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Design and Construction Details

Radio Antennae. Part II.
By H. Winfield Secor.

How-To -Make-It Department.

AmericanRadinHiRtnr,enm
May, 1914 THE •ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

motor. The secret of designing a good motor is getting the for controlling the amount of water used, and consequently
double buckets correct, which are covered by many patents. the amount of pow-
In a 4-inch and er developed at the
6-inch motor turbine shaft. The
to sell at a few exhaust or water
dollars, it is impos- outlet of this tur-
sible to make the bine takes place at
small buckets sin- the base of same.
gle, and bolt them This turbine is sup-
to a central wheel plied at $98.00 by
on account of the the E. I. Co. ' and is
cost of the many used considerably
small pieces; but for driving electric
"Hercules" patented generators, air com-
construction permits pressors, wireless
the making of the plants, etc. It de-
buckets and the velops a greater
wheel ALL IN ONE amount of energy
PIECE, (see Fig. for a given con-
2). The shape and sumption of water
dimensions of the in cubic feet per sec-
case enclosing the ond, than any ordi-
bucket wheel must nary water wheel.
be correctly de- This is at once ap-
Motor Driving a Sewing Machine.
Driving a Dy'riamo. signed to carry parent from the fig-
away the water ures given in Table .
from the bucket wheel and prevent back pressure. The 2, where the eqiiivalent horsepowers developed at varying
size of a water motor is measured by the diameter of the heads of water, and spindle speeds in R. P. M. are given.
bucket wheel, NOT by the size of casing. Referring to this table No. 2, the cubic feet of water dis-
The E. I. Co., are not the originators of the double re- charged per minute, of course gives also the volume of
acting buckets; they have been in common use for years by water that has to be supplied the turbine per minute. This
is found by multiplying the velocity of the water in feet
several large makers of water wheels for power plants, such
per minute through the pipe or penstock feeding the tur-
as the well-known Pelton and Doble wheels, in many plants
bine, by the wet cross-sectional area of the pipe line in
furnishing thou-
square feet. This matter is best figured out by reference
sands of horse- to any Mechanical Engineers, or Hydraulic hand-book. For
power for min- those interested in small and large size "Hydro-Electric
ing, electric light Plants" a hook with that title, by Kolster, at $5.25 is sup-
and power, trol- plied by the E. I. Co.; Kent's "Mechanical Engineers' Hand
ley roads and Book" at the same price is also highly recommended to our
running factories, readers.
especially in Cal- Several illustrations are given here, showing the appli-
ifornia and other cation of the "Hercules" water motors to various indus-
mountainous
countries where , .1s.
high heads are h
available. tOEOE—
- •
414-
o
The "Hercules"
4-inch motor — eti vr.R_
O
with a water Priviair an "Electro" Static Machine. •
pressure of 80 ...%'—•-•••• • ...-
5CREA--
N.
lbs. from a %-inch pipe line will easily develop % horse-
power. With a water pressure of 40 lbs. it will develop n OE L — •
about 1/10 horsepower. PEN STOC GATL
TURDINE GATE
The 6-inch "Hercules" water motor on a %-inch pipe TURDINE FIG. 5
line, at a water or hydrostatic pressure of 80 lbs. will yield
an output of about % horsepower and with a pressure trial requirements; such as driving lathe, a dynamo, sew-
of 40 lbs. an output of about 1/6 horsepower. Of ing machine, and an "Electro" No. 9000 Static Machine,
course at higher water pressures, greater horsepower out- which is furnished with a wooden belt, pulley, instead of
handle, for driving it, at 25c above the catalog price.
puts are naturally obtained, as this output is dependent ap-
A complete direct connected Hydro-Electric plant, of
proximately upon the square of the water pressure in lbs. neat pattern, is seen from the cut, Fig. 4. This is the
per square inch. The velocity of the water through a noz- E. I. Co., No. 1 electric-lighting outfit. It comprises a 9
zle is dependent upon the small and large diameters, and Light, 75 Watt, Lighting outfit, and is a complete Hydro.
the water pressure in Electric Plant, 'similar to the large plants in use through-
lbs, per sq. in. in the out the United States and abroad. A perfectly built and
pipe line, roughly. self-contained unit, mounted rigidly on common iron bed-
•A table of the horse- plate. The dynamo is very powerful and develops 25 volts
power of water motors and 3% amperes on 90 lb. water pressure from an ordi-
at various heads and nary %-inch faucet. On 70 lb. pressure, the output is 20
pressures is given here. volts and 3 amperes, etc. At full capacity, the dynamo will
This data is for spe- light 9 to 10 8-C. P. tungsten lamps. The water motor is
cially 'built wheels, of
the finest mechanical OPEN PENSTOCK
construction, and while
it does not cover the WHITE PINE
IRON CLAMP
low priced "Hercules"
type wheels, it is ex- PENSTOCK
tremely interesting to PI PE

us, as the various quan-

tities involved are bal-
anced against one an-
other, giving a clear
idea of their "mutual
WOOD FRAME
relation." A Lathe Belted Up to the "Hercules"
On small size tur- Water Motor. FIG.6
bines, which resemble
a windmill wheel in action, fitted with many properly spaced strongly built, and the dynamo is supplied shunt wound,
steel blades, of a certain exact angle, etc., the power de- suitable for recharging storage batteries. The shipping
veloped is really remarkable, considering the small size of weight of the outfit boxed is 34% lbs., and the price is
the turbine rotating element. At Fig. 3, is illustrated a $16.00.,
12-inch "Jonyal" type water turbine, with water inlet gate (Continued on page 6)

AmericanRadinHiRtnr,Com
4 THE ELECTRICA4 EXPERIMENTER May, 1914

Experimental Electricity Course

By S. Gernaback and H. W. Secor.

EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRO -PHYSICS. scientific application of electrical phenomena took any defi-
nite shape. •
LESSON NO. 10.
As nearly as known, it was about 1320, that Flavia Gioia,

T
HE physics of electricity would not be complete, with- a native of Naples, Italy, invented the compass that we actu-
out a brief summary of the early history of the art, ally have record of. This instrument varied from the true
and so the opening paragraphs have been devoted to north, but Christopher Columbus and Sebastian Cabot added
the more interesting epochs in this connection. to this knowledge, that which can certainly be claimed as
Many centuries ago, before scientists had begun to even important scientific facts. From time to time, other scat-

Fig. 5.
faintly under- tered facts and phenomena were observed and discussed,
stand the phe- but to Dr. William Gilbert, born in 1543 at Colchester,
nomena or mean- about 50 miles northeast of London, England, is due the
ing of electrical credit of first publishing a book, giving a connected account
manifestations as of electromagnetic phenomena.
they occur in na-
Among the foremost of Dr. Gilbert's discoveries, was that
ture, it had been
our globe, the earth, was in itself a great spherical magnet.
observed that
For this important discovery, Gilbert received great praise
when amber was
from the eminent astronomers, Galileo and Kepler, and
rubbed with cer-
many others.
tain other substances, so that friction was created, the amber
Static electricity is the usual form met with in nature,
exhibited a new property, viz: that of attracting and hold-
and is distinguished from voltaic or galvanic electricity, by
ing small bits of thread, hair, straw, etc. At that time, it its exceedingly high voltage or potential, and small current
was thought to be some mysterious force, and was referred
value. In its nature, static electricity is the same as any
to as "harpaga," signifying the harpies, or "a thing that
other form. Electricity in other 'form usually flows in cur-
clutches." The origin of this odd cognomen, was due to
rents continuously, but static
the discovery by the women of Syria, that the amber distaffs
electricity is accumulated in
or spindles, forming part of their spinning wheels, tended
condensers and its discharge is N. .S. N S. N. 5.
to attract small parti- instantaneous, as when light-
cles of thread, straw, ning passes from one thunder-
etc., when the spinning cloud to another. The static
FIG. 6

thread had brushed

generator and experiments with
against the amber for it are treated exhaustively in another chapter.
a short while. The first scientist to build a frictional machine for the
The word amber, and generation of electricity, was Otto von Guericke, a Ger-
its derivation has not
man. About the year 1750, he constructed a rather crude
been established posi- machine, comprising a rotating ball of sulphur, which when
tively, but it tas been FIG. Z held between the hands, produced electricity by the fric-
ascribed to either one
tion incurred.
of two sources; viz:—The Arabic word "amber," signifying
"anibergris," and the German verb, "anbrennen," meaning, From this experiment, the static generator was slowly
"the thing that will burn." improved, until it finally reached the form of a glass plate
Lodestones or natural magnetic ore, as found in the rotating between leather cushions. The friction thus set
earth, were not unknown to the up created electricity, and later a condenser was connected
ancients either, having been to the machine to collect the electricity. A cut of a modern
mentioned in the writings of static electric generator is shown in Fig. I.
Aristotle, who ascribed to Other sources of electricity besides the static machine, are
Thales of Miletus, chief of the as follows:—
A Seven Wise Men of Greece, and Percussion.—If a violent blow is struck by one substance
who was the contemporary of upon another, opposite electrical states are produced on the
Aesop, the view that the action two surfaces. Vibration can
of amber and the lodestone sug- produce electricity, as demon-
gests the existence of an "alter strated by Bolpicelli, who
Fler.3 ego," or soul, in these sub- showed that vibrations set up
stances, meaning undoubtedly within a rod of metal, coated
wheri philosophically interpret- with sulphur or other insulating
ed and construed, an inherent force independent of any ex- substance, produced a separa-
ternal agency. tion of electricities at the sur-
According to the legends and traditions of the Chinese, face, separating the metal from
who were at one time the wisest people on the earth, the the non-conductor. Disruption FIG.7
properties of the lodestone or and Cleavage:—Tearing a card
natural magnet, were known S apart in the dark produces vis-
fully two thousand years before ible sparks, and the separated portions when tested with an
the dawn of the Christian era. M4 4- WIDA
electroscope, will be found to be electrically charged. Lumps
Humboldt relates, in his "Cos- of sugar crunched between the teeth in the dark exhibit pale
nos," that the Chinese employ- FIG.4 flashes of light. The sudden cleavage of a sheet of mica also
ed the lodestone magnet to di- produces sparks, and both laminae are found to be electri-
rect their caravans in voyages, the magnet having been used fied. Crystallization and Solidification:—A number of dif-
to actuate a small revolving device, which was caused to ferent substances, after passing from _the 'liquid to the solid
point continually in the same direction. All the ancient state, exhibit electrical conditions. For instance, sulphur
writings on the subject, however, were of little practical fused in a glass bowl, and then allowed to cool, becomes
bignificance, ape] it Wa5 npt until the 14th century, that the strongly electrified, as made evident by lifting out the crys-

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May, 1914 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

talline mass, with a glass rod. Another substance becoming net at Fig. 4. Magnets, no matter what their shape, are
electrified during solidification is common chocolate. When always surrounded by a "field of force," as it is termed,
arsenic acid crystallizes out from its solution, in hydro- caused by the magnetic flux or lines of force tending to
chloric acid, the formation of each crystal is accompanied return from the north pole to the south pole. To realize
by a flash of light, due most likely to an electrical dis- the maximum efficiency and life, the magnet should have a
charge. *Combustion: — The complete path through iron, and so an armature or keeper
generation of electricity by A, is supplied with horseshoe
combustion was demonstrated magnets, and when not in N
by Volta. A piece of burning use the keeper supplies a
charcoal placed in connection low resistance path for the
N S
with the knob of a gold-leaf flux, thus preserving the
V "A ieOE/1 electroscope, will cause the magnet's power.
•A leaves to diverge. Evaporation: The appearance of the

FIG: 8 e
—When liquids are evaporated,
electrification often occurs, the
field of force about a mag-
net is seen at Fig. 5. Such
liquid and the vapor assuming a flux diagram is easily made FOLAR/7Y Of CLECTRO 41.4eYETS
opposite states. Atmospheric Electricity:—This is closely for any magnet by sprinkling
allied with electricity of evaporation, and is the atmospheric fine iron filings on a piece Fig. 11.
charge always present in the air, and due, in part at least, of glass, and placing the
to evaporation going on over the oceans. Animal Elec- magnet under the glass. Tapping the glass gently will serve
tricity: —A number of species of creatures inhabiting the to make the filings evenly distribute themselves, when they
water, have the power of producing electric discharges by may be photographed, or a print may be made direct by plac-
certain portion of their organism. The most well known ing the printing paper under the glass and exposing it to the
of these are the "Torpedo," the "Gymnotus," and the light.
"Siluris," frequenting the Nile and the Niger Rivers: The Every magnet has two poles, each of opposite polarity
"Raia Torpedo," or electric ray, of which there are three or nature. They are- designated respectively, as the north
species inhabiting the Mediterranean and Atlantic, is pro- and south poles. Like poles repel each other, and unlike
vided with an electric organ on the back of its head. This poles, attract each other. The end of the compass needle
organ consists of laminae composed of polygonal cells to magnet seeking the earth's north magnetic pole, is really
the number of 800 to 1000 or more; and supplied with four the south pole of the needle magnet, but is often referred
large bundles of nerve-fibres. The under surface of the fish to as the north pole of the needle. North-seeking pole is
is negatively electrified and the upper side positively. In more correct. The principle of every magnet having two
the "Gymnotus Electricus," or Surinam eel, the electric or- dissimilar poles is made more manifest, by breaking a bar
gan extends the whole length of the body, along both sides, or other permanent magnet, with the result shown at Fig.
as seen in cut 2. It is able to give a most severe shock, and 6. As seen every individual magnet has assumed two un-
proves itself a very formidable antagonist when it has at- like poles at the ends. The best way in which to observe
tained its full length of 5 or 6 feet. the changing action of the magnet poles, is by means of a
It has been shown that the small compass or magnetized needle, pivoted, so as to swing
nerve excitations and muscular freely about a fixed point. The north pole of the magnet
contractions of human beings, is usually marked in some way, either by an arrow head,
also produce feeble discharges or by bluing it. If such a needle is presented to the poles
of electricity. There is also the of the horseshoe magnet seen in Fig. 3, the north and south
electricity of vegetables, poles of the needle will be attracted alternately. The poles
thermo-electricity, contact of of an electromagnet can thus be tested also.
dissimilar metals, and other There are two methods of making permanent magnets
sources. from hardened steel bars, by direct touch with another
Magnetism, the basis of most permanent magnet. The first is known as the single touch
all commercial electrical appa- method, and consists in stroking the steel bar A, from the
ratus to -day, is a very interest- centre to the end, in the direction of the arrow, removing
ing subject. As aforemen- the magnet B, returning it through the air to the centre,
tioned, the properties of natural and (with the same pole) again stroking it to the end. The
magnets or lodestones was polarity induced in the bar A, is of course opposite to that
found in Magnesia, Asia Minor, existing in the magnet pole B, as indicated by the polarity
and was called the magnet signs in the sketch. Usually 15 to 20 strokes are sufficient,
stone, owing to the name of the country in which it was when the other half of the steel bar is stroked with the oppo-
found. The properties of the lodestone may be conveyed site end .of the magnet B, from the centre to the end, as
to other substances such as iron or steel, by friction or previously, and a similar number of times. Magnetizing by
rubbing. Nickel and cobalt are also slightly influenced by double touch is accomplished by using two magnets, as in
magnetism. Fig. 8, and both poles (of opposite sign) are moved from
Steel was found to have the greatest retentivity or hold- the centre outward, simultaneously. About 15 to 20 strokes
ing power for magnetism, and hence it was always employed are sufficient. The steel used for making permanent magnet
for magnets and needles in mariners' compasses, in the early should be very hard, such as Tungsten steel. The harder
days as well as now. Magnetism, like electricity, requires the steel, the greater the retentivity, also the strength.
matter as its medium through which to manifest itself, and Steel magnets are best magnetized, by placing in con-
the present theory is that it is a mode of molecular motion tact with the poles of a powerful electromagnet. This
generated by vibration of the molecules, and undulations of is the method pursued in most commercial uses of them,
the all •pervading luminiferous ether, which permeates all especially for magnetos. Sometimes they are magnetized,
matter and fills all spaces not already filled by other sub- by winding a coil of insulated copper wire around them,
and then passing current through the coils. U-shaped mag-
/ net bars may be magnetized by direct touch with another
..,
.....
..
., U-shaped magnet as shown in Fig. 9, stroking the new mag-
..... ........
...• ..o.
..... ......
net from the poles to the U-bend, or vice versa.
_. .... -- ........ N
•..

s
.... ..... ,..... = •• 11-•• ..

— 4- All electrical conductors when

carrying current, are surrounded
by a magnetic field of force, as
'OE\ depicted in Fig. 10. Here the
OE\
current (direct current) is
shown passing away from the
observer, that is, the end near-

@D + 4MIN
est him is positive, and then the COIL OF WIRE
whirl of magnetic force or flux
Fig. 10. is right-handed or clock-wise;
facing the near end of the con-
stances or matter. The speed or velocity .of pfopagation ductor. If the current were CM.
of electricity through the ether is 186,000 miles per second, coming toward the observer,
on in the metric scale, it is equivalent to 300,000 kilometers the whirl of magnetic flux would FIG. 12
or 300,000,000 meters. be left-handed, or opposite to
There are two common forms of permanent steel magnets that shown.
in use, one being the horseshoe shape and the other the The effect of winding the conductor into coils about mag-
straight bar. The former is seen at Fig. 3, and the bar mag- net poles of soft iron, gives the result seen at Fig. 11. This
shows that if the current passes around the coil clock-wise
See Lowe's Compendium of Applied Electricity. the resultant magnetic pole is south; but if it passes around

AmericanRadinHiRtnr,enm
 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER May, 1914

the coil counter-clock-wise; then the resultant magnetic should be an endless one, e. g., one having a lapped and
pole is north. This is one •of the most frequently occurring cemented joint. Round belts are very well joined together
rules in electrical work of all kinds, and should be well by a piece of hard brass lacing wire, or by means of belt
memorized. hooks, purchaseable from any hardware dealer.
Probably one of the most interesting and important laws Resuming the subject of developing water-power we may
in electro -physics, is that there is a direct relation between turn to the commonest arrangement met with in practicé;
magnetism and electricity. Magnetism and electricity are that of harnessing a brook or small river to a turbine. One
reciprocal or interchangeable and can produce each other, of the simplest ways of doing this is seen at Fig. 5, where
which may be readily shown by suddenly plunging a per- a dam is placed across the stream far enough up-stream
manent steel bar magnet into the interior of a solenoid, from the turbine to get sufficient head in feet to operate it.
or coil of wire, as in Fig. 12. Connected to the coil of wire Every foot head of water creates a pressure of .433 lb. per
is a galvanometer CM, which is easily made by winding a square inch. Hence a 20 foot head or drop in the water,
coil of a dozen turns of fine wire about a small compass case would give 8.66 lbs. pressure per square inch, etc. This
as seen from the detail, or the Telimcometer at 50 cents, relation is clearly shown in table No. 1.
can be employed. The coil of wire is placed parallel to the One of the first considerations in placing a water-power
needle of the compass. This makes quite a sensitive gal- plant is to see whether or not a sufficient quantity of water
vanometer. is available in dry seasons, etc., to operate the wheels or
turbines. Firstly, the gallons or cubic feet of water per
second or minute, required to operate the turbine is re-
quired to be known. This is given in the tables here pre-
sented, or also it may be obtained from the manufacturers
of turbine wheels.
Secondly, the amount of water available per second or
minute, etc., from the brook or stream, is to be ascertained,
if the plant is to run regularly, regardless of dry seasons
and the like. We know that the cubic feet of water flow-
ing per second is found by multiplying its velocity by a
given point, in feet per second, by the cross-sectional area
of the stream at that point, or the "wet-perimeter" as it
is termed.
Hence, if we place a wood float consisting of a round
stick, weighted at its base so as to just clear stones, etc.,
Fig. 12A.• at the bottom of the stream, and we time this float as it is
carried down-stream, from one fixed point to a second fixed
Now if the steel magnet bar M, is suddenly plunged into point; then its speed, and also that of the current of water
the coil of wire D, a deflection of the galvanometer needle is readily deduced. A common figure for streams is 6 to
will be noted. Upon withdrawing the magnet bar from the 15 second feet; meaning that the float, when timed, tra-
coil D, another deflection of the galvanometer needle will versed a distance of 6 feet, etc., in one second. Several
be noted, but in the 'opposite direction, to that of the first time values should be observed at various times of the sea-
deflection, occurring from the insertion of the magnet. This son, and an average of the lot taken. Sometimes the mini-
is the principle upon which transformers and induction coils mum value reached is taken. The 'current velocity having
operate, the second coil of wire being placed outside the thus been found, the volume of water passing per second
coil D, shown here. Instead of moving a permanent steel in cubic feet, is found by multiplying its value by the aver-
magnet, in and out of the coil; the magnetizing current in age width and depth of the stream at the section timed.
the coil D, is made to pulsate or alternate giving the same The quantity of water is generally measured on small
results. The core is stationary and of the softest iron, so streams by means of the "Wier," which is explained together
as to lose all the magnetism possible, at each change in the with formulas for its use, in any text-book on the subject.
current. .Instead of using a steel magnet, a soft iron core The plant lay-out is shown at Fig. 5. An over-flow gate
wound with a magnetizing coil, may be used as at Fig. 12 A. is best placed in the dam, but some builders arrange for
This shows the generation of electricity from magnetism. the water to spill over the dam only, when the lake is full.
To demonstrate the production of magnetism from elec- The darn can be made of concrete, stone, or stone and earth,
tricity, it is only necessary to pass current from a battery wood, etc., as convenience dictates. The penstock feeding
or other source through the coil D, when the magnetic force
the turbine or water wheel enters the stream as shown;
created within the coil, will suck in an iron bar. A perma- preferably placing a gate at the head of it; and a screen
nent iron core fastened within the coil, makes it an elec- of iron bars in a wood frame to prevent sticks, stones, etc.,
tromagnet and this is the basis of the action of the great from entering the penstock is placed ahead of the gate, as
generators, 'and motors turning the wheels of commerce shown. The penstock is depicted at Fig. 6, A and B in
to -day. When an electric bell sounds, an electromagnet has detail. It can be either open or closed. The open ones
actuated the hammer. When a spark several inches long are commonly made of white pine tongue and grooved
leaps the gap connected across a transformer, electro-mag- planking, concrete, steel, etc., and the closed ones are usu-
netism has been responsible for it. ally of steel pipe, or wooden staved pipe, strengthened with
To Michael Faraday, we are indebted for a greater part
iron hoops around it. Of course the penstock must have
of our knowledge concerning magnetism and electricity and
a pitch downward toward the turbine, and it is carried suf-
their close inter-relationship. Faraday was the first to show ficiently far downstream, so that the pressure head obtained
how magnetism could be changed into, or made to give at the turbine wheel is sufficient to drive it at the required
electric current, when a magnet was acted upon by mechan-
speed and torque. The head in feet is the "vertical height"
ical motion. He discovered that a coil of wire when moved
the water drops through in descending from the entrance
to or from a permanent steel magnet or active conductor to the penstock, to the turbine wheel. For small plants,
had induced in it another current, and of opposite direction
it is well to figure the penstock to carry about twice the
to that of the inducing current. This great discovery by cubic feet of water per minute required 'by the turbine, as
Faraday, was taken up by others, and the real development. the penstock probably will not always flow entirely full.
of -electrical apparatus employing these principles, had been It is very important that the tail-race or passage-way
started on its way. provided for carrying away the discharged water from tur-
(To be continued) bines on "Hercules" motors, be made sufficiently large, so
that the water can readily pass away without causing back
SMALL WATER MOTORS AND THEIR PRACTICAL pressure on the turbine. This is noticeable in the illustra-
APPLICATION. tions we show of the "Hercules" water motors, and the
discharge pipe if provided, should be as large at least as
(Continued from Page 3) the discharge opening in the motor. No great pressure is
In the cuts showing the application of the "Hercules" present here, so a sheet iron pipe is sufficient for small
water motor to various machines, the common method of motors.
belting the two devices mechanically, is indicated. The Some useful data is given below regarding strength of shafts,
highest efficiency of such mechanical drives is realized when etc.:
the prime-mover, in this case the water motor, and the Electrical Units.
driven device are rigidly connected together on a common
bed-plate, similar to the E. I. Co., No. 1 Hydro-Electric Volt—The unit of electrical motive force. Force required
plant. All belt drives lower the gross efficiency of the to send one ampere of current through one ohm of resist-
plant, and a single leather belt drive, without a counter- ance.
shaft, usually causes a loss of 20 to 30 per cent: in the The loss in transmission depends on the size and length
power delivered to the driven device. of the wire.
Therefore all such belt drives should be carefully arranged Ampere—Unit of current. The current which one volt can
and lined up to cause the belt to drive evenly, and the belt send through a resistance of one ohm.

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May, 1914
THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER 7
Watt-The unit of electrical energy, and is the product To get the power it is only necessary to increase the size
of the ampere and volt. That is, one ampere of current of jet, thereby delivering more water to the motor just as it
flowing under a pressure of one volt gives one watt of is necessary with a steam engine to give more steam to get
energy.
more power. The smallest jet necessary to give the re-
One electrical horse-power is equal to 746 ;watts. quired power should ;be used.
One kilowatt is equal to 1,000 watts.
To find the watts consumed in a given electrical circuit, TABLE NO. 2.
such as a lamp, multiply the volts by the amperes., 12-INCH REGULAR TURBINE WHEEL (JONVAL
To find the volts, divide the watts by the amperes.
TYPE).
To find the amperes, divide the watts by the volts.
To find the electrical horse-power required by a lamp, This Wheel Uses Eighteen Square Inches of Water.
divide the watts of the lamp by 746. Cubic Feet Discharged. Revolutions per
To find the number of lamps that can he supplied by one Head in Feet. per Minute. Minute. Horse Power.
electrical, horse-power of energy, 746 by the watts of the 3
4 1103..0
8 256 .44
lamp. 20 287 .68
To find the electrical horse-power necessary, multiply the 5 134.4 319 .95
watts per lamp by the number of lamps and divide by 746. 6 147.0 368 1.25
To find the mechanical horse-power necessary to generate 7 59 378 1.58
the required electrical horse-power, divide the latter by the 8 1
171..00 403 1.92
efficiency of the generator. 9 180.6 428 2.32
Horse-Power of Shafts for Given Diameter and Speed. 10 190.2 451 2.70
We publish herewith a table used in general practice for 11 199.2 472 3.11
the transmission of power where shafts are properly sup- 12 208.2 493 3.55
ported. 13 216.6 512 4.00
When shafts are used for conveying power from one 14 225.0 540 4.47
point to another without any of the bending strains of 15 232.8 558 4.96
pulleys, gears, etc., the next smaller size may be used. 16 240.6 576 5.47
This table must not be confounded with tables of actual 17 247.8 594 5.99
strength of shafts published by other authorities. 18 255.0 612 6.52
Diameter 19 262.2 629 7.07
of Shaft, Revolutions Per Minute 20 268.8 644 7.65
Inches 21 275.4 659 8.22
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 4oq 22 282.0 673 8.81
1 y's 2.4 3. 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 6. 7.2 8.4 9.6 23
24
288.6
294.6
686
699
9.43
10.04
11.7zr 4.3 5.4 6.5 7.6 8.6 9.8 10.8 13. 15.2 17.2
25 300.6 711 10.67
Hit 6.5 8. 9.7' 11.2 13. 14.6 16. 19.4 22.4 26.
Ha 10. 12.5 15. 17.5 20. 22.5 25. 30. 35. 40. 26 306.6 724
2I's 14. 17.8 21. 24.5 28. 31.5 35.6 42. 49. 56. 27 312.6 736 11
11..9
39 2

It is well to say in this connection, that no matter what 28 317.4 747 12

14..
63
0 24
29 324.0 758
general rules are adopted, there are frequently special cases 768 13.35
in which the engineer or designer must depart from his rules, 30 329.4
and use his judgment in determining both the size of the
shaft and the number and location of bearings. SIGNALS VIA WIRELESS 6,000 MILES.
Rules to Determine the Size and Speed of Pulleys or Gears. Communication was held recently between the wireless
The driving pulley called the driver, and the driven pul- station at Nauen, Ger., and one at Windhoek, Cape of
ley the driven. Good Hope, South Africa. The messages that passed were
If the number of teeth in gears is used instead of diameter, clear and distinct. The distance between Nauen and Wind-
in these calculations, number of teeth must be substituted hoek is approximately six thousand miles. At various times
wherever diameter occurs. there have been reports of messages traveling six thousand
To Find the Diameter of Driver, the diameter of the driven miles or more, but very few, if any, of these have been
and its revolutions, and also revolutions of [Link] being direct communications. March seems to be a favorable
given: Multiply the diameter of driven by its revolutions, month for the making of long distance records. In March
and divide the •product by the revolutions of the driver; the of last year the Naval Radio Station at Newport heard two
quotient will give the diameter of the driver. wireless stations in the Argentine Republic exchanging
To Find the Diameter of Driven, the revolutions of the messages, and these stations were said to have been from
driven, also diameter and revolutions of the driver being seven to eight thousand miles distant. Direct messages from
given: Multiply the diameter of driver by its revolutions, Germany to this country have been sent frequently, and on
and divide the product by the revolutions of the driven; the February 11 the first through test of wireless communica-
quotient will give the diameter of the driVen. tion between New York and Berlin Was made.
To Find the Revolutions of the Driver, the diameter and
revolutions of the driven, also diameter of the driver being
given: Multiply the diameter of driven by its revolutions, JAIL FOR RADIO FRAUD PROMOTERS.
and divide the product by the diameter of driver; the quo- Judge Hunt, in the Criminal Branch of the Federal Dis-
tient will give the revolutions of driver, trict Court recently sentenced James Dunlop Smith to a
To Find the Revolutions of the Driven, the diameter and term of eighteen months' imprisonment and to pay a fine of
revolutions of the driver, also diameter of the driven being $5,001, and Elmer E. Burlingame to a term of two years and
given: Multiply the diameter of driver by its revolutions, six months imprisonment and to pay a fine of $10,100.
and divide the product by the diameter of driven; the quo- They were convicted of being concerned in a conspiracy
tient will give the revolutions of driver. operated through the mails to swindle investors in the stock
TABLE NO. 1. of the Radio Wireless Telephone Company and its subsid-
iaries. The frauds ran into the millions and the prosecution
POWER OF WATER MOTORS.
of Smith and Burlingame cost the government a considerable
(Extracts from Kent's Handbook, page 598) sum. .
Head • Spouting Judge Hunt also fined the Ellsworth Company, which
Size in Prssure Velocity Revolutions Horse handled the stock, $10,500.
Feet Ft. per Min. per Min. Power
6 inch 20 8.66 lbs. 2151.97 684 .05
WIRELESS STATIONS TO AID IN RAILROAD
6 " 30 12.70 " 2635.62 837 .10
6 " 40 17.320 " 3043.39 969 .15 CONSTRUCTION.
6 " 50 21.65 " 3402.61 1038 .21 Wireless telegraphy is to be used in connection with rail-
6 1i 60 25.98 " 3727.37 1185 .28 road construction for the first time in North America,
6 " 70 30.31 " 4026. 1281 .35 when two stations are erected at the terminals of the pro-
6 " 80 34.64 " 4303.99 1368 .43 posed Hudson Bay railroad for the ordering of materials
6 " 90 38.97 " 4565.04 1452 .51 and labor. •
6 II 100 4130 " 4812. 1530 .60 One will be built at Le Pas, Manitoba, and the other
6 " 120 51.96 " 5271.30 1677 .79 at Port Nelson, on Hudson bay, which is cut off from
6 140 60.62 " 5693.65 .99 Ottawa during nine months of the year.
6 11
180 77.94 " 6455.97 2049 1.45 Wireless was used successfully during the building of the
12 di
80 34.64 " 4303.99 -% 684 1.00 Madeira Namore railway in Brazil for communication be-
12 id
140 60.62 " 5693.65•; ; 906 2.33 tween the offices at Manaos and Porto Velho, 1,000 miles
12 180 77.94 " 6455.67 1024 3.39 away and accessible only by boat.

AmericanRadinHiRtnr,enm
 IA E:.h CeNSIAUCV.11. „Lei
Design and Construction Details of Radio Antennae
PART II.
A short discourse on the construction and design details for wireless telegraph aerials to be used for small transmitting
and long distance receiving sets, of interest to experimenters particularly.
By H. Winfield Secor.

T
HE construction of radio antennae properly concerns, Having decided upon the approximate size of the aerial to
and is directly related to, the natural or fundamental be erected, one of the first problems besetting the radio sta-
wave length of same. For instance, where an experi- tion builder is suitable and substantial masts or means for
mental station is to be erected, and a licensed send-
ing set is to be operated, with a radiated wave length of 200

IRON PIPE MAST

Chart Showing Fundamental Wave Lengths of 4 Wire Aerials.

meters, and not more; it has been found that if the aerial is supporting the aerial spread or flat-top. At Fig. 2A, we
designed and built to have a natural wave length of say 160 show a substantial skeleton wood mast, which anybody can
meters, etc., and about 200 meters vibration period when the build at a cost of a few dollars. In this design of mast,
helix or oscillation transformer winding is connected in series where the total height is not much over 75 feet, the width of
with it, that the most efficient transmission is obtained. the base section or foot may be about 10-12 feet. Of course,
Where the antenna has a natural period or wave length the wider the base, the more secure the mast will be against
greater than these figures, its capacity must be reduced, as high wind pressure, etc. This form of mast is widely em-
ployed for commercial stations, and a wood or metal pole of

INSULATORS
PULLEY

PLUG OR CAP

TACKL.0 BLOCK
AERIAL FLAT— TOP
TOP OP KAST
145
4/WOR
/
INSULATOR
POLE
N.10007
TKPIU
IN P1Pt
MAST

PORCE LAIN
KNOBS
ARM BRACES

BUBDTVIOCO
GUY WARE N. Bra

ANTRNIUN
MIRE

GORR
OP BAMBOO. ICY

ANCHOR

o IRON ROD

2%3. JOIST
regards the whole aerial system, by connecting a high-tension 4 .4 LONG

glass plate or other type condenser (preferably adjustable),

in series with the ground lead, and close to the ground con-
nection proper. The E. I. Co., No. 530 or 531 adjustable con-
densers are adaptable to these requirements very nicely.
This arrangement reduces the total or joint capacity of the ANCH
OE • " EARTH
aerial system by the well-known rule that when condensers
are connected in series, their joint capacity is inversely pro-
portional to their reciprocals, as explained in all electrical
and wireless text-books, or see Lesson No. 19 of the "Elec- FIG. 2-A
tro" Wireless Course in 20 lessons, given free with purchases
made of them, at the rate of 1lesson for each dollar's worth suitable size is placed at the apex of the base section. The
of goods bought. skeleton base-frame height is usually made about 2/3 the total

[Link]
May, 1914 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER 9

height of the entire mast; and this base may be made of copper or phosphor bronze conductors, with 2 foot spacing
triangular or square cross-section, as indicated at Fig. 2A between the strands. By reading off the desired length of
and B. A good form of guy anchor is easily made of two
pieces of joist, with an iron eye bolt passing through their
centers. The wood base of same should be burled about 6 to
BLOCK G. FALL OR
CURVEOEJOINT3 ADVISABLE SOLDER ALL JOINTS BLOCKS

POLE
PULLEY
WIREI HERE KO. S.
AINTLNIUN WIRE

OLE 3- GUY WIRES

ROPE

- J0;1 0112,42•AARLE
P16. 5
5.1k D.T. 100 AMR
ROOK LIGHTNINO
SWITCH the span between spreaders, along the lower base line of the
ROY ROPES
D.8 SANTENIUM
WIRE
614-it
RAE chart; and then following
COPPER WPM
*ROUND CLAN AERIAL upward, the corresponding
N.10003
TO REC. SET vertical chart line until it
AROUND
reaches the proper aerial
INVERTED «OETAER IAL fflie.11 PIK height "curve"; the nat-
ural wave length is at once

o
SOEOE METER
found on the column im-
cELLAR
mediately to the left of the
FIG.3 aforesaid intersection, of
the "curve" and vertical
8 feet in the ground. Three guys are the least number per- chart ling. These values
missible for guying such a mast in position; and four guys have been cat efully cal-
are best. The guys are best made of E. I. Co. stranded steel culated from the exact in-
guy cable No. 1526, formed of 6 No. 18 B. & S. wires, twisted ductance and capacity of
together, and well galvanized, which comes in coils of 100 the flat-top and of a ver- Fig. 6.
feet at 35 cents per coil. tical lead-in cable, com-
Another type of skeleton steel mast, easily made by the posed of 4 strands of No. 14 B. & S. copper wires, bunched
amateur from a few lengths of steel "angle iron" bar, such as together, and leading directly down from one end of the
1% x 1/ 4 inch stock, is seen at sketch, Fig. 3-A, is not advisable aerial flat-top, and terminating 10 feet from the ground. The
for lengths of masts exceeding 25 feet, but where a small ground lead from the instruments should in this case be
about 10 feet long, and the same size as the lead-in cable
CROSS ARM OR SPAR described above. The total natural wave length of any flat-
top aerial and lead-in is thus readily found from this chart.
To more clearly elucidate:—Suppose it is desired to know
the fundamental wave length of a 4 strand flat-top aerial of
TO ^DUAL .
STRAND the inverted "L" type, having a span of 100 feet between
2 MOLES roa
‚Ours

ANGLE IRON
MAST

.^3 14 B,

Fig. 7.

spreaders, with 2 foot spacing and elevated 80 feet above the

light structure is desired, it is satisfactory, and besides it is earth, connected by a vertical lead-in cable as outlined above.
readily erected and maintained in position. The base may Looking at the chart for a flat-top 80 feet high, and with a
consist of a piece of angle iron A; or X X, angle braces may span between spreaders of 100 feet, the natural period Gr wave
be arranged as shown and secured to two cross-feet X1 Xl. length of same is seen to be 340 meters. That is, if this aerial
To begin with, we will consider the set of wave length was excited by a buzzer or a spark coil connected to a break
curves which have been plotted. These were computed and in the vertical lead-in wire, it would vibrate at a natural or
drawn from formulae due to Dr. Louis Cohen, of the U. S. fundamental wave
Bureau of Standards, and are very close to the exact values, length period of
which, it may be stated here, can never be exactly calculated, 340 meters. Of — e2= - '--E=13— €n:13--
course the Radio N. 6271 CLEATS
FIG.8
1a w , affecting
amateur stations,
exacts a sending wave length of not over 200 meters, and the
above is only cited as an example in the use of the chart.
The above 340 meter aerial system, could be reduced to 200
meters, by the connection of a suitable condenser or capacity
in series with it. Long lengths of water pipes used for
grounding in buildings, must be considered, as they also in-
ji fluence the wave length directly.
Aerials of greater spread, i.e., having more strands, can
L. OE n--
I ( be judged approximately from the chart, as they do not differ
in wave length value so radically, for an ordinary size aerial.
1dt •
In designing a sending station antenna, it must be borne in
FIG.4
mind, that some allowance for the wave length of the neces-
sary oscillation transformer secondary winding must be made.
Hence, if upon looking over the chart, the designer finds a
due to the effect of metallic bodies or structures near the suitable length of flat-top and lead-in to give the 200 meter
aerial, etc., etc.
wave length required by the law; he should select an aerial
This set of 5 horizontal curves are all for 4 wire flat top
aerials, of the' inverted "L" type, composed of No. 14 solid (Continued on Page 15)

AmericanRadinHiRtnr,enm
 THE WIRELESS SOCIETY OF LONDON. when not in use, either by a double-pole switch or by a sys:
tem of plugs.
At the meeting held on March 3rd, the discussion on "Tun- Much amusement was caused by a gentleman who wished
ing Inductances" was opened by Mr. Russell Clarke, K.C., in to explain to the meeting some wonderful invention by which
a very able speech, and the members debated the subject with he could control a gramophone at a distance by means of
keen interest. The following points were brought out.' That wireless, but that not being the subject under discussion the
to obtain the best results the maximum inductance must be chairman ruled him out of order.
attained with the least possible- length of wire, and to do
this the diameter of the drum on which the wire is wound HERTZIAN WAVE COLLISIONS.
shall not exceed its length, the absolute maximum being when
' By V. W. D. -B. I
the length is equal to 0.4 of the diameter, but for practical

S
purposes the former ratio mentioned is quite good. The chief AYS Electricity (London) : "A n i ntere ei ng th eory i s
losses in inductances are due to high- propounded by' a French engineer, in , a recent issue
frequency resistance, and eddy currents of the Journal, tò the effect that the meeting or cross-
which can be minimized by using strand- ing in space of Hertzian waves from high-power
ed cable formed of enameled wire of wireless stations may be responsible for some of the dis-
small gauge. The extent to which this astrous explosions which have occurred within recent date.
sub-division is carried is limited by the He instances the Volturno disaster as happening at the junc-
cost, and that there was little advantage in using a cable of tion of the Eiffel Tower and Glace Bay routes; the Seng-
more than twenty-seven wires formed by twisting first three henydd mine ex-
wires together then three of these strands, thus making a plosion, in the
nine-wire cable, and finally twisting three of these strands course of the
together to form a 27-wire cable. It was pointed out that, Clifden - Paris
say, a 37-wire cable laid up in the usual manner was not so 5/ah an -----------7-----,-------— — 7.._
---- emanations; and
rahon
effective, as the wires were not sufficiently intermeshed, thus the Jena and
allowing the H.F. currents to circulate in the outer layer of 1. Liberte -bat tl e-
wires only. Other losses are due to the self-capacity be- ship explosions
tween the adjoining turns of wire and the capacity of the at Toulon, in the track of Paris-Bizerta wireless. This
"dead" or unused wire on the coil. For this reason it was constitutes a happy sequel to the intentional firing of powder
advised to use several tuning coils according to the wave- magazines and other large stores of explosives by wireless,-
length to the signals being received. The necessity of using with which we were threatened a short while since, but
a thick cotton covering over the enameled wires to keep the which has not yet materialized."
turns of the -inductance well separated, or winding with an So allow me to say a few words conceming my- ideas of
air space between the turns, was insisted upon, as this also "1-1 ertzian collisions." I cannot say that I disbelieve in the
diminishes the capacity effect between the turns. The method danger, but I equally cannot see how any danger can arise.
of winding and tapping off in definite sections was fully ex- Neither can 1 see how the collision can be confined to any
plained, and both samples of wire and tuning coils were ex- particular point or points. Explosions have occurred and
hibited. One of these coils was wound on the double-layer fires started in inexplicable ways long before wireless was
system, which enables twice the length of wire to be wound invented, and they will continue to recur after wireless has
on a drum of the same size wound in the usual method. The been superseded
method of carrying this out is to wind two turns on the by the next wonL
drum and then cause the wire to mount on to the top of these Conducting 5ľ,- a ľa derful ;invention.,
for the next turn, then descend again on to drum, after which JOE' Armosph ere If we are to
the wire is caused to ascend and descend alternately till the expect explosions
winding is finished (see Fig. 1, in which the first five turns of wherever tw o
a coil wound in this manner are numbered in the order in stray WaVes hap'r
which they are put on). In this method, although the coil The ferth
pen to meet it will
is wound in two layers, there is a very small difference in a
aflon N \NN. \TOE...It/on be no long safe
potential between adjacent turns, and the capacity effect be- '• \., .. .. to carry 'ma ertches
tween the two layers is reduced to a minimum. Of course,
Fi g.
2. in our pockets, as
it goes without saying that heavily insulated wire must be within five miles
employed if this method of winding is used, as it is not pos- of this ho use
sible to leave an air space between the turns. The wire em- there are at least fifty wireless stations, five or six often
ployed by Mr. Russell Clarke consisted of 81/40 enamel wire working simultaneously and each radiating considerably
double cotton-covered and braided. It was also mentioned more energy at this range than would be found, say, half-
that a considerable air spa-ce must be left between the pri- way between the stations of, say, Clifden and Glace Bay.
mary and secondary coils to prevent the capacity effect be- Before expressing a definite opinion I should like to see a
tween the wire on the two drums. In the quite informal dis- slightly more definite and technical explanation of the line
cussion which followed, the fact was established that the best of thought followed by this French engineer. This new
results were obtained when a relatively large inductance and theory is sbniewhat analogous to the now famous Frays
small capacity were employed to tune in to a given wave- invented by that Italian engineer which are capable of being
length, it being -pointed out that only just sufficient capacity directed to a specific tin of explosives with the result that
to form a true oscillating circuit should be employed, but no they can be detonated with certainty at ranges up to some
speaker present seemed inclined to risk an offhand state- 5 or 10 miles according to the power available. I have not
ment as to the relative values of these two items. As, how- had the pleasure of meeting anyone capable of either' ex-
ever, these items are easier to find by experiment than to cal- plaining what F-rays are or how they are generated.
culate, the omission of this bit of information was not greatly I have looked into the question of "Hertzian collisions"
missed by the meeting. and cannot see anything in it. Waves will be colliding all
Mr. William Dude11 emphasized the importance of keeping over the world wherever two stations happen to be work-
before one the kind of loss one wished to keep down and ing, and collisions would be equally likely to occur at any
more especially the loss due to di-electric strain between point on either side of the B line between the ,stations as
turns of wire. This loss is rather, to be appreciable. well as in the direct line (see Fig. 1). If collisions do oc-
He advised the spacing of the turns with at least one-half cur, I cannot reason out any source of danger on that ac-
millimeter of air, and was of opinion that when using a high- count, as it must be remembered that thé energy of the
resistance detector eddy current losses were not so important waves at any appreciable distance from the stations can only
as di-electric losses. be measured in billionths of a watt.
Mr. Fogarty agreed with the author that by keeping down Also the -probability is that the waves pass one another
ohmic resistance sharper tuning can be effected, but that even without creating any disturbance, just as the sound waves
with low-resistance coils sharp tuning of stations emitting can be heard by a person standing between a locomotive
whistle and a chime of bells as two sounds distinct a'nd
damped waves was hardly possible.
separate. Then, again, the waves transmitted from one pow-
A few remarks were made 'by Mr. Wilson Noble, Prof.
erful station to another follow the track indicated above in
Ernest Wilson, Mrs. Delves Broughton, and Mr. Coursey.
Fig. 2, alternately reflected from the surface of the earth
The latter proposed the use of a jigger with only just a suffi-
or sea and from the conducting portion of the atmosphere.
cient number of turps on, both the primary and secondary to Then, again, I believe it is simply impossible to get .a
establish the necessary coupling and to add extra inductances'
wave to penetrate into ariý conductor, so how «could the
to both the primary and secondary coils as required, thus
gases underground have become ignited by any form öf
obviating the presence of unused wire in the proximity of the
wire in use, the extra inductances being entirely disconnected ethereal wave?
10

AmericanRadinHiRtnnrenm
 )?ee i-ZW-i1ÁKTri [Link].12.N1
This Department will award the following monthly prizes; FIRST PRIZE $5.00; SECOND PRIZE $2.00; THIRD PRIZE $1.00.
The idea of this department is to accomplish new things with old apparatus or old material, and for the most useful, practical, and
original idea submitted to the Editors of this department, a monthly series of prizes will be awarded. For the best ideas submitted, a prize
of $5.00 will be given; for the second best idea a $2.00 prize, and for the third best a prize of $1.00. The article need not be very elaborate, and
rough sketches are sufficient. We will make the mechanical drawings.

FIRST PRIZE, $5.00.

A Vibrating A. C. to D. C. Rectifier
By Ralph Hiteshew.

I give you herewith a description and diagram of a simple First we will N.5535 55A55-CAP NUT

vibrating rectifier. The rectifier will charge batteries and can get a No. 179 "0.
be used for experimental purposes, for those who have only K." E. I. Co. mo-
A. C. available, tor costing $1.45,
The alternating current passes through an 80-watt lamp or a No. 100 mo-
resistance and magnets F. F. The coils X and X are wound tor at 85c. Mount '
HOLES FOR
on a soft iron armature, H. These coils receive current from the motor on a MOTOR riflOoOE N. 5555 GRASS CAP NUTS
a battery, B-1. The armature is pivoted between two "L" block of wood so
that it sets about N.9220
2 inches above
r'110V. A.C. the base. Next
we will need
about % square Fig. 1.
foot of Ya of an
inch fibre, or better, hard rubber. Now draw with a compass
a circle 5% inches in diameter; then cut around this circle,
so that you llave a true disc. Next take some threaded brass
40 WATT rod No. 8-32 and cut it into lengths of 1A. inch. It does not
LAMPS
make much difference how many, but 12 is about the right
number. Now screw a brass cap nut, first drilling a hole
o
[Link]

General Arrangement of Rectifier.

supports of brass. At every one-half wave of the A. C. the

1310 S.P.S.T. SW.
swinging coil is attracted to one side; then the other, of the
Is
device. The armature carries a reversing circuit arrangement,
H. C. B.; so as to reverse the connections in the alternating
OEPPI600 !SAM
current circuit, because contacts B & B-1 and A & A-1 are
in contact at one wave of the current; and contacts C & C-1; 5.6.9220
D & D-1 are in contact at the other wave or of the alterna-
tion current; thereby keeping the current in wires Z and Z-1
(:?OEPRIM. B.P. W B-P5
always in the same direction. The two magnets carrying the
alternating current are 4 ohm telegraph sounder magnets. Fig. 2.
The core is % in. diameter by 1% inch long, and each coil
wound with 78 feet No. 24 cotton insulated wire. Holes are through the fibre about Y4 inch from the outside for the
drilled at the center on the ends, to fit No. 6036 platinum threaded brass rod to pass through the fibre, on each side
iridium contacts. On the other ends they are drilled and of the fibre. I used a plain Electro No. 9220 zinc spark gap,
tapped to fit No. 8-32 screws. These magnets are connected as shown in the drawing.
in series. The E. I. Co. No. 01107 magnets will do if they We will next consider the sending set.
are rewound for 4 ohms, as explained above. The pivot "L's" The list of the materials employed is as follows:
and brackets for adjusting screw, are made from %-inch A 1or 2inch "Bull-dog" spark coil.
brass %-inch wide. The dimensions are given on drawing Two No. 9221 1 pint Leyden jars.
The magnets are screwed on a hardwood board, being placed A No. 9220 zinc spark gap.
so that the screws which hold them are 3 inches apart. The One pound of No. 6 B. & S. aluminum helix wire.
standards holding the armature are placed midway between Four No. B2 double [Link].
the magnets. Coils X and X-1, each contain 50 feet No. 24 Four No. B25 binding posts.
magnet wire and are wound on the iron armature, which is Two No. 1310 S.P.S.T. switches.
4% x Y4 x 'A inches. These coils are wound on a space % One No. 1600 oak base.
inch long and % inch from the center pivot.
Contacts B-1 and C-1 are E. I. Co. make, and are riveted in
pieces of fibre; which are screwed to armature as shown.
Contacts C and B are E. I. Co. fastened to adjusting screws l'oa 2' BULL DOG
KEY
by drilling häle in screws. These screws should be adjusted SPARK COIL
to allow as short a vibration of armature as possible. The
connections are shown in drawing; the condensers C, C, etc.,
O. T.
each having a capacity of Y4 microfarad. Care should be mms 5
taken to have the armature well balanced.

SECOND PRIZE, $2.00.

A ROTARY GAP AND PANEL SET. Fig. 3.

Igive herewith two drawings: one of a simple rotary spark I do not think this needs much description, for the draw-
gap for use with spark coils or small transformers; the other ing is quite clear. Contributed by Lyndon B. Walkup.
a drawing of Switchboard on "Panel" sending -set. I will [Ed. Note:—The above materials can all be purchased
first describe the rotary spark gap. from the E. I. Co., including the oak base No. 1600 at $1.50.1
11
AmericanRadinHiRtnnrenm
12 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER May, 1914

THIRD PRIZE $1.00. inch, is a good idea to impress upon your mind; although
this current is of fairly high frequency and we seldom re-
HOW TO CALIBRATE E. I. CO. SLIDE PLATE ceive the full pressure. I once knew a boy who owned a
CONDENSERS. small wireless set, and being tired of experimenting with wire-
less, thought he would try "something new." The induction
Procure two (2) strips of celluloid 2 x 5% inches. Lay coil was of the "one-inch" variety. He grounded one sec-
these along the sides of the condenser and mark the position ondary terminal of the coil, and the other he ran out to his
of the screw holes. Then cut the hole in •the celluloid at this mother's metal clothes-line. When she went out •to hang up
point. See Fig. No. 3. Now scrape the strip to allow the ink clothes, he started the coil in operation. Well, as Providence
to flow smoothly when calibrating it. Glue the strips to the would have it, the other end of the 'line happened to be
base as shown in Fig. No. 4. Fig. No. 1shows the dimensions fastened to an iron post leading to the ground. This, of
of the strip. Figure No. 2 methods of calibrating. course, made a short circuit. Had the line been clear, some-
To Make Pointer. thing of a serious nature would probably have occurred.
In the future we trust that our young "Experimenters"
Two strips of thin metal are required, 23 /
4 x Y4 inches. will not use their spark-coils for shocking others.
Punch a hole large enough to fit on the binding posts at one Contributed by STANLEY RADCLIFFE.
end. Then, with sharp shears, cut the strips to a point like
Figure No. 6. Now bend one end, the pointed end, to a right
MOVABLE PLATES / POINTER
A SIMPLE VARIABLE CONDENSER.
J
OE To make an efficient variable condenser take two brass
tr.= OE ĺ
tubes six inches long, and / inch thick. The first should
I

1 8

have an outside diameter of 11/4 inches, the second 1% inches.

Wrap the [Link] tube with •shellacked paper until the second
will just slide easily over it. Attach binding posts to the
GROOVES tubes. To improve the appearance, mount it on a suitable
base. One of my friends and myself have used one of these
IT 4 ELIOLDID SCALES
GLUED OFF

condensers with success.

I hope to have more and better material for your excel-
FIG. Z
lent magazine in the future. Contributed by George Bruce
Palmes, Jr.
r r z "z1

FIG S FE' t
„FILL 3P100/1.1 ALONG EDGED (1)[Link] To FIT OVER SCRtzv.

FIG.0 .HOW TO MAKE A MINIATURE LAMP SOCKET

(-IDENT ',ERE ro
CHEAPLY.
PIG
THI3 P031T4Ou

H nü
While doing some'temporary wiring for illuminating pur-
.4' 7

poses, I ran out of sockets. Being rushed for the lights I

angle, making the bend % inch from the end, Fig. No. 7. To hadn't time to send to a supply house for more ; so I tried
fasten to movable plates, unscrew the two nuts on each side to make a few myself, which
of the plates, and slip the pointers on, one on each side. proved satisfactory. I made WIRE SPIRAL.
Replace the nuts over the indicators. See Figs. No. 4 and 5. them in the following manner:
To Calibrate. First securing a short length of WOOD BASE
No. 10 copper wire and winding
The Condenser has its maximum capacity when the plates it around a mandrel the size of
are entirely intersecting the fixed plates; therefore, if they the lamp base, I then removed
are pulled half way out, they will only have one-half the ca- the mandrel and fastened the
pacity. If the capacity is .0011, which it is (approximately),
spiral of wire to a small block
for the E. I. Co. No. 9240 Condenser; when the plates are
of wood by two small staples.
half-way out the capacity is .00055 microfarads. Where the In the center of the block Iplaced a small fiat headed screw
pointer marks the celluloid strip mark this. From this the which forms a connection with the lamp. Then. boring two
rest of the points can easily be marked on the scales. The holes through the block, I inserted two short pieces of flex-
other strip can be used to mark approximate wave lengths,
ible wire and soldered one to the screw and the other to the
but I use mine to mark the place to adjust the plates; in spiral of wire. These I used as terminals for connecting up.
order to get stations not receivable on the coupler alone as Contributed by Stanley Radcliffe.
in Fig. No. 3. Figures No. 4 and 5 show the assembled Con-
denser.
This is a very useful and ornamental addition to the Con-
denser, increasing the appearance alone about 50 per cent., BOSTON TALKS WITH NAGASAKI BY WIRELESS.
besides being extremely useful. Contributed by C. Laager.
The extraordinary feat of receiving and. sending wireless
messages a distance of about 8,000 miles, nearly one-third way
around the earth, has been accomplished by the Marconi
IMPROVED THUMBSCREWS. station on the top of the Filene building, at Boston,
Mass.
Take a fillister-head screw, measure the The operator, Harry R. Cheetham, picked up a short mes-
thickness of the slot in the head, procure sage, signed by the Marconi man on the Pacific mail steamer
a small piece of sheet steel to make a Mongolian.
tight fit in the slot, cut to shape shown in Out of curiosity, Cheetham answered and asked the Mon-
sketch, and drive into head tightly; file
golian her position. He nearly fell off his operating stool
up after and polish with emery. This when the answer came, clear and distinct, "200 miles east
forms an easily-made thumbscrew.— of Nagasaki, Japan." A hasty consultation of his world
Model Engineer and Electrician.
maps showed Cheetham that the snapping and sputtering
of his machine had "made talk" which spanned clear to
the other side of the globe.
THE CAR OEELESS USE OF INDUCTION COILS. U. S. Radiotelegraph Inspector Henry C. Gawler, sta-
tioned at Boston, in discussing the phenomenal wireless
While the average experimenter may think that he has span, said that it could only be explained as a freak mes-
gained a fair knowledge of electricity, the old saying, "safety sage that happened to fall upon extraordinarily favorable
first," is still a good law to obey. About eighty per cent. of atmospheric conditions.
the electrical fatalities which occur annually might be traced "It was late in the evening, when conditions are most
to some little carelessness on the part of the victim or the favorable," he said, "and the S.S. Mongolian was at a point
operator. so nearly half-way round the earth's circumference, that
Nearly every electrically inclined boy in the land owns the radiations probably split about equally as they left the
a small wireless outfit, or has one in mind. If such is the respective instruments, traveling both east and west.
case, so much the better, because a bright boy can learn in a "Wireless vibrations travel at a rate that would take
few hours more pertaining to wireless than weeks spent in them clear around the earth's circumference abput four
reading voluminous books. times in a single second, so the two split portions of this
The induction coil and its effects seem to have a great message struck the receiving apparatus from each side, prac-
fascination for most boys. The ordinary one-inch coil can tically simultaneously, thus somewhat emphasizing its reg-
be used to good advantage for quite a number of interesting istering strength. But it was nothing but a freak message,
experiments. But, remember, you are playing with a very for as a matter of fact, the Filene apparatus is only equip-
high voltage. The fact that it takes an electrical pressure ped with power to command a 300-mile radius under ordi-
of 20,000 to 21,000 volts to jump across an air space of one nary conditions."

AmericanRadinHiRtnnrenm
 (J.`1 (,-;" zb S
NEWS OUT OF THE AIR. LAD STARTS WIRELESS SYSTEM.
With the organization of the Central Kansas Radio club Howard Robie, aged 16 years, son of Mr. and Mrs. Char-
the first experimental wireless system for the purpose of les H. Robie, of Williamson, N. Y., has completed a wireless
transmitting news is being formed. The organization is station. He has received a permit from the authorities at
composed of young men interested in wireless telegraphy Washington, to use the instruments he has made, which have
and who will furnish the smaller papers of the etate with been approved. He is the third person in Wayne county to
the news from neighboring towns. The service will be receive such official recognition. Mr. Robie will receive the
given free by the wireless operators, who are seeking pro- daily Arlington wireless station report.
ficiency rather than money.
The scheme is the outgrowth of the wireless enthusi- RADIO CLUB OF DELAWARE.
asm of Henry Goodel, a high school boy of Topeka, and The regular meeting of the Radio Club of Delaware was
Lee Henry, a photographer at Minneapolis, Kan. They held recently at the Y. M. C. A. and it was decided to erect
have been sending radiograms to each other for several a high powered station at Concord Heights, near Wilming-
weeks, increasing the length of their messages steadily until ton. The club proposes the erection of a 120-foot tower to
now they can send news stories. hold its aerial structure.
The boys expect soon to arrange for the relay of mes- Only modern equipment will be used. The membership of
sages that will have to travel over forty or fifty miles. the club now includes about twenty-five of the best Ama-
that distance being about the capacity of the smaller in- teurs in the city. It .is the desire of the club to have branches
struments. throughout the state, and anyone outside the city interested
in wireless is invited to confer with it regarding a sub-
TEACHERS TRY OUT WIRELESS. sidiary organization. Application for membership in the
Physics teachers at the new Central high school, Minne- Wilmington club should be made to the Radio Club of Dela-
apolis, Minn., tried out the recently installed wireless sys- ware in care of the Y. M. C. A.
tem there recently and succeeded in snatching messages out
of the air from as far away as Key ‚Vest, Fla. H. J. E. Knotts, of Illiopolis, Ill., writes the "Electro"
C. J. Eide and A. P. Andrews, teachers, with members of people:—"I have one of your No. 8050 % K.W. Transformer
the Minneapolis Wireless club, took turns at the receiving Coils that I use successfully to talk 24 miles to the Observa-
ends and intercepted numerous messages sent out by the tory of the Illinois Watch Company at Springfield, Ill."
Minneapolis stations and one from the Key West station.
believed to have been a press message to some vessel, as LAKEWOOD,' O., WIRELESS CLUB.
each word was given twice.
There are about a dozen privately owned wireless plants The boys of Lakewood, Ohio, have organized a Wireless
in Minneapolis. Club, haZting at the present time eight members, two of which
have E. I. Co. % K.W. transmitting sets. The club holds a
meeting every Friday night in the upper part of a member's
Mr. George M. Martin, Capt. 16 Co., C. A. C., Fort Moul- garage, where a telegraph line connecting most of the mem-
trie, S. C., says of the E. I. Co. apparatus, in a recent letter: bers will be installed. The club elected Ira Beasley as Presi-
"I have , used your instruments and supplies in my regular dent, and Alvin Weller as Secretary and Treasurer.
work for some years, and have found them as represented
without exception. •I ask you at this time for a copy of your
latest catalogue, as I contemplate purchasing a set of in- BOYS SUCCESSFUL WITH WIRELESS.
struments for my own use, and experiments." Carroll Dunham of Worthington ridge and Leroy Seibert
of Farmington road, Conn., pupils at the Worthington Gram-
Editor The Electrical Experimenter: mar school, have erected wireless stations at their respective
As a subscriber and reader of your journal, I beg leave homes with which they can easily receive and send messages.
to ask through your columns for information as to prac- Both boys have been working for some time on schemes of
tical devices for transforming direct to alternating current their own and, after persevering and building their own in-
or vice versa, for experimental laboratory work, using vol- struments, their efforts have finally been attended with suc-
taic or storage batteries, or ordinary house lighting D. C. or cess. •
A. C. supply, at 110 volts, 60 cycles. Also suggestions for Young Dunham has e sending outfit in a play room at his
simple devices for changing the frequency from 60 to 25 home and the Seibert boy has a receiving station. The
cycles, etc. bright little boys have studied the Morse code of telegraphy
It is believed that such data will prove of interest to the and when Dunham deftly ticks off a message to his play-
[Link] readers of your journal. mate, the latter 'readily deciphers it and calls him on the
The Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers describes: telephone immediately to ascertain whether or not he has
A Synchronous Converter, (a rotary converter), which con- it correct. The boys' parents, being naturally skeptical,
verts an alternating to a direct current, or vice versa. But, have dictated messages to the embryo Marconis and were
query, are there not cheaper devices for so doing, for short greatly surprised to learn that they had actually succeeded.
time experimental work?
Again the Standard Handbook describes a'"Frequency RECEIVES MESSAGES FROM NEWPORT NEWS.
Converter," which converts from an alternating current of Elwood Ashey, son of Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Ashey,
one frequency, an A. C. system of another frequency. Can Rawson street, Leicester, Mass., has completed his wireless
such small ones be purchased for laboratory equipment? and has received messages from Newport News, Va.
Yours respectfully, Although a grammar school student, he fully understands
A WIRELESS EXPERIMENTER. how to receive and take messages.
[Ed. note:—All replies and suggestions should he mailed He learned to operate the wireless at Leicester academy,
to Technical Editor, Electrical Experimenter.] under Prof. David Hill.

CHECKERS BY WIRELESS. YOUNG MEN INTERESTED IN RADIO.

A number of students in the public schools of Cumber-
land County, N. J., are erecting wireless telegraph stations A number of young men around Provo, Utah, are inter-
esting themselves in wireless telegraphy. Arnold Robison,
at their homes.
The most ingenious use to which the system has been put the 18-year-old son of Dr. Geo. E. Robison, and a student
at the B. Y. U. has installed a wireless apparatus at his
was at Vineland, where two lads are engaged in a checker
tournament by wireless. home, with a sending capacity of about 50 miles and a re-
Franklin Lamb, one of the young operators, being con- ceiving•capacity up to 700 or 800 miles, which frequently in-
fined to his home by illness, called up his friend, Leslie tercepts messages sent from other stations. Mr. Robison is
devoting considerable time to the study and practice of wire-
Adams, who also has a station, and asked him to play a
game of checkers. less.
The series was the result, and, it is reported, the con- Elwood Bachman, another young Provo man and an ex-
tests are very exciting. pert electrician, who has assisted Mr. Robison in installing
his apparatus, is installing one of his own; other young men
NEW WIRELESS CLUB OF ROCKVILLE CENTRE, are becoming interested in wireless and will probably install
N. Y. apparatus in different towns and cities in the county.
The Experimental Wireless Association has been formed
by the youths of the village interested in wireless experi- ATTENTION!!! This is the first number of Vol. II of
ments. Arrangements have been made to exchange and for- The Electrical Experimenter. Do you like the style of the ar-
ward private messages in the villages of Rockville Centre, Lyn- ticles as now presented? Drop us a card, stating beeily , your
brook, East Rockaway and Freeport, likes and dislikes, 'for our mutual benefit;
18
AmericanRadinHiRtnnrCom
 ltatiB

14
1
WťfJii iz3o.x
- This department is for the sole benefit of the electrical experimenter. Questions will be answered here for the benefit of all, but only
matter of sufficient interest will be published. Rules under which questions will be answered:
1. At least one of the questions must deal with "E. I. Co." apparatus or instruments, or "E. I. Co." merchandise.
2. Only three questions can be submitted to be answered.
•3. Only one side of sheet to be written on; matter must be typewritten or else written in ink, no penciled matter considered.
4. Sketches, diagrams, etc., must be on separate sheets. Questions addressed to this Department cannot be answered by mail.

WIRELESS CURRENTS ON METALLIC cover the distance alright; but of course a 4 inch coil is
CONDUCTORS. much to be preferred for all around work, especially during
the day.
(124.) Earl G. Reed, Vermont, asks the following ques-
Q. 3. I have had for some time, a Peroxide of Lead
tions:
Detector and circular Potentiometer to use with battery in
Q. 1. How far would it be possible to send an oscillating
conjunction with same; and have never been successful in
current such as used in wireless along an insulated wire,
hearing any stations with them, although I have received
if the sending outfit consisted of a % K. W. closed core a number of stations with a Silicon Detector. Can you
transformer No. 9281, "Electro" Commercial Spark Gap No.
suggest what might be the cause of this?
9225, high tension Adjustable Condenser No. 531, and an
A. 3. We might mention firstly that you check up your
"Electro" Sending Helix No. 827??
connections carefully to see that the carbon battery ter-
Would it be possible to send oscillating currents through minal connects to the binding post marked "Positive" with
insulated wire parallel with ground further, if a wire was
a plus mark on the base of the detector, as otherwise you
placed each side of the secondary and connected with a
would not hear anything; and also if you have had the
110 volt alternating current as in the sketch shown?
Peroxide of. Lead Tablet for some time, it may have become
Would the wireless wave from the secondary flow between very much dried out and you can obtain a new tablet from
the secondary and the primary conductors if wired as above? the "E. I. Co." for 15c; and it would thus be advisable to
A. 1. We have never had any practical experience in order a few of them and try various tablets until best
transmitting an oscillating current from a wireless set ex- results are obtained, as these tablets are very difficult to
cited with % K. W. closed core transformer on 110 volt
make so. that they will manifest equally the maximum sen-
A. C. circuit, etc., over long metallic conductors; but from
sitivity illor Radio Detector purposes, and the only way to
experience on fairly long circuits that we have encountered pick out a really good specimen, is by trial in most cases.
from time to time in radio work, we believe that you could
transmit this current in a fair quantity, up to 1,000 feet or
more. PERMANENT MAGNETS.
Of course the wires carrying such a high tension oscillat- (127.) Mr. Chas. W. Stone of Lockport, N. Y., writes:
ing current will have to be very well insulated, especially Q. 1. I wish to obtain for certain purposes a very strong
if placed under ground, and such conductors when so charged permanent steel magnet in the form of a bar or horse-
would have a very powerful electro -magnetic field sur- shoe, and which can weigh as much as 15 pounds. This
rounding said conductors, and this field would in turn in- magnet is to hold as much weight as possible for demon-
duce currents in a third conductor, arranged in the manner stration purposes, and if the "E. I. Co." can supply same,
you show in diagram. This high tension current can be kindly tell me about how much weight such a magnet could
controlled in two different circuits, as indicated in your lift?
second diagram, by means of a high voltage switch, having A. 1. Answering your question relative to purchasing a
about a 4 to 6 inch clearance at the break at least, etc. strong permanent magnet, will say that the "E. I. Co." 8
In general, this high tension, high frequency, current inch size steel horse-shoe magnet, weighs 18% ounces and
leaks off the wires very rapidly and while we do not know will lift from 18 to 22 ounces.
the exact nature of your experiments •or intentions, etc., A number of these may be placed together, forming a
we would suggest that a similar problem to this has been, laminated magnet, which will have a considerable lifting
solved some time ago, by Major G. O. Squier, of the United power, proportionately.
States Army; but in his experiments he utilized a low volt-
age high frequency A. C. or Oscillating current, and from SELENIUM CELLS.
the experiments which he conducted, the claim is made (128.) The Selby Shoe Co. of Ohio, writes us as follows:
that these currents such as he employed, can be readily Q. 1. Kindly let us know if the E. I. Co. can furnish us
transmitted through a copper conductor, such as used for with a selenium cell to be used on 110 volts, direct current.
telephone and telegraph work over such distances as 6,000
This cell as we understand it, is somewhat like an incan-
miles, etc. descent lamp in appearance, but the filament is made of the
The E. I. Co. build special electro -magnets, solenoids,
metal known as selenium. The resistance of same varies
etc., to order, and shall be pleased to give you a figure
in proportion to the amount of light thrown on it.
on same, upon receipt of your drawings or further speci-
If the "E. I. Co." handle this cell, kindly submit us price
fications covering the exact size of same. on. same, if not, please advise us where we can procure one
of them?
STRENGTH OF ALUMINUM.
A. 1. Replying
(125.) George C. St. Louis of Fresno, Cal., asks: to your query,
Q. 1. Can I obtain sheet aluminum from the "E. I. Co." relative to seleni-
and what is the weight per cubic foot of ordinary com- um cells as de-
mercial aluminum? scribed in the
A. 1. Yes. The weight of commercial aluminum per cubic "Electro" cata-
foot is 167.11 pounds. logue, at $5.00
Q. 2. Kindly give the values for the ultimate tensile each, would ad-
strength, as well as the ultimate compressive strength, per vise that their re-
square inch, for commercial aluminum; also shearing sistance varies in
strength. proportion to the
A. 2. The ultimate tensile strength is 15,000 pounds per amount of light
square inch and the ultimate compression strength is 12,000 admitted to same.
pounds per square inch. The ultimate shearing strength is Of course a
12,000 pounds for one square inch cross section. small current,
preferably n o t
RADIO QUERIES. more than .01 of
(126.) Chas. C. Corneille of P. Q., Canada, sends us the fol- an ampere, is to
lowing queries: be passed through /.
Q. 1. Could the "E. I. Co." 7 strand Autenium aerial them; and usually they are operated in conjunction with a
sensitive polarized relay of about 500 ohms resistance, with
cable be employed successfully as guy wire for buying a
60 foot wood mast? about 6 to 8 dry cells connected in series with the circuit,
A. 1. Yes, as it possesses remarkable strength. as shown in the diagram herewith.
Q. 2. What size "Bull-dog" spark coil would you advise
me to use in connection with a 50 foot "grid aerial," 60 feet NEW WIRELESS COMPANY.
high at its uppermost point, a Rotary Spark Gap and H. T. The Polyacousticon Company, Inc., with a capital of
Condenser, etc., to cover a distance of about 20 miles over $1,000,000, was granted a charter on March 19, at Dover,
comparatively level country, with one mountain about 1,000 Del. The new company proposes to erect wireless stations
feet high, located half way between the two stations? on the Atlantic Coast for the receipt of messages and press
A. 2. Most probably a 3 inch "Bull-dog" spark coil will aerograms.
14
[Link]
May, 1914 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER 15

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF RADIO should be placed in the side of the hole, and this allows the
base of the pole to slide down it and into the hole, without
ANTENNAE. PART II.
breaking away the dirt, and thus interfering with properly
(Continued from Page 9) and quickly raising same. It may be remarked that poles as
whose dimensions will give about 12 to 15 per cent. less wave high as 50 feet are raised by short pike poles and guy ropes,
length for its natural period, to allow for the extra wave by construction gangs on the road, without the aid of any
length added by connecting the O. T. secondary winding in stub poles or tackle blocks. This requires some little care
circuit. and skill, however, and 6 to 8 men can raise a pole 40 feet
It may be remarked that the total length of the aerial is high, quite readily, if the job is done right. The pike poles
taken as equal to the length of the flat-top plus the vertical for this work are provided with steel points, and one stout
lead-in length for an inverted "L" type. In reference to the pole should have a semi-circular steel piece on its end, to
commonly used wave length factor for aerials of the "T" place under the pole as it is raised, and thus give a secure
or inverted "L" types, it may be stated that for small aerials and steady support, while the other men are getting a new
this factor has a value very closely approximating 4.5. The hold with their pike poles, which are jabbed into the wooden
natural period or wave length of a "T" type aerial, is always main pole. Once the pole is vertical, some dirt should be
less than the same size "L" connected type, due to the fact filled in the hole, with some stones if available, and a pail or
that while the flat-top section in the "T" connected type has two of water may be dumped into the hole to make the dirt
sensibly the same capacity as in the "L" system, its inductance and stones pack more tightly around the pole bases.
is less. The general arrangement of the aerial proper is seen from
It is sufficiently accurate for rough calculations to figure •Fig. 3, and all joints on such construction ought invariably
on the total length of a "T" connected aerial as equivalent to be soldered, using a blow torch, and some solder with
to the lead-in length plus the mean length of the flat-top. flux, etc., such as is obtainable of the E. I. Co. It is a good
•Thus, suppose a "T" aerial has a lead-in length of 100 feet, idea to form curved joints on the aerial, as the current is of
and the vertical lead-in cable connected to the center of a very high frequency, and this joint construction is perceived
200 foot span flat-top. Then the total effective length of this on the sketch, Fig. 3. The lead-in wires may be the same
aerial system would be assumed at 100 feet, plus 100 feet for as on the aerial proper, and after being led down aways, they
the flat top; and 4.5 times this gives us 900 feet wave length; should then be twisted into a cable, and this leads on down
which divided by 3.28 gives 274 meters. to an "Electro" 100 ampere, 600 volt, lightning grounding
Angle iron bars may be purchased of most any blacksmith switch, as shown. From the grounding jaw on the switch, a
or at any steel and iron dealer. At Fig. 3B, is detailed an No. 4 B. & S. Copper or "Antenium" wire leads down to a
idea for arranging such a light steel mast on a peaked attic first-class ground or earth terminal, which is commonly the
roof. Here two wooden cross-bars, D, D, several feet long, wate,r pipe. The ground wire should be run on the outside of
and cut so as to fit the roof pitch, are firmly bolted to the the building on porcelain knobs, in as straight a line as pos-
steel mast legs, E, E. These base pieces, D, D, should be sible, and may enter a cellar window, to connect to a water
quite heavy, if possible, and oak is a good material for them. pipe. Ground clamps are used for making such connections
All woodwork on such exposed structures, needless to say, to water pipes of the form illustrated at Fig. 6.
should be painted or varnished with "Val-spar," etc. In the Returning to the aerial itself, several forms of efficient
mast design shown at Fig. 3A, a piece of angle iron across insulators are seen in Fig. 7. These are all "Electro" de-
the top, and drilled with the proper numben of holes for the signs, and for transmitting purposes, the long ribbed Elec-
aerial strands, may be used for the flat-top spreader or spar. trose style should be used to [Link] undue leakage, or also
All iron work should be painted with some heavy body paint, several smaller ones may be placed in tandem or series to
mixed with plenty of linseed oil. Red lead is usually put on give a high insulation between the aerial and ground. Our
iron for a base coat. All bolts used in fastening the parts of sketch, Fig. 8, shows how a few porcelain cleats are some-
the mast together, may be % inch standard square head iron times used for receiving purposes only, but those are no good
bolts, with nuts. Plenty of oil should be tued in drilling the for the best receiving results or for transmitting sets above
angle iron, and a breast drill can be employed with a regular a 1/ 4 inch spark coil.
machine twist drill. Machine shops and blacksmiths will do Aerials may he properly insulated and supported in a great
this work at a nominal cost also. many cases from some natural elevation, such as: water tow-
'Irřon pipe masts are often used for aerial construction pur- ers. smoke stacks, trees, etc., and atree supported antenna is
poses, and the "Electro" prices on these mats complete, seen in our illustration, Fig. 4. Sometimes, where roofs are
witieut spars or guy wires, are as follows: of wood shingles, and the like, the aerial may be supported
16 ft. $ 3.50 under it. TEis is recommended for receiving, but for trans-
24 ft. 4.50 mitting with larger than 3 to 4 inch coils, and medium dis-
36 ft. 7.00 tances can be negotiated in this way for receiving purposes,
45 ft. 12.00 under good conditions, under wood, slate or paper covered
60 ft. 14.00 roofs.
75 ft. 24.00 Various kinds of metallic conductors have been, and are
100 ft. 45.00 employed, for aerial construction, among them being: cop-
These prices are for the pipe sections of sufficient strength per, aluminum, and phosphor bronze. Aluminum wire is not
for the individual heights; together with base flange for foot; suited for this work, as it is very difficult to solder joints on
and reducing bushings for fastening the varying lengths of •same, and moreover it is comparatively weak on long spans.
pipe together. These round steel masts are extremely rigid, and A new wire brought out by the E. I. Co., is their Antenium
when properly guyed by 3 or 4 guys as at Fig. 2, will stand Wire, which is the strongest conductor for its size that can
a high wind stress, and besides they make a good appearance. be purchased. Joints with it are very easily soldered with
These masts, as supplied by the E. I. Co., are not drilled for any common flux, such as rosin, or "Solderall," etc.
guy wires, or tackle block's; but this can be done by the, The commercial aluminum composition wire is notoriously
purchaser at small costs. Metal masts are invariably insu- weak and ruptures at 75 lbs., for the No. 14 size. A sharp
lated from the earth, so as not to unduly absorb any Radio bend causes it to break almost immediately; it cannot be
Wave energy, and a wooden platform or base frame somewhat soldered except with the greatest difficulty; it always makes
after the fashion outlined at Fig. 1, may be constructed to poor contact, on account of its natural oxide filin. So many
fulfill this function. Where metallic guy cables or wires are complaints were made to the E. I. Co. on aluminum wire, that
used, and their length exceeds about 25 feet, they should be they decided to develop an aerial wire that did not have any
broken up into individual or isolated sections, by strain in- of the above objections. They finally found it in ANTEN-
sulators interposed in them, as indicated at Fig. 2. This is to IUM wire, which not only has none of the objections cited,
prevent waSte'of energy by surges being set up in the metal- but has a great many excellent points, making it highly de-
lic guy wires. Sorne stations, such as the Telefunken, utilize sirable for aerials.
the metal mast section, as a part of the Antenna, and, of ANTENIUM wire is a30 per cent. copper wire of enormous
course, the base of the steel mast is thoroughly insulated strength, even surpassing phosphor bronze in strength. The
from the earth in such cases; even where the height reaches No. 14 wire stands a rupture test of 330 lbs., against 75 lbs. of
a value as great as 820 feet, as do the towers erected at Tuck- Aluminum wire. It can be soldered like ordinary copper
erton, N. J., Sayville, L. I., Elivese, Germany, etc. wire. It can be bent back and forward and is so tough that it
For small antennae, however, it is recommended to insulate cannot be 'broken, except with difficulty. It makes excellent
the metallic aerial mast, and to keep the aerial proper insu- contact and does not oxidize readily. Foot for foot it is as
lated 'from them. When long masts or sections are to be cheap as aluminum wire and three times cheaper than copper
řaised and placed in a hole in the ground, a method of rais- wire.
ing them is ,illustrated at Fig. 5. A short stub pole. about In appearance it is exactly like copper wire, as a matter of
1/3 to •M the height of the pole to be raised, is best used; fact it cannot be told apart from copper wire.
and to' this a tackle block or chain block, is attached as in- It has about 50 per cent. less skin resistance than Aluminum
dicated. About three guy rOpes or wires are secured near wire.
the top of the mast, and as it is raised, these are manned by One pound No. 14 B. 8t S. ANTENIUM wire has abdut
several men, so as to have control of the pole, and thus l25 feet.
keep it 'fnotn falling to one eide• A ? e inch plank The End.

AmericanRadinHiRtnr,enm
 T 4. E. H. EQ NEWS
NEW YORK, MAY 1ST, 1914

Pre-Inventory Sale
As every year at this season, our Stock Department is preparing for inventory, we are closing out at cost
prices the articles below, which we no longer catalogue or in which we are overstocked.
The quantity of the BARGAINS listed below is limited and we urge you to send in your orders today if you
want to profit by our closing out sale. No order for less tha 50 cents accepted, except compass.

TWENTIETH CENTURY MOTOR TWENTIETH CENTURY MOTOR

This motor is of a similar
construction as our No. 1880
These motors are discontinued
except that it is not encased
models, but for quality stand in a
and that it is somewhat
class by themselves. Our No. 1880 is
lighter. Its power, however,
a very powerful little machine work-
is about the same as No. 1880.
ing on two volts. 5 amperes mini-
It is built entirely of metal
mum and takes about two dry cells.
and fibre, no wood entering in
The maximum current that should
its construction. There are
be used Is 6 V. 10 amperes. This
two heavy electro -magnets,
motor is built with the utmost care
field and the armature is of
and has all the latest im-
three sections, having heavy
provements. It has an ad-
commutator. The brushes are
justable rocker arm so that adjustable and the tension can
the brushes can be changed
be adjusted quite readily.
to any angle, making it pos- 1881. The motor is built in such a
sible to get almost any
manner that the connections
speed. The base as well as
Call be changed to either series or shunt, simply by loosening two
the casing Is entirely of
nuts. Th.- bearings are quite heavy and are all brass. We greatly
metal, not a particle of wood recommend this little motor to drive models for instruction, experi-
being used. Only metal and menting, etc. This motor runs well on battery and will develop
hard fibre enters in its construction. 1880 astonishing power on three dry cells.
The armature is of three sections and
the commutator is very heavy. The 'l'he base is of . heavy metal, finished in bright red enamel. The
bearings are of brass and very solid. electromagnet standards are likewise fin-
The fields are wound with enamel wire ished ln bright red enamel, all of which
after the latest standard in motor greatly enhances the beauty of the motor.
building. The motor itself Is air cooled Weight, Ih.; size, 3,4x3Y4x15/4 inches
over all.
and furnished with a handsome brass
plate, same as large motors, giving the
ASTOUNDING
voltage and amperage; the base and BARGAIN! No. 1881 Twentieth Century Motor, as
casing is finished in bright red enamel. In order to get you ac- without this described. each, price now $1.00
Our illustration does little justice to quainter' with us, we will wonderful little in -
this motor and it must be seen to ap- for alimited time send irre-- et rument. AND at Shipping Weight 1 lb.
preciate its beauty. The weight is paid this high-grade com- •no extra charge we will
lb.; size 3%x3Y4x2Y4 inches. [Link] to be accu- sent) you absolutely free
rate, for the raticuinu3 price of our Lomas comprehensive
No. 1880 Twentieth Century Motor, as 111c. This [Link] electrical cyclopedia No.
described. Price now... •$1.50 sells everywhere for 12 containing over 450
25^. It measures I •' illustrations and over
Shipping Weight 1 lb. n diameter. glass 11100 electrical alma -
cover nickel plated rattlS and supplies.
hand. dial in two hook contains 16
colors. Instructions 1) ige "Treatise oil
SLAUGHTER ON
:zet
tell how to use tile Wireless Telegra-
ENAMEL WIRE instrument for orl- phy** also 16 page TRY
emotion purposes, SQUARE
The most important telling polarity of ' mae TlzIn
Yo ef"TT' e
e Ere
ee
7
sale of enameled wire [Link] an rice- tricsl Lapel-Intent er.
ever held. This wire is trie wire is "alive •or A« for our L ,DEE All metal. steel, nickel finish.
manufactured by the "dwid." making avoltmeter 160 page "Wire- 1 i‘ Each tool has been carefully test-
Western Electric Com- with this compass, etc., etc. less Course" lu twcutY ed for act im racy before leaving the
pany, und we have se- You cannot afford to be (2,0 besot's. factory. Warranted best made.
cured so much of it at II you don't wish the coMi;ass send 3c, postage No. 6142 11 ineltes square, each,
for rtie electrical cyclopedia.
a special price, that we 17c
must let you in at spe- Electro Importing Co. tattEoltooSt.N.Y.
cial prices, in order to "Everything for the
Experimenter" Shipping Weight, 1 lb.
dispose of the enormous
quantity we ha ve on
'Sample Spool hand. All this wire is
absolutely new, unused,
and guaranteed, You r w one hay k, if
MOVING, plc-rune
you do not illse Ibe wire in any re- PHOSPHOR BRONZE
spect. It comes on one and two Operates Photographic
pound spools. This wire il' just the Films!
No. 6008 Aerial Wire
thing for wireless roils, etc. You
will never again get such bargains
No Silt-li Instruments Have NICKEL PLATED Admittedly the best thing Ill
Ever Been Offered for the world for an aerial. Cost
in enameled wire as these. You the Money. POCKET —.others charge $16.00 per
save positively 300% on your The Electric CinentatograPh•
enameled wire. A Marvel for the Price. AND BICYCLE 1,000 ft. for the seven strand,
No. 34 B. & S. enameled wire, we charge $7.00 per 1,000 ft.
regular price, $1.73 lb.; now, lb.,
This instrument is a won- WRENCH. .‘ smull Four strand: others ask $10.00
der. It is lighted by an neat wrench fo r per 1,000 ft., we ask $4.00 per
20c Edison 100 candle _power
No. 35 B. & S. enameled wire, light work. Extra 1,000 ft.
lamp, and operates Stand- 'Phis cable is guaranteed to
regular price, $1.86 lb.; now, ard Photographic F ii m. strong and has a
lb. 80e be pure bronze throughout,
Mechanism is reversible— good, firm grip. 5 made of 4 and 7 strands No.
No. 36 B. & S. enameled operating film both ways—
wire, regular price, $2.12 inches long. Price 22 B. & S. Gauge, not less
vs Idle the newly devised film
than 100 ft. sold. Prices be-
lb.: now. lb. ... 90c holder enables a child to pach 17c low apply for short time only
Shipping weight put films in place. Fine lens
(including spool and subject to changes after
system, giving a Four-Foot Ship. Wght. 1 lb, July 1st, Make your order
and peeking) picture on the screen.
4' per lb.. 20 out now.
Complete with electric
oz. (2 lbs. connections to attach to No. 2509 7 Strands Anteninm
THE by
ELECTRO Cu
light fixtures, and one 5 SOLID BRONZE Cable. per 100
IMPORTING ; P.P.) foot film. ft. 75c
The manufacturer
COMPANY, per 1,000 ft. $7.00
of tiles,. - Movies -
236 Fulton St., has invented a new
New York City. C)
s
Rupture lest, 1,000 lbs.
I enclose here- Cu model and wants to
Shipping Weight 2 lbs. per
with lne In ¡damps get rid of his stoek
100 ft.
for which pleane Bend '
COE, as quiekly as pos-
nie the rompa,, ahov• de- `9, sible, to put his new No. 2510 4 Strands h itetllum
scribed and y011f 212 pore
model on the mar- SOLID BRONZE Cabl-. per 100
elenrin oye/opedia rub',r Cu
12, containing 420 Mind fa- 4,
ket, and for this ft. 45c
reason we can offer
Lions and over 1.600 articles
and valuable information on
"rOE , Size 24 x 15 x 7 Inches,
you this instrument
per 4000 ft, $4.00
Electricity and Wireless. Book ,7„
(Ex trel Films can not he
furnished through us, as we at the below men Rupture test, 000 lbs.
also contains 20 free coupons tor boned price.
our 160 pale wireless course In have only the instruments Shipping Weight 1 lb. per 100
twenty lessons. eitt ,utti one iii iii for each on Catalogue Pri..c feet.
gverywhere.
Name •G hand.)
No. 1111$ Our Sneein)
This wire is guaranteed for
This is not a toy. tensile strength, conductivity.
Address but a scientifieally Bargain l'rice, $230 non-corrosive and lasting
OE constructed instrii- S"hip. Weight, 10 lbs. qualities. Send 2e stamp for
State 0, men t. sam ple.
rOE1
-

[Link]