SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY

LEACOM 6 COMPARATIVE MODELS

First Sem. SY:21-22
IN
Version 1
POLICING
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prepared by: A Learning

A Self-regulated Self-regulated
Module Learning Module 1

Benjamin [Link]
 TITLE CONTENT PAGE
INTRODUCTION COURSE CODE/DESCRIPTION 3
CHAPTER I GLOBALIZATION 4-8

CHAPTER II TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL 8-16

CHAPTER III MODEL COUNTRIES 17-49

CHAPTER IV POLICE ASSOCIATIONS 50-64

EVALUATION COURSE EVALUATION 65

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 INTRODUCTION OF THE MODULE

I. Course Code and Course Title:

LEACOM 6
COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

II. Course Description:

The course deals with the comparison of selected police models and their relations with International Police
Organization and United national bodies in the campaign against transnational crimes and in the promotion of
world peace.

III. Requirement of the Course:

1. Quizzes, Assignments and Research works (Online/Offline)
3. Periodic Major Exams (Online/Offline)
4. Group/Individual research (Online/Offline)
5. Definition of Terms
6. Outline of Lecture notes
7. Seminar/Training (Offline)
8. Research/Library works (Online/Offline)
9. Innovative/OBE outputs

CHAPTER I

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 Effects of Globalization to Police Service

Objectives
At the end of the module, the students should be able to:

Cognitive Domain
1. Understand fully the Effects of globalization to Police Service;
2. Identify and modeling some police agencies in other countries; and
3. Acquire full knowledge in comparing police service in other country

Affective Domain
1. Recognize the principles of globalization to police service;
2. Appreciate system police agencies in other countries; and
3. Recognize the police service in other countries.

Psychomotor Domain
1. Discuss the Effects of globalization to Police Service;
2. Define and recite what is globalization in the police service

Introduction
Comparative police system
It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the study of
police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.
Model system
In this book, model system is used to describe the countries being used as topics of discussion. These
countries were chosen not because they are greater than others but because of the availability of information
about them. Aside from Asian countries being compared, the following countries police system, criminal justice
and court system are covered in this book.
Comparative Research Methods
Comparative research is usually carried out by the following:
"Safari" method (a researcher visits another country) or "collaborative" method (the researcher communicates
with a foreign researcher). 
Published works tend to fall into three categories:
1. Single-culture studies (the crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed)
2. Two-culture studies (the most common type)
Comprehensive textbooks (it covers three or more countries).  The examination of crime and its control in the
comparative context often requires an historical perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as
having developed under unique social, economic, and political structures. 
Historical-comparative is method the most often employed by researchers. It is basically an alternative to both
quantitative and qualitative research methods that is sometimes called historiography or holism.  In

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historiography, there are at least eight ways to do history: the Great Man approach, the historical forces
approach, the crisis of civilization approach, the dialectic approach, the evolutionary approach, the geographic
factors approach, the conflict or "who won" approach, and the serendipity or accidental discovery approach.  In
holism (which is a term that describes when a whole gives meaning to parts), there is an emphasis upon
inductive inference from description, which is similar to Max Weber's notion of "ideal types" that are general to
many cases.  It should be noted that historical-comparative method is tied to the origins of sociology.  Patterns,
trends, and syndromes are the words most often used in comparative criminal justice with the same meaning
as ideal-types.
What Is Globalization?
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and
prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.
Effects of globalization
Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as:
1. Industrial - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products
for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within national
boundaries. International trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12
trillion) in the 50 years since 1955. China’s trade with Africa rose sevenfold during 2000-07 alone.
2. Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital.
The interconnectedness of these markets, however meant that an economic collapse in any one given country
could not be contained.
3. Political - some use "globalization" to mean the creation of a world government. This regulates the
relationships among governments and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization.
Politically, the United States has enjoyed a position of power among the world powers, in part because of its
strong and wealthy economy. With the influence of globalization and with the help of The United States’ own
economy, the People's Republic of China has experienced some tremendous growth within the past decade. If
China continues to grow at the rate projected by the trends, then it is very likely that in the next twenty years,
there will be a major reallocation of power among the world leaders. China will have enough wealth, industry,
and technology to rival the United States for the position of leading world power.
4. Informational - increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. Arguably this is a
technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability of
telephone and Internet.

5. Language - the most popular language is Mandarin (845 million speakers) followed by Spanish (329 million
speakers) and English (328 million speakers).
Competition - Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased
competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide, companies in various industries have to upgrade their
products and use technology skillfully in order to face increased competition.
6. Ecological - the advent of global environmental challenges that might be solved with international
cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and

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the spread of invasive species. Since many factories are built in developing countries with less environmental
regulation, globalism and free trade may increase pollution. On the other hand, economic development
historically required a "dirty" industrial stage, and it is argued that developing countries should not, via
regulation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of living.
7. Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities which
embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to increase one's standard of living and enjoy foreign products and
ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a "world culture". Some bemoan the resulting
consumerism and loss of languages. Also see Transformation of culture.
Social - development of the system of non-governmental organizations as main agents of global public policy,
including humanitarian aid and developmental efforts.
Technical
Development of a Global Information System, global telecommunications infrastructure and greater
transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber
cable, and wireless telephones
Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g., copyright laws, patents and world trade
agreements.
Negative effects
Globalization has been one of the most hotly debated topics in international economics over the past few
years. Globalization has also generated significant international opposition over concerns that it has increased
inequality and environmental degradation. In the Midwestern United States, globalization has eaten away at its
competitive edge in industry and agriculture, lowering the quality of life in locations that have not adapted to the
change.
Drug and illicit goods trade
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) issued a report that the global drug trade generates
more than $320 billion a year in revenues. Worldwide, the UN estimates there are more than 50 million regular
users of heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugs. The international trade of endangered species is second only to
drug trafficking. Traditional Chinese medicine often incorporates ingredients from all parts of plants, the leaf,
stem, flower, root, and also ingredients from animals and minerals. The use of parts of endangered species
(such as seahorses, rhinoceros horns, saiga antelope horns, and tiger bones and claws) has created
controversy and resulted in a black market of poachers who hunt restricted animals. In 2003, 29% of open sea
fisheries were in a state of collapse.

Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement (V. Delos Santos)

1. The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
2. There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organization in the world is vital.
3. Training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare them
as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cyber-crimes.
4. Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.
5. Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theories of crime.

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Global policing
Policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the
years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security
institutions in States recovering from conflict.

CHAPTER I
ACTIVITIES

QUIZ
DISCUSSION:

1. Enumerate, Define, Discuss the effect of globalization.

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 CHAPTER II

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Cognitive: Identify types and example of transnational crime.

Affective: Understanding with transnational crime modus, and Terrorist Group Operation

Psychomotor: Discuss and define transnational crimes, and terrorism.

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TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS
Transnational criminal organizations are “organized crime groups that have a home base in one State
but operates in one or more host States where there are favorable market opportunities.” They have
become a significant part of a global economic activity and make huge profits out of illicit activities,
using extortion, corruption, blackmail, threats and use of physical force. They operate in different
geographical locations and have different skills and product specialization.

Transnational Organized Crime

Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national
boundaries

An offense is transnational if:

 1. It is committed in more than one state.
 2. It is committed in one state but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction, or control
takes place in another state.
3. It is committed in one state but involves an organized criminal group that engages in criminal
activities in more than one state.
 4. It is committed in one state but has substantial effects in another state.

Transnational crimes
It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect
the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose
inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country. The following are
examples of transnational crimes discussed.

1. Money laundering
2. Drug trafficking
3. Terrorism
4. Human trafficking
5. Cyber crimes

CYBER CRIMES:
Are crimes committed due to the emergence of the information technology which is responsible for
the creation of global economy.

THREE TYPES OF CYBER CRIMES

1. Cyber Theft – use of cyberspace to either distribute illegal goods and services or to defraud people
for quick profits.
2. Cyber Vandalism – use of cyberspace to revenge, destruction and to achieve a malicious intent.
3. Cyber warfare- an effort by the enemy forces to disrupt the intersection where the virtual electronic
reality of computers meets the physical world.

Human Trafficking
1. Trafficking in Persons - refers to the recruitment, transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt of
persons with or without the victim's consent or knowledge, within or across national borders by means
of threat or use of force, or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of
position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or, the giving or receiving of payments or

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benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of
exploitation which includes at a minimum, the exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms
of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, servitude or the removal or sale of organs.

Who are involved in trafficking?

1. The recruiter gains the victim’s trust and then sells them for labor or to a pimp. Sometimes this is
a boyfriend, a neighbor, or even a family member.
2. The trafficker is the one who controls the victims. Making the victim fearful through abuse,
threats, and lies the trafficker gains power over his/her victim.
3. The victim could be anyone.
4. The consumer funds the human trafficking industry by purchasing goods and services. Often s/he
is unaware that someone is suffering.

Money Laundering:
Definition: The process of disguising the proceeds of crime in an effort to conceal their illicit origins
and legitimize their future use.

Objective: To conceal true ownership and origin of the proceeds, a desire to maintain control, a need
to change the form of the proceeds.

Techniques: They can be simple, diverse, complex, subtle, but secret.

Proceeds = any economic advantage derived directly or indirectly from criminal offenses

-The term "money laundering" is said to originate from Mafia ownership of Laundromats in the United
States. Gangsters there were earning huge sums in cash from extortion, prostitution, gambling and
bootleg liquor. They needed to show a legitimate source for these monies.
-One of the ways in which they were able to do this was by purchasing outwardly legitimate
businesses and to mix their illicit earnings with the legitimate earnings they received from these
businesses. Laundromats were chosen by these gangsters because they were cash businesses and
this was an undoubted advantage to people like Al Capone who purchased them.
-Al Capone, however, was prosecuted and convicted in October, 1931 for tax evasion. It was this that
he was sent to prison for rather than the predicate crimes which generated his illicit income and
according to Robinson this tale that the term originated from this time is a myth.

Money-laundering however, has three dynamic stages:

1. Moving the funds from direct association with the crime;
2. Disguising the trail to foil pursuit;
3. Making the money available to the criminal once again with its occupational and geographic origins
hidden from view. 

Methods of Money Laundering

Money laundering often occurs in three steps:
 First, cash is introduced into the financial system by some means ("placement"),
 The second involves carrying out complex financial transactions in order to camouflage the
illegal source ("layering"), and
 The final step entails acquiring wealth generated from the transactions of the illicit funds
("integration"). Some of these steps may be omitted, depending on the circumstances; for

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 example, non-cash proceeds that are already in the financial system would have no need for
placement.

DRUG TRAFFICKING
RA 9165
- Drug trafficking involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia, whether it is a local exchange
between a user and a dealer or a major international operation. Drug trafficking is a problem that
affects every nation in the world and exists on many levels.

FIRST IMPORTANTS DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

 MIDDLE EAST – discovery, plantation, cultivation and harvest
 TURKEY – preparation for distribution
 EUROPE – manufacture, synthesis and refining
 UNITED STATES - MARKETING

DRUG TRAFFICKING
 is a worldwide black market consisting of production, distribution, packaging, and sale of illegal
psychoactive substances

SECOND MAJOR DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

GOLDEN TRIANGLE – Thailand, Myanmar and Laos
The golden triangle approximately produced60% of opium in the World and 90% of opium in the
eastern part of Asia.

GOLDEN CRESCENT – Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India

It is the major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and heroin products in western part of Asia.

WORLDS DRUG SCENE

 LEBANON – the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon is considered as the biggest producer of cannabis
in the Middle East. Lebanon is also the transit point for cocaine from South America to Europe.
 SPAIN – known to be the major transshipment point for international drug trafficker in Europe.
Known as the PARADISE OF DRUG USERS IN EUROPE.
 SOUTH AMERICA – Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, and Chile are the principal source of all
cocaine supply in the world because of the robust production of the coca plant.
 MEXICO – is the world’s No. 1 producer of cannabis in the world and the transit point of
cocaine to the United States of America.
 PHILIPPINES – No. 2 world producer of cannabis and major transshipment point of illegal
drugs. DRUG PARADISE IN ASIA.
 INDIA – is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people .
 INDONESIA – Northern Sumatra is the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia. BALI is an
important transit point of drugs to Australia and New Zealand.
 CHINA – transit point of heroin from the Golden Triangle to Hongkong. It is the source of the
plant epedra of mahuang – the source of the chemical ephedrine – the principal component in
the manufacture of SHABU.

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The Global Threat of Small Arms and Light Weapons
RA 8294/PD 1866
“Section 1. Unlawful Manufacture, Sale, Acquisition, Disposition or Possession of Firearms
Ammunition or Instruments Used or Intended to be Used in the Manufacture of Firearms or
Ammunitions – The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period and a fine of not less that
Fifteen Thousand pesos(P15,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall unlawfully
manufacture, deal in, acquire, dispose or possess any low-powered firearm such as rim fire handgun,
380 or 32 and other firearm of similar firepower, part of firearm, ammunition or machinery, tool or
instrument used or intended to be used in the manufacture of any firearm or ammunition: Provided
that no other crime was committed.”

What are light weapons?

Broadly speaking, the term refers to any weapon that can be carried by one or two
people. Examples range from military-style guns---pistols, carbines, assault rifles, and light machine
guns--to grenade launchers, mortars, mobile anti-tank guns and rocket launchers, and shoulder-fired
anti-aircraft missile launchers

Terrorism
• No official universally-accepted definition of terrorism
• Definitions tend to rely heavily on who is doing the defining and for what purpose.
• Define terrorism in order to prosecute terrorist acts, or distinguish them from war and other
violence that is condoned, national and international in scope

Terrorism
• Human Security Act of 2007 (RA 9372): Any act committed in violation to Revised Penal Code
with intent of sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic
among the populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand.

International Terrorist Groups

1. al Qaeda
2. Hezbollah
3. Hamas
4. Palestinian Islamic Jihad
5. Egyptian Islamic Jihad
6. Abu Nidal Organization
7. Al Aqsa Martyr’s Brigade
8. Islamic Group aka Egyptian Islamic Group, al Gama’a al Islamiyya, Islamic Liberation Party
9. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
10. Jewish Kach (Thus)
11. Kahane Chai (Kahane Lives)
12. IRA

Al Qaeda (The Base)

 Developed during the Soviet War
in Afghanistan
 One of seven mujahadeen groups
 Reactivated after Persian Gulf War

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  Leaders Osama bin Laden and
Ayman al Zawahiri

Al Qaeda’s Goal
"Unite all Muslims and to establish a government which follows the rule of the Caliphs."
“To overthrow nearly all Muslim governments, which are viewed as corrupt, to drive Western
influence from those countries, and eventually to abolish state boundaries.”

TERRORIST GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES

LOCAL
• Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) in Mindanao
• THE LIBERATION FRONTS, namely: the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), and the Moro
National Liberation Front (MNLF)
• The New People’s Army (NPA)

The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

• a breakaway MNLF faction founded in 1991 by Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, who trained
under Osama bin Laden in the Afghan war against the Soviets
• is known for high-profile kidnappings for ransom, beheadings of hostages, bombings, and
assassinations

Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) (Bearer of the Sword)

 Al-Harakatul Islamiyah (Islamic Movement)
 Operates in Philippines
 Smallest, but most radical group
 Split from Moro National Liberation Front
Linked to al Qaeda
 Tactics: bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, extortion
 Kidnapping draws international attention
 200 hard-core terrorists with 2,000 supporters
 Present Amir – Ustadz Yasser Igasan

Jemaah Islamiya
(Organization of Islam)
 Bombed Bali nightclub, killing over 200
 Leader is Iman Samudra (now in custody)
 Linked to al Qaeda through Ridwan Isamuddin aka Hambali
 Active in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore
Conduct training on ASG & MILF cadre

Other local terrorist Groups:

 CPP/NPA/NDF
 MILF
 MBG
 RSM
 AL-KHOBAR

The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

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 • founded by Nur Misuari around 1970
• the first Muslim separatist movement in the Philippines
• signed the Tripoli Agreement in 1976
• entered into a peace agreement with Manila in 1996
• in 2001, Misuari returned to his rebel roots by launching an armed uprising in Jolo

THE Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)

• broke away from the MNLF in 1977 after opposing the Tripoli Agreement
• led by Hashim Salamat, Misuari’s second-in-command
• Murad Ebrahim became MILF chairman after Salamat’s death in 2003
• suspected of having links with the regional terror network Jemaah Islamiyah

The New People's Army (NPA)

• the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), a Maoist-Leninist group
founded in December 1969 by Jose Ma. Sison
• its goal: overthrow the government through a protracted guerilla war from the countryside
to the cities
• the longest-running communist insurgency in Asia

Organized crime
• Organized crime is any crime committed by a person occupying, in a established division of
labor, a position designed for the commission of crime. (Donald Cressy)
• An OC enterprise as a continuing criminal conspiracy, having an organized structured, fed by
fear and corruption by greed. (FBI)
• OC as a systematic prepared and planned committing of serious criminal acts with a view to
gain financial profits and power. (interpol)

MAFIA
• The term first showed up in print in mid-1860s. This is the organization most commonly
associated with organized crime.
• Mafia and mafioso are terms commonly referred to beauty, perfection, grace, and excellence.
• By the mid-nineteenth century, it became synonymous with crime and a certain type of criminal
behavior.

The Italian Mafia

It was estimated in 1990 by the Italian Central Institute for Statistics that Italian criminals made
between $21.5 billion and $24 billion a year. About fifty percent of this amount was attributed to
organized crime.

Russian Criminal Organizations

It was estimated in 1994 that there were 5,700 organized crime groups in the Russian Federation. Of
this number, 200 were believed to be very sophisticated and were operating in 29 other countries.
The Russian criminal organizations are engaged in drug trafficking, prostitution, and smuggling of
nuclear and magnesium metals. They also infiltrated the banking systems.

The Chinese Triads

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The Chinese Triads are based in Hong Kong. There are about 50 different organizations belonging to
the Triad with a membership of about 160,000. The Triads are involved in drug trafficking,
prostitution, human smuggling, extortion, and illegal gambling.

The Japanese Yakuza

The most powerful Yakuza clan is the Yamaguchi-gumi with an estimated membership of 26,000. The
other groups are the Inagawa-kai and the Sumiyoshi-kai. The Japanese Yakuza has been involved in
trafficking of drugs, smuggling of firearms, illegal gambling, fraud, money laundering, and sex trade.

Colombian Cartels
The Colombian cartels have their eyes fixed on the drug business. The Medellin cartel and the Cali
cartel have evolved into huge criminal corporations with a criminal culture and following sound
management principles and controls. They use private and commercial aircraft and cargo to traffic
drugs, particularly to the United States.

CHAPTER II
ACTIVITY

DISCUSSION:
1. Discuss what transnational crime is.
1.1 Give atleast 5 example, define and discuss.

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2. Discuss what is terrorism?
2.1 Give atleast 5 example, define and discuss.

CHAPTER III
Model Countries

I. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Cognitive: Identify the different Model Countries Comparative Police Systems

Affective: Compare the organizations of police forces in foreign countries

Psychomotor: Argue on the organizational features of police services in other countries

Model Countries Comparative Police Systems

1. Australia Law Enforcement

2. China Law Enforcement
3. England Law Enforcement
4. Japan Law Enforcement
5. Singapore Law Enforcement
6. United States Law Enforcement
7. Other Asean countries

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Australia Law Enforcement
Law enforcement in Australia is facilitated by police, sheriffs and bailiffs under the control of state, territory and
the Federal governments. A number of specialist agencies also administer a wide variety of legislation related
to white-collar crime.
The police are responsible for the criminal law.
The sheriff, sheriff's deputies and bailiffs in each state and territory are responsible for the enforcement of the
judgments of the courts exercising civil law (common law) jurisdictions.
There are two distinct, but similar levels of police force, the various state police forces and the Australian
Federal Police (AFP). The state police forces are responsible for enforcing state law within their own states
(including cities within the states) while the AFP is responsible for the investigation of crimes against
Commonwealth law which occurs throughout the nation. The AFP also has responsibility for a community
policing role (similar to the state police) in Commonwealth territories such as the Australian Capital Territory.
The boundaries between the two levels of law enforcement are somewhat flexible and both state and federal
police co-operate on or transfer cases between each other depending on the specific circumstances.
Federal
1. Commonwealth policing and law enforcement agencies
2. Australian Federal Police (AFP)
3. Australian Crime Commission (ACC)
4. Commonwealth agencies with a law enforcement responsibility
5. Australian Customs Service (ACS)
6. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)
7. Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS)
8. Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)
9. Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
10. National Common Policing Services

The Australasian Police Professional Standards Committee (APPSC) was an organization that served all
Police Jurisdictions around Australia and New Zealand. APPSC was the peak body for police education and
training in Australia and New Zealand, the Council comprising each of the Police Commissioners from
Australia and New Zealand along with the President of the Police Federation of Australia and the President of
the New Zealand Police Association.
Crime Stoppers programs run in each state and nationally. Crime Stoppers collects information about crime
and passes it on to the police ensuring that the community can participate in crime fighting.
CrimTrack is an intergovernmental policing agency that supports Australian policing through the provision of
forensic and other information and investigative tools between State and Federal Police Departments. The
National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS) is national fingerprint database, administered by
CrimTrack.
State
Each State as well as the Northern Territory is responsible for maintaining its own police force which is
responsible for policing at the state and local level. This involves general law and order, traffic policing, major
crime, anti-terrorism branches, water police, search and rescue and in some states transit police. Local
policing in the Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory and Australia's external territories is contracted
to the Australian Federal Police (AFP).

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In some states, local governments employ by-laws officers or rangers to enforce local by-laws or ordinances
relating to such matters as parking, dog ownership, retailing, littering or water usage. These local government
officers are not considered to be police forces as they generally only have the power to issue fines and do not
have the same powers as state police. They may rely upon appointment as a Special Constable or legislated
powers for their authority.
Policing agencies
State police also perform certain functions on behalf of the Australian Government such as the enforcement of
various Commonwealth Acts and Regulations in conjunction with the Australian Federal Police and other
Commonwealth officers.
While the Australian Capital Territory Police is under the jurisdiction of the Australian Federal Police, the
following policing agencies are regulated by their respective State or Territory Government and are highly
visible:
1. New South Wales Police Force
2. Northern Territory Police
3. Queensland Police Service
4. South Australia Police
5. Tasmania Police
6. Victoria Police
7. Western Australia Police

Sheriffs
In recent years, the states and territories have returned the responsibility of recovering court ordered fines to
their sheriffs. In practice, the police often carry out the functions of sheriffs and bailiffs in the country and more
sparsely populated areas of Australia.
China Law Enforcement
Chinese police consist of 4 main components these are:
1. State Security Police. Established in 1983, it is responsible for preventing espionage, sabotage, and
conspiracies.
2. Prison Police. It is responsible for supervision of convicted offenders in prison.
3. Judicial Procuratorates Police. They escort suspects in cases investigated by the procuratorates
(prosecutors in the Phils.).
4. Judicial People’s Court Police. They maintain security and order in the various courts and also may carryout
death sentence.
Most Chinese police have graduated from universities and colleges coordinated by the Ministry of Public
Security. Training lasts for an average of six months, but it will vary depending on officers’ future positions and
specialization. Provincial police directors are trained directly by the ministry of Public Security while officers are
trained by their respective governmental offices: province, county, prefect, or municipality.
Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China consists of an extensive public security system and a
variety of enforcement procedures are used to maintain order in the country. Along with the courts and
procuratorates, the country's judicial and public security agencies included the Ministry of Public Security and
the Ministry of State Security, with their descending hierarchy of departments, bureaus, sub-bureaus, and
stations.

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Overview and further discussion
The national security system is made up of the
1. Ministry of State Security
The Ministry of State Security was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the
state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to
sabotage or overthrow China’s socialist system." The ministry is guided by a series of laws enacted in 1993,
1994, and 1997 that replaced the "counterrevolutionary" crime statutes. The ministry’s operations include
intelligence collection, both domestic and foreign. Authorities have used arrests on charges of revealing state
secrets, subversion, and common crimes to suppress political dissent and social advocacy.
2. Ministry of Public Security
The Ministry of Public Security oversees all domestic police activity in China, including the People’s Armed
Police Force. The ministry is responsible for police operations and prisons and has dedicated departments for
internal political, economic, and communications security. Its lowest organizational units are public security
stations, which maintain close day-to-day contact with the public. The People’s Armed Police Force, with its 1.5
million personnel, is organized into 45 divisions. These include internal security police, border defense
personnel, guards for government buildings and embassies, and police communications specialists.
Further, the Ministry of Public Security is the principal police authority. It is responsible for maintaining social
and public order, and also for conducting investigations and arrest of suspects in criminal cases. It maintains
public order in accordance with the administrative power granted by law and through the police force. It can
also settle civil disputes between citizens.
3. People’s Armed Police
The People's Armed Police is a paramilitary force which is used in cases of serious disturbances.
4. People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
5. State judicial, procuratorial, and penal systems
Organization and role
The Ministry of Public Security is the principal police authority. The ministry has functional departments for
areas such as internal security, intelligence, counter-terrorism, police operations, prisons, and political,
economic, and communications security. Subordinate to the ministry are provincial-level public security
departments; public security bureaus and sub-bureaus at the county level (the bureaus located in the
prefectures and large cities, the sub-bureaus in counties and municipal districts); and public security stations at
the township level.
While public security considerations have a strong influence at all levels of administration, the police appear to
wield progressively greater influence at the lower levels of government.
The organization of local public security stations can be inferred from the tasks with which the police are
charged. Generally, each station has sections for population control, pre-trial investigations, welfare, traffic
control, a detention center, and other activities.
England and the UK Law Enforcement
Organization Features:

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 There are 41 large provincial police forces plus 2 in greater London called the Metropolitan Police Force
(the largest) and the London City Police.
Other kinds of Police, like British Transport Police, the Ministry of Defense Police and the Port London
Authority Police have responsibility in specific locales or over specific activities
Each region (country) contains a Police Authority Board which is similar to that of People’s Law Enforcement
Board (PLEB) in the Philippines.
Chief Constable is the main administrator of each provincial police force.
UK government Ministry is the overseeing body for the Metropolitan Police.
As all police forces are autonomous organizations there is much variation in organization and nomenclature,
however outlined below are the main strands of policing that makes up police forces.

All police forces have teams of officers who are responsible for general patrol duties and response to
emergency and non-emergency calls from the public. These officers are generally the most visible and will
invariably be the first interface a member of the public has with police. In general terms these officers will
normally patrol by vehicle (though also on foot or bicycle in urban areas). They will generally patrol a sub-
division or whole division of a police force area or in the case of the Metropolitan Police Service, a borough.
Nearly all police officers begin their careers in this area of policing, with some moving on to more specialist
roles. The Metropolitan Police Service calls this area of policing 'Response Teams', whilst other forces use
terms such as 'patrol', 'section' and other variations.
Most local areas or wards in the country have at least one police officer who is involved in trying to build links
with the local community and resolve long term problems. In London, the Metropolitan Police Service
addresses this area of policing with Safer Neighborhood Teams. This entails each political ward in London
having a Police Sergeant, two police constables and a few PCSOs who are ring fenced to address problems
and build community links in their respective wards. Other police forces have similar systems but can be
named 'Area officers', 'Neighborhood officers', 'Beat Constables' and a number of other variations.
Criminal Investigation Departments (CID) can be found in all police forces. Generally, these officers deal with
investigations of a more complex, serious nature, however this again can differ from force to force. Most
officers within this area are detectives. Depending on the force in question this area of policing can be further
divided into a myriad of other specialist areas such as fraud. Smaller forces tend to have detectives who deal
with a wide range of varied investigations whereas detectives in larger forces can have a very specialist remit.
All police forces have specialist departments that deal with certain aspects of policing. Larger forces such as
Greater Manchester Police, Strathclyde Police and West Midlands Police have many and varied departments
and units such as traffic, firearms, marine, horse, tactical support all named differently depending on the force.
Smaller forces such Dyfed Powys Police and Warwickshire Police will have fewer specialists and will rely on
cross training, such as firearms officers also being traffic trained officers. The Metropolitan Police, the largest
force in the country, has a large number of specialist departments, some of which are unique to the
Metropolitan Police due to policing the capital and its national responsibilities. For example, the Diplomatic
Protection Group and Counter Terrorism Command.
Training Features
The training of English police entails a 14-week course during which recruits learn theoretical and practical
information on police related topics, followed by a` 10-week field experience under supervision of an

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experience constable. After that 24- week period, the new constable remains on probation for the first two
years of service while gaining additional classroom training and supervision. Those who aspire to become
police administrators attend the police staff college education and leadership training.
Law Enforcement in the United Kingdom
Mounted officer of the Metropolitan Police at Buckingham Palace, London Law enforcement in the United
Kingdom is organized separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom: England & Wales,
Northern Ireland and Scotland (administration of police matters is not generally affected by the Government of
Wales Act 2006).
Jurisdictions and territories
In the United Kingdom, every person has limited powers of arrest if they see a crime being committed these
are called 'every person powers', commonly referred to as a 'citizen's arrest'. In England and Wales, the vast
majority of attested constables enjoyed full powers of arrest and search as granted by the Police and Criminal
Evidence Act 1984. All police officers are "constables" in law, irrespective of rank. Although police officers have
wide ranging powers, they are still civilians and subject to the same laws as members of the public. However,
there are certain legal restrictions on police officers such as the illegality of taking industrial action and the ban
on taking part in active politics.
Types of law enforcement agency
There are four general types of agencies, the first mostly concerned with policing the general public and their
activities and the rest concerned with policing of other, usually localized, matters:
1. Territorial police forces, who carry out the majority of policing. These are police forces that cover a 'police
area' (a particular region) and have an independent Police Authority. The Police Act 1996, the Police
(Scotland) Act 1967 and the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000, prescribe a number of issues such as
appointment of a Chief Constable, jurisdiction and responsibilities, for police forces in England and Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively.
2. Special police forces, which are national police forces that have a specific, non-regional jurisdiction, such as
the British Transport Police. The Serious Organized Crime and Police Act 2005 refers to these as 'special
police forces'.
3. Non-police law enforcement agencies, whose officers are not police constables, but still enforce laws.
4. Miscellaneous police forces, mostly having their foundations in older legislation or Common Law. These
have a responsibility to police specific local areas or activities, such as ports and parks and before the passing
of recent legislation such as the Serious Organized Crime and Police Act 2005 were often referred to as
'special police forces'; care must therefore be taken in interpreting historical use of that phrase. These
constabularies are not within the scope of the legislation applicable to the previously-mentioned organizations
but can still be the subject of statutes applicable to e.g., docks, harbours or railways. Until the passing of
Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003, the British Transport Police was such a force.
Cross-border powers
Territorial police constables have certain powers of arrest in countries other than the one they were attested in.
There are four main provisions for them to do so - arrest with a warrant, arrest without a warrant for an offence
committed in their country, arrest without a warrant for an offence committed in another country and mutual
aid. Note: this section applies to territorial police constables only, and not to others - except the British
Transport Police, whose also have certain cross-border powers in addition to their natural powers.

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Japan Law Enforcement
Organization and Training Features
Japan had established kobans and chuzaisho. The former is applicable in the urban areas while the latter is for
rural areas. The most part function of the koban is the community safety center. Other functions of kobans are
administrative service, initial response to incidents and prevention of crimes and accidents. Chuzaisho are
manned by rural police called Chusai-san.
The chusai-san spends his time patrolling his district, visiting the residents, or conducting business out of his
office in the chuzaisho. He is required to visit each household twice per year, during which time he becomes
acquainted with family members, neighborhood news, and problems that might be occurring.
To become a police officer in Japan, one must graduate from high school, pass the a national qualifying exam
(similar to PO1 entrance exam) pass an aptitude test, undergo an extensive background check, and complete
a series of personal interviews. After this process the recruit must attend the National Police Agency training
school. If the recruit is high school graduate, the training lasts one year; if he is college graduate, it lasts six
months. The training combines academic and legal courses with the martial arts. After completing school
training, the recruit receives one year of field experience and the returns to school for six months for further
training. The Japanese police are among the highly trained police in the world.
Law Enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural Police under the oversight of the National Police
Agency or NPA. The NPA is headed by the National Public Safety Commission thus ensuring that Japan's
police are an apolitical body and free of direct central government executive control. They are checked by an
independent judiciary and monitored by a free and active press.
National Organization
National Public Safety Commission
The mission of the National Public Safety Commission is to guarantee the neutrality of the police by insulating
the force from political pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in police
administration. The commission's primary function is to supervise the National Police Agency, and it has the
authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers. The commission consists of a chairman, who holds the
rank of minister of state, and five members appointed by the prime minister with the consent of both houses of
the Diet. The commission operates independently of the cabinet, but liaison and coordination with it are
facilitated by the chairman's being a member of that body.
National Police Agency
As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police Agency determines general
standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. In a national emergency or
large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces. In 1989 the agency
was composed of about 1,100 national civil servants, empowered to collect information and to formulate and
execute national policies. The agency is headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the National
Public Safety Commission with the approval of the prime minister.
The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning, information,
finance, management, and procurement and distribution of police equipment, and five bureaus.
Police Administration Bureau
The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit
inspections.

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Criminal Investigation Bureau
The Criminal Investigation Bureau is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally
important and international cases. This bureau's Safety Department is responsible for crime prevention,
combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation Bureau surveys,
formulates, and recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. The
Communications Bureau supervises police communications systems.

Traffic Bureau
The Traffic Bureau licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates traffic. Intensive traffic safety
and driver education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels. The bureau's Expressway
Division addresses special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways.
Security Bureau
The Security Bureau formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts research on
equipment and tactics for suppressing riots and oversaw and coordinates activities of the riot police. The
Security Bureau is also responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups, including
investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the Entry and Exit Control Law.
The bureau also implements security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters.
Regional Public Safety Bureaus
The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible for a number of prefectures.
Each is headed by a director and they are organization similar to the Central Office. They are located in major
cities of each geographic region. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police
Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of RPBs. Headed by a Director General, each RPB exercises
necessary control and supervision over and provides support services to prefectural police within its
jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner General. Attached to each Regional Police
Bureaus is a Regional Police School which provides police personnel with education and training required of
staff officers as well as other necessary education and training.
Police Communications Divisions
Metropolitan Tokyo and the island of Hokkaidō are excluded from the regional jurisdictions and are run more
autonomously than other local forces, in the case of Tokyo, because of its special urban situation, and of
Hokkaidō, because of its distinctive geography. The National Police Agency maintains police communications
divisions in these two areas to handle any coordination needed between national and local forces.
Imperial Guard
In 1947 the Imperial Police Headquarters (, Kōgū-Keisatsu Honbu?) was created under the control of the
Home Ministry from the Imperial Household Ministry. It came under the aegis of the National Police Agency of
Japan in 1957. It provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial
Family of Japan, as well as protection of imperial properties, including the Tokyo Imperial Palace, Kyoto
Imperial Palace, Katsura Imperial Villa, Shugakuin Imperial Villa (both in Kyoto), Shosoin Imperial Repository in
Nara and the imperial villas as Hayama, Kanagawa and Nasu, Tochigi.
Strength

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As of 2008, the total strength reached approximately 289,800 personnel. The NPA total is about 7,600 with
1,800 police officers, 900 Imperial guards and 4,900 civilians. The Prefectural police total is about 282,200 with
253,400 police officers and 28,800 Civilians.
Nationwide, there are about 13,500 female police officers and about 11,800 female civilians.
Local organization
There are some 289,000 police officers nationwide, about 97 percent of whom were affiliated with local police
forces. Local forces include:
1. forty-three prefectural (ken) police forces;
2. Tokyo Metropolitan (to) police force, in Tokyo;
a. two urban prefectural (fu) police forces, in Osaka and Kyoto; and
b. one district (dō) police force, in Hokkaidō.
These forces have limited authority to initiate police actions. Their most important activities are regulated by
the National Police Agency, which provides funds for equipment, salaries, riot control, escort, and natural
disaster duties, and for internal security and multiple jurisdiction cases. National police statutes and regulations
establish the strength and rank allocations of all local personnel and the locations of local police stations.
Prefectural police finance and control the patrol officer on the beat, traffic control, criminal investigations, and
other daily operations.
Prefectural Police
Each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative divisions corresponding to those of the bureaus
of the National Police Agency. Headquarters are staffed by specialists in basic police functions and
administration and are commanded by an officer appointed by the local office of the National Public Safety
Commission. Most arrests and investigations are performed by prefectural police officials (and, in large
jurisdictions, by police assigned to substations), who are assigned to one or more central locations within the
prefecture. Experienced officers are organized into functional bureaus and handle all but the most ordinary
problems in their fields.
Kōban
Kōbans are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential districts—form
the first line of police response to the public. The Koban system is composed of about 6000 police boxes
(Koban) and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho). Koban is staffed by relatively small number of
police officers (3-5 officers in usual), and also Chuzaisho is usually staffed by a single officer. About 20 percent
of the total police force is assigned to koban. Staffed by officers working in eight-hour shifts, they serve as a
base for foot patrols and usually have both sleeping and eating facilities for officers on duty but not on watch.
In rural areas, residential offices usually are staffed by one police officer who resides in adjacent family
quarters. These officers’ endeavor to become a part of the community, and their families often aid in
performing official tasks.
Vigilance at the Koban and Chuzaisho is maintained by standing watch in front or sitting watch inside, enabling
police officers to respond immediately to any incident. While keeping a constant watch, they perform a myriad
of routine tasks, such as receiving crime reports from citizens, handling lost and found articles, counseling
citizens in trouble and giving directions.

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Outside their Koban and Chuzaisho, police officers patrol their beats either on foot, by bicycle or by car. While
on patrol, they gain a precise knowledge of the topography and terrain of the area, question suspicious-looking
persons, provide traffic guidance and enforcement, instruct juveniles, rescue the injured, warn citizens of
imminent dangers and protect lost children and those under the influence or intoxicated.
Radio-equipped patrol cars are deployed at each PPH, police station, Koban and Chuzaisho. Police officers
use them for routine patrol and rapid response. These cars remain in constant radio contact with their police
station and the communications command center of the PPH. When an emergency is reported, this rapid
response capability plays a major role in the quick resolution of such incidents.

Officers assigned to koban have intimate knowledge of their jurisdictions. One of their primary tasks is to
conduct twice-yearly house-by-house residential surveys of homes in their areas, at which time the head of the
household at each address fills out a residence information card detailing the names, ages, occupations,
business addresses, and vehicle registration numbers of household occupants and the names of relatives
living elsewhere. Police take special note of names of the aged or those living alone who might need special
attention in an emergency. They conduct surveys of local businesses and record employee names and
addresses, in addition to such data as which establishments stay open late and which employees might be
expected to work late. Participation in the survey is voluntary, and most citizens cooperate, but an increasing
segment of the population has come to regard the surveys as invasions of privacy.
Information elicited through the surveys is not centralized but is stored in each police box, where it is used
primarily as an aid to locating people. When a crime occurs or an investigation is under way, however, these
files are invaluable in establishing background data for a case. Specialists from district police stations spend
considerable time culling through the usually poorly filed data maintained in the police boxes.
Riot police
Within their security divisions, each prefecture level police department and the Tokyo police maintain Kidotai,
special riot units. These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond quickly and
effectively to large public disturbances. They are also used in crowd control during festival periods, at times of
natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police when necessary. Full-time riot police can also be augmented by
regular police trained in riot duties. Currently, there are 10,000 in the whole riot force.
In handling demonstrations and violent disturbances, riot units are deployed en masse, military style. It is
common practice for files of riot police to line streets through which demonstrations pass. If demonstrators
grow disorderly or deviate from officially sanctioned areas, riot police stand shoulder-to-shoulder, sometimes
three and four deep, to push with their hands to control the crowds. Individual action is forbidden. Three-person
units sometimes perform reconnaissance duties, but more often operations are carried out by squads of nine to
eleven, platoons of twenty-seven to thirty-three, and companies of eighty to one hundred. Front ranks are
trained to open to allow passage of special squads to rescue captured police or to engage in tear gas assaults.
Each person wears a radio with an earpiece to hear commands given simultaneously to the formation.
The riot police are committed to using disciplined, nonlethal force and do not carry firearms while engaged in
riot control duties. They are trained to take pride in their poise under stress. Demonstrators also are usually
restrained. Police brutality is rarely an issue. When excesses occur, the perpetrator is disciplined and
sometimes transferred from the force if considered unable to keep his temper.
Extensive experience in quelling violent disorders led to the development of special uniforms and equipment
for the riot police units. Riot dress consists of a field-type jacket, which covered several pieces of body armor
and includes a corselet hung from the waist, an aluminum plate down the spine, and shoulder pads. Armored

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gauntlets cover the hands and forearms. Helmets have faceplates and flared padded skirts down the back to
protect the neck. In case of violence, the front ranks carry 1.2-meter shields to protect against stave and rocks
and hold nets on high poles to catch flying objects. Specially designed equipment includes water cannons,
armored vans, and mobile tunnels for protected entry into seized buildings.

Because riot police duties require special group action, units are maintained in virtually self-sufficient
compounds and trained to work as a coordinated force. The overwhelming majority of officers are bachelors
who live in dormitories within riot police compounds. Training is constant and focuses on physical conditioning,
mock battles, and tactical problems. A military atmosphere prevails—dress codes, behavior standards, and
rank differentiations are more strictly adhered to than in the regular police. Esprit de corps is inculcated with
regular ceremonies and institutionalization of rituals such as applauding personnel dispatched to or returning
from assignments and formally welcoming senior officers to the mess hall at all meals.
Riot duty is not popular because it entails special sacrifices and much boredom in between irregularly spaced
actions. Although many police are assigned riot duty, only a few are volunteers. For many personnel, riot duty
serves as a stepping stone because of its reputation and the opportunities it presents to study for the advanced
police examinations necessary for promotion. Because riot duties demand physical fitness—the armored
uniform weighed 6.6 kilograms—most personnel are young, often serving in the units after an initial
assignment in a koban.
Special police
In addition to regular police officers, there are several thousand officials attached to various agencies who
perform special duties relating to public safety. They are responsible for such matters as railroad security,
forest preservation, narcotics control, fishery inspection, and enforcement of regulations on maritime, labor,
and mine safety.
The largest and most important of these ministry-supervised public safety agencies is the Japan Coast Guard,
an external agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport that deals with crime in coastal waters
and maintains facilities for safeguarding navigation. The agency operates a fleet of patrol and rescue craft in
addition to a few aircraft used primarily for anti-smuggling patrols and rescue activities. In 1990 there were
2,846 incidents in and on the waters. In those incidents, 1,479 people drowned or were lost and 1,347 people
were rescued.
There are other agencies having limited public safety functions. These agencies include the Labor Standards
Inspection Office of the Ministry of Labor, railroad police of Japan Railways Group, immigration agents of the
Ministry of Justice, postal inspectors of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, and revenue inspectors
in the Ministry of Finance.
A small intelligence agency, the Public Security Intelligence Agency of the Ministry of Justice, handles national
security matters both inside and outside the country. Its activities are not generally known to the public.
Special operations
The National Police Agency has a counter-terrorist unit known as the Special Assault Team, operating under
police control.
A small number of anti-riot-trained police officers had been trained to handle incidents that can not be dealt
with by regular police and riot police officers, but can operate independently or with SAT cooperation. These
units include the Special Investigations Team of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, the Osaka Police's Martial Arts
Attack Team and the Chiba Police's Attack Response Team.

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Conditions of service
Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to the force is determined by
examinations administered by each prefecture. Examinees are divided into two groups: upper-secondary-
school graduates and university graduates. Recruits underwent rigorous training—one year for upper-
secondary school graduates and six months for university graduates—at the residential police academy
attached to the prefectural headquarters. On completion of basic training, most police officers are assigned to
local police boxes. Promotion is achieved by examination and requires further course work. In-service training
provides mandatory continuing education in more than 100 fields. Police officers with upper-secondary school
diplomas are eligible to take the examination for sergeant after three years of on-the-job experience. University
graduates can take the examination after only one year. University graduates are also eligible to take the
examination for assistant police inspector, police inspector, and superintendent after shorter periods than
upper-secondary school graduates. There are usually five to fifteen examinees for each opening.
About fifteen officers per year pass advanced civil service examinations and are admitted as senior officers.
Officers are groomed for administrative positions, and, although some rise through the ranks to become senior
administrators, most such positions are held by specially recruited senior executives.
The police forces are subject to external oversight. Although officials of the National Public Safety Commission
generally defer to police decisions and rarely exercise their powers to check police actions or operations,
police are liable for civil and criminal prosecution, and the media actively publicizes police misdeeds. The
Human Rights Bureau of the Ministry of Justice solicits and investigates complaints against public officials,
including police, and prefectural legislatures could summon police chiefs for questioning. Social sanctions and
peer pressure also constrain police behavior. As in other occupational groups in Japan, police officers develop
an allegiance to their own group and a reluctance to offend its principles.
Police-community relations
Despite legal limits on police jurisdiction, many citizens retain their views of the police as authority figures to
whom they can turn for aid. The public often seeks police assistance to settle family quarrels, counsel
juveniles, and mediate minor disputes. Citizens regularly consult police for directions to hotels and residences
—an invaluable service in cities where streets are often unnamed and buildings are numbered in the order in
which they have been built rather than consecutively. Police are encouraged by their superiors to view these
tasks as answering the public's demands for service and as inspiring community confidence in the police.
Public attitudes toward the police are generally favorable, although a series of incidents of forced confessions
in the late 1980s raised some concern about police treatment of suspects held for pretrial detention. [citation
needed]
New Zealand Law Enforcement
Organization and training features
New Zealand Police is a decentralized organization divided into twelve districts, each with a geographical area
of responsibility, three communications centers that each receive calls from *555 traffic, 111 emergency or
general queues, and a Police National Headquarters that provides policy and planning advice as well as
national oversight and management of the organization.
District Commanders hold the rank of Superintendent, as do sworn National Managers, the road policing
manager in the Waitemata District, responsible for the motorway network and traffic alcohol group, and the
commandant of the Royal New Zealand Police College. Area Commanders hold the rank of Inspector as do
Shift Commanders based in each of the three Communications Centers. District Section Commanders are
typically Senior Sergeants. The New Zealand Police is a member of Interpol and has close relationships with

A Self-regulated Learning Module 27

the Australian police forces, at both the state and federal level. Several New Zealand Police representatives
are posted overseas in key New Zealand diplomatic missions.

The Police also work closely with the Serious Fraud Office.
A recently graduated Constable is considered a Probationary Constable for up to two years, until he or she has
passed ten workplace assessment standards and a compulsory university paper. The completion of the above
is known as obtaining permanent appointment.
Detective ranks somewhat parallel the street ranks up to Detective Superintendent. Trainee Detectives spend
around 6–12 months’ time as a Constable on Trial after completing an intensive Selection and Induction
course, before progression to Detective Constable after successful completion of several training modules.
There is then a Workplace assessment for Detective Constables, and after approximately 2–3 years in the
Criminal Investigation Branch, a Detective Constable may take the pre-requisite examination and qualifying
course to become a Detective.
The rank of Senior Constable is granted to Constables after 14 years of service and the Commissioner of
Police is satisfied with their conduct. Senior Constables are well regarded within the New Zealand Police for
their extensive policing experience, and are often used to train and mentor other police officers.
Detective and Detective Constable are considered designations and not specific ranks. That is, Detectives do
not outrank uniformed constables. A police officer with a Detective designation will generally assume control of
a serious crime scene rather than a uniform staff member regardless of rank.
New Zealand police uniforms formerly followed the British model closely but since the 1970s a number of
changes have been implemented. These include the adoption of a medium blue shade in place of dark blue,
the abolition of helmets and the substitution of synthetic leather jackets for silver buttoned tunics when on
ordinary duty. AOS and STG members, when deployed, wear the usual charcoal-coloured clothing used by
armed-response and counter-terror units around the world.
Training & Educational Change
Under new management, in early 2009 The Royal New Zealand Police College embarked upon an
assessment of its quality, purpose and personnel. This assessment led to the initiation of a programme of
change. Within the programme are multiple projects, managed via four work streams addressing change in the
areas of:
1. Strategy & Growth
2. Business Planning & Performance
3. Learning Pathways
Technology Assisted Learning
In Sept 2009, the programme had submitted a restructure to the organization through formal consultation. By
Nov 2009, 400 formal submissions were recorded. Implementation planning is believed to be underway.
The New Zealand Police (Māori: Ngā Pirihimana o Aotearoa) is the national police force of New Zealand,
responsible for enforcing criminal law, enhancing public safety, maintaining order and keeping the peace
throughout New Zealand. With over 11,000 staff it is the largest law enforcement agency in New Zealand, and
with few exceptions has primary jurisdiction over the majority of New Zealand criminal law.

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The New Zealand police also have responsibility for traffic and commercial vehicle enforcement as well as
other key responsibilities including dignitary protection, firearms licensing and matters of national security.
History
Policing in New Zealand started in 1840 with the arrival of six constables accompanying Lt. Governor Hobson's
official landing party to form the colony of New Zealand. Early policing arrangements were along similar lines to
the UK and British colonial police forces, in particular the Royal Irish Constabulary and the New South Wales
Police Force. Many of its first officers had seen prior service in either Ireland or Australia. The early Force was
initially part police and part militia.
At the outset, official establishment of sworn constables holding common law powers to arrest people was
achieved by Magistrates being given the power to swear them in via the Magistrates Ordinance of 1842. By
1846 the emerging organisation of a police force was recognized with the passage of the Armed Constabulary
Ordinance. New Zealand's early police force continued to grow with the colony, and was further enhanced with
additional structure and rules with the passage of the first Police Act, the New Zealand Armed Constabulary
Act of 1867. The Armed Constabulary took part in land wars against Māori opposed to colonial expansion at
that time.
From the police force's beginnings in 1840 through the next forty years, policing arrangements varied around
New Zealand. Whilst the nationally organized Armed Constabulary split its efforts between regular law
enforcement functions and militia support to the Maori land wars, some provinces desired local police forces of
their own. This led to a separate Provincial Police Force Act being passed by the Parliament. However,
provincial policing models lasted only two decades as economic depression in the 1870s saw some provinces
stop paying their police as they ran out of money. Eventually, government decided single nationally organized
police would be the best and most efficient policing arrangement.
The New Zealand Police Force was established as a single national force under the Police Force Act of 1886.
The change in name was significant, and provincial policing arrangements were de-established and their staff
largely absorbed into the newly created New Zealand Police Force. At the same time, government took the
important step to hive off the militia functions of the old Armed Constabulary, and form the genesis of today's
New Zealand Defense Force, initially called in 1886 the New Zealand Permanent Militia.
Just a decade later, policing in New Zealand was given a significant overhaul. In 1898 there was a very
constructive Royal Commission of Enquiry into New Zealand Police. The Royal Commission, which included
the reforming Commissioner Tunbridge who had come from the Metropolitan Police in London, produced a far-
reaching report which laid the basis for positive reform of New Zealand Police for the next several decades. A
complete review of Police's legislation in 1908 built significantly off the Royal Commission's work.
A further Police Force Act in 1947 reflected some changes of a growing New Zealand, and a country coming
out of World War II. But the most significant change in the structure and arrangement for Police was to arrive
after the departure of Commissioner Compton under a cloud of government and public concern over his
management of Police in 1955. The appointment of a caretaker civilian leader of Police, especially titled
"Controller General" to recognize his non-operational background, opened the windows on the organization
and allowed a period of positive and constructive development to take place.
In 1958, the word "Force" was removed from the name when legislation was significantly revised.

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On 1 July 1992, the Traffic Safety Service of the Ministry of Transport was merged with the Police. Up until that
time, the Ministry of Transport and local councils had been responsible for traffic law enforcement. In 2001, the
Police re-established a specialist road policing branch known as the Highway Patrol. Today the Police are
responsible for enforcing traffic law, while local councils enforce parking regulations.
The Police Act 1958 was extensively reviewed starting in 2006, after a two and a half year consultative process
the Policing Act 2008 came into effect on 1 October 2008.[1] The process included the world's first use of a
wiki to allow the public to contribute wording for the new Policing Act. The wiki was open for less than two
weeks, but drew international attention.
Counter-terrorism and military assistance
The NZ Police are accountable for the operational response to threats to national security, including terrorism.
If an incident escalates to a level where their internal resources are unable to adequately deal with the issue
(for example, a major arms encounter or a significant terrorist threat), the Police Incident Controller may call on
extra assistance from the New Zealand Defence Force and in particular NZ's Special Forces, the military
focused Special Air Service and terrorism focused CTTAG (Counter Terrorist Tactical Assault Group). Control
of the incident remains with police throughout. As of 2009, the two military counter terrorist units have never
been deployed in a domestic law-enforcement operation. Military resources such as Light Armoured Vehicles
have been used and requested before, such as during the 2009 Napier Siege, and Royal New Zealand Air
Force aircraft are often used to assist in search and rescue and cannabis eradication operations.
Accountabilities
While the New Zealand Police is technically a government department and has political representation in
Government through the Minister of Police, the Commissioner and all sworn members swear allegiance
directly to the Sovereign and, by constitutional convention, have constabulary independence from the
government of the day.
Crime statistics
In addition to the annual report, the Police also publishes six-monthly statistical summaries of crime for both
New Zealand as a whole and each Police District. In early 2005, crime statistics for both Recorded Crime and
Recorded Apprehensions for the last 10 years were published by Statistics New Zealand. These statistics
provide offence statistics down to individual sections of legislation and appear to be the most detailed national
crime statistics available today.
Recent controversies
The New Zealand Police is considered one of the least corrupt police forces in the world. Despite this, there
have been a number of recent controversies that have put the Police under close scrutiny. While the Police
Complaints Authority is an independent body that investigates complaints against the New Zealand Police, the
following events have either fallen outside the authority's ambit or received significant publicity.
Police culture
An investigation into "Police Culture" reported on 10 October 2005 that while the defunct Emergency
Response Group at Counties-Manukau used excessive force and took inappropriate and degrading
photographs of people in custody, there was no nationwide problem with police culture.

Saudi Arabia Law Enforcement

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Organization and Training Features
The main police force is called the Department of Public Safety. They handle most of the daily law enforcement
functions in the country. This department is divided into regular police and special investigative police of the
General Directorate of Investigation, the mubahith or secret police. This mubahith conduct criminal
investigations and handle matters pertaining to domestic security and counter intelligence.
Another police force is the Department of Public Safety under this is the Saudi Arabia’s’ “morals force” religious
police known as mutawa which ensures that Saudi citizens live up to the rules of behavior derived from the
Qur’an.
The mutawa also ensures that businesses are closed during prayer hours. Mutawas’ actual leadership comes
from the Ujama, the council of religious authorities who are deeply involved in most aspects of Saudi life
especially the administration of criminal justice. Mutawa is separate from regular police but cooperates closely.
The commissioned officers received three years of training and are promoted through the ranks from second
lieutenant to general. The director of public safety, who heads the Saudi police, usually is a relative of the king.
Non-commissioned police personnel must be literate and spend three months in training. They are not eligible
to become commissioned officers.
Singapore Law Enforcement
Generally, law enforcement in Singapore comes under the direct purview of the Singapore Police Force, the
main government agency entrusted with the maintenance of law and order in Singapore. Assisting the police
force, are a range of governmental as well as private sector organizations and companies who engage in
specialized roles and allow the main force to concentrate on their main public policing roles. In addition, the
strong emphasis on community policing since the 1980s has attempted to promote a culture in which the man
in the street can partake and contribute directly in law enforcement efforts.
Agencies
Besides the Singapore Police Force, other government agencies also enforce specific laws as follows:
1) Central Narcotics Bureau, dealing with drug related offences
2) Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, involved in prosecuting immigration related offences
3) Employment Inspectorate Department, Ministry of Manpower is the one that deals with violations of
manpower regulations like the employment of illegal immigrants.
Auxiliary police forces
The government agencies are augmented by the auxiliary police forces, which are private companies with
officers certified to perform security-related duties with arms.
United States Law Enforcement
Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of the criminal justice system, along
with courts and corrections. Although there is an inherent interrelatedness between the different groups that
make up the criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each component operates
independently from one another. However, the judiciary is vested with the power to make legal determinations
regarding the conduct of the other two components.
Apart from maintaining order and service functions, the purpose of policing is the investigation of suspected
criminal activity and the referral of the results of investigations and of suspected criminals to the courts. Law

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enforcement, to varying degrees at different levels of government and in different agencies, is also commonly
charged with the responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and of preventing the successful commission of
crimes in progress; the service and enforcement of warrants, writs and other orders of the courts.
Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other threats to
public safety; the protection of certain public facilities and infrastructure; the maintenance of public order; the
protection of public officials; and the operation of some correctional facilities (usually at the local level).
Types of police
Policing in the United States is conducted by numerous types of agencies at many different levels. Every state
has their own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary from state to
state.
Federal
Federal police possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.). Federal Law
Enforcement Officers are authorized to enforce various laws not only at the federal level, but also state, county,
and local in many circumstances.
Both types operate at the highest level and are endowed with police roles both may maintain a small
component of the other (for example, the FBI Police). The agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for
enforcement of federal law. All federal agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that
are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However, federal investigative powers have become
very broad in practice, especially since the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act.
The Department of Justice (DOJ) is the largest and most pronounced law enforcement agency, and handles
most law enforcement duties at the federal level.[8] It includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), the
United States Marshals Service, and others.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement
agencies reporting to it. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement (ICE), United States Secret Service (USSS), United States Coast Guard (USCG), and the
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) are some of the agencies that report to DHS.
At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple jurisdictions, or broad geographic
areas, many police agencies may be involved by mutual aid agreements, for example the United States
Federal Protective Service responded to the Hurricane Katrina natural disaster. Command in such situations
remains a complex and flexible issue.
The federal government is prohibited from exercising general police powers due to restrictions in the
constitution, due to the fact that the United States is organized as a union of sovereign states, which each
retain their police, military and domestic law-making powers. For example, the State's National Guard is the
state's military. The constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and
interstate affairs (affairs between the states). For policing, this means that if a domestic crime such as murder
is committed in a state and the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction.
However, once the fugitive crosses a state line, he violates the federal law of interstate flight and is subject to
federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law enforcement agencies may become involved.
State

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Most all states operate statewide government agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including
investigations and state patrols. They may be called State Police, State Patrol or Highway Patrol, and are
normally part of the state Department of Public Safety. In addition, the Attorney General's office of each state
has their own state bureaus of investigation.
Various departments of State Governments may have their own enforcement division such as capitol police,
Departments of Correction, Water police, environmental (fish and game/wildlife) Game Wardens or
Conservation Officers (who have full police powers). In Colorado, for instance, the Department of Revenue has
its own investigative branch, as do many of the state funded universities.
County
Also known as parishes and boroughs, county law enforcement is provided by Sheriffs' Departments or Offices
and County police.
County police
County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. In some areas, there
is a sheriff's department which only handles minor issues such as service of papers such as a constable in
other areas, along with security for the local courthouse. In other areas, there are no county police and the
local sheriff is the exclusive law enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff and county police, which is much
more common than there being a separate county police force. County police tend to fall into three broad
categories:
1. Full-service - provide the full spectrum of police services to the entire county, irrespective of local
communities, and may provide contractual security police services to special districts within the county.
2. Hawaii - Hawaii has only county police, there are no local police.
3. Limited service - provide services to unincorporated areas of the county (and may provide services to
some incorporated areas by contract), and usually provide contractual security police services to
special districts within the county.
4. Restricted service - provide security police to county owned and operated facilities and parks. Some
may also perform some road patrol duties on county built and maintained roads, and provide support to
municipal police departments in the county. Some northeastern states maintain county detectives in
their county attorneys' offices.

Sheriffs' departments
1. Full service - The most common type, provide all traditional law-enforcement functions, including
countywide patrol and investigations irrespective of municipal boundaries.
2. Limited service - along with the above, perform some type of traditional law-enforcement function such
as investigations and patrol. This may be limited to security police duties on county properties (and
others by contract) to the performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county, and some
incorporated areas by contract.
3. Restricted service - provide basic court related services such as keeping the county jail, transporting
prisoners, providing courthouse security and other duties with regard to service of process and
summonses that are issued by county and state courts. The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of
real property in foreclosure in many jurisdictions, and is often also empowered to conduct seizures of
chattel property to satisfy a judgment. In other jurisdictions, these civil process duties are performed by
other officers, such as a marshal or constable.

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Municipal
Municipal police range from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called the town marshal) to the 40,000 men
and women of the New York City Police Department. Most municipal agencies take the form (Municipality
Name) Police Department. Many individual cities and towns will have their own police department, with larger
communities typically having larger departments with greater budgets, resources, and responsibilities.
Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, have jurisdiction covering
multiple communities and municipalities, often over a wide area typically coterminous with one or more cities or
counties. Metropolitan departments have usually have been formed by a merger between local agencies,
typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff's department or office, in efforts to provide
greater efficiency by centralizing command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in
communities experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl, or in neighboring communities too small
to afford individual police departments. Some county sheriff's departments, such as the Los Angeles County
Sheriff's Department, are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties.
Styles of Policing
Given the broad mandates of police work, and yet having limited resources, police administrators must develop
policies to prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies restrict, or even forbid,
high-speed vehicular pursuits.
Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction’s socioeconomic characteristics, government organization,
and choice of police administrators. According to a study by James Q. Wilson (”Varieties of Police Behavior”,
1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of
eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions, and were linked to specific characteristics
of the community the department served. (Wilson’s field of study was in the United States, and it is not clear if
similar studies have been done for other countries with different governmental organization and laws.)
Watchman. Emphasizes maintaining order, usually found in communities with a declining industrial base, and a
blue-collar, mixed ethnic/racial population. This form of policing is implicitly less pro-active than other styles,
and certain offenses may be “overlooked” on a variety of social, legal, and cultural grounds, as long as the
public order is maintained. Smith and Cole comment the broad discretion exercised in this style of policing can
result in charges of discrimination, when it appears police treatment of different groups results in the perception
that some groups get better treatment than others;
Legalistic. Emphasizes law enforcement and professionalism. This is usually found in reform-minded cities,
with mixed socioeconomic composition. Officers are expected to
generate a large number of arrests and citations, and act as if there were a single community standard for
conduct, rather than different standards for different groups. However, the fact that certain groups are more
likely to have law enforcement contact means this strict enforcement of laws may seem overly harsh on certain
groups;
Service. Emphasizes the service functions of police work, usually found in suburban, middle-class communities
where residents demand individual treatment. Police in homogeneous communities can view their work as
protecting their citizens against “outsiders”, with frequent but often-informal interventions against community
members. The uniform make-up of the community means crimes are usually more obvious, and therefore less
frequent, leaving police free to deal with service functions, and traffic control.
Wilson’s study applies to police behavior for the entire department, over time. At any given time, police officers
may be acting in a watchman, service, or legalistic function by nature of what they’re doing at the time, or

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temperament, or mood. Individual officers may also be inclined to one style or another, regardless of
supervisor or citizen demands.
Entry qualifications
Nearly all U.S. states and the federal government have by law adopted minimum-standard standardized
training requirements for all officers with powers of arrest within the state. Many standards apply to in-service
training as well as entry-level training, particularly in the use of firearms, with periodic re-certification required.
These standards often comply with standards promoted by the US Department of Justice. These standards
typically require a thorough background check that potential police recruits:
A. Be a United States citizen.
B. Must have a high school diploma or a G.E.D. and if necessary a college degree or served in the United
States military without a dishonorable discharge;
C. Be in good physical and psychological condition;
D. Maintain a clean criminal record without either serious or repeated misdemeanor or any felony
convictions;
E. Must have a valid driver's license with a clean driving record and that is not currently or has a history of
being suspended or revoked;
F. Be of high moral character;
G. Not have a history of prior narcotic or repeated marijuana use or alcoholism;
H. Not have a history of ethical, professional, prior employment, motor vehicle, or financial improprieties;
I. Not have a history of domestic violence or mental illness;
J. Not to pose a safety and security risk;
K. Be legally eligible to own and carry a firearm.

Repeated interviews, written tests, medical examinations, physical fitness tests, comprehensive background
investigations, fingerprinting, drug testing, a polygraph
examination and consultation with a psychologist are common practices used to review the suitability of
candidates. Recruiting in most departments is competitive, with more suitable and desirable candidates
accepted over lesser ones, and failure to meet some minimum standards disqualifying a candidate entirely.
Departments maintain records of past applicants under review, and refer to them in the case of either
reapplication or requests from other agencies.
Comparative Police Systems in Matrix: More on Asian Countries
This chapter presents the comparisons of police matters mostly in Asian countries which cover the entry
qualification, duration and type of training, organization and policing systems.

Philippines
The reason of presenting the PNP as first nation is to serve as a model or guide when we study the systems of
other countries.
Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system

1. Entry Qualifications Philippine National Police (PNP): Headed by Director General

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 a. Citizen of the Philippines It is centralized police system.
b. Must be college graduate
c. 21-30 years old It is under the Department of Interior and Local Government
d. Must not have been Governing body: NAPOLCOM
convicted of crime PNP composed of offices in:
involving moral turpitude. National level, Regional levels, Provincial levels, City/Municipal
e. Height, 5’4” for male and levels and Precinct/sub- station levels
5’2” for female The PNP is responsible for maintenance of internal peace and
f. Must pass the Police order -which covers the ff:
Officer 1 entrance exam 1. Patrol division for crime prevention
administered by the National 2. Police Community Relation unit
Police Commission 3. Criminal Investigation division (with different unit and sections
(NAPOLCOM) of specialization)
g. Must pass the PNPA 4. Intelligence division
entrance exam for 5. Traffic division
commissioned officer 6. SWAT/SAF
7. Presidential Security Group
2. Training Other Law Enforcement Agencies
Under the Philippine Public NBI, PDEA, LTO, DENR, DOF etc…
Safety College PPSC B. Arm Forces of the Philippines (Under DND): for External
a. PNPA for Commissioned Security and national threat which covers the ff:
officer (4 years) 1. Philippine Army for rebel groups like
b. PPSC Regional training Abu Sayaff and New Pepoles Army.
centers for non- 2. Philippine Air Force
commissioned officers (1 3. Philippine Navy
year)
C. BJMP and BUCOR: for prisoner’s development and
protection.
D. Bureau of Fire Protection: for fire prevention, extinction and
rescue.
The word “policing system” as used in the matrix shall refer to maintenance of peace and order while the word
“organization” refers to the structure of the police force. These two groups of words cannot be totally
independent from one another since in studying comparative police system these are the main concerns.

Afghanistan

Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system

1. Entry Qualifications Decentralized police system

2. Training 1. Afghan Border Police ABP
In order to prepare for It secure Afghanistan’s 5,529 kilometres (3,436 mi) border and
their duties as ABP, recruits international airports. The ABP also is responsible to administer
attend an 8-week course the country’s immigration process and administer customs
designed by the German regulations

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Bundespolizei (BPOL). The 2. Afghan National Civil Order Police (ANCOP)
BPOL are still heavily (ANCOP) is a special police unit of the law enforcement agency
involved in mentoring ABP in Afghanistan. Their mission is to provide civil order presence
officers as of 2009. patrols, prevent violent public incidents, and provide crisis and
3. Training centers: anti-terror response in urban and metropolitan environments.
a. Kabul Police Academy - 3. Afghan National Police - ANP
established by the German The ANP is the primary national police force in Afghanistan. It
police mission serves as a single law enforcement agency all across the
b. Central Training Facility in country. The Afghan police force was first created with the
Kabul led by US training establishment of the Afghan nation in the early 18th century.
c. 7 Regional Training The agency is under the responsibility of Afghanistan's Ministry
Centers - training from US of Interior.
forces 4. Afghan Special Narcotics Force (ASNF)
d. 200 modern-design The (ASNF) is in charge of counter narcotics operations in
stations - expected to be Afghanistan. It began at the end of 2003.
built before 2013. 5. Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan (CNPA)
The (CNPA) is specialist force under the Afghan Ministry of the
Interior. The CNPA is the lead agency for counter narcotics
investigations in Afghanistan and has an establishment of some
2500 officers.
6. Khadamat-e Etela'at-e Dawlati
KHAD: "Government Information Agency". However, this
phrase is more correctly translated as Government Intelligence
Service.
7. National Directorate of Security
The (NDS, (Persian) also referred to as Amniyat or Amaniyat)
is the domestic intelligence agency of the government of
Afghanistan.
8. Ring of Steel
The Ring of Steel is a series of 25 Afghan National Police
checkpoints in central Kabul.
9. The Sarandoy (Defenders of the Revolution)
The Sarandoy ("Defenders of the Revolution") were a gendarme
police force of the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of
Afghanistan during the 1980s.
10. Vice and Virtue Ministry
The Vice and Virtue Ministry was a government department
during the reign of the Taliban in Afghanistan. It set and
enforced the moral standards required to be followed in society.
Utilizing a squad of over 30,000 men, shopkeepers were forced
to close during prayer time, video and cassette tapes were
banned, television and kite-flying were outlawed. It has been
alleged that schools for females were shut down but Taliban
spokesperson Rahmatallah Hashimi has dismissed the
allegation stating that all schools were initially shut down due to
safety concerns, but were later reopened upon achieving
stability in the controlled regions. The squads allegedly
harassed and attacked women if their head-to-toe burqa veils
revealed skin and men if their beards did not meet the required
length.

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Bangladesh
Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system

1. Entry Qualifications Centralized police system

2. Training

Brunei Darussalam
Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system
1. Entry Qualifications Centralized police system
2. Training

Cambodia
Entry Organization/Policing system
Qualification/Training
1. Entry Qualifications Centralized police system
2. Training

Indonesia

Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system

1. Entry Qualifications It is centralized police system

a. Grade six education Indonesia National Police ( Polisi Republik Indonesia, POLRI)
b. Those officers with Ministry of Defense
secondary education could Indonesian police has a centralized command and divided into
apply for officer training territorial forces i.e. provincial police , regional police , city or regency
after 3 years of service police and sub-district police .
c. Physical fitness Regional commands (POLDA)
d. Good moral character District
e. Passing grade on Sub-district
competitive Municipal (pamongpradja)
entrance examination Village
Civil Defense (Hansip)
2. Training SATPAM for services for private and government and property
protection

Comparative Police Rank Systems: More on Asian Countries

This chapter presents the tables of comparison on Philippine National Police ranks with other countries. The
main police force/s, governing body and the department of the government where the police force are situated
were also included in the tables.
Australia
Country : Philippines Country : Australia

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Main Police Force: Philippine National Police Main Police Force: Australian Federal Police
(PNP)
Administrative Body: National Police Administrative Body:
Commission
Department: Interior and Local Government Department :
Director General (the Chief of PNP) Commissioner
Deputy Director General (for Administration and for Deputy Commissioner
Operation) Assistant Commissioner
Director Chief Supt. (Commander)
Chief Superintendent Superintendent
Senior Superintendent Inspector
Superintendent Station Sergeant
Chief Inspector Senior Sergeant
Senior Inspector Sergeant
Inspector Senior Constable
Senior Police Officer 4 1st Constable
Senior Police Officer 3 Constable
Senior Police Officer 2 Probationary constable
Senior Police Officer 1
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

Bahrain
Country : Bahrain
Country : Philippines
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force :
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body:
Department : Interior and Local Government Department :
Director General Marshal/Field Marshal
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) General
Director Brigadier
Chief Superintendent Colonel
Senior Superintendent Lt. Colonel
Superintendent Major/Commander
Chief Inspector Captain
Senior Inspector Lieutenant
Inspector 2nd Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer 4 Officer Cadet
Senior Police Officer 3
Senior Police Officer 2
Senior Police Officer 1
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

Bangladesh

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 Country : Philippines Country : Bangladesh
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : Bangladesh Police
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Administrative Body : Under the Ministry of
Commission Home Affairs
Department : Interior and Local Government Department : Under the Ministry of
Home Affairs
Director General Superior Officers
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) POLICE METROPOLITAN
Director Inspector General of POLICE
Chief Superintendent Police (IGP) Police Commissioner
Senior Superintendent Additional Inspector Additional
Superintendent General of Police Commissioner of
Chief Inspector (Addl IGP) Police
Senior Inspector Deputy Inspector Joint Commissioner of
Inspector General of Police Police
Senior Police Officer 4 (DIG of Police) Deputy Commissioner
Senior Police Officer 3 Additional Deputy of Police (DC)
Senior Police Officer 2 Inspector General of Additional Deputy
Senior Police Officer 1 Police (Addl DIG of Commissioner of
Police Officer 3 Police) Police (ADC)
Police Officer 2 Superintendent of Senior Assistant
Police Officer 1 Police (SP) / AssistantCommissioner of
Inspector General Police (Senior AC)
(AIG) (in Police HQ) / Assistant
Special Commissioner of
Superintendent (SS) Police (AC)
(in SB & CID) /
Superintendent of
Railway Police (SRP)
(in Railway Police)
Additional
Superintendent of
Police (Addl SP)
Senior Assistant
Superintendent of
Police (Senior ASP)
Assistant
Superintendent of
Police (ASP)

Bhutan
Country : Philippines Country : Bhutan
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : Royal Bhutan Police
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Administrative Body : Ministry of Home and
Commission Cultural Affairs.
Department : Interior and Local Government Department : Ministry of Home and
Cultural Affairs.
Director General
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Police Rank Designation
Director Gagpoen Chief of Police

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Chief Superintendent Thrimdag Deputy Chief of Police
Senior Superintendent Chichhab
Superintendent Thrimdag Senior Superintendent
Chief Inspector Gongma
Senior Inspector Thrimdag Superintendent
Inspector Wogma
Senior Police Officer 4 Dungda Additional Superintendent
Senior Police Officer 3 Yongzin Officer Commanding (OC)
Senior Police Officer 2 Dechhab Officer Commanding (OC)
Senior Police Officer 1 Gopoen Officer Probationer
Police Officer 3 Lopjongpa
Police Officer 2 Jugpoen Officer-In-charge
Police Officer 1 Gongma
Jugpoen Officer-In-charge
Jugpoen Officer In-charge
Wogma
Juglop In-charge
Gongma
Juglop In-charge
Quilop
45 Gongma
Quilop
Denkul
Gopa
Gagpa

China

Country : Philippines Country : China

Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force :
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body : Ministry of Public
Security
Department : Interior and Local Government Department : Ministry of Public Security
Director General Commissioner General
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Deputy Commissioner General
Director Commissioner 1st Class
Chief Superintendent Commissioner 2nd Class
Senior Superintendent Commissioner 3rd Class
Superintendent Supervisor 1st Class
Chief Inspector Supervisor 2nd Class
Senior Inspector Supervisor 3rd Class
Inspector Superintendent 1st Class
Senior Police Officer 4 Superintendent 2nd Class
Senior Police Officer 3 Superintendent 3rd Class
Senior Police Officer 2 Constable 1st Class
Senior Police Officer 1 Constable 2nd Class
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

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England
Country : England (Europe)
Country : Philippines
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force :
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Administrative Body:
Commission
Department : Interior and Local Government Department :
Director General Chief Constable
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Deputy Chief Constable
Director Assistant Chief Constable
Chief Superintendent Chief Superintendent
Senior Superintendent Superintendent
Superintendent Chief Inspector
Chief Inspector Inspector
Senior Inspector Sergeant
Inspector Constable
Senior Police Officer 4
Senior Police Officer 3
Senior Police Officer 2
Senior Police Officer 1
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

Indonesia
Country : Indonesia
Country : Philippines
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : Indonesian National
(PNP) Police

Administrative Body :National Police Administrative Body :

Commission
Department : Interior and Local Government Department :
Director General Police General
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Police Commissioner General
Director Police Inspector General
Chief Superintendent Police Brigadier General
Senior Superintendent Mid rank officers
Superintendent Police Grand Commissioner
Chief Inspector Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant
Senior Inspector Police Commissioner
Inspector Low rank officers
Senior Police Officer 4 Police Commissioner Adjutant
Senior Police Officer 3 First Police Inspector
Senior Police Officer 2 Second Police Inspector
Senior Police Officer 1 Warrant officers
Police Officer 3 First Police Inspector Adjutant
Police Officer 2 Second Police Inspector Adjutant
Police Officer 1 Non-commissioned officers
Chief Police Brigadier

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 Police Brigadier
First Police Brigadier
Second Police Brigadier
Enlisted
Police Brigadier Adjutant
First Police Brigadier Adjutant
Second Police Brigadier Adjutant
Chief Bhayangkara
First Bhayangkara
Second Bhayangkara

Iran
Country : Iran
Country : Philippines
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : Iran National Police
(PNP)
Administrative Body : National Police Commission Administrative Body:
Department : Interior and Local Government Department : Ministry of the Interior
Director General General
Dep. Director Gen., (for Administration/Operation) Lieutenant General
Director Major General
Chief Superintendent Brigadier General
Senior Superintendent Second Brigadier General
Superintendent Colonel
Chief Inspector Lieutenant Colonel
Senior Inspector Major
Inspector Captain
Senior Police Officer 4 First Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer 3 Second Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer 2 Third Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer 1 Sergeant Major
Police Officer 3 First Sergeant
Police Officer 2 Second Sergeant
Police Officer 1 Third Sergeant
Corporal
First Private
Second Private

Japan
Country : Philippines Country : Japan
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : National Police
(PNP) Agency (NPA)

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Administrative Body : National Police Administrative Body : National Public
Commission (NAPOLCOM) Safety Commission (NPSC)
Department : Interior and Local Government Department :
Director General Superintendent General
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Superintendent Supervisor
Administration/Operation) Chief Superintendent
Director Senior Superintendent
Chief Superintendent Superintendent
Senior Superintendent Police Inspector
Superintendent Assistant Police Inspector
Chief Inspector Police Sergeant
Senior Inspector Police Officer
Inspector
Senior Police Officer 4
Senior Police Officer 3
Senior Police Officer 2
Senior Police Officer 1
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

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 CHAPTER III
ACTIVITY
QUIZ
MULTIPLE CHOICES:

1. One police force in France is responsible in main civil law enforcement with the primary jurisdiction over
cities and large towns.
A. Surete Nationale C. Gendarmerie
B. Magistrates D. Knights
2. What is the position of the head of Israel Police under the power vested in him by legislation and regulations
and in accordance with national policy, as led down by the Minister of Public Security?
A. Chief of Police C. Chief, PNP
B. Director of Police D. Commissioner of Police
3. What is the so-called Para-military force within the Israel Police?
A. Border guards C. Israel Agent
B. Police Nationale D. Aviation Groups
4. The Federal Police Force in Germany responsible for domestic security that combines law enforcement and
intelligence pertains to what?
A. Bundeskriminalamt C. Bundespolizei
B. Border Guards D. State Police
5. Newly admitted member of the Cambodian Police commenced
with the rank of -

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A. Police Officer 1 C. Detective
B. Officer Constable D. Aide de camp
6. What is that division under London Police Service responsible for initiating investigations into criminal
activity and for providing investigative support to the uniformed division?
A. Criminal Investigation Division
B. Corporate Service Divison
C. Support Services
D. General Investigation Section

7. What is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state of Singapore?
A. Singapore Police Force C. Pasukan Polis Singapura
B. Gendermaries D. either A or B
8. The Singapore Police Force Police Headquarters includes the following appointments except one, which
one is excluded?
A. Commissioner of Police C. Deputy Chief of Police
B. Director for Special Duties D. Chief of Staff
9. It pertains to the official name of the Turkish police which assumes roles in law enforcement and security
matters mostly in cities and metros
A. Jandarma C. Emniyet Genel Mundurlugu
B. Military Police D. Village Guards
10. The largest police force in North America with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and
investigations with the five borough of New York City is:
A. New York Police Department
B. Los Angeles Police Department
c. Royal Canadian Mounted Police
D. Federal Bureau of Investigation
11. Which among the following choices does not belong to the organization of New York Police Department?
A. Aviation Unit C. Organized Crime Control Bureau
B. Emergency Unit D. none of these
12. Under the New York Police Department’s Rank, which rank do you consider as the highest?
A. Chief of the Department C. Bureau Chief
B. Inspector D. Police Commissioner

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13. Which among the following does not belong to the several directorates composing the France National
Police?
A. Directorate of Administration of the National Police
B. Central Directorate of the Republican Security Companies
C. Central Directorate of Judicial Police
D. Directorate of Intelligence

14. What type of military police service in some part of Europe composed of a civilian force trained and
organized along Military lines?
A. Gendarmeries C. Provost
B. Constabulary D. Keepers of the Peace

15. The military force in Turkey that is composed of small force under military command who handle
cases directly relevant to military security and military crimes is known as:
A. Askeri Inzibat C. Village guard
B. Gendarmerie D. Intelligence force
16. The Israel Police Force training is administered by its:
A. Ministry of the Interior
B. Ministry of Home and Internal Affairs
C. Ministry of Home of Affairs
D. Ministry of Public Security
17. Nepal Police organization is under the Ministry of
A. Home Affairs C. Interior
B. Public Safety D. Defense
18. What country requires its police applicants age is 18-35 years of age and must have finished secondary
education?
A. Kazakhstan C. Oman
B. Cambodia D. Vietnam
19. What country wherein faithfulness and obedience to God is one of the entry qualifications?
A. India C. Sri Lanka
B. Israel D. Indonesia
20. India Police examination is administered by
A. Civil Service Commission for Examination
B. India Ministry of Commission

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C. India Police Service Commission
D. Union Public Service for Examination

CHAPTER IV
POLICE ASSOCIATIONS

I. Objectives
At the end of the module, the student should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:
1. Understand fully the role of international organization in connection to police service.
2. Identify the different principles applied by International Organization concerning police service.
3. Identify the organizational setup of International Organization to police functions.

Affective Domain:
1. Internalize the role of international organization in connection to police service.
2. Recognize the different principles applied by international organization in connection to police service.
3. Appreciate the organizational setup of International Organization to police functions.

Psychomotor Domain:
1. Relate the actual function of international organization in connection to police service.
2. Knowledge on the principles of ASEANAPOL, EUROPOL, IACP, Interpol. UN policing.
3. Discuss orally the organizational features and setup of police force to Police International Organization.

ASEAN Chiefs of Police

Europol
IACP
Interpol
UN policing

ASEAN Chiefs of Police (ASEANAPOL)

Aseanapol (ASEAN chiefs of police) was established in 1981 and has since been the premier regional platform
for all the ASEAN Police Chiefs and respective delegates to interact as well as to discuss, exchange views and
update each other on the latest development in law enforcement and transnational issues in their respective
countries. After twenty-four years, ASEANAPOL has grown from the original five Chiefs of Police who kicked
off the ground to strengthen regional police cooperation to a solid force of the ASEAN TEN, signaling the
emergence of a regional alliance that is determined to secure not only our own individual sovereignties but also
the peace and progress of our community.

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Member countries include:
1. Indonesia
2. Malaysia
3. Philippines
4. Singapore
5. Thailand
6. Brunei Darussalam
7. Vietnam
8. Lao PDR
9. Myanmar
10. Cambodia
 
The objectives of ASEANAPOL
1. Enhancing police professionalism
2. Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work and promoting lasting friendship amongst the police
officers of ASEAN countries.
The ASEANAPOL has also established its own database system, to facilitate the exchange of criminal
information among the ASEAN members where it was proposed during the 11th ASEANAPOL Conference
held in Singapore on May 5 to 9, 1991 and finally launched during the 18th ASEANAPOL conference on May
24 to 27, 1998 in Brunei Darussalam.
The system aims to provide an effective means for the collection, coordination, exchange and dissemination of
operational intelligence and information among the participating ASEAN National Central Bureaus (NCBs).
An enhanced version was launched which enables the uploading of e-ADS data onto the Interpol system.
EUROPOL
European Police Office or Europol
Europol is the European Union's criminal intelligence agency. It became fully operational on 1 July 1999.
Europol's aim is to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between the competent authorities of the
member states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence to prevent and combat serious international
organized crime. Its mission is to make a significant contribution to the European Union's law enforcement
efforts targeting organized crime.
Europol has no executive powers. It is a support service for the law enforcement agencies of the EU member
states. This means that Europol officials are not entitled to conduct investigations in the member states or to
arrest suspects. In providing support, Europol with its tools – information exchange, intelligence analysis,
expertise and training – can contribute to the executive measures carried out by the relevant national
authorities.
Europol is a multi-disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular police officers but staff members from the
member states' various law enforcement agencies: customs, immigration services, border and financial police,
etc. Secondly, Europol helps to overcome the language barriers in international police co-operation. Any law
enforcement officer from a member state can address a request to their Europol National Unit (ENU) in her/his
mother tongue and receive the answer back in this language.

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Three different levels of co-operation are possible: The first one is technical co-operation or to provide training.
The next step is strategic co-operation aimed at exchanging general trends in organised crime and how to fight
it and the exchange of threat assessments. The top level of co-operation includes the exchange of personal
data and requires the fulfilment of Europol's standards in the field of data protection and data security.

Authorities
The Directorate of Europol is appointed by the Council of the European Union (Ministers for Justice and Home
Affairs). It currently consists of Director Rob Wainwright (UK) and Deputy Directors Tom Driessen
(Netherlands), Michel Quillé (France) and Eugenio Orlandi (Italy).
Europol is politically accountable to the Justice and Home Affairs Council via the Europol Management Board.
The Council controls the appointment of Europol's Director and Deputy Directors. It also controls Europol's
budget, financed from member state contributions, rather than the EU budget and any legislative instruments it
deems necessary for Europol. The Europol Management Board is staffed with Interior Ministry officials with
one representative from every participating member state. It meets at least twice per year and exercises
political control over more routine staffing and budgetary matters, amongst other things. The Joint Supervisory
Body oversees data protection in Europol and has two representatives from each participating state's data
protection supervisory body.
Financial supervision over Europol is aided by a committee of auditors drawn from the membership of the
European Court of Auditors and known as the Joint Audit Committee. The Joint Audit Committee is not
technically part of the European Court of Auditors as the Europol budget is not part of the overall EU budget.
This unusual arrangement preserves the intergovernmental character of Europol.
The European Court of Justice has minimal jurisdiction over Europol with its remit extending only to limited
interpretation of the Europol Convention.
The European Ombudsman, while not given a formal role in the Europol Convention, seems to have gained de
facto recognition as an arbitrator in Europol matters relating to requests for access to documents and Europol
staff disputes.
What is Europol's mission?
Europol is the European Union law enforcement agency that handles criminal intelligence. Its aim is to improve
the effectiveness and co–operation between the competent authorities of the Member States in preventing and
combating all forms of serious international organised crime and terrorism.
The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union‘s law enforcement action
against organised crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal organisations.
How does Europol assist Member States investigations?
Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the Member States by:
1. Facilitating the exchange of information between Europol and Europol Liaison Officers (ELOs). These ELOs
are seconded to Europol by the Member States as representatives of their national law enforcement agencies,
thus they are not under the command of Europol and its Director as such. Furthermore, they act in accordance
with their national law.
2. Providing operational analysis and support to Member States’ operations;

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providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations carried out within the EU, under
the supervision and the legal responsibility of the Member States;
3. Generating strategic reports (e.g., threat assessments) and crime analysis on the basis of information and
intelligence supplied by Member States or gathered from other sources.
What is Europol’s mandate?
Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states mainly against:
1. Illicit drug trafficking;
2. Illicit immigration networks;
3. Terrorism;
4. Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro) and other means of payment;
5. Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography);
6. Illicit vehicle trafficking;
7. Money laundering.
8. In addition, other main priorities for Europol include combating crimes against persons, financial crime and
cybercrime. Europol comes into action when an organised criminal structure is involved or a case of terrorism
or serious crime has occurred which affects two or more Member States. The recent extension of the mandate
means that Europol may support Member States investigations into serious crime that is not necessarily
carried out by organised groups; e.g. a serial killer operating in two or more
Member States.
Europol supports member states by:
1. Facilitating the exchange of information, in accordance with national law, between Europol liaison officers
(ELOs). ELOs are seconded to Europol by the member states as representatives of their national law
enforcement agencies;
2. Providing operational analysis in support of operations;
3. Generating strategic reports (e.g., threat assessments) and crime analysis on the basis of information and
intelligence supplied by member states and third parties;
4. Providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations carried out within the EU, under
the supervision and the legal responsibility of the member states concerned.
Europol is also active in promoting crime analysis and harmonization of investigative techniques within the
member states.
Computerized System of Collected Information
The Europol Council Decision states that Europol shall establish and maintain a computerised system to allow
the input, access and analysis of data. The Council Decision also provides the legal framework for the
management of these systems, in particular as regards data protection, confidentiality and external
supervision. The Europol computerized system has three principal components:
1. An information system;

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2. An analysis system;
3. An index system.

Does Europol only act on request?

Yes, Europol only acts on request at present. However, the Protocol of the 28 November 2002 amending the
Europol convention, allows Europol to request the competent authorities of the Member States to investigate.
Article 3 b) of the Protocol states that "Member States should deal with any request from Europol to initiate,
conduct or co-ordinate investigations in specific cases and should give such requests due consideration.
Europol should be informed whether the requested investigation will be initiated".
What is the added value of having Europol as a European law enforcement agency?
There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement community. Europol is unique in this field
as it is a multi–disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular police officers but staff members from the
various law enforcement agencies of the Member States and covering specialised areas such as customs,
immigration services, intelligence services, border and financial police.
One exceptional added value is that Europol helps to overcome the language barriers in international law
enforcement co–operation. In practice this means that any law enforcement officer from a Member State can
address a request to his/her Europol National Unit (ENU) in his/her native language.
Is Europol democratically controlled?
Yes. According to the Europol Council Decision, there are series of control and governance supervision. These
include guidance by the Management Board, financial audits by the European Court of Auditors (ECA), as well
as specific other audit activities by the Internal Audit Function (IAF) and the Internal Audit Service (IAS) of the
European Commission. Regarding data protection, Europol is subject to the control of the independent Joint
Supervisory Body. Finally, the European Parliament plays a significant role in adopting the budget of the
organization, including the discharge of the financial accounts. All of the aforementioned measures ensure that
Europol is accountable on a number of levels and is as such democratically run.
Europol is a relatively young European organization. What has been achieved so far?
Europol has contributed substantively to operational successes in many European countries. Information about
some of these cases can be found in the regular press releases. However, the number of information requests
directed at Europol is increasing every year, which is a clear indicator that more and more law enforcement
officers are making use of Europol’s resources in the fight against organized crime.
How does Europol co-operate with non-EU countries and international organisations?
The Justice and Home Affairs Council adopted the Council decision of 27 March 2000 (amended by the
Council decision of 6 December 2001 and the Council decision of 13 June 2002) which authorises the Director
of Europol to enter into negotiations on co-operation agreements with third States and non-EU related bodies.
There are two types of co-operation agreements that can be signed. Strategic agreements are limited to the
exchange of non-personal data, which means strategic and technical data. Operational agreements include the
possibility to exchange personal data, which means data relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.
What is the difference between Europol and Interpol?
Interpol and Europol are structured differently and therefore provide different possibilities for international law
enforcement co–operation. Interpol is a network of police agencies in countries worldwide, whereas Europol

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mainly supports the EU Member States. Interpol and Europol have different but related roles in the fight
against organised crime and therefore there is no competition between the organisations. To enhance
international law enforcement co–operation a co-operation agreement was signed between the two
organisations in 2001.
Management and Control
Europol is accountable to the Council of Ministers for Justice and Home Affairs. The Council is responsible for
the guidance and control of Europol. It appoints the Director and the Deputy Directors and approves, together
with the European Parliament,
Europols budget, which is part of the general budget of the EU .
The Council of Ministers consists of Justice and Home Affairs ministers from all Member States. As of January
2010, the democratic control of Europol is significantly strengthened through a greater involvement of the
European Parliament, in particular during the adoption of the annual budget and the adoption of new Council
Regulations concerning Europol.
Europol’s governing board, the Europol Management Board, gives strategic guidance and oversees the
implementation of Europol’s tasks. It comprises one high-ranking representative from each Member State and
the European Commission. It decides by a majority of two thirds of its members.
The Joint Supervisory Body, comprising two data protection experts from each Member State, independently
monitors the content and use of all personal data held by Europol.
International cooperation
In order to fight international organised crime effectively, Europol cooperates with a number of Non–EU
countries and organisations, but also EU agencies and institutions, for example (in alphabetical order): Albania,
Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, CEPOL (European Police College), Colombia, Croatia, Eurojust,
European Central Bank, European Commission, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction,
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Frontex, Iceland, Interpol, Moldova, Norway, OLAF (European Anti–
Fraud Office), Russian Federation, Serbia, Switzerland, SITCEN (EU Joint Situation Centre), Turkey, United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, USA, World Customs Organisation.
IACP
The International Association of Chiefs of Police is the world's oldest and largest nonprofit membership
organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in over 89 different countries. IACP's leadership
consists of the operating chief executives of international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.
History
Founded in 1893, the association's goals are to advance the science and art of police services; to develop and
disseminate improved administrative, technical and operational practices and promote their use in police work;
to foster police cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among police administrators
throughout the world; to bring about recruitment and training in the police profession of qualified persons; and
to encourage adherence of all police officers to high professional standards of performance and conduct.
Since 1893, the International Association of Chiefs of Police has been serving the needs of the law
enforcement community. Throughout those past 100-plus years, we have been launching historically
acclaimed programs, conducting ground-breaking research and providing exemplary programs and services to
our membership across the globe.

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Professionally recognized programs such as the FBI Identification Division and the Uniform Crime Records
system can trace their origins back to the IACP. In fact, the IACP has been instrumental in forwarding
breakthrough technologies and philosophies from the early years of our establishment to now, as we begin the
21st century. From spearheading national use of fingerprint identification to partnering in a consortium on
community policing to gathering top experts in criminal justice, the government and education for summits on
violence, homicide, and youth violence, IACP has realized our responsibility to positively effect the goals of law
enforcement.
Missions:
The IACP shall
1. advance professional police services;
2. promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices;
3. foster cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among police leaders and police
organizations of recognized professional and technical standing throughout the world.
IACP shall champion the recruitment and training of qualified persons in the police profession and encourage
all police personnel worldwide to achieve and maintain the highest standards of ethics, integrity, community
interaction and professional conduct.
Interpol
Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began in 1923, and at that time its
name was International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956, its name became International Criminal Police
Organization. The word Interpol was a short form of International Criminal Police Organization. This short form
served as the address to receive telegrams. Slowly, the name of this international organization became famous
as Interpol. Now, Interpol is the second biggest international organization; the United Nations is the first. Some
important information about
Interpol:

Present Headquarters: Lyon, France

Previous Headquarters: Saint Cloud, a town located near Paris

Total members: 184 countries

Annual expenses: more than 30 million Euros - all member countries share the expenses

The official abbreviations

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1. 'O.I.P.C.', which stands for 'Organisation internationale de police criminelle'
2. 'ICPO', which stands for 'International Criminal Police Organization'.
• The official name is 'ICPO-Interpol‘ The word 'Interpol' is a contraction of 'international police', and
was chosen in 1946 as the telegraphic address.
• In 1956, the International Criminal Police Commission changed its name to become the International
Criminal Police Organization - Interpol.
• Interpol operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

Four (4) official languages,

English, French, Spanish and Arabic

Four Regions of the world

Africa's, Asia, Americas and Europe
Five Regional Bureaus
Harare, Abidjan, Nairobi, Buenos Aires and San Salvador, plus a liaison office in Bangkok

A brief history of Interpol:

• 1914 First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco; police officers, lawyers and
magistrates from 14 countries attend.
• 1923 Creation of the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) with headquarters in Vienna,
Austria, on the initiative of Dr. Johannes Schober, President of the Vienna Police.
• 1942 Hijacked by the Nazi regime, the ICPC moves to Berlin; many countries withdraw from the
organization in protest.
• 1945 For all practical purposes the ICPC ceases to exist.
• 1946 Belgium leads the rebuilding of the organization; a new headquarters is created in Paris. 'Interpol'
chosen as telegraphic address.
• 1949 Consultative status granted by the United Nations; adoption of the Interpol emblem.
• 1956 Under a completely modernized constitution, the ICPC becomes the International Criminal Police
Organization - Interpol, abbreviated to ICPO-Interpol or just Interpol.
• 1971 Interpol is recognized as an intergovernmental organization by the United Nations.
• 1989 Inauguration of the new Interpol General Secretariat in Lyon, France, by President François
Mitterrand.
• 1990 The X-400 communication system is initiated, enabling Interpol National Central Bureaus (NCBs)
to send electronic messages directly to each other and to the General Secretariat.
• 1992 Introduction of the Automatic Search Facility for remote searches of the Interpol database.
• 1998 Creation of a new database: the Interpol Criminal Information System (ICIS).
• 2002 The I-24/7 web-based communication system is developed, improving NCBs' access to multiple
databases containing all types of criminal information

Former Presidents of Interpol:

• 2000-2004 M. Jesús Espigares-Mira (Spain)

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 • 1996-2000 M. Toshinori Kanemoto (Japan)
• 1994-1996 M. Björn Eriksson (Sweden)
• 1992-1994 M. Norman D. Inkster (Canada)
• 1988-1992 M. Ivan Barbot (France)
• 1984-1988 M. John R. Simpson (USA)
• 1980-1984 M. Jolly R. Bugarin (the Philippines)
• 1976-1980 M. Carl. G. Persson (Sweden)
• 1972-1976 M. William Léonard Higgitt (Canada)
• 1968-1972 M. Paul Dickopf (FRG)
• 1964-1968 M. Firmin Franssen (Belgium)
• 1963-1964 M. Fjalar Jarva (Finland)
• 1960-1963 Sir Richard L. Jackson (United-Kingdom)
• 1956-1960 M. Agostinho Lourenco (Portugal)
• 1946-1956 M. Florent Louwage (Belgium)
• 1943-1945 M. Ernst Kaltenbrunner (Germany)
• 1942-1943 M. Arthur Nebe (Germany)
• 1940-1942 M. Reinhard Heydrich (Germany)
• 1938-1940 M. Otto Steinhäusl (Austria)
• 1935-1938 M. Michael Skubl (Austria)
• 1934- 1935 M. Eugen Seydel (Austria)
• 1932- 1934 M. Franz Brandl (Austria)
• 1923-1932 M. Johan Schober (Austria)

International Notices:
• One of Interpol's most important functions is to help the police in member countries communicate
critical crime-related information to one another using Interpol's system of international notices.
• Notices form part of a vast number of investigative resources used by Interpol to assist the international
law enforcement community to solve cases.
• The information exchanged concerns persons who are wanted for committing serious crimes, missing
persons, unidentified bodies, possible threats and criminals' modus operandi.

Different Notices:
1. Red Notices - Used to seek the arrest with a view to extradition of subjects wanted and based upon an
arrest warrant.
2. Green Notices - Used to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed
criminal offences, and are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries.
3. Blue Notices - Used to collect additional information about a person's identity or illegal activities in relation to
a criminal matter.
4. Yellow Notices Used to help locate missing persons, especially minors, or to help identify persons who are
not able to identify themselves (e.g. those suffering from amnesia)

5. Black Notices- Used to seek the true identity of unidentified bodies.

6. Orange Notice- Used to warn police, public bodies and other international organizations of possible threats
to them from hidden weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous items or material.

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Notices contain two types of information about individuals:
1. Identity particulars (comprehensive identity details, physical description, photograph, fingerprints, any
other relevant information such as occupation, languages spoken, identity document numbers, etc.);
2. Judicial information: offence with which the person is charged, references to the laws under which the
charge is made or conviction was obtained, the maximum penalty that has been or can be imposed and, in the
case of red notices, the references of the arrest warrant or of the sentence imposed by a court, and details of
the countries from which the requesting country will seek the fugitive's extradition.
Concepts of Interpol
Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your local police department. Their focused is to help other
member countries that need to co-operate by connecting all members of Interpol by a network of files of
criminals and cases if any of Interpol’s 182 nations need them.
Interpol records any information about something that was in a criminal case, ex: information on criminals, type
of crime, vehicles, anything to help any police officer with information about a certain crime.
Why was Interpol created?
The countries in Europe needed a co-operation between countries. This was needed because criminals would
commit crimes in one county in Europe and then skip to another country to avoid prosecution. Since Europe is
a tightly packed Continent, police didn’t have enough time to catch criminals, and the idea was created.
Building law enforcement capacity
Police training and development plays a key role in INTERPOL’s overall mission to promote international police
co-operation. The aim is to help officials in INTERPOL’s 188 member countries to improve their operational
effectiveness, enhance their skills and build their capacity to address the increasingly globalized and
sophisticated nature of crime today.
INTERPOL offers many tools and services – for example, databases – to its member countries. To ensure that
members can maximize their use, INTERPOL has launched a number of initiatives to develop expertise and
facilitate knowledge-sharing.
To acknowledge the considerable importance that INTERPOL attaches to the training needs of member
countries, the Organization designated Police training and development as its fourth core function in 2007.
Objectives
The strategic objectives for INTERPOL’s training activities for 2008-2010 are as follows:
Assist member countries in bridging the gap between national and international policing;
Provide member countries with the knowledge, skills and best practices to meet the policing challenges of the
21st century;

Training sessions in 2008

In 2008, a total of 83 police training programmes were delivered, benefiting 2,722 participants from 169
countries.
INTERPOL International Police Training Programme

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INTERPOL has developed an advanced 10-week training programme for police officers from law enforcement
agencies and National Central Bureaus (NCBs). The INTERPOL International Police Training Programme
(IIPTP) is aimed at officers with responsibility for international police co-operation, and of sufficient rank to
bring about change and improvement upon return to their respective administrations. Participants gain
knowledge and skills, in particular of INTERPOL’s systems and services, through training and hands-on
experience at the General Secretariat. Three sessions are conducted each year.
1. Executive Police Development Programme
The Executive Police Development Programme (EPDP) is an exclusive and in-depth training programme
targeting African law-enforcement officers at police senior management level. It is developed as part of the
“OASIS Africa” programme (Operational Assistance, Services and Infrastructure Support) funded by the
German Government.
The nine-week programme is divided into three modules. While back in their countries between the modules,
the participants are required to complete project work and prepare strategic documents using the new tools,
information and networking they have acquired.
Through attending the event, police leaders enhance their knowledge and capacity to prevent and combat
national, regional and international crime. The learning objectives are practical and specifically designed to
meet the policing challenges of the 21st century.
Core competency guidelines for NCB staff
Core competency guidelines for NCB staff have been developed by a group of NCB volunteers representing
each of INTERPOL’s regions, together with representatives from the General Secretariat. The guidelines
outline five main areas of competencies required of NCB staff.
2. INTERPOL “Training Quality Assurance” (TQA)
A project is under way to define an INTERPOL “Training Quality Assurance” (TQA). The aims of the TQA are
to ensure that General Secretariat training programmes apply the standards as recommended in the
“INTERPOL Guide to Effective Training”, that the training cycle is fully respected to reach the best quality, and
that resources are used efficiently.
Sharing knowledge among member countries
A number of initiatives are in place in order to facilitate co-operation and the sharing of learning resources
among member countries:
1. The INTERPOL Global Learning Centre (IGLC) will deliver a web-based learning platform, divided in two
phases over 2009 and 2010. Phase one will centralize all available INTERPOL police training information,
including a directory of training experts, a library of e-learning modules, a calendar of training events and a list
of online links. As part of phase two, a knowledge bank will be developed allowing member countries to input
and share their training resources and feed the repository of research papers and best practices.
2. INTERPOL’s Regional Bureaus (RBs) are being strengthened in collaboration with regional police chiefs’
bodies and other organizations. Each Bureau has been equipped with modern training facilities, and the role of
RBs is currently being examined with a view to enhancing their training services.
3. National Central Bureaus (NCBs) are INTERPOL’s link with national police forces and they are increasingly
called upon to play a greater operational role as INTERPOL expands the range of its activities and services.     
4. INTERPOL is exploring opportunities to establish a network of training institutions and universities that can
address priority crime areas and enhance our skills in using hi-tech tools. Several co-operation agreements are

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signed and being prepared. An INTERPOL Anti-Heroin Smuggling Training Centre has been established in
Moscow, and an INTERPOL-UNODC Anti-Corruption Academy is being created in Austria.
Internal training for General Secretariat staff
5. INTERPOL has a responsibility to ensure that all staff members are fully trained to perform their duties
effectively and efficiently. Training is competency-based, meaning that a set of common capabilities
(knowledge, skills, experience, values, behavior and attitudes) have been identified and are applied as
appropriate to individual posts. This allows the post holder to perform as effectively as possible and permits
consistency in evaluations. In addition, continuity and “organizational memory” is being promoted through the
sharing of knowledge.
United Nations Policing
United Nations Police are a crucial part of UN peace operations around the world. More than 12,500 UN
Police, from over 90 countries, are currently working in 17 different field missions. The Department of
Peacekeeping Operations is mandated to deploy up to 16,500 police officers. Every day these women and
men patrol, provide training, advise domestic policing services, help ensure compliance with international
human rights standards and assist in a wide range of activities to restore and promote security, public safety
and the rule of law.
The benefits of this work are clear: UN Police help to create a safer environment where communities will be
better protected and criminal activities will be prevented. The diverse national experiences of these United
Nations Police officers, and their commitment to peace and security, are their best tools to promote sustainable
peace through justice and security.
The United Nations has been deploying police officers for service in peace operations since the 1960s.
Traditionally, the mandate of police components in peace operations was limited to monitoring, observing and
reporting. Beginning in the early 1990s, advisory, mentoring and training functions were integrated into the
monitoring activities in order to offer peace operations the opportunity to act as a corrective mechanism with
domestic police and other law enforcement agencies.
At the end of the 1990s, UN Police were called upon to provide interim law enforcement in Eastern Slavonia,
Kosovo and Timor-Leste, and in 2000 the Panel on United Nations Policing and Peace Operations concluded
that the primary goal of the police in peace operations should be "to focus primarily on the reform and
restructuring of local police forces in addition to traditional advisory, training and monitoring tasks."
United Nations peacekeeping missions
Peacekeeping is defined by the United Nations, as way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for
sustainable peace. UN peacekeepers—soldiers and military officers, civilian police officers and civilian
personnel from many countries—monitor and observe peace processes that emerge in post-conflict situations
and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they have signed. Such assistance comes in
many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support,
strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. All operations must include the resolution
of conflicts through the use of force to be considered valid under the charter of the United Nations.
The Charter of the United Nations gives the Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective
action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks
to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations. Most of these operations are established and
implemented by the United Nations itself with troops serving under UN operational command. In other cases,
where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional
organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Economic Community of West African States

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or coalitions of willing countries to implement certain peacekeeping or peace enforcement functions. In modern
times, peacekeeping operations have evolved into many different functions, including diplomatic relations with
other countries, international bodies of justice (such as the International Criminal Court), and eliminating
problems such as landmines that can lead to new incidents of fighting.
What UN Police Do?
Assistance to host-state police and other law enforcement agencies:
United Nations Police Officers support the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of domestic police and other law
enforcement agencies through training and advising. Direct assistance is also provided, often through trust
funds, for the refurbishment of facilities and the procurement of vehicles, communication equipment and other
law enforcement material. Such assistance has been provided in the past, for example, by the police
components of peace operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of
Congo, Haiti, Kosovo, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
Interim law enforcement
In some missions, United Nations Police Officers are directly responsible for all policing and other law
enforcement functions and have a clear authority and responsibility for the maintenance of law and order. They
are, among other things, entrusted with powers to arrest, detain and search. These responsibilities have
historically been given as part of United Nations transitional administrations (as was the case in Kosovo and
Timor-Leste).
Formed Police Units
A Formed Police Unit is a cohesive and trained team of 140 armed and well equipped (for crowd control) police
officers. There has been a rapid growth in the number of Formed Police Units (FPUs) deployed in UN
peacekeeping missions. FPUs are rapidly deployable, well equipped and trained to act as a cohesive body
capable of responding to a wide range of contingencies. They are self-sufficient, able to operate in ‘high-risk’
environments and are deployed to accomplish policing duties such as crowd control rather than to respond to
military threats. FPUs were first deployed to Kosovo and Timor-Leste in 1999, where the UN had full
responsibility for enforcing the law and dealing with threats to public order. In these volatile situations, the UN
also wanted to have a more robust and armed police capacity.
Protecting UN Personnel and Material
United Nations police officers, particularly members of Formed Police Units, support host-state police and law
enforcement agencies in the execution of their functions. They are not, however, considered as law
enforcement officers under the legislation of the host country and their prerogatives are consequently limited:
they may, however, stop, detain and search individuals in accordance with the mandate of the mission and
specific directives issued by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. They also play a key role in the
protection of United Nations personnel and facilities. Such security functions, in support of domestic law
enforcement agencies, are currently performed by members of Formed Police Units assigned to the United
Nations missions in the Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Liberia.

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 CHAPTER IV
ACTIVITY
Quiz:
DISCUSSION:

1. Discuss the following Police Associations:

1.1 ASEAN Chiefs of Police.

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1.2. Europol
1.3 IACP
1.4 Interpol
1.5 UN policing

Guide question:
1. Define
2. Vision Mission
3. Function

COURSE EVALUATION
INSTRUCTION: This is the last part of the module which is to be answered at the end of the course. This will
not evaluate the teacher.

1. What lesson or activity did I enjoy most? Why?

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2. What is the most important lesson which I can apply in my daily life?

3. What are the new insights/discoveries that I learned?

4. What topic/s do I find least important?

5. What possible topics should have been included?

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