tension controlled concrete
section. This means that maximum total tensile steel area that can be used in a rectangular section when
compression steel yield is as follows:

Max As=bd (ρmax+ ρ’)

In the preceding equations, it is assumed that compression steel yields. To investigate this condition, refer
to the strain diagram in Fig. Below. If compression steel yields, then :

𝑓𝑦
𝜀 ≥𝜀 =
𝐸
𝑐 0.003 600 600
= = 𝐶=( )𝑑
𝑑 0.005 − 𝑓𝑦/𝜀𝑡 600 − 𝑓𝑦 600 − 𝑓𝑦
 𝑎𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛:
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
As1 =As-As’ and 𝜌1 = 𝜌 − 𝜌′
( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
(𝜌 − 𝜌 )𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑓𝑐 𝑎
𝜌 − 𝜌 = 0.85
𝑓𝑦 𝑑
600
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝐶 = 𝛽1 𝑑
600 − 𝑓𝑦

𝑓𝑐 𝑑 600
𝜌 − 𝜌 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 600 − 𝑓𝑦

𝛽1 𝑑 600
𝜌−𝜌 ≥
𝑚𝑑 600 − 𝑓𝑦

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∶
( )
𝜌−𝜌 is the steel ratio for the single reinforced basic section = =
Example (8) : A rectangular beam section have a width of 300 mm, and an effective depth d=570 mm to
centroid of tension steel . Tension steel consist of 6∅ 28 𝑚𝑚 in two layers. Compression reinforcement
consist of 2∅ 22 𝑚𝑚, and d’= 50 mm as shown below . Calculate the design moment strength of the
beam , Given f’c=28 Mpa and fy=420 Mpa.
Solution : Check if the compression steel yields :
𝐴𝑆 6 ∗ 28 𝜋/4
𝜌= = = 0.02158
𝑏𝑑 300 ∗ 570
22 𝜋
𝐴𝑠 2 ∗
𝜌′ = = 4 = 0.00444
𝑏𝑑 300 ∗ 570

1- 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝜌−𝜌 ≥
𝑓𝑦 420
𝛽1 = 0.85 , m= = = 17.65
0.85𝑓 𝑐 0.85 ∗ 28
0.85 ∗ 50 600
0.01714 ≥ = 0.01408
17.65 ∗ 570 600 − 420
Then : 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦 ( O.K.)

2- Check 𝜌 − 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛽1 600 𝑑𝑡 0.85 600
𝑏 = = 1 = 0.02982
𝑚 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 17.65 600 + 420

. / . /
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏 = 0.6375 𝑏 = 0.0190
. . .

𝜌 − 𝜌 = 0.01714 ≤ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.019

Tension Control so: φ=0.9
3- calculate φMn

𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠′ ∗ 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦( 𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2

𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦 ( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑦 ( 3690 − 760)𝑓𝑦

𝑎= = = = 172.35 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏 0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 300

∅𝑀𝑛=0.9[(3690-760)*420*(570-172.3/2)+760*420*(760-50)]
= 822.02 KN.m

4- Another way to check the yield in compression steel

𝑎 172.35
𝑐= = = 202.76 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85

𝜀𝑠′ 𝑐 − 𝑑′
=
𝜀𝑐 𝑐
.
𝜀𝑠 = ∗ 0.003 = 0.00226 > 𝜀𝑦 = 0.002
.

5- Check 𝜀𝑡
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 600 − 202.76
𝜀𝑡 = ∗ 𝜀𝑐 = ∗ 0.003 = 0.005877 > 0.005
𝑐 202.76
5- Check The Maximum Tension steel Area for this section :
Max As= (𝑚𝑎𝑥+ ′)𝑏𝑑 = (0.019 + 0.00444) ∗ 300 ∗ 570 = 4008.24 𝑚𝑚2
Steel Compression Dose Not Yield
As was explained earlier, if:
𝛽1𝑑′ 600
𝜌−𝜌 ≥
𝑚𝑑 600 − 𝑓𝑦

Then compression steel does not yield. This indicates that if ρ − ρ is greater than the value of the right-hand
side in above eq., So the solution can be done depend on static analysis . The stress in compression steel can
be calculated in two method :
1- direct method
2- indirect method ( Iterative method)

1- direct method

𝐴1 𝑎2 − 𝐵𝑎 − 𝐶 = 0
𝐴1 = 1,
600
𝐵 =𝑚𝑑 𝜌− 𝜌
𝑓𝑦
600
𝐶= 𝛽 𝑚 𝑑 𝑑′𝜌
𝑓𝑦 1
𝑎= 𝐵+ 𝐵 +4𝐴𝐶 , 𝐶=
 Then Stress can be calculated :

𝑓 𝑠 = 600 ≤ 𝑓𝑦

2- indirect method ( Iterative method)

𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 for double reinforced section ( DRS):

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑠
𝑎= 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑏
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓 𝑠𝑖 = 600 ≤ 𝑓𝑦 , c = a/𝛽 −−−− −𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎
𝑐
Compare this value 𝑓 𝑠𝑖 with first one (𝑓 𝑠)
If its not same then re-calculate a using 𝑓 𝑠𝑖 and continue until obtain approximately equal
𝑓 𝑠 in last two step. After obtain 𝑓 𝑠 then can calculate the Cs and Cc
Cc= 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠

𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝐶𝑐 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑠( 𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2
When 𝑓 𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

Max As= (ρ max b d+ 𝐴 𝑠 )

=(ρ max + 𝜌 ) 𝑏𝑑

Maxρ = ≤ ( max + 𝜌 )

𝑓𝑠
( − 𝜌 ) ≤  max
𝑓𝑦
 max: maximum steel ratio for single beam section under tension controlled

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑏
And : ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑑 − + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 ( 𝑑 − 𝑑 )
Example (9) : Determine the design moment strength of the section shown below , using f’c= 35 Mpa , fy = 420 Mpa.
As= 6∅ 32 𝑚𝑚 ( two layer ) and 𝐴 𝑠 = 3∅ 25 𝑚𝑚.

Solution
1-Calculate  and 𝜌

∗
𝜌= = = 0.02418
∗

𝐴′𝑆 3 ∗ 490
𝜌 = = = 0.007368
𝑏𝑑 350 ∗ 570
2- m= 14.12 ,
𝛽 1= 0.8 for f’c = 35 Mpa

𝛽1𝑑 600
𝜌−𝜌 ≥
𝑚𝑑 600 − 𝑓𝑦

. ∗
= 0.02417-0.007368 ≥ ∗
. ∗
0.016812≤ 0.0215

Then 𝑓 𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
𝛽1 600 𝑑𝑡 0.8 600 600
𝑏 = = = 0.03508
𝑚 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 14.12 600 + 420 570

0.003 + 𝑓𝑦/𝐸𝑐 0.003 + 420/200000

𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏 = ∗ 0.03508 = 0.0224
0.003 + 𝜀𝑡 0.003 + 0.005
𝜌 − 𝜌 < 𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 Tension controlled φ=0.9

3- calculate ∅𝑀𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠

𝐶𝑐 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝛽1 ∗ 𝐶 = 0.8 𝐶

𝐶𝑐 = 0.85 35 ∗ 0.8 𝐶 ∗ 350 = 8330 C N

𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 − 0.85 𝑓 𝑐
𝑐−𝑑 𝑐 − 65
𝑓 𝑠 = 600 = 600
𝑐 𝑐
Therefore : 𝐶𝑠 = 1470 600 − 0.85 ∗ 28
𝑐 − 65
= 882000 − 43732.5
𝑐
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 = 6 ∗ 804 ∗ 420 = 2026080 𝑁
4- Internal Forces
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠
2026080 = 𝐶 + 882000 ∗ − 43732.5
2026080 C= 8330 𝐶 + 882000 𝐶 − 65 ∗ 882000 − 43732.50𝐶
8330𝐶 − 1187812.5 𝐶 − 57330000 = 0

C= 180.68 mm
a= 𝛽1* C= 0.8*180.68=144.54 mm

Or Using Direct Method

𝐴1 𝑎2 − 𝐵𝑎 − 𝐶 = 0
𝐴1 = 1,
600
𝐵=𝑚𝑑 𝜌− 𝜌
𝑓𝑦
600
𝐶= 𝛽1 𝑚 𝑑 𝑑′𝜌
𝑓𝑦
1
𝑎= 𝐵+ 𝐵 +4𝐴𝐶
2

𝑎= 𝑚𝑑 𝜌− 𝜌 + 𝑚𝑑 𝜌− 𝜌 + 4 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 𝛽1 𝑚 𝑑 𝑑′𝜌 , 𝐶=

1 600
= 14.12 ∗ 570 0.02418 − ∗ 0.007368
2 420

600 600
+ 14.12 ∗ 570 0.02418 − ∗ 0.007368 +4∗ ∗ 0.8 ∗ 14.12 ∗ 570 ∗ 65 ∗ 0.007368
420 420

𝑎
𝑎 = 141.11 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐= = 176.39𝑚𝑚
𝛽1
Or Using In Direct Method ( iterative method ) both method dose not subtract the term ( 0.85 f’c)

-Calculate a
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠
𝑎= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑏

4824 ∗ 420 − 1470 ∗ 420

𝑎= = 135.29 𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∗ 35 ∗ 350
𝑎 135.29
𝑐= = = 169.11𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.8
𝑐−𝑑 169.11 − 65
𝑓 𝑠 = 600 = 600 = 369.33 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑐 169.11
4824 ∗ 420 − 1470 ∗ 369.33
𝑎= = 142.44 𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∗ 35 ∗ 350

𝑎 142.44
𝑐= = = 178.04 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.8

𝑐−𝑑 178.04 − 65
𝑓 𝑠 = 600 = 600 = 381 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 178.04
4824 ∗ 420 − 1470 ∗ 381
𝑎= = 140.79 𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∗ 35 ∗ 350
𝑎 140.79
𝑐= = = 176 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.8
𝑐−𝑑 176 − 65
𝑓 𝑠 = 600 = 600 = 378.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑐 178.04
4824 ∗ 420 − 1470 ∗ 378
= 141.21 𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∗ 35 ∗ 350
𝑎 141.21
𝑐= = = 176.5 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.8

5- Calculate f’s , Cc and Cs

𝑐−𝑑 176.5 − 65
𝑓 𝑠 = 600 = 600 = 379.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 176.5

𝐶𝑐 = 0.85 35 ∗ 0.8 𝐶 ∗ 350 = 8330 C = 8330 ∗ 176.5 = 1470245 N

𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 − 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 = 1470 379.1 − 0.85 ∗ 35 = 513544 𝑁

6- Calculate ∅Mn
.
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝐶𝑐 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑠( 𝑑 − 𝑑 ) = 0.9 1470245 570 − + 513544( 570 − 65)
= 894222 065 N.m
= 894.22 KN.m
7- Check that 𝜌 − 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

0.02418-0.007368 ( 379.1/420)=0.01753 < ρmax = 0.02236 ( O. K. )

The maximum total tension steel can be used in this is calculated by :

Max As= (ρ max + ρ’ )bd

= ( 0.02236+0.007368*(379.1/420)*350*570= 5787 mm2

8- Let Check 𝜀𝑡 as follow:

C= 176.5𝑚𝑚 , dt= 600 mm

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 600 − 176.5
𝜀𝑡 = ∗ 0.003 = = 0.0072 > 0.005 𝑂. 𝐾 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙
𝑐 176.5
ANALYSIS OF T-AND I-SECTIONS

It is normal to cast concrete slabs and beams together, producing a monolithic structure.
Slabs have smaller thicknesses than beams. Under bending stresses, those parts of the
slab on either side of the beam will be subjected to compressive stresses, depending on
the position of these parts relative to the top fibers and relative to their distances from the
beam. The part of the slab acting with the beam is called the flange, and it is indicated in
Fig. below a by area b*t. The rest of the section confining the area (h−t) bw is called the
stem, or web.
In an I-section there are two flanges, a compression flange, which is actually effective,
and a tension flange, which is ineffective because it lies below the neutral axis and is thus
neglected completely. Therefore, the analysis and design of an I-beam is similar to that of
a T-beam.
Floor systems with slabs and beams are placed in monolithic pour.
Slab acts as a top flange to the beam;
1- T-beams
2- Inverted L(Spandrel) Beams.
Positive and Negative Moment Regions in a T-beam
If the neutral axis falls within the slab
depth analyze the beam as a rectangular
beam, otherwise as a T-beam.
Effective width (be)
be is width that is stressed uniformly to give the same compression force
actually developed in compression zone of width b(actual)
1-From ACI 318, 2014 Section [Link]
T Beam Flange:
L
be ≤
4
be≤ 16hf + bw
b e ≤ b ( c le a r d is ta n c e to n e x t w e b )
2-From ACI 318, 2014 Section [Link]
Inverted L Shape Flange
L
be ≤ + bw
12
be ≤ 6hf + bw
be ≤ b = bw + 0.5* ( clear distance to next web )
3-From ACI 318, 2014 Section [Link]

Isolated T-Beams bw
hf ≥
2
be ≤ 4b w
The analysis of a T-section is similar to that of a doubly reinforced concrete section, considering an area of
concrete (be−bw)*t as equivalent to the compression steel area A′s. The analysis is divided into two parts, as
shown in Fig. below.
1. A singly reinforced rectangular basic section , bw *d ,and steel reinforcement As1. The compressive
force, C1, is equal to 0.85f′c a bw, the tensile force, T1, is equal to As1fy, and the moment arm is equal
to d−a/2.
2. A section that consists of the concrete over hanging flange sides 2×[(be−bw) hf]/2 developing the
additional compressive force (when multiplied by 0.85f′c) and a moment arm equal to d−hf/2. If Asf is
the area of tension steel that will develop a force equal to the compressive strength of the overhanging
flanges, then
𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏𝑒 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓
𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 0.85𝑓 𝑐 ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑒 − 𝑏𝑤 /𝑓𝑦

The total steel used in the T-section As is equal to As1+Asf, or:

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓
The T-section is in equilibrium, so C1=T1, C2=T2, and C=C1+C2=T1+T2=T. Considering equation C1=T1 for
the basic section, then As1fy=0.85f′c a bw or (As−Asf) fy=0.85f′c a bw; therefore,

𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏𝑤
Note that bw is used to calculate a. The factored moment capacity of the section is the sum of the two moments
Mu1 and Mu2:

∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢1 + 𝑀𝑢2

𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑢1 = ∅𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = ∅ 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − )
2 2
𝐴𝑠1 = (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓) and
𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏𝑤

ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢2 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2
𝑎 ℎ𝑓
∅ 𝑀𝑛 = ∅[(𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓)𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )]
2 2
Considering the web section bw *d, the net tensile strain (NTS), ɛt, can be calculated from a, c, and dt as follows:
If c=a/𝜷1 and dt=h−62.5., then ɛt =0.003[(dt−c)/c]. For tension-controlled section in the web, ɛt ≥0.005. The
design moment strength of a T-section or I- section can be calculated from the preceding equation above .It is
necessary to check the following:
[Link] total tension steel ratio relative to the web effective area is equal to or greater than ρ min:

𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑤 = ≥ 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑏𝑤 𝑑

0.25 𝑓 𝑐 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
2. Also, check that the NTS is equal to or greater than 0.005 for tension-controlled sections.
[Link] maximum tension steel (Max As) in a T-section must be equal to or greater than the steel ratio used, As, for
tension-controlled sections, with ∅ =0.9.
Max As= Asf (Flange) + 𝜌 max (bw d) (web)

1
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑠 = 0.85𝑓 𝑐 ℎ𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦

In steel ratios , relative to the web only, divide by bw d:

 As Asf
𝜌w= ( ) ≤ (𝜌max + )
bw d bw d

𝜌w−𝜌𝑓 ≤ 𝜌max( web)

where 𝜌max is the maximum steel ratio for the basic singly reinforced web section and
𝜌𝑓=Asf/bw d.
Example (10) :A series of reinforced concrete beams spaced at , 2.15 [Link] centers have a simply supported span of 4.6 m.
The beams support a reinforced concrete floor slab 100 mm thick. The dimensions and reinforcement of the beams are
shown in Fig. below .Using f′c=21 Mpa and fy=420 Mpa , determine the design moment strength of a typical interior
beam.
Solution
[Link] the effective flange width be. The effective flange width is the smallest of:

be=L/4=4.6/4= 1150 mm
be=16 hf +bw =(16×100)+ 250=1850 mm.
be=Center to center of adjacent slabs = 2.15 m
Therefore be= 1150 mm
[Link] the depth of the stress block. If the section behaves as a rectangular one, then these stress block lies within
the flange. In this case, the width of beam used is equal to 1150 mm.

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 1470 ∗ 420
𝑎= = = 30.01 ℎ𝑓 = 100𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑏𝑒 0.85 ∗ 21 ∗ 1150
therefore ,it is a rectangular section.

[Link] that:
𝐴𝑠 1.4
𝜌𝑤 = ≥ 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 𝑐 < 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑓𝑦

1470
𝜌𝑤 = = 0.0148 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0033
250 ∗ 400

4. Check ɛt :a=30.01 mm .,C=30.01/0.85=35.31 mm ,dt=d=400 mm.

ɛt =0.003[(dt−c)/c]= [( 400-35.31)/35.31]* 0.003= 0.03098 > 0.005
Tension Controlled and φ= 0.9
5. Calculate ∅ 𝑀𝑛
𝑎 30.01
∅ 𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.9 ∗ 1470 ∗ 420 (400 − = 213.93 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2 2
[Link] that As used is less than or equal to Max As

Max As= Asf+ 𝜌 max (bw d)

0.85𝑓 𝑐 ℎ𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝐴𝑠 = + 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦

𝛽1 600 𝑑𝑡 0.85 600

𝑏 = = 1 = 0.02125
𝑚 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 23.53 600 + 420

. .
𝜌 = 𝜌 = *0.02125=0.01354
. .

0.85 ∗ 21 ∗ 100 1150 − 250

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝐴𝑠 = + 0.01354 250 ∗ 400 = 5175 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 1470 𝑚𝑚2 𝑂. 𝐾.
420
DIMENSIONS OF ISOLATED T-SHAPED SECTIONS
In some cases, isolated beams with the shape of a T-section are used in which additional compression area is provided to
increase the compression force capacity of sections. These sections are commonly used as prefabricated units. The ACI
Code, Section [Link], specifies the size of isolated T-shaped sections as follows:
[Link] thickness, t, shall be equal to or greater than one-half of the width of the web ,bw.
[Link] Flange width b shall be equal to or less than four times the width of the web, bw.
INVERTED L-SHAPEDSECTIONS
In slab beam girder Floors, the end beam is called a spandrel beam. This type of Floor has part of the slab on one side of the
beam and is cast monolithically with the beam. The section is un symmetrical under vertical loading (Fig.3.36a). The loads on
slab S1 cause torsional moment uniformly distributed on the spandrel beam B1.. The over hanging Flange width (b- bw) of a
beam with the Flange on one side only is limited by the ACI Code, Section [Link],to the smallest of the following:
1. be = L/12 be= 6000/12=500 mm ( controlled )
2. be= 6* hf + bw. be= 6 * 150 +300=1200 mm
3. be = b be= 3700/2+300=2150 mm
Example (12) : Calculate the design moment strength of the precast concrete section shown below using f′c=
28 MPA and fy=420 MPa .
Solution:
[Link] section behaves as a rectangular section with b= 350 mm and d= 610-62.5=
547.5 mm. Note that the width b is that of the section on the compression side.

[Link] that ρ=As/bd =5*615/(350*547.5)=0.01605,

.
𝑏 = = 1 = 0.02834
.

. .
𝜌 = 𝜌 = *0.02834=0.01807 < ρ= 0.01605
. .

1.4 1.4
𝜌 = = = 0.00333
𝑓𝑦 420
So its tension-controlled sections. Therefore φ=0.9. Also ρ > ρmin
min=[Link], ρ is within the limits of a tension-controlled
section.

[Link]∶ a
𝑎 = As fy ∕ (0.85f′cb)=5*615 ∕(0.85×28×350)=155.04 mm.

φ Mn= φ As fy (d−a/2) =0.9× 5*615 (547.5-155.04/2)=546.28 KN.m