1. Write short notes on Industrial pollution? What are the different types of pollution?
Explain about Water pollution and its control.
A) Pollution: is the presence of any substance in air, water, soil, or food which
threatens the health of human, animal and plant life. Pollution often results
from pollutants like carbon monoxide, but can also arise from street lights or
the noise from traffic.
Industrial pollution is the pollution which can be directly linked with industry.
Industrial activities are a major source of air, water and land pollution, leading
to illness and loss of life all over the world.
Types of pollution: Water, air, land and noise pollution
Water pollution
The presence of dissolved inorganic materials, organic materials such as proteins,
fats, carbohydrates found in domestic and industrial waters.
Physical pollution like turbidity, colour, temperature, radioactivity etc.
Inorganic pollution: Alkalis, acids, inorganic salts and other chemicals formed
during processing lead to inorganic pollution. these chemicals are toxic to aquatic
life.
Sources: paper &pulp, tanneries, textiles, and coke-ovens, pharmaceutical industries
also produce large quantities of free acids and neutralized chemicals during
different unit processes. Chromates, phosphates, ammonia and urea found in
effluents from fertilizer industries.
Pollution due to mercury in chlor- alkali industries.
Organic pollution: Presence of high molecular weight compounds such as sugars,
oils , fats and proteins.
Sources: distillery, canning, sugar and food processing industries.
Oil spillage from tankers and ships leads to the pollution of beaches.
Wastes from pharmaceutical, petrochemical and coke ovens contain phenols which
are toxic to fish, microorganisms and other aquatic life.
Liquid effluents from industries manufacturing drugs, dyestuffs, pesticides and
detergents can also be toxic.
Detergents which are not biodegradable leads to a lot of foaming and frothing.
Physical pollution: Turbidity: colloidal matter like clay particles, milk wastes etc.
Inhibit the penetration of light, limiting photosynthesis by microorganisms.
Color pollution: also cuts off the sunlight required for photosynthesis.
Synthetic detergents: gives rise to foams that are quite stable due to the presence
of surfactants. these foams have the capacity to carry suspended solids as well as
pathogenic bacteria.
Thermal pollution: is due to the high temperature of liquid wastes from power
stations.
It is most desirable that industrial liquid effluents are pretreated or removing
undesirable chemicals before discharge on the land, and in rivers, seas or public
sewers.
Waste water treatment:
Preventive measures
Curative measures
Preventive: Volume reduction & Strength reduction, reducing the volume of waste
water can be achieved by conservation of water used in the process. Segregation of
different streams in the water, Recycling and reusing water [Link] reduction
can be achieved by modification of the equipment and process changes, recovery of
important byproducts from waste streams.
Curative measures: actual treatment of liquid effluents by physical, chemical and
biological methods.
Physical methods: like clarification methods removing solid and liquid effluents
based on the density difference. evaporation followed by incineration,
crystallization, solvent extraction for ex. The phenol from coke oven and
pharmaceuticals liquid effluents can be extracted by benzene.
Other physical methods like advanced waste water treatment methods like reverse
osmosis, electro dialysis, filtration ,foam separation, porous bed filtration,
adsorption etc. they help in removing fine particles, organic and inorganic dissolved
chemicals, resulting better quality of water for reuse or disposal., some useful
chemicals can also be recovered.
2. Write short notes on Air ,Land and Noise pollution and its control.
A). Natural causes: due to increased industrialization and urbanization. In nature ,
thousands of tonnes of dust, sand and obnoxious gases are carried from one place to
another by wind, cyclones,volcanic eruptions and forest fires.
Man made: poor town planning and random urbanization and industrialization. A
healthy inhales about 16.5 kg air/ day, if this air is polluted the intake of oxygen is
[Link] of materials by acid mist and acidic gases like SO2, CO2 and NOX
can be very [Link] is greater in humid atmospheres and in areas where rains
are [Link] pollution also occurs from process industries such as H2SO4,
HNO3,cement ,chlor alkali and plastic industries etc.
1. Particulate matter:(0.001 micron for fumes and as high as 1000 microns for
grinding operations)Presence of these PM in the atmosphere include health hazards
to lungs, reduced visibility and solar radiation and chemical reactions in the
atmosphere.
Sources; grinding, atomization, blasting etc.
Dusts: 1-100 microns
Aerosols:` smaller than 1 micron
Smoke; 0.001 and 1 micron
Fumes, mists, fog, smog is a combination of natural fog and man made smoke.
Gaseous pollutants: Such as SO2,Cl2, NOX,CO2, CO ,mercury or organic vapor
dispersed in air.
Another source emission from automobiles. Ex; CO, NOX, hydrocarbons, PM,and
trace quantities of SO2, formaldehyde and lead.
LAND POLLUTION:
It occurs due to urbanization and increase in population.
Ex; garbage, waste paper, packing materials etc.
These are scattered at different locations and need to be collected and disposed
properly.
In India the per capita production of solid waste is 0.45 kg/day in urban areas.
It occurs when deforestation is carried out on a large scale, agricultural operations
are extended to forest and mountain areas, large areas covered with green
vegetation are submerged in water by the construction of dams, hundreds of
millions of tonnes of coal, oil, ores, stones, sand and other materials are mined and
transported.
Erosion of fertile surface layers by floods and ever increasing silting of canals, rivers,
and dams.
Noise pollution: Has recently been recognized as a [Link] thickly populated
areas.
Determination noise levels include the intensity and frequency of noise periods of
exposure and duration of [Link] is expressed in decibels dBa
Sources; industries include metal fabrication processes like pressing, grinding,
chipping etc.
High pressure burners in furnaces, turbines, compressors , pumps etc. The best way
to control is at the source. Proper choice of equipment. Modification in the design
and operation of the equipment. Modification of automobile engines, proper town
planning, strict legal and administrative measures.
