CDI 100-FUNDAMENTAL OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

Etymology of Investigation
1. The term came from the Latin word INVESTIGARE (vestigare in some books) which means “to track
or to look into for traces”.
2. Fundamentally, it may have been derived from VESTIGIUM, another Latin word which means
footprint. (MS Encarta Reference Library, 2009)
3. Criminal Investigation came from the Latin term Investigat, which means “to inquire or to discover”
during the 5th century (Microsoft® Encarta® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation).
Glossary of Criminal Investigation
1. Investigation refers to the process of carrying out a detailed examination or inquiry usually in official
manner, to discover something or somebody.
2. Criminal Investigation is a logical process of collection and analysis of facts about persons, things
and places relative to a crime. It includes: a. Identification of the guilty party b. The location of the whereabouts
of the guilty party, and c. Providing admissible evidence to establish the guilt of the parties involved in the
crime.
3. Criminal investigation is an undertaking that seeks, collects, and gathers evidence of a crime for a
case or specific purpose
4. Custodial Investigation - investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a person has been
arrested or deprived of his freedom of action
5. Neighborhood Investigation - one of the most crucial steps in kidnap for ransom cases which is often
overlooked. The objective is to identify and interview in person all individuals in the area where the victim was
kidnapped or last known sighting area during the window of opportunity. (last time seen until the time
discovered missing.
Crime scene - a venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been committed
Corpus delicti - (latin for the body of the crime) used to describe the physical or material evidence that a crime
has been committed. ex. corpse of a murder victim.
Confession - is an express acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the truth of his guilt
as to the offense charge
Admission - refers to statement of facts not directly constituting an acknowledgement of guilt.
Organized criminal group - a structured group of three or more persons existing
Organized crime - a combination of two or more persons who are engaged in a criminal or virtual criminal
activity on a continuing basis for the purpose of profit or power using gangland style to attain their purpose.
Physical evidence - evidenced addressed to the senses of the court that are capable of being exhibited,
examined or viewed by the court. This includes but not limited to fingerprints, body fluid, explosives, hazardous
chemicals, soil/burned debris, bombs, electronic parts used in the commission of the crime.
Victimology/victim profiling - a detailed account of the victims lifestyle and personality, assist in determining
the nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim and the type of person who could have committed
the crime. Complete information regarding the victims physical description, normal behavior patterns, the
family dynamics and known friends and acquaintances should be obtained as soon as possible.
Miranda vs. Arizona - Ernesto Miranda had confessed to rape and kidnapping, after two hour interrogation.
Because the interrogators failed to inform Miranda of his right to counsel and remain silent, his conviction was
overturned.
Waterboarding - refers to the practice of strapping a suspect to a board with his or her head lowered, then the
face is covered and water is poured over it causing the suspect to gag and experience the sensation of
drowning.
Chinese water torture - interrogation technique, repeatedly dripping water on the forehead of the suspect.
The goal is to drive the suspect to near insanity thereby obtaining a confession.
Serial Killer - is someone who murders 3 or more people with "cooling off" periods in between.
Police Blotter - is an 18" x 12" logbook with hard bound cover that contains the daily register of all crime
incident reports, official summary of arrests and other significant events reported in a police station. A separate
police blotter shall be maintained for offenses requiring confidentiality like violence against women and children
and those cases involving a child in conflict with the law to protect their privacy pursuant to RA 9262 (anti
violence against women and children act of 2004) and RA 9344 ( juvenile justice and welfare act of 2006).
Criminal Investigation As;
 An art based on intuition and sometimes by chance.
 A science because it involves the application of knowledge of forensic sciences
 A process because it involves systematic procedure.
What is Criminal Investigator?
Criminal investigator - is the superstar in the process of investigation. He must be capable of observation and
a rational thinker. Many times, a police investigator is being tested with his discretion.
Roles of Investigator
 Determine whether a crime has been committed
 Identify the victim/s and the offender
 Locate and apprehend the accused
 Present evidence of guilt for the suspect/s
 Assist in case follow-up
Qualities of a Criminal Investigator
 Perseverance - bring the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles.
 Endurance is the ability to last physically and mentally.
 Incorruptible Honesty and Integrity.
 The intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon. Investigator could easily decipher falsehood from truth and
separate the gain from the chaff.
 Acting Ability is the ability to go down to the level of different types of individuals
 Mastery of the Oral and Written Communication
 The Keen Power of Observation and Description
 Courage is the moral fortitude to tell the truth no matter who will be hurt.
 Working Knowledge of laws
 The power to “read between the lines.” This is the ability of the investigator to interpret the words or
phrases encountered in the process of investigation.
 Working knowledge of martial arts and firearms proficiency
Desirable Traits of the Investigator
1. Superior Reasoning Ability is the ability to analyze logically a multitude of facts and determine how they
interrelate is basic to the investigative process. Elements from the foundation of the critical thinking process:
 Differentiating between fact and opinion.
 Determining cause-and-effect relationships
 Determining the accuracy and completeness of information presented.
 Recognizing logical fallacies and faulty reasoning.
 Developing inferential skills through deductive or inductive reasoning
2. Imagination and Curiosity
 Imagination means forming mental images of what is not present.
 Curiosity is the desire to learn by being inquisitive.
3. Intuition
 This is the immediate apprehension or cognition – quick and ready insight without the conscious use of
reasoning.
4. Observational Ability
 Under most circumstances, the investigator will use the sense of seeing and hearing, the former being
the more significant.
5. Organizational Ability
 The police investigator is continually processing various types of information.
6. Legal Knowledge
 Today’s investigator must possess a solid grounding in criminal and to a lesser degree, in civil law.
7. Cultural Understanding and a Wide Range of Interest
 An awareness and understanding of cultures different from the investigator’s own can be of great
advantage.
8. Persistence
 Continuing in the face of opposition or refusing to give up when faced with an adverse situation.
Phases of Criminal Investigation
Purpose of Criminal Investigation
 To determine whether a crime has been committed;
 To legally obtain information or evidence;
 To identify persons involved in the crime;
 To arrest suspects ;
 To recover stolen properties;
 To present the best possible case to the prosecutor.
Kinds of Criminal Investigation
 Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention; and
 Investigation while the suspect is “at large”. It means that the suspect is not under arrest or detention,
as distinguished from fugitive from justice.
Four Phases of Criminal Investigation
 The identification of criminal.
 The criminal is traced, located and arrested.
 The facts or evidence to prove the guilt of the accused are gathered. 4. Pieces of evidence are
presented in court.
Components of Criminal Investigation
 PATTERN. Refers to a series of similarities that may link particular cases or indicate that the same
person is committing a series of crimes.
 LEADS. These are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an investigation.
 TIPS. Specifically refer to leads provided by the citizens that aid in the progress of an investigation.
  THEORIES. Beliefs regarding the based on the evidence, patterns, leads, tips and other information
developed and uncover in the case.

Three Categories of Criminal Investigation

1. Training being a critical factor in developing good and competent investigator, is the key to freedom
from bandage of ignorance.
2. Tools to establish facts and develop evidence, a criminal investigator must use these tools-information,
interview, interrogation, and instrumentation.
3. Technique essence of tactical strategy in investigation.
Importance of Criminal Investigation
 The problem on crimes and criminals should be carefully studied and provided with solutions.
 It helps the five pillars of the Criminal Justice system in recognizing and identifying criminal and
provides clues or information in promoting social justice.
 An aid in enforcing the laws and the protection of lives and properties.
Forms of Investigation
1. Formal Investigation
 It refers to official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort to uncover facts and
determine the truth.
 It is usually considered as some form of inquiry concerning of criminal activity.
2. Inquest
 It is an effort to search the basic cause of an incident such as the commission of a crime.
3. Inquisition
 A more historical description than a current usage to describe any penetrating investigation concerning
a religious issue.
4. Probe
 Similar to formal investigation, is an extensive, searching inquiry conducted by a government agency.
5. Research
 It is the most employed type of investigation refers to the careful, patient investigation done by scientist
or scholars in their efforts to identify original sources of data or causes of problem.
6. Investigative Reporting
 Relatively speaking, is a recent type of investigation pursued by the members of the press on their own
initiative. It is designed to satisfy two purposes.
 To attract readers/viewers
 To get to the roots of the problem
Categories of Criminal Investigation according to John Dempsey
1. Criminal Investigation vs Non-Criminal Investigation
 Criminal Investigation - carried out by the police.
 Non-Criminal Investigation - involves on non-criminal incidents or events.
2. Reactive Investigation vs Proactive Investigation
 Reactive Investigation - initiated on the basis of a complaint.
Categories of Reactive Investigation
a. Walk-through
 Suspect is easily determined and located.
b. Where-are-they
 Suspect has been tentatively identified but has not been located.
c. Whodunit
 This is a case in which no suspects are initially identified.
Proactive Investigation - these are designed to catch a criminal in the act of committing a crime
a. Decoy operations are of blending and decoy types to catch criminals in flagrante delicto.
b. Undercover operations usually in the form of buy-bust and entrapment.
 Buy-bust operation
 Entrapment
Overt Investigation vs Covert Investigation
a. Overt Investigation - openly.
b. Covert Investigation - in secret
Basic Steps In Crime Scene Investigation
1. Recognition - involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may provide
relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated.
2. Collection - refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or physical things that are
significant to the case under investigation.
3. Preservation - includes act of keeping the collected evidences in their true and original for, preventing
contamination or destruction of its substantive value.
4. Evaluation - the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.
5. Presentation - it is the function that is primarily manifested inside the courtroom.
STARTING POINTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
1. State the problem
 2. Form hypotheses
3. Observe and experiment
4. Interpret data
5. Draw conclusions
THE SIX (6) CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION
1. WHO QUESTIONS: These are questions used to inquire on the identity of the victims or offended
party, name of suspect, accomplices, accessories and witnesses of the crime.
2. WHAT QUESTIONS: The purpose of these types of questions is to find out what happened or what
took place before, during and immediately after the commission of the offense.
3. WHERE QUESTIONS: These are questions that localize the place of the incident- the city or town, the
district or barangay, the street or road, the number of the house or building. Where questions are
necessary in specifically pinpointing the particular location of the crime scene.
4. WHEN QUESTIONS: These are questions needed to determine and fix the time, day, month and year
when the crime was committed. When questions should be specified and as accurate as possible.
5. WHY QUESTIONS: These are questions that endeavor to ascertain the motives, causes, antecedents,
previous, incidents, related facts, background occurrences that might help explain the commission of
the offense.
6. HOW QUESTIONS: These are designed to help the investigator determine how the crime was
committed, the means/tools are employed, the crime was discovered, and the culprit enters the
building/room.
The Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation
The golden rule states “Do not touch, alter, move, or transfer any object at the crime scene unless it is
properly marked, measured, sketched and/or photographed.”
Three Tools of Investigation
INFORMATION -It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from persons or
documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of the crime or criminal activities.
A. CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION AS TO ITS SOURCES
 Regular Sources
 Cultivated Sources
 Grapevines sources
B. METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING INFORMATION
 ELICITATION
o Obtain information through the process of direct communication.
o One or more of the parties to the communication is/are unaware of the specific purpose of the
conversation.
Devices in the conduct of elicitation
a. Approach is the process of setting people to start talking.
Types:
 Flattery – people are susceptible to praise.
Variants:
 Teacher-pupil approach – subject is treated as an authority.
 Kindred Soul approach – subject is placed in a pedestal having some specialized quality
 Good Samaritan approach – sincere and valid offers of help and assistance are made to the subject.
 Partial disagreement approach – produce talking by the word “I’m sure” if I fully agree.
b. Provocative approach – utilization of conversational gambits.
Variants:
 Teaser Bait Approach – elicitor accumulates the sources of knowledge about a particular subject
 Manhattan from Missouri Approach – elicitor adapts an unbelievable attitude above anything.
 Joe Blow Approach – it is “I know the answer to everything” approach.
 National Pride Approach – defend their country and its policies
CASING -It literally means putting a thing or place in a case
 Methods:
o Personal reconnaissance
o Map reconnaissance
o Research d
o Prior information
o Hearsay
 Information desired in Casing
o Area condition and habit
o Active opposition
o Disposal plan – in case of possible compromise
o Escape and evasion
SURVEILLANCE - Consist of keeping persons, place or other targets under physical observation
Definitions of Terms
a. Pre-surveillance Conference is a conference held before a surveillance is conducted.
b. Stake-out is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point
 c. Tailing or Shadowing is the observation of a person’s movement.
d. Undercover man is a person trained to observe and penetrate certain organization suspected of
illegal activities
e. Liaison Program is the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to other agencies in order to
obtain information
f. Safe house is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where police undercover
men meet his action agent.
g. Drop is a convenient, secured, and unsuspecting place where agents can leave notes, small
package or envelope.
h. Convoy is an accomplice or associate of the subject.
i. Decoy any person almost similar to the subject used to avoid or elude surveillance.
j. Contact refers to any person whom the subject picks or deals with while he is under
surveillance.
k. Made occurs the operation was compromised.
l. Lost happens when the agent do not know the whereabouts of their subject.
m. Rabbit (Hare) is a term referring to the subject of shadowing and tailing.
n. Test for tailing is the common trick of the subject when he becomes conscious that he is being
tailed.
Types of Surveillance
 According to Intensity and Sensitivity
o Discreet
o Close
o Loose
 According to Methods
o Stationary
o Moving
o Technical
o Shadowing, Tailing or Roping
Tools Used in Fixed Surveillance
 Binocular or telescopes
 Movie Cameras with telephoto lens
 Wire tapping device with tape recording apparatus.
 Other listening devices e. In case there is difficulty in wire tapping device, an expert in lip reading must
be employed.
The Methods of Foot Surveillance
 One Man Shadow
 Two-Man Shadow
 Three-Man Shadow or ABC Shadow
OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTIONS
 Observation is the complete and accurate awareness by an individual of his surroundings.
 Description is the factual reporting of what is observed.
 Psychological Processes for Accurate Observation
a. Attention
b. Perception
c. Reporting
Types of Attention
a. Involuntary
b. Voluntary
c. Habitual
Factors Governing Report
a. Vocabulary
b. Time log
c. Recurrence of similar incidents
CLANDESTINE OPERATION – COVERT/DISCREET
 A secret action undertaken in behalf of the government or other friendly forces.
Basic Organizational Elements
a. Sponsor
b. Target or rabbit
c. Agent or asset
Classification of Clandestine Agent
a. Principal Agent
b. Action Agent
o Spy is the primary and the most important human collector
o Propagandist mold the attitudes, opinions and actions of an individual group
o Saboteur undertake positive actions against unfriendly power resulting in the loss of an article,
material or facility.
 o Guerilla is a member of paramilitary group organized to grass the enemy.
o Strongman is an agent available to provide special protection.
o Provocateur induces an opponent to act to his own detriment.
o Cover Action exert influence from foreign government upon discretion of the sponsor.
c. Support Agent

COVER AND UNDERCOVER

a. Cover – any device utilized conceals the true nature of its acts and/or existence from the observer.
Essential Types of Cover
● Natural cover
● Artificial
● Cover within a cover
● Multiple cover
Hazards to Cover
● Static or document opposition (ordinary citizen)
● Unhostile active opposition (police, security agencies)
● Hostile active opposition (enemy intelligence operatives)
b. Cover Story – a biographical data which will portray the personality of the agent he assumed.
c. Cover Support –assigned in target areas with the primary mission of supporting the cover story.
d. Organizational Cover – any account consisting of biographical data which when adopted by an individual will
assume the personality he wants to adopt.
Undercover Assignment- An investigation technique in which an agent conceals his official identity to obtain
information.
Uses of Undercover
● Used independently to get first-hand information about the subject of investigation.
● Supplement other investigative techniques like:
Types of Undercover Assignment
● Dwelling
● Work
● Social
● Jurisdictional Assignment
● Combination assignment
● Rope job – striking up friendship with the subject.

Undercover agent
Special Qualification
● Knowledge of the language
● Background regarding events
● Knowledge about the customs and habits
● Physical appearance
● An artist or an actor

Factors to consider in the Selection of Action (Undercover) Agents

Placement
● Access
Primary Access
Secondary Access
Outside Access
General Nature of Agent Handling
● Sharing secret purpose.
● Agent controls the agent operationally and administratively.
● Rapport with each other.
● Respect with each other.

Basic Agent Management

● Agent handler must be in charge of the operation.
● The act insure the agent adherence.
● Good rapport must be established between the agent handler and the agent.
● The agent handler must constantly reinforce the agent motivation.

Key Element of Agent Management

Direction and Control
a. Leadership
b. Action
c. Personal example
● Natural Weaknesses
● Agent training
● Agent testing
● Agent examination
Control
● Authority to direct agent to carry out task or the requirements in behalf of the clandestine organization in
acceptable manner and security.
Two Categories of Control
● Positive control
● Negative control
Termination Problem
● Amount of knowledge the agent has;
● Inclination to use knowledge to the disadvantage of the intelligence service.
● Moral obligation to the agent

Provocation
● Action taken in order to incite reaction from a known adversary or to observe adversary. Purposes
● Reveal the true status of an assumed adversary.
● Make a known adversary take seldom demanding action.
Provocateur
● An individual from the enemy forces who is deliberately introduced in our custody with a specific mission of
causing some unfavorable action or reaction on our part.
INFORMANT AND INFORMER
a. Informant - any person who gives information to the police authorities relative to a crime.
The Types of Informants
● Anonymous Informant
● Rival-Elimination Informant
● False Informant
● Frightened Informant
● Self-Aggrandizing Informant
● Confidential Informant
● Mercenary Informant
● Double-Crosser Informant
● Women Informa

Motives of Informants
● Vanity
● Civic Mindedness
● Fear
Repentance Steps of Informants Recruitments (SIAT)
● Selection
● Investigation
● Approach
● Testing
Factors to consider in Informant Recruitment
● Sex
● Health
● Ability
● Age
● Education
● Personality
Dismissal of Informants
● The handler should avoid antagonizing the informant.
● Explain properly and humanely the reasons of dismissal.
● If file of the informant exists, dismissal must be in writing for future references.
The Informer -is a person who provides information to the police on a regular basis. They are either paid
regularly or in a case-to-case basis, or none at all
INTERVIEW
a. Interview is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator.
b. Cognitive Interview conduct of interview upon willing and cooperative witnesses, to narrate their accounts
without interruption.
c. Question and Answer interview style whereby after each question by the investigator, the interviewee is
required to answer.
D. The Golden Rule in Interview “Never conduct or let anyone conduct an interview if the interviewer has not
gone to the crime scene.”
E. Qualities of a Good Interviewer
Rapport
Forceful Personality
Knowledge of Human Behavior
Conversational Tone of Voice
5. Acting Qualities
6. Humility
Interview Format
1. Identity
a. The investigator should identify himself to the witness by name, rank and agency.
2. Rapport
3. Opening Statement
4. Narration Allowing the witness to present in a narrative form without injecting questions.
5. Inquiry After the witness has told the story, the investigator can make clarifying inquiries.
6. Conclusion The interview should be concluded when the witness has nothing pertinent to offer.
Reasons Why Witnesses Refuse to Talk or Testify
Fear of Reprisal
Great Inconvenience
Hatred Against the Police
Bias of the Witness
Avoidance of Publicity 6. Family Restriction
Stages of Handling the Interview
● Preparation – investigator should review the facts in order that he would be ready for the questioning.
● Approach – investigator must carefully select his kind of approach.
● Warming Up –clear the atmosphere, promote a conducive ground for cordiality, respect and trust for each
other.
● Cognitive Interview
Rules in Questioning a Person Involved in a Crime
Ask Question at a Time
Avoid Implied Answers
Questions should be clearly stated
Saving Faces
Yes and No Answers are not Allowed
Types of Witnesses According To Their Attitude
Know-nothing Type
Disinterested Type
The Drunken Type
Talkative Type
5. Honest Witnesses
6. Timid Witnesses
7. Witnesses who refuse to answer

INTERROGATION
Definition of Terms
Interrogation is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect about his participation in a
crime.
Custodial Interrogation or Investigation is the investigation conducted by the investigator on the suspect who is
under police custody.
Debriefing is the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has information at the direction of or under the
control of friendly unintelligence service.
Interrogation Report is an oral or written statement of information by the questioning of an interrogee.
Interrogator is a person who does the questioning.
Interrogee refers to any person subjected to the interrogation process.
Screening is the initial examination of an interrogee to determine the extent of his knowledge.
Source refers to any person who for any reason submits information of intelligence interest usually on a
voluntary basis.
Suspect refers to any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity
Witness refers to any person who has directs knowledge of facts concerning an event or activity.
Forms of Interrogation
Direct – the subject is aware but he may not learn the true objectives of the interrogation
Indirect – the subject is aware.
Types of Interrogation
Screening. This is usually applied immediately after capture to obtain background information about the
interrogee (subject).
Formal interrogation (detailed). This is the systematic attempt to exploit to an appropriate depth those areas of
the interrogee’s knowledge.
Debriefing. It is generally used when the area of knowledge ability of the interrogation is known.
Interview. Similar to debriefing although it is less formal.
Interrogation of lay personnel (special type). In this type, the techniques are similar to interrogation but special
effort must be made.
Tactical interrogation. The level of interrogation where the source has specific and detailed information that
requires a trained expert in the subject matter to be explored.
Phases of Interrogation
Planning of Interrogation
Approach (Meeting the Interrogee). The first meeting in which it is extremely critical because the outcome may
depend on the initial impression created by the interrogator.
Questioning. This is the heart of the interrogation.
Termination. The termination of the interrogation will depend on various factors such as the physical condition
of the subject.
Recording. The interrogator should take notes in cryptic if possible.
Reporting. The end product of an interrogation is the Tactical Interrogation Report containing the information
gained. Report must be made orally or in written form.
:
The Techniques of Interrogation
Emotional Appeal
Sympathetic Approach
Friendliness
Tricks And Bluff Techniques:

The Pretense Of Solid Evidence Against The Accused

The Weakest Link
Drama
Feigning Contact with Family Members
The Line up
f. Reverse Line up
5. Stern Approach – The investigator displays a stern (demands immediate response) personality towards the
suspect by using the following methods:
Jolting –investigator selects the right moment to shout to the subject with a pertinent question in an apparent
righteous outrage.
Opportunity to Lie – The suspect is given all the opportunities to lie.
6. The Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method
7. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural Barrier
8. Searching for the Soft Spot
Additional Modern Techniques of Interrogation
Rationalization –use of reasons
Projection –putting the blame to other persons, not alone to the suspect.
Minimization – It is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect.
Physical Signs of Deceptions
Excessive Sweating
Face Color Change
Dry Mouth
Excessive Breathing
Increase of Pulse Beat
Avoidance of Direct Eye Contact
INSTRUMENTATION
It is sometimes called Criminalistics.
● It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal investigation and detection.
● This is the use of the Police Laboratory in the examination of physical evidences.
The different divisions of forensic science include:
POLYGRAPHY OR LIE DETECTION TEST – focused in detecting deception.
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY – division of forensic science focused in providing pictorial record of the crime
scene.
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY. It involves the use of the science of chemistry in the examination of fibers, hairs,
powder burns, blood, stain, paints, poisonous substances and other matters in their relevance to the
investigation.
FORENSIC MEDICINE – used to determine the cause of death as one of the elements of corpus delicti and it
could also approximate the time of death and other pertinent and relevant matters in the investigation.
5. FORENSIC BALLISTICS or FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION. This is the science of firearms identification.
6. DACTYLOSCOPY or PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION. This is otherwise known as the science of fingerprint
identification.
7. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION - establish if there is alteration, superimposition, or erasures,
either mutually or chemically of a document. 8. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY. The remove of dentures are of
paramount importance in the identification of unknown bodies especially when other means of identification is
lost.
9. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY. This is a very recent science in the field of criminal investigation and detection.
10. FORENSIC COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY. This is the age of advanced information technology.
Modern discoveries of instrumentation
1. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) = DNA Fingerprinting is considered to be the ultimate identification test
in the conduct of criminal investigation. It provides 100 percent positive identification of a suspect whose blood,
semen and/or other DNA-bearing body tissues of fluids were found at the crime scene or with the victim.
2. Hair Examination. The roots of the hair when examined under this new technology will determine the
presence of drugs taken by the person two years prior to the said examination.
3. Automated fingerprint identification system. A questioned fingerprint is feed into the AFIS machine which will
automatically search the files of fingerprints and renders report in matters of seconds.
4. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS). This is for the effective identification on the location of criminals
and objects thru modern and special gadgets. It points out the exact location of the subject or the person who
committed the crime.
Methods of Crime Scene Search
 1. Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form
      of a rectangle. The searchers (3 person is good)
      proceed slowly at the same pace along paths
      parallel to one side of the rectangle.
  2. Double Strip Search Method - modification of the
      strip search method. The rectangle is traversed
      first parallel to the base then parallel to a side.
  3. Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is
      good) follow each other along the path of a spiral
      beginning on the outside and spiraling in towards
      the center.
  4. Zone Search Method - one searcher is assigned
      to each subdivision of a quadrant and then each
      quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.
  5. Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to
      be approximately circular. The searchers gather at
      the center and proceed outward along radii or
      spokes. Procedure is repeated several times
      depending on the size of the circle and the number
      of searchers.
Strip Method
Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form of rectangle. The searchers (3 person is good)proceed slowly
at the same pace along paths
parallel to one side of the rectangle.

Double Strip Search Method

Double Strip Search Method - modification of the strip search method. The rectangle is traversed first parallel
to the base then parallel to a side.

Spiral Search Method

Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is good) follow each other along the path of a spiral beginning
on the outside and spiraling in towards the center.
Zone Search Method
Zone Search Method - one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant and then each
quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.
Wheel Search Method
Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to be approximately circular. The searchers gather at
the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. Procedure is repeated several times depending on the
size of the circle and the number of searchers.
References
1. Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the Philippines: fundamental and special crime.
Manila: Central Book Store
2. Dempsey, J.S. (2003). Introduction to investigtions. Belmont, CA: Warsdworth/Thomson Learning
3. Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles and procedures. QC: Great Books
Publication
4. Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal evidence. Manila: Central Professional
Books.
5. https://criminologyboardexamreviewer.weebly.com/fundamentals-of-criminal-investigation.html
6. https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/content/view/module-in-cdi-1-fundamentals-of-criminal-investigation-with-
intelligence

ARREST, SEARCH, SEIZURE AND RAID

This chapter presents the importand subject matters regarding arrest, search, siezure and raid.
UNIT 1. ARREST
The term “arrest” came from the Latin word “arrestare” which means “cause to stop and “restare which means
“stay behind”. This term was used as eraly as the 14th century.
WHAT IS ARREST?
Arrest is the taking of a person into custody in order that he/she may be bound toanswer for the commission of
an offense (Sec. 1, Rulle 113, Rules of Court).
HOW IS ARREST MADE?
An arrrest is made by an actual restraint of a person to be arrested or by his/her submission to the custody of
the personmaking the arrest (Sec. 2, Rule 113, Rule of Court).
TWO MODES OF ARREST
The two modes of arrest are the following:
Arrest by virtue of a warrant;
1. Arrest by virtue of a warrant;
2. Arrest without a warrant under exceptional circumstances as may be provided by the statute (Sec. 5,
Rule 113, Rule of Court)