Linux
Features:
1.Simplified update for all installed s/w
2.Free s/w licemsing
3.Access to source code
4.Multiple Distributions
5.Better Malware protection
To update $ sudo yum update [java]
Commands
To know the present directory.
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ pwd
/home/naveen
To know the list in dir. (ls)
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ ls
Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Public snap Templates Videos
To know path
To move in to dir. Or change dir
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ cd Desktop
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~/Desktop$
To clear
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~/Desktop$ clear
Ctrl+L
To exit from last dir.
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~/Desktop/1/3/5$ cd ..
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~/Desktop/1/3$ cd ..
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~/Desktop/1$ cd ..
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~/Desktop$
To exit to home stright away
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~/Desktop/1/3/5$ cd
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$
To Display standard output
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ echo my name Nawin
my name Nawin
To display previous given value
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ x=1000
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ echo $x
1000
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$
To change to root user
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ su
Password:
su: Authentication failure
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ sudo passwd root
[sudo] password for naveen:
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ su
Password:
root@naveen-VPCEH15EN:/home/naveen#
To exit from root user
root@naveen-VPCEH15EN:/home/naveen# exit
exit
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$
~ pwd -Displays the current working directory of the terminal
~ / - Root dirctory
~echo – Command that writes its aruguments to standard output
~su -used to switch to root user(so that super user permissions can be used to execute commnds)
~su username- used to switch to a different user
~sudo- Excutes only that command with root/ super user privileges
~clear-used to clear terminal screen. Contents will not be deleted but scrolled down.{ctrl+L}
~c- change the directory to the home directory
~cd~ - It change directory to home
~cd/ - Change the dirctory to root dirctory
~cd ..-Change the dirctory to its parents dir.
~cd ‘xx yy’- specify folder name
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ cd /
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:/$ ls
bin dev lib libx32 mnt root snap sys var
boot etc lib32 lost+found opt run srv tmp
cdrom home lib64 media proc sbin swapfile usr
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:/$ cd
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ ls
Desktop Downloads Music Public Templates
Documents File1.txt Pictures snap Videos
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ cd /
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:/bin$ cd ..
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:/$ cd ..
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:/$ cd
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$
$ CAT
~cat -
To copy in file.txt
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ ls
Desktop Downloads file3.txt Music Public Templates
Documents File1.txt file4.txt Pictures snap Videos
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ cat > num.txt
12345678910
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ ls
Desktop Downloads file3.txt Music Pictures snap Videos
Documents File1.txt file4.txt num.txt Public Templates
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ cat > num1.txt
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ ls
Desktop Downloads file3.txt Music num.txt Public Templates
Documents File1.txt file4.txt num1.txt Pictures snap Videos
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ cat num.txt num1.txt
12345678910
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ cat num.txt >> num1.txt
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ cat num.txt
12345678910
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$ cat num1.txt
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
12345678910
naveen@naveen-VPCEH15EN:~$
~Cat :t display the content of text files and concatenate files
~cat -n : This add line number to all lines
~cat -b :This add line number to non blank lines
~cat -s : This is used to squeeze blank line into one line
~cat -E: Show $ at the end of lines
~cat > file1.txt : flag (>) create new file and enter text content from terminal
~cat >> file1.txt : flag (>>) used to append text content to an existing file from the terminal
nwin@nwin:~$ cat -n num1.txt
1 123456789
2 123
3 5648
4
5 456
6 789231
7
8 456
nwin@nwin:~$ cat -b num1.txt
1 123456789
2 123
3 5648
4 456
5 789231
6 456
nwin@nwin:~$ cat -s num1.txt
123456789
123
5648
456
789231
456
nwin@nwin:~$
nwin@nwin:~$ cat -E num1.txt
123456789$
123$
5648$
$
456$
789231$
$
456$
nwin@nwin:~$
Working with “grep” Command
~grep option (am) Automobile.txt //Returns results for matching string “options”
~grep -i option (am) Automobile.txt // Case insensitive srtings
~grep -n option (am) Automobile.txt // string along with their line number
~grep -v option (am) Automobile.txt // lines not matching the search
~grep -c option (am) Automobile.txt // matches search string
Example
nwin@nwin:~$ cat >> Automobile.txt
Amber
nwin@nwin:~$ cat Automobile.txt
Honda
yamaha
Lambogini
Ferrari
Maruthi
Aprillia
BMW
Audi
Volkswagen
Kia
Hyundia
Tata
Car
Motorbike
Bus
trucks
Amber
nwin@nwin:~$ grep am Automobile.txt
yamaha
Lambogini
nwin@nwin:~$ grep -i am Automobile.txt
yamaha
Lambogini
Amber
nwin@nwin:~$ grep -I am Automobile.txt
yamaha
Lambogini
nwin@nwin:~$ grep -n am Automobile.txt
2:yamaha
3:Lambogini
nwin@nwin:~$ grep -N am Automobile.txt
grep: invalid option -- 'N'
Usage: grep [OPTION]... PATTERNS [FILE]...
Try 'grep --help' for more information.
nwin@nwin:~$ grep -v am Automobile.txt
Honda
Ferrari
Maruthi
Aprillia
BMW
Audi
Volkswagen
Kia
Hyundia
Tata
Car
Motorbike
Bus
trucks
Amber
nwin@nwin:~$ grep -iv am Automobile.txt
Honda
Ferrari
Maruthi
Aprillia
BMW
Audi
Volkswagen
Kia
Hyundia
Tata
Car
Motorbike
Bus
trucks
nwin@nwin:~$ grep -c am Automobile.txt
2
nwin@nwin:~$ grep -ic am Automobile.txt
3
~grep dh File1.txt File2.txt | sort // search string from both files and sort
~grep dh File1.txt File2.txt sort // sorts the results in reverse order
nwin@nwin:~$ grep am Automobile.txt | sort
Lambogini
yamaha
nwin@nwin:~$ grep am Automobile.txt | sort -r
yamaha
Lambogini
nwin@nwin:~$
~cp : It is used to copy files and directories
~cp -i : It enters interactive mode CLI asks before overwriting files
~cp -u :upadtes the destination file only when source file is diffrent from destination file
~cp-R :Recursive copy for copying directories; copies even hidden files
~cp- v :verbose: prints informative message
nwin@nwin:~$ pwd
/home/nwin
nwin@nwin:~$ ls
Automobile.txt Downloads num0.txt Public
Desktop Music num1.txt Templates
Documents note Pictures Videos
nwin@nwin:~$ cd Desktop/
nwin@nwin:~/Desktop$ ls
note
nwin@nwin:~/Desktop$ cp note /home/nwin/Music/
nwin@nwin:~/Desktop$ cd
nwin@nwin:~$ cd Music
nwin@nwin:~/Music$ ls
note
nwin@nwin:~/Music$
nwin@nwin:~/Desktop$ cp /home/nwin/Music/note22 .
nwin@nwin:~/Desktop$ ls
~mv :It used to move file and directories
~mv-i :Enter interactive mode
~mv-i : updates the destination file only when source file is different from destination file.txt
~mv-v : verbose prints souce and destination file
Delete
~rmdir foldername
~rm filename / foldername
~rm : It remove the specified directory(empty)
~rmdir -p :Removes both the parents and child dirctory
~rmdir -pv : Removes all the parents and sub dir along with the verbose
~ rm -r : Removes even non empty directories
~ rm -rp : Removes non empty dir including parents and subdirectories
user permissions “
~
