Sudan University of Science and Technology

College of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering
Production Department

Oil Pipeline Defects Maintenance

and Repair
A Research Submitted in partial Fulfillment for the Requirement
of the Degree of B-Tech (Honors) in Mechanical Engineering

Prepared by:
1. Ibrahim Osman Adam Baraka
2. Ahmed Mohammed Elamin Hassan
3. AbdelrahimAbdelaziz Osman

Supervisor:
Dr. AlsawiYahia

October 2017
 ‫اآلية‬

‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫{َوُقلِ ا ْعمَلُواْفَسََيرَى الّلهُ َعمَلَكُمْ وَرَسُوُلهُ‬

‫َواْلمُ ْؤِمنُونَ وَسَتُرَدُّونَِإلَى عَالِمِالْغَيْبِ وَالشَّهَادَِة‬

‫فَُينَبِّئُكُمِبمَا كُنتُمْتَ ْعمَلُونَ}‬

‫صدق اهلل العظيم‬

‫‪105‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
DEDICATION
I would like to give my deepest thanks to my father and my mother for
theirUnderstanding and unlimited patience. Without their support this
work would have not been Possible.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

At the beginning and finally all the thanks for Allah, and to my guide and
light, my supervisor Dr. AlsawiYahia, Who lead us with patience, I
express all gratitude and respect for his great help, guidance, and valuable
advice.
A lot of thanks are to:

 my beloved family
 the staff of School of mechanical Engineering
 my colleagues and friends

For their help, support, and constructive suggestions.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

‫ اآلية‬...................................................................................................... i

dedication .......................................................................................... ii

acknowledgment ............................................................................... iii

table of contents ................................................................................ iv

list of figures .................................................................................... vii

list of tables .................................................................................... viii

Chapter One ....................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction: ................................................................................... 2

1.2 The Scope: ...................................................................................... 2

1.3 Objective ........................................................................................ 3

Chapter Two ....................................................................... 4

2.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 5

2.2 Definitions Of Defects .................................................................... 5

2.2.1 Corrosion: ................................................................................. 5

2.2.2 Smaw ........................................................................................ 6

2.2.3 Smaw Electrode Identification System : .................................... 6

2.2.6 Non-Destructive Testing (Ndt) .................................................. 6

2.2.5 Welding Defect ......................................................................... 7

2.3 Measure Of Defects: ....................................................................... 8

2.3.1 External Corrosion ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3.2 Internal Corrosion ..................................................................... 9

iv
Chapter Three .................................................................. 10
3.1 Types Of Pipeline Pigs .................................................................. 11

3.2 Internal Corrosion ......................................................................... 13

3.3 External Corrosion. ....................................................................... 13

3.6 Corrosion ...................................................................................... 14

3.6 Corrosion Control ......................................................................... 14

3.6.1 Cathodes Protection: ............................................................... 14

3.5 Corrosion & Corrosion Prevention ................................................ 15

3.5.1 Definition And Terminology ................................................... 15

3.5.2 Inspection Technology (Cis, Acvg, Dcvg) .............................. 15

Chapter Four .................................................................... 22

6.1 Pipeline Repair Methods ............................................................... 23

6.2 Removal And Replacement Of A Defective Segment ................... 24

6.2.1 Hot Tie-In Or Hot Repair ........................................................ 24

6.2.2 Type A Sleeves (Reinforcing) ................................................. 26

6.2.3 Assuring Effective Reinforcement .......................................... 26

6.2.6 Mechanical Loading ................................................................ 29

6.2.5 Hard Enable Fillers ................................................................. 29

6.3 Fit-Up On Submerged-Arc-Welded And Flash Welded Line Pipe 31

6.3.1 Epoxy-Filled Shells ................................................................. 31

6.3.2 Steel Compression Sleeves...................................................... 32

6.3.3 Sleeve Length ......................................................................... 37

6.3.6 Leaking Defects ...................................................................... 37

v
 6.3.5 No Leaking Defects ................................................................ 38

6.3.6 Inspection Requirements ....................................................... 39

6.3.7 Special Sleeve Configurations................................................. 40

6.3.8 Sleeves To Repair Girth Welds ............................................... 41

6.3.9 Sleeves To Repair Couplings .................................................. 42

6.6 Sleeve-On-Sleeve Repair .............................................................. 42

6.6.1 Sleeve Configurations For Curved (Field-Bent) Pipe .............. 43

6.5 Coatings And Coating Processes ................................................... 44

6.5.1 Metallic Coatings .................................................................... 45

Chapter Five ..................................................................... 46

5.1 Pigging Report .............................................................................. 47

Chapter Six ....................................................................... 49

6.1 Conclusions And Recommendation .............................................. 50

6.1.1 Main Line Inspection .............................................................. 50

6.1.2 Preventive Maintenance .......................................................... 50

6.1.3 Pigging.................................................................................... 51

6.1.6 Repair Overview ..................................................................... 52

References: ........................................................................ 56

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. (2. 1) inspection Pipe Corrosion.......................................................... 8

Fig. (2. 2) IP Inspection for HC Pipeline.................................................... 9
Fig. (3. 1) Debris after pigging 11
Fig. (3. 2) Pipeline pig. 12
Fig. (3. 3) Cathode Process 16
Fig. (3. 6) Scada System 17
Fig. (3. 5) Penetrated Inspection 18
Fig. (3. 6) Apply penetrate 19
Fig. (3. 7) Clean off penetrate 19
Fig. (3. 8) Penetrate inspection 20
Fig. (3. 9) Shear waves 20
Fig. (3. 10) Particle vibration Propagation 21
Fig. (3. 11) Ultrasonic Inspection 21
Fig. (6. 1) Illustration of Type A (reinforcing) sleeve. 27
Fig. (6. 2) Weld details for Type A sleeve 28
Fig. (6. 3) a Lug and Bolt Method 30
Fig. (6. 6) Mechanical methods for assuring tight-fitting Type A sleeves.
30
Fig. (6. 5) Installation steps for the steel compression sleeve: (A) place 34
Fig. (6. 6) Example of installed and sandblasted steel compression sleeve
(photograph Courtesy of Petro-Line, Inc.). 34
Fig. (6. 7) Installation of a Type B repair sleeve 35
Fig. (6. 8) Illustration of a Type B sleeve 36
Fig. (6. 9) Typical sleeve configuration for repair of girth welds (drawing
courtesy of Allan Edwards Companies) 41
Fig. (6. 10) Components of the Clock Spring repair system 44
Fig. (6. 11) Section of Pig 47

vii
Fig. (6. 12) Repairs for external corrosion……………………55

Fig. (6. 13) Repairs for internal corrosion……………………..55

LIST OF TABLES

Table (5. 1) Pigging Report ...................................................................... 47

Table (5. 2) Pigging Details: ………………………………...………………..48

viii
CHAPTER ONE

1
1.1 Introduction:

Most pipeline companies have complex maintenance and repair

system .good maintenance allows companies to catch small problem before
they becomes large and cost.
it also means that equipment runs more efficiency .operators are not
responsible for maintenance or repair ,however operator need to be able to
communicate with maintenance and repair personal ,because what that do
may affect operator work
this module cores basic techniques and methods of maintenance and
repair .it also describes how these actives affect line operation the important
of proper inspection of pipeline cannot be over emphasized ,the lack of
preventive maintenance and repair program may result in sever consequeses
many lives have been lost because operators have not understood the
element of preventive maintenance program the impact of repair on line
operation should also understood .this module discusses:
the inspection of pipelines the element of preventive
maintenance program pigging
1.2 Problem Statement

The pipeline defects and maintenance repair

2
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this Technical is to provide guidance for pipeline
defect assessment and repair methods according to recognized and generally
accepted engineering practices and standards to:
 pipe line without defect
 Pipeline with effective performance.

3
CHAPTER TWO

4
2.1 Introduction

The procedure for repairing pipelines this module present inspection on the
following goals .
It describes the types of inspection that occur on pipelines.
It examines the main elements of the preventive maintenance
program.
It discusses the procedure for repairing pipelines .
This section examines the fulla pipeline that belong to petro energy (26 inch
-api5l x65),the important of inspection in the proper maintenance of pipeline
cannot be stressed enough .the goal of inspection is to gather information to
prevent major problem from occurring in the pipeline or on the pipeline rate
.
2.2 definitions of defects

2.2.1 Corrosion:

Corrosion is the natural deterioration of a substance as a result of its

environment.
If you leave your axe outside and unprotected for a few days, for example, it
is likely that the air and moisture will cause the iron in the steel to oxidize.
The subsequent rust formation is corrosion on the axe head. The same thing
happens to a pipeline, but for different reasons. In a pipeline system,
corrosion occurs both internally and externally This results in the weakening
and eventual rupture of the pipe.

5
2.2.2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW):

Shielded Metal Arc Welding uses the heat of an electric arc between a
covered metal electrode and the work (pipe, plate, etc). Shielding comes
from the decomposition of the electrode flux coating. Filler is supplied by
the electrode core wire and covering (iron powder and alloys).
This process is usually done manually. The basic equipment is a
power source, an electrode holder, a work clamp and the electrode.
Electrodes operate variously on alternating current, direct current electrode
positive (reverse polarity) or direct current electrode negative (straight
polarity).
2.2.3 ( SMAW) electrode identification system :

E X XXX

(XX) =strength

(X) =position

(X) = coating /operating characteristics

Strength- Tensile strength (I.E. 70, or 60) 70,000 psi / 60,000 psi Position:
1= all positions. 2= flat and horizontal fillet position only Example: E-7018,
E-6010

2.2.6 Non-destructive testing (NDT)

is an integral part of the weld inspection process on both ferrous and

non-ferrous structures/components as it ensures that welds are free from sub-
surface and surface breaking defects that may not be readily apparent.

We have a network of qualified Weld Inspectors who are located

throughout the country, with each being able to provide a comprehensive

6
range of NDT disciplines both at fabricators and on sites. NDT weld
inspection disciplines that we can offer are:

Visual Inspection of completed welds

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) of welds

Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI)

Dye Penetrate Testing (DPI) of welds

Eddy Current Testing of welds

Should any flaws or cracks be detected by our Weld Inspectors our team of
Engineers and Consultants can assist in determining the cause of the failures
and assist in the development of remedial actions .

2.2.5 Welding Defects

a discontinuity of sufficient size, length, type that will render that

particular object unsuitable for intended service base on a criteria in an
applicable code

Listed below are some of the more common welding processes used:

SMAW Shielded Metal Arc Welding (STICK)

GMAW Gas Metal Arc Welding (MIG)

GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (TIG)

SAW Submerged Arc Welding

7
2.3 Measure of External Corrosion

Fig. (2. 1) inspection Pipe Corrosion

8
2.6 Measure of Internal Corrosion

The Internal Corrosion for Pipelines – Basic course introduces the

fundamentals of implementing, monitoring, and maintaining an internal
corrosion control program as part of an overall Pipeline integrity
management program. It is an introductory level course focusing on internal
corrosion of liquid and natural gas pipelines used for transmissions, storage,
and gathering systems.

Fig. (2. 2) IP Inspection for HC Pipeline

9
CHAPTER THREE

10
3.1 Types of Pipeline Pigs

Although first used simply to clear the line, the purpose of pipeline
pigging has evolved with the development of technologies. Utility pigs are
inserted into the pipeline to remove unwanted materials, such as wax, from
the line. Inline inspection pigs can also be used to examine the pipeline from
the inside, and specialty pigs are used to plug the line or isolate certain areas
of the line. Lastly, gel pigs are a liquid chemical pigging system.

Fig. (3. 1) Debris after pigging

Similar to cleaning your plumbing line, utility pigs are used to clean
the pipeline of debris or seal the line. Debris can accumulate during
construction, and the pipeline is pigged before production commences. Also,
debris can build up on the pipeline, and the utility pig is used to scrape it
away. Additionally, sealing pigs are used to remove liquids from the
pipeline, as well as serve as an interface between two different products
within a pipeline. Types of utility pigs include mandrel pigs, foam pigs, solid
cast pigs and spherical pigs.

11
 Fig.(3. 2) Pipeline pig.

Inspection pigs, also referred to as in-line inspection pigs or smart pigs,

gather information about the pipeline from within. The type of information
gathered by smart pigs includes the pipeline diameter, curvature, bends,
temperature and pressure, as well as corrosion or metal loss. Inspection pigs
utilize two methods to gather information about the interior condition of the
pipeline: magnetic flux leakage (MFL) and ultrasonic (UT). MFL inspects
the pipeline by sending magnetic flux into the walls of the pipe, detecting
leakage, corrosion, or flaws in the pipeline. Ultrasonic inspection directly
measures the thickness of the pipe wall by using ultrasonic sounds to
measure the amount of time it takes an echo to return to the sensor
Specialty pigs, such as plugs, are used to isolate a section of the
pipeline for maintenance work to be performed. The pig plug keeps the
pipeline pressure in the line by stopping up the pipeline on either side of
where the remedial work is being done.
A combination of gelled liquids, gel pigs can be used in conjunction
with conventional pigs or by themselves. Pumped through the pipeline, there
are a number of uses for gel pigs, including product separation, debris

12
removal, hydro testing, dewatering and condensate removal, as well as
removing a stuck .
Because there now exist multi-diameter pipelines, dual and multi-
diameter pigs have been developed, as well.

3.2 Internal Corrosion

Internal corrosion in a pipeline is caused by the build-up of wax,

sludge and salt deposits on the walls of the pipe. Some products may be
corrosive due to their sculpture content. Internal corrosion is controlled:
• Chemically, by inhibitors, andphysically, by scraper pigs.

3.3 External Corrosion.

In comparison, most of external corrosion happened in joint area

where the heat shrink field joint coating has experienced extensive coating
failure and has lost its adhesion. when water penetrate between the coating
and the pipe, the corrosion occurred.

Inhibitors (control corrosion)

Are substances added to the liquid in the pipeline they lessen the
build-up of corrosive material in the pipe.
Are cleaning tools that are armed with brushes or urethane blades. As
they move down the line, they remove scale and loosen gummy deposits
from the pipe wall. When steel pipe is buried underground, there is usually a
difference in electrical potential between the soil and the steel that can cause
an electrical current to flow between them. Corrosion is the result of an
electro-chemical reaction involving electron movement from the pipe (anode
– a positive electrode)
into the soil (cathode – a negative electrode). Corrosion can be
prevented by the application of:
• Cathode protection or

13
• Coating and wrapping.
Both methods are used, in varying degrees, to achieve the
bestprotection.

3.6 Corrosion

Corrosion is the natural deterioration of a substance as a result of its

environment. If you leave your axe outside and unprotected for a few days,
for example, it is likely that the air and moisture will cause the iron in the
steel to oxidize. The subsequent rust formation is corrosion on the axe head.
The same thing happens to a pipeline, but for different reasons. In a pipeline
system, corrosion occurs both internally and externally This results in the
weakening and eventual rupture of the pipe.
3.6 Corrosion Control

3.6.1 Cathodes protection:

Essentially involves setting up a current around the pipeline to reverse

the flow of electrons and thus inhibit corrosion. The design of the system
depends on:
• The resistivity of the soil
• The Potential Difference between The Soil And The Pipeline
• The Line Current Measurement in A Test Section ofthe Pipe, And
• The type of coating on the pipe.
Two common types of cathode protection systems are rectifier-ground
bed systems and magnesium-anode systems.

14
3.5 Corrosion & corrosion prevention

Pipeline External Inspection Technology Content:

3.5.1 Definition and terminology

3.5.2 Inspection technology (CIS, ACVG, DCVG)

Definition Holiday:
A discontinuity in a protective coating that exposes unprotected
surface to the environment
Corrosion Activity:
A state in which corrosion is active and ongoing at a rate that is
sufficient to reduce the pressure-carrying capacity of a pipe during the
pipeline design life.
Terminology
Alternating Current Voltage Gradient (ACVG): A method of
measuring the change in leakage current
in the soil along and around a pipeline to locate coating holidays and
characterize corrosion activity.
Direct Current Voltage Gradient (DCVG):
A method of measuring the change in electrical voltage
Gradient in the soil along and around a pipeline to locate coating holidays
and characterize corrosion activity.
Close-Interval Survey (CIS):
A method of measuring the potential between the pipe and earth at
regular intervals along the pipeline.
CIS/CIPS
Its detection principle is:

15
 A reference electrode is placed on the ground and connected to the
voltmeter. The other end of the voltmeter is connected to the test pile of the
pipeline to read the pipe-earth potential.
When the anticorrosive coating exists a holiday at a certain point, the
current density will increase at the holiday, the IR drop around this point
would be greater than other places, the protection potential will drift to the
positive direction.
What’s IR drop?

Vm= measured potential drop

VIR= Pressure drop (IR drop)

VP= polarization potential

Vm=VIR+VP

Fig. (3. 3) Cathode Process

16
 Close-Interval Survey (CIS):
Close Interval Potential Survey (CIPS)

line

data
test post powe
collection
r
interface suppl
electrode y

anod
pipeline e

Fig. (3. 4) Scada System

Four basic NDT methods

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)
Dye penetrate inspection (PT)
Radiographic inspection (RT)
Ultrasonic inspection (UT)
Surface Testing
Dye Penetrated Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection
Volumetric Inspection
Ultrasonic Inspection Radiographic Inspection
Penetrated Testing
Surface breaking defects only detected
This test method uses the forces of capillary action to detect surface
breaking defects
The only limitation on the material type is the material cannot be porous

17
Penetrates are available in many different types:
Water washable contrast
Solvent removable contrast
Water washable fluorescent
Solvent removable fluorescent

Fig. (3. 5) Penetrated Inspection

Dye Penetrated Inspection (DPI)

Penetrated Flaw Detection (PFD)
Penetrated Testing (PT)
Surface inspection method Applicable to all non-porous, non-
absorbing materials
Penetrate Inspection

Step 1: Pre-Cleaning

Ensure surface is very Clean normally with the use of a solvent

18
 Fig. (3. 6) Apply penetrate

After the application of the penetrate the penetrate is normally left on

the components surface for approximately 15 minutes (dwell the
time)penetrate. Enters any defects that may be present by capillary action

Fig. (3. 7) Clean off penetrate

Step 3. Clean off penetrate

After sufficient penetration time (dwell time) has be given the

penetrate is removed, care must be taken not to wash any penetrate out off
any defects present.

19
 Fig. (3. 8) Penetrate inspection

ULTRASONIC INSPECTION

Principle waveforms in ultrasonic:

There are two Principle waveforms used in ultrasonic inspections:

 Compression
 Shear

Ultrasonic inspection equipment

Fig. (3. 9) Shear waves

20
Vibration at right angles to direction of propagation
Travel in solids only
Velocity 1/2 compression (same material)

Fig. (3. 10) Particle vibration Propagation

E
D
C

Fig. (3. 11)figure9

Ultrasonic Inspection

A: length Area C:initial pulse

B: defect D:defect echo
E:Back wall echo

21
CHAPTER FOUR

22
6.1 Pipeline Repair Methods

Defects in pipelines may be repaired by a variety of methods those

that have been commonly used by pipeline operators include:

 Removal of a section of pipe and replacement with new pipe

 Grinding an anomaly to significantly reduce its effect as stress
concentrator or site for crack initiation
 Reinforcing a defective piece of pipe with an encircling sleeve
 Placing a sealed pressure containment device (clamp or sleeve) over a
defect, including one that is leaking
 Applying a composite wrap over corrosion and blunt wall-loss defects
 Applying deposited weld metal in a defect to fill it with new material
 Placing a patch or sole (partial encirclement reinforcement device)
over a defect
 Hot tapping to remove a defect
Descriptions of these methods are provided in this manual for the
benefit of those who may not be familiar with one or more of them.
Throughout this manual, we refer to temporary repairs. For our purposes, a
temporary repair is a repair that will be re-evaluated within a period
specified by the pipeline operator’s written procedures. Any repair that is
left in service for a period greater than five years, without being re-
examined, should be considered to be permanent.

23
6.2Removal and Replacement of a Defective Segment

Sometimes it is both possible and desirable to remove a defective

section of pipe and replace it with new pipe rather than to attempt some
other type of repair. Removal necessitates shutdown or isolation and
depressurization of the affected pipeline segment. The defective section
within the segment is then cut out as a cylinder. This removed section is in
turn normally replaced with a pre-tested section of sound pipe, the tie-in
welds are inspected, and the pipeline is returned to normal service. When
pre-tested pipe is not used, the pipeline must be hydrostatically tested, as
required by code, before the line is returned to service. In the remainder of
this manual a removal and replacement repair is referred to simply as a
removal repair.

6.2.1 Hot Tie-In or Hot Repair

Hot tie-in or hot repair, which is described in detail elsewhere,(16)

refers to the method of repairing a gas pipeline by removal under controlled
conditions with a burning gaseous atmosphere present. Rather than purging
the pipeline with an inert gas, the repair or cutting operation is carried out
with the product still in line. This is achieved by performing welding and
cutting operations with a low positive pressure of gaseous product in the
pipeline. The pressure is high enough to prevent ingress of air in to the
pipeline, which would result in the creation of an explosive mixture, but it is
low enough to ensure that the resulting ignition of escaping product does not
produce excessively large flames that would place the personnel and
equipment involved in the repair in danger.

Appropriate weld procedures need to be established, as there will be

arc interference and metallurgical changes in the weld metal. Because this

24
technique involves the release of gas, properly trained personnel together
with well planned procedures are necessary. Some safety considerations for
a hot tie-in or hot repair procedure include the following:

• All personnel involved have appropriate training and clear instructions

of the task.
• The potential for an explosive atmosphere, due to air ingress requires
detailed investigation and planning prior to undertaking the repair.
• Monitoring for explosive mixture is recommended. Particular
attention should be given to elevation differences along the repair
section as this could have a bearing on the ability to control air
ingress.
• In order to carry out this procedure on pipelines containing liquids, i.e.
gathering lines, condensate and oil may be present. The line should be
pigged prior to the hot cut to remove the liquid.
• Effective communications via 2-way radio is essential at the work-
site, mainline valves and the communication centre.
• This repair method relies on the presence of a flame during the cutting
and welding operations, therefore, suitable flame retardant safety wear
should be adopted.
The gas purge required for a hot tie-in or hot repair procedure must
maintain a positive pressure throughout the operation. This may be achieved
by a regulator system or via the bypass on the mainline valves. Caution must
be exercised if gas is regulated through a ball valve, as a high differential
pressure exists.

25
6.2.2Type A Sleeves (Reinforcing)

The Type A sleeve is particularly attractive because it can be installed on a

pipeline without welding it to the carrier pipe. Such a sleeve provides
reinforcement for the defective area. It cannot contain pressure and is used
only for nonteaching defects. It should be installed at a pressure level below
that at which the area of the line pipe with the defect might be expected to
fail.

A typical configuration and weld details for a Type A sleeve are

shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. The sleeve consists of two halves of
a cylinder of pipe or two appropriately curved pieces of plate that are placed
around the carrier pipe at the damaged area and after positioning, are joined
by welding the side seams. As shown in Figure 2, the seams may be single-
V butt welds or overlapping steel strips fillet welded to both halves may join
the sleeve halves. If the side seams are to be butt welded and the sleeve
halves are to be made from the same diameter pipe as the carrier pipe, then
each half should actually be more than half of the circumference of the piece
of pipe. Otherwise, the gap to be filled by butt-welding will be too large.
With the overlapping strip concept, it is not essential that each half actually
be more than half of the circumference because the gap can be easily
bridged.

6.2.3 Assuring Effective Reinforcement

To be effective, the Type A sleeve should reinforce the defective area,

restraining it from bulging radically as much as possible. First and foremost,
the sleeve should be installed with a minimal gap between the sleeve and the
carrier pipe in the area of the anomaly. Forming and/or positioning the
sleeve so that it firmly contacts the carrier pipe, especially at the area of the
defect, can assure that the gap is minimized. One or more of the following

26
actions (discussed separately in this sub-section) can further enhance the
effectiveness of a Type A sleeve:

• Reduce pressure in the carrier pipe during sleeve installation.

• Externally load the sleeve to force it to fit tightly against the carrier pipe.
• Use a semi-liquid material that will fill and harden in any gaps in the
annular space between the sleeve and the carrier pipe.
• Apply special fit-up procedures for seam welds.
• Use special epoxy-filled shells.

Sleeve

Side Seam

(see next figure for details)

Carrier Pipe

Fig. (6. 1) Illustration of Type A (reinforcing) sleeve.

27
Fig. (6. 2) Weld details for Type A sleeve

28
6.2.6 Mechanical Loading

The two halves of a sleeve can be forced to conform to the carrier pipe
and their sides can be drawn together appropriately for welding by
mechanical means such as those shown in Figure 5. These can consist of
chains and jacks (Figure 5b) or special preloading devices (Figure 5c). Lugs
can be pre-installed on each half (Figure 5a). At the option of the installer,
the lugs can be cut off after installation or left in place. Cutting them off
facilitates coating the sleeve, an important consideration. A third option is
the special chain-clamp device shown in Figure 5c. The hydraulic actuator
that accompanies this latter device can be used to produce a significant
preload in the sleeve. A significant preload can enhance the effectiveness of
a Type A sleeve in the same manner as a pressure reduction in the carrier
pipe. However, preload should not be substituted for pressure reduction in
cases where a reduction of pressure is necessary for safety prior to the start
of repair operations.

6.2.5 Hard enable Fillers

Hard enable fillers, such as epoxy or polyester compounds, are

frequently used to ensure that no gaps exist between the sleeve and the
carrier pipe. These compounds are typically mixed and trowel led into
depressions in the carrier pipe, such as dents and pits. After the mixture
hardens, the filler is shaped using files or other similar tools until the outside
diameter of the pipe is restored. Another alternative is described below.

Before the mixture hardens, the sleeve halves are placed around the
pipe, and mechanical means, such as those described above, are used to
squeeze the excess filler material. By the time the side seams of the sleeve
have been welded, the filler mixture has usually solidified and load transfer
between the sleeve and the carrier pipe is assured at all defect locations.

29
Tests performed on pipe sections with filled gouges and dents showed that
such fillers are very effective.

Fig. (6. 3) a Lug and Bolt Method

(Drawing provided courtesy of Midwest Pipeline Supply, Inc.)

Fig. (6. 4) Mechanical methods for assuring tight-fitting Type A sleeves.

30
6.3 Fit-Up on Submerged-Arc-Welded and Flash Welded
Line Pipe

One concern with respect to applying Type A sleeves is the presence

of a crown or reinforcement on the seam weld of submerged-arc-welded
(SAW) carrier pipe or the flash on flash-welded carrier pipe. To assure a
tight-fitting sleeve, three options are available. The first option is to remove
the weld crown or flash by grinding it flush to the surface of the carrier pipe.
This option is acceptable if the pressure has been reduced as suggested. The
second option is to grind a compensating groove in one of the sleeve halves.
If this second option is selected, it may be desirable or necessary (in the case
of long defects) to use a sleeve that is thicker than the carrier pipe by an
amount that compensates for the thickness of material removed, including
any compensation needed for differences in material strength. The third
option is to force the unmodified sleeve over the weld reinforcement after
sufficient filler material has been deposited to fill the expected gaps. This
third option is acceptable if the resulting fit-up of the sleeve halves is
adequate for side-seam fabrication. With the standard method of application
shown in Figure 5b, there is no risk of damaging the weld. This third option
should not be used with relatively high-force methods, such as lug and bolt
(Figure 5) or chain clamp (Figure 5), as local bending adjacent to the seam
weld reinforcement may result.

6.3.1Epoxy-Filled Shells

British Gas developed a variation of the filled-sleeve concept in the

form of their epoxy-filled shell repair method.(25) In this case, the shell is a
sleeve with a standoff distance of several millimeters from the carrier pipe.

31
The shell is placed on the defective pipe, and bolts are used to center it. The
side seams are then welded, and the gaps at the ends are sealed with toweled
filler. After these seals have hardened, epoxy is pumped into the annular
space until it comes out an overflow hole at the top of the sleeve.

Once the epoxy filler has hardened, the radial bulging tendency of the
defect is restrained by the epoxy in the same manner as a conventional Type
A sleeve would have if it were directly in contact with the sleeve. Data have
been presented that show that the epoxy-filled shell also can be used to
repair weakened, but not leaking, girth welds. Bonding between the epoxy
and the sleeve and the epoxy and the pipe permits the transfer of longitudinal
stress. If the sleeves are used for an under-water repair, an epoxy that cures
properly in water should be used.

6.3.2 Steel Compression Sleeves

Steel compression sleeves are a special class of Type A sleeves. They

are designed, fabricated, and applied so that the repaired section of the
carrier pipe is maintained under compressive hoop stress during subsequent
operation. This approach is attractive for repairing longitudinally oriented
crack-like defects because without a tensile hoop stress there is no driving
force for crack growth. This type of sleeve is not suitable for the repair of
circumferential cracks or for defects in field bends. CSA Z662 (addresses
the use of steel compression sleeves

Steel compression sleeves involve installing two sleeve halves over

the defect area and drawing them together using clamps, jacks and chains, or
lugs and bolts. The sleeve halves are then welded together using
conventional welding techniques. Pressure reduction during installation is
normally used to induce compression in the carrier pipe. Thermal
contraction of the longitudinal seam welds also promotes compression in the

32
carrier pipe. Epoxy filler is used between the carrier pipe and sleeve to
achieve the transfer of stresses. As pointed out previously, pressure
reduction alone will only transfer a portion of the hoop stress from the
carrier pipe to the sleeve.

Petro Sleeve™ is a commercial product that was developed to

combine pressure reduction with thermal shrinkage of the sleeve for
achieving full compression in the carrier pipe. Figure 6 illustrates the
installation process for Petro Sleeve™. Two steel sleeve halves with
sidebars are installed over the defect; the sleeve halves are heated, and are
initially held in place with chain clamps or hydraulic jacks. The halves are
then welded together using two longitudinal sidebars. During installation, an
epoxy layer is applied between the sleeve and the carrier pipe. The epoxy is
used as a lubricant when the halves are placed on the carrier pipe and later
acts as a filler to evenly transfer the load between the sleeve and the pipe. As
with other versions of Type A sleeves, no welds are made to the carrier pipe.
Thermal shrinkage of the sleeve upon cooling helps induce a compressive
stress into the carrier pipe. A completed Petro Sleeve installation is shown in
Figure 7.

Several factors influence the degree of stress reduction in the carrier

pipe. These include the fit of the sleeve, the pipe wall thickness and
diameter, the sleeve wall thickness, the internal pressure during installation,
and the installation temperature. Specially developed software can be used to
determine the target sleeve installation temperature and to help confirm that
the desired amount of sleeve compression has been achieved.

Quality control procedures for Petro Sleeve™ involve monitoring

sleeve temperature during the heating process and verification of the
achieved carrier pipe compression by measuring how far the two sleeve

33
halves advance towards each other using caliper measurements. Three sets
of measurements on each side of the sleeve are typically made.
Nondestructive inspection of the completed welds is conducted after
cooling.

Fig. (6. 5) Installation steps for the steel compression sleeve: (A) place

half-sleeves on carrier pipe, (B) heat sleeve to expand sleeve, and (C) place
field welds and cool assembly to achieve compression (drawing Courtesy of
Petro-Line, Inc.).

Fig. (6. 6) Example of installed and sandblasted steel compression sleeve

(photograph Courtesy of Petro-Line, Inc.).

34
Type B Sleeves: Pressure Containing or Capable of Containing Pressure

The other type of steel sleeve used to make pipeline repairs is known
as a Type B sleeve. The ends of a Type B sleeve are fillet welded to the
carrier pipe. The installation of a Type B sleeve is shown in Figures 8.
Detailed discussions of the issues related to welding on an in-service
pipeline are presented in Appendix A. Since its ends are attached to the
carrier pipe, a Type B sleeve can be used to repair leaks and to strengthen
circumferentially oriented defects. In fact, a Type B sleeve has been used in
place of a girth weld to make a tie-in on a pipeline. Because a Type B sleeve
may contain pressure and/or carry a substantial longitudinal stress imposed
on the pipeline by lateral loads, it should be designed to carry the full
pressure of the carrier pipe. Additionally, it should be carefully fabricated
and inspected to ensure its integrity.

Fig. (6. 7) Installation of a Type B repair sleeve

35
Fig. (6. 8) Illustration of a Type B sleeve

36
6.3.3 Sleeve Length

While it should be long enough to extend beyond both ends of the

defect by at least 50 mm (2 inches), there is no inherent upper limit to the
length of a Type B sleeve. However, practical considerations are likely to
impose some limits on sleeve length. If the sleeve length is limited, two
requirements should be satisfied. First, as mentioned previously, the sleeve
should extend at least 50 mm (2 inches) beyond both ends of the defect.
Second, the fillet-welded end of one sleeve should not be any closer than
one-half of the carrier pipe diameter to the corresponding end of another
sleeve. This latter requirement is needed to avoid a notch-like condition
between the two sleeves. If two

Sleeves should be placed closer than one-half pipe diameter apart, the
inboard ends of the sleeves should not be welded to the carrier pipe. Instead,
a bridging sleeve-on-sleeve should be used

Another important factor that should be considered when installing

long sleeves is the weight that is being added to the pipeline in conjunction
with how it is being supported during the sleeve installation process. When
the sleeve length exceeds four pipe diameters or when two or more sleeves
whose total length exceeds four pipe diameters are to be installed within a
single excavation, the pipeline operator’s written procedures should contain
guidelines for support spacing, methods of temporary support (e.g., air bags,
sand bags, skids), and soil conditions under the pipeline upon backfilling.

6.3.6Leaking Defects

One use for a Type B sleeve is to repair a leaking defect. A Type B

sleeve installed over a leak becomes a pressure-carrying component and
should meet the same integrity requirements as any other pressure-carrying

37
component in the system. These include the appropriateness of the design
(i.e., wall thickness, material grade) and the integrity of the side seams and
end fillet welds.

Type B sleeves are installed over leaks in a variety of ways. One

common method is to place a small branch pipe with a valve over a hole in
one of the sleeve halves. The hole and branch are located over the leak.
Chains and hydraulic jacks are then used to force the sleeve halves against
the carrier pipe. In some cases, a neoprene ring is placed so that it is
compressed by this process to form a seal around the leak and force the fluid
to enter the branch. The fluid then can be released at a safe location and
welding of the sleeve can be completed safely. Upon completion of sleeve
fabrication, the branch valve is closed and capped. A variation of the same
technique uses a plug to seal the branch through the valve, which allows the
valve to be recovered.

6.3.5 No leaking Defects

Type B sleeves are sometimes used to repair no leaking defects. In the

past, some pipeline operators used Type B sleeves exclusively because they
preferred to have the ends sealed by fillet welds even when no leak existed.
Other operators have installed Type B sleeves over no leaking defects and
then hot-tapped through the sleeve and pipe to pressurize the sleeve and
relieve hoop stress from the defective area. With the advent of new repair
methods, such as steel compression sleeves and composite sleeves and
concerns for possible cracking and failures at the end fillet welds, some
operators have reduced their use of Type B sleeves in recent years.

Even though a Type B sleeve may not be pressurized, any sleeve with
ends welded to the carrier pipe should be designed and fabricated to be
capable of sustaining the pressure in the pipeline, since there is a chance that

38
it could later become pressurized. This is necessary because the sleeve may
become pressurized at a later time. For example, if a Type B sleeve is used
to repair internal corrosion and the internal corrosion continues, a leak could
develop in the carrier pipe and pressurize the sleeve.

6.3.6 Inspection Requirements

The installation or fabrication of any repair requiring welding on an

in-service carrier pipe should be preceded by ultrasonic inspection to
determine the remaining wall thickness of the carrier pipe in the regions
where welding is to be performed. For the case of fillet welds around the
ends of a Type B sleeve, it is reasonable to measure the wall thickness at 50-
mm (2-inch) intervals along the circumferential path where the weld is to be
located. If welding is to be performed on external pits, the pit depth should
be determined by measuring from the original external pipe surface if
possible. If the remaining wall thickness cannot be adequately determined,
welding should not be attempted with the carrier pipe in service.

Repair sleeve welds (sleeve-half butt welds and sleeve fillet welds)
should be inspected after welding to help assure weld integrity. Weld joints
are usually inspected by means of magnetic-particle inspection (MPI),
liquid-penetrate inspection (LPI), or ultrasonic shear wave inspection.
Automated and advanced ultrasonic inspection techniques are sometimes
applied to assure the integrity of critical welds. Whatever method or
combination of methods is employed, operator skill, training, and experience
are critical to achieving a successful inspection. MPI or LPI is expected to
reveal surface-connected indications, with MPI typically being more
sensitive than LPI. Grinding the toe smooth facilitates the inspection of fillet
welds. The best assurance of a quality repair is the use of a proven qualified
procedure and a highly trained and qualified repair specialist.

39
6.3.7 Special Sleeve Configurations

The special-purpose sleeve configurations described in the following

sub-sections may by useful for certain applications.

40
6.3.8 Sleeves to Repair Girth Welds

The typical configuration of a sleeve used to repair a defective or

leaking girth weld is shown in Figure 10. The hump in the sleeve is designed
to accommodate the crown of the girth weld. The ends are welded to the
carrier pipe so that the sleeve can share the longitudinal stress. This type of
sleeve is expected to contain a leak and does reinforce the girth weld to
some extent.

Fig. (4. 9) Typical sleeve configuration for repair of girth welds (drawing
courtesy of Allan Edwards Companies)

41
6.3.9 Sleeves to Repair Couplings

Many older pipelines have joints that were made using couplings. For
small diameter pipes, these may be threaded couplings. For large-diameter
pipelines, as well as for some small-diameter ones, mechanical compression-
type couplings were used. Typically, these couplings rely on longitudinally
oriented bolts and collars that are used to compress packing or gaskets to
seal against the pipe. These types of couplings provide negligible
longitudinal stress transfer along the pipeline. As a result, they are prone to
pullout incidents when the pipeline is subject to unusual longitudinal loads.
To overcome both the pullout problem and the perennial leakage problem
with this type of coupling, many pipeline operators have resorted to the
repair sleeve configuration shown in Figure 11. This type of sleeve, often
called a pumpkin or balloon sleeve, is typically welded to the pipes on both
ends. The side seams are also welded so that the sleeve can contain pressure.
Because the mechanical couplings tend to transfer little or no longitudinal
stress along the pipeline, the fillet welds at the ends of this type of sleeve
become the primary means of longitudinal stress transfer. Therefore, the
quality of the fillet welds for such a sleeve is even more critical than that of
the welds at the ends of a conventional Type B sleeve.

A pumpkin sleeve may be used to repair buckles, oval ties, and

wrinkle bends because of its ability to fit over such anomalies.

6.6 Sleeve-On-Sleeve Repair

Experience with cracking at the toes of fillet welds around the ends of
conventional Type B sleeves led to the development of the sleeve-on-sleeve
configuration shown in Figure 12. This configuration consists of two rings
installed outboard to the ends of the defective sleeve. Each ring is fillet

42
welded to the carrier pipe on the end facing the end of the defective sleeve.
If a toe crack forms at one or both of the rings, it will be contained within
the space between the ring and the sleeve. The final step consists of
installing two outer sleeves to bridge the gaps between the rings and the
defective sleeve. These outer sleeves are fillet welded to both the rings and
the defective sleeve to make a leak-tight repair in case the toe crack grows
through the wall of the carrier pipe. A test program (30) showed that this
configuration is expected to adequately protect an existing toe crack from
causing the pipeline to fail.

6.6.1 Sleeve Configurations for Curved (Field-Bent) Pipe

It is possible to install a conventional Type A or Type B sleeve on a

curved piece of pipe. The shorter the sleeve, the better the fit will be on a
curved section of pipe. For a Type A sleeve, the annular space created by the
curvature could be filled with a hard enable material to provide contact with
the carrier pipe. A relatively short Type B sleeve could be installed
effectively, but beyond some length that depends on the pipe size and
amount of curvature, a straight Type B sleeve will not fit well enough to a
curved pipe to permit a satisfactory installation.

43
 Fig. (6. 10) Components of the Clock Spring repair system

(1) Composite wrap,

(2) polymer adhesive, and

(3) Filler compound (courtesy of Clock Spring Company, L.P.)
6.5 Coatings and Coating Processes

Coating fundamentals makes reference to a multitude of concepts and

properties. A critical property of antifouling paint is, for example, the
inhibition of living organism growth on the coating.

A fire-resistant coating, on the other hand, should resist or retard the burning
of the substrate. From a corrosion point of view a coating is rated on the
resistance it provides against corrosion in a specific environment, and
because there are many variations in environment corrosively, there is also a
great variety of corrosion protective coatings. These can be broadly divided
into metallic, inorganic, and organic coatings. A general description of how
the main elements are used in metallic and inorganic coatings

44
6.5.1 Metallic coatings

Metallic coatings provide a layer that changes the surface properties

of the work piece to those of the metal being applied.

The work piece becomes a composite material exhibiting properties

generally not achievable by either material if used alone. The coatings
provide a durable, corrosion-resistant layer, and the core material provides
the load-bearing capability.

45
CHAPTER FIVE

46
 5.1 Pigging Report

Table (5. 1) Pigging Report

Press. Temp
Statio Launc Receiv Distance Estimated arrival
Date Time .
n h e <MPa
<km> time to next station
> <oC>

KT#06 √ June.10.2015 16:25 0.28 36.1 267.62

Operators Ibrahim osmanbarka

2 5
1 3 4 6
8 9 10

7 Φ610

φ580

φ464

φ253
1000

Fig. (5. 11) Section of Pig

47
 Table (5. 2) Pigging Details:

Spare Accumulative
running
Item N P M S Comments
parts
Distance <km>

Sealing Disc 1 √ 267.62 Before φ=610, After Per=582

2 √ 267.62 Before φ=610, After Per=damage

3 √ 267.62 Before φ=610, After Per=576

6 √ 267.62 Before φ=610, After Per=damage

5 √ 267.62 Before φ=610, After Per=586

6 √ 267.62 Before φ=610, After Per=582

Guiding 7 √ 267.62 Before φ=580, After Per=575

Disc
8 √ 267.62 Before φ=580, After Per=576

9 √ 267.62 Before φ=580, After Per=579

10 √ 267.62 Before φ=580, After Per=580

Skeleton √ 267.62

Location Received in KT#06

sys.

Other

Note:

 N-new: new spare part:

 P-perfect: not worth service and can be used without any change or
replacement
 M-medium: only need to change position without replace with new
 S-severely: need to replace with new one

48
CHAPTER SIX

49
6.1 Conclusions and Recommendation

6.1.1 Main Line Inspection

Flyover line walking, public surveillance, hydrostatic testing and the

use of smart pigs.
 Flyovers use aircraft to check large sections of the pipeline for Major
signs of trouble such as crude oil leaks and withered Vegetation
around the pipeline route.
 Line walking consists of company personnel patrolling the pipeline
Route and checking for any problems.
 With public surveillance, the general public is asked and encouraged
to advise the pipeline company of any problems or Unusual situations.
 Hydrostatic testing is done to test the integrity of a new pipe, or an old
pipe that may have to operate at higher pressures.
 Smart pigs are used to check the inner surfaces of a pipeline for
corrosion, pitting, or other damage.
 Preventive maintenance is done to avert high repair bills and increase
efficiency.
6.1.2 Pipe line Preventive Maintenance

 Preventive maintenance consists of corrosion control, equipment

inspection, equipment tune-ups, and instrument calibration.
 Corrosion can be both internal and external. Internal corrosion is
controlled by the use of scrap
 per pigs and chemical inhibitors.
External corrosion is controlled by cathode protection and coating and
wrapping the pipe.

50
• Cathodes protection sets up an electrical current around the pipeline to
inhibit external corrosion. Stray current corrosion, a type of external
corrosion, can be caused by direct current. Direct current railroads,
streetcars, or catholically protected foreign pipelines canal cause stray
current external corrosion. This type of corrosion can be controlled by
changing the environment around the pipeline.
• Equipment should be inspected regularly to prevent unnecessary stress on
equipment, rate loss, and/or unnecessary callouts.
Equipment tune-ups and instrument calibration are an integral part of
equipment maintenance. For example, valves and meters require regular
calibration to prevent problems like false alarms or incorrect readings.
6.1.3 Pipe line Pigging

Pigging is an important part of the pipeline maintenance program.

Pigs are used for maintenance and inspection.
• Scraper pigs clean the inside of the pipeline. They prevent the build
up of deposits on the inside of the pipe that could slow down product flow
rates.
• Smart pigs can be gauging, sonar, magnetic flux, or ultrasonic. Gauging
pigs check the geometry of the pipe wall to ensure it does not have any
dents, buckles, or flat spots. Shifting and settling can affect the curvature of
the pipeline; sonar pigs are used to detect these effects. Magnetic flux or
ultrasonic pigs detect metal loss in the pipe wall. They can also record the
specifics of the loss.
• Pigging requires a great deal of planning and communication between
maintenance and operating personnel. A thorough study of
the line to be pigged must be done before the pig is run.

51
6.1.6 Pipeline Repair Overview

 The five main steps in repairing any pipeline are isolation and
draining, nitrogen purging, repair/replacement of equipment, testing,
and restarting.
 The first step in isolating a pipeline is to use a special flange and
sandwich valves to isolate the pipe section. A tapping machine cutsa
hole in the pipe wall and a by-pass pipe is installed. Mud plugs, and
dowse pigs can also isolate pipelines.
 Nitrogen purging is another procedure used to evacuate sections
offline for repair. Nitrogen purging is efficient and safe.
6.2 Detailed Selection Criteria
This section provides and discusses general guidelines for selecting a
repair method for a particular type of defect or situation. These are not
necessarily unique because each operator may modify them to fit their
own situation or may develop its own flow chart. They illustrate typical
selection criteria for the following ten categories of defects and/or other
situations that may require in-service pipeline repair:
External corrosion Figure 26
Internal corrosion Figure 27

Uses of the selection criteria illustrated in Figures 26 through 35 are

described in the following subsections.

52
6.2.1 – External Corrosion

External corrosion can usually be readily inspected and characterized as

to its effect on pipeline integrity. The exceptions are selective corrosion
of an ERW or flash-welded seam and corrosion with extensive
circumferential extent in conjunction with unusually high axial stress in
the pipeline. One should not attempt to repair selective seam corrosion
using the external corrosion repair criteria. Selective seam corrosion
should be addressed using the longitudinal crack repair criteria .Cases
with large circumferential extent and high axial stress can be addressed
using the girth weld defects criteria
Repairs to external corrosion can be selected using the guidelines in
Figure 26. For use of these criteria, as well as the others covered
Sections 6.2.2 through 6.2.10, it is strongly recommended that the
pressure be reduced to a level that would be expected to prevent a near-
failure defect from failing during the repair process. For this purpose, the
following two pressure levels are defined:
Pd =pressure at the time the defect is discovered.
Ph =historical high pressure known to have occurred during the past
year.
Pressure reduction is recommended for safety. The operator should
consider when and how much pressure reduction is needed to provide an
acceptable safety margin during excavation, inspection, and repair.
Reducing the pressure to 0.8Pd or 0.8Ph is recommended prior to
examination and repair of a region of external corrosion. It is possible to
make an exception if the results of an in-line inspection (ILI) within the
past year indicate that the failure pressure is at least 1.25 times the
current pressure. A thorough cleaning of the pipe by blasting with sand,

53
walnut shells, water, etc. or by power wire brushing should be completed
prior to examining the corroded area.
Prior to repairing an area of external corrosion, one should verify the
nominal (uncorroded) wall thickness of the pipe by ultrasonic testing and
measure the pipe diameter. The axial length, circumferential extent, and
maximum depth of penetration should be measured, also. Detailed
measurements of the depths of wall loss are needed if a RSTRENG (6)
calculation is to be performed.
The criterion for repairs of external corrosion (see Figure 26) begins by
considering the maximum depth of pitting. If the depth is greater than
80% of the nominal wall thickness, and if the pipe is not leaking at the
defect, the appropriate repair choices are a Type B sleeve, a mechanical
sleeve, hot tapping (if it can remove the entire anomaly), or a patch
(subject to code and regulatory restrictions). If the defect is leaking, the
appropriate repair choices are a Type B sleeve, a mechanical sleeve, hot
tapping (if it can remove the entire anomaly), a leak clamp (if the
anomaly is an isolated pit), or a patch (subject to code and regulatory
restrictions).
For regions of external corrosion where the deepest penetration is less
than 80% of the wall thickness, an ASME B31G(3) or RSTRENG(6)
evaluation of acceptable defect length (L) can be conducted. The
acceptable circumferential extent (c) of the defect should be evaluated
using Figure 36, which is Figure 5-7 of API RP 579,(6) where t is the
nominal pipe wall thickness, d is the maximum defect depth, and D is
the nominal pipe diameter. Pipe that is not severely corroded enough to
fail either of the criteria for acceptable defect length and the criterion for
acceptable defect circumferential extent requires no repair except
recoating and backfilling.

54
Fig. (6. 12) Repairs for external corrosion.

Fig. (6. 13) Repairs for internal corrosion.

55
EFERENCES:
 piping &pipeline engineering by George Antaki May- 2003 CRC
Press
 liquid pipeline hydraulic by E.shaghi Menno June 2006 by CRC
Press
 pipeline pigging and inspection technology ,2nd edition1992 BY JHN
Titatsoo Gulf professional publishing
 Welding know -how frank Marlow PE with P.J.TALLMAN .
 modern welding good heart - Wilcox pub January 1,2000
 pipeline repair manual authors: carl e. jaske, brian o. hart ,william a.
bruce publication date: august 8, 2006

56