NUMBER SYSTEM AND
CONVERSION
350151- Digital Circuit
Choopan Rattanapoka
Introduction
Many number systems are in use in digital
technology. The most common are :
Decimal
(Base 10)
Binary (Base 2)
Octal
(Base 8)
Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
The decimal system is the number system that we use
everyday
Number System
Decimal system uses symbols (digits) for the ten values
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Binary System uses digits for the two values 0, and 1
Octal System uses digits for the eight values 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7
Hexadecimal System uses digits for the sixteen values
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
to represent any number, no matter how large or how
small.
Decimal System
The decimal system is composed of 10 numerals or
symbols. These 10 symbols are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9;
using these symbols as digits of a number, we can
express any quantity.
Example : 3501.51
digit
Most Significant
Digit
decimal point
Least
Significant Digit
Binary System
The binary system is composed of 2 numerals or
symbols 0 and 1; using these symbols as digits of a
number, we can express any quantity.
Example : 1101.01
bit
Most Significant
Bit
binary point
Least
Significant Bit
Decimal Number Quantity
(positional number)
3501
(base-10)
1 X 100 =
0 X 101 =
5 X 102 =
500
3 X 103 =
3000
3000 + 500 + 0 + 1 = 3501
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion
1101
(base-2)
1 X 20 =
0 X 21 =
1 X 22 =
1 X 23 =
8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13
11012= 1310
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
5217
(base-8)
7 X 80 = 7x1
1 X 81 = 1x8
2 X 82 = 2x64 = 128
5 X 83 = 5x512 = 2560
2560 + 128 + 8 + 7 = 2703
52178 = 270310
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
1ACF
(base-16)
[ A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15 ]
15 X 160 =15x1
15
12 X 161 =12x16
192
10 X 162 =10x256 = 2560
1 X 163 = 5x4096 = 20480
20480 + 2560 +192 + 15 = 23247
1ACF16 = 2324710
Decimal Number Quantity
(fractional number)
. 581
(base-10)
5 X 10-1 = 5x0.1
= 0.5
8 X 10-2 = 8x0.01 = 0.08
1 X 10-3 = 1x0.001 = 0.001
0.5 + 0.08 + 0.001 = 0.581
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion
. 101
(base-2)
1 X 2-1 = 1x0.5
= 0.5
0 X 2-2 = 0x0.25 = 0
1 X 2-3 = 1x0.125 = 0.125
0.5 + 0 + 0.125 = 0.625
0.1012
0.62510
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
. 25
(base-8)
2 X 8-1 = 2x0.125
= 0.25
5 X 8-2 = 5x0.015625 =
0.017825
0.25 + 0.017825 = 0.267825
0.258
0.26782510
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
. F5
(base-16)
15 X16-1 = 15x0.0625 =
0.9375
5 X16-2 = 5x0.00390625
= 0.01953125
0.9375 + 0.01953125 = 0.95703125
0.F516
0.9570312510
Exercise 1
Convert these binary system numbers to decimal
system numbers
100101101
11100.1001
111111
100000.0111
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
(positional number)
250
2
2
250
125
2 62
2 31
2 15
2 7
2 3
1
25010 = 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
250
8
8
250
31
3
Remainder
Remainder
25010 = 3728
2
7
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
250
16
250
15
Remainder
25010 = 15 1016 ?
= FA16
10
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
(fractional number)
0 . 4375
0.4375 x 2
0.8750 x 2
0.75 x 2
0.5
x2
=
=
=
=
0.8750
1.75
1.5
1.0
0.437510 = 0.01112
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
0 . 4375
0.4375 x 8
0.5
x8
= 3.5
= 4.0
0.437510 = 0.348
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
0 . 4375
0.4375 x 16
= 7.0
0.437510 = 0.716
Example :Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
(Estimation)
0.782
0.782 x 2
0.564 x 2
0.128 x 2
0.256 x 2
0.512 x 2
0.024 x 2
0.048 x 2
0.192 x 2
0.384 x 2
0.768 x 2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.564
1.128
0.256
0.512
1.024
0.048
0.096
0.384
0.768
1.536
110012 2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5
0.5 + 0.25 +0.03125
0.78125
11001000012
2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5 + 2-10
0.5 + 0.25 +0.03125 +
0.0009765625
0.7822265625
Exercise 2
Convert these decimal system numbers to binary
system numbers
127
38
22.5
764.375
Base X to Base Y Conversion
We can convert base x number to base y number
by following these steps :
Convert
base x to base 10 (decimal system number)
Then, convert decimal number to base y
Example
Convert 372.348 to hexadecimal system number
Convert
372.348 to decimal system number
(3x82)+(7x81)+(2x80) . (3x8-1) + (4x8-2)
= 192 + 56 + 2
. 0.375 + 0.0625
= 250 . 4375
372.348 =
Convert
250.437510 to hexadecimal system number
250.437510
Positional number
Fractional number
250 / 16 = 15 remainder 10
250 FA16
0.4375 * 16 = 7.0
0.4375 0.716
372.348 = FA.716
Exercise 3 (TODO)
Convert these numbers to octal system number
11100.10012
1111112
5A.B16
Convert these numbers to binary system number
5A.B16
75.28
