Chapter - 1

Introduction to
Computer System
 Introduction
Computer is an electronic device that processes the
input according to the set of instructions provided to it
and gives the desired output at a very fast rate.

Data: It is the term used for raw facts and figures.

For example, 134, + 9, ‘Raju’, ‘C’ are data.

Information: Data represented in useful and meaningful

form is information.
For example Raju is 9 years old.
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The computer is the combination of hardware and

software.

Hardware are the physical components of a

computer like motherboard, memory devices,
monitor, keyboard etc.

Software is the set of programs or instructions.

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1. Functional Components of Computer System

• Every task given to a computer follows an Input-

Process- Output Cycle (IPO cycle).

• It needs certain input, processes that input and

produces the desired output.

• The memory unit holds the data and instructions

during the processing.
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2. Input Unit

The input unit consists of input devices that are attached

to the computer. These devices take input and convert it
into binary language that the computer understands.

Some of the common input devices are keyboard,

mouse, joystick, scanner etc.
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Most commonly used Input devices are:

a. Keyboard
b. Mouse
c. Light Pen
d. Scanner
e. OMR (Optical Mark Reader)
f. Bar code Reader
g. Smart Card Reader
h. QR Code Reader
i. Biometric Sensor
j. Touch Screen
k. Microphone
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3. Output Unit

The output unit consists of output devices that are

attached with the computer.

It converts the binary data coming from CPU to human

understandable from.

The common output devices are monitor, printer, plotter

etc.
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Most commonly used Output devices are:

a. Visual Display Unit/Monitor – CRT, LCD, Plasma or Touch

Sensitive

b. Printer – Impact and Non Impact Printers

i. Impact (Dot Matrix)

ii. Non Impact (Inkjet/Deskjet/Laser)

c. Speakers

d. Plotters (produces high quality images and drawings

commonly used for CAD)
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4. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Once the information is entered into the

computer by the input device, the processor
processes it.

The CPU is called the brain of the computer and

also called the microprocessor.
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The CPU has three main components which are
responsible for different functions –

a. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) : It performs

mathematical calculations and takes logical
decisions.

b. Control Unit (CU): The Control unit coordinates

and controls the data flow in and out of CPU and
also controls all the operations of ALU, memory
registers and also input/output units.
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c. Memory registers: A register is a temporary unit
of memory in the CPU.

Registers can be of different sizes(16 bit , 32 bit ,

64 bit and so on) and each register inside CPU
has specific function like storing data, instruction,
address of a location in memory etc.
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5. Memory Unit (MU)

Memory is used as storage unit for programs as

well as data.

Memory unit consists of Main (primary) memory

and Secondary memory.
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a. Main Memory

It is divided into
a) RAM (Random access memory)
b) ROM (Read only memory)

b. Secondary memory
It is needed to store data and information
permanently for later use.
Some of the examples of secondary storage
devices are hard disk, compact disks, pen drives
etc.
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6. Units of Memory
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7. Hard Disk

A hard disk is a non-volatile high capacity storage

device that stores data on an
electromagnetically charged surface or set of
surfaces.

It consists of solid rounded disks packed on one

another sealed inside a case.
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The surface of a platter is logically divided into circular tracks,

sectors and cylinders. Tracks are subdivided into sectors.
The set of tracks that are at one arm position makes up a cylinder.
The main components of the hard disk drive are as follows:
1) Platters: The platters are the disks inside the drive where
magnetized data is stored. Their numbers can vary depending on the
size of the hard disk.
2) Arm: Disk drive arm holds the read/write heads. The arm
movement is extremely fast.

3) Spindle and Spindle Motor: Platters of a hard disk are mounted

to spindle. The spindle motor spins the platter at constant set rate
ranging from 3600 to 7200 rpm.
4) Read/Write Heads: The read/write heads read and write data on
the platters, there is only one head per platter side. All heads move at
the same time, they are at the same location over their respective
surfaces.
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Hard Drive Types

1. Serial ATA – Serial Advanced Technology

Attachment (SATA)

2. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

3. Solid State Drives (SSD) – Uses flash memory

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8. Battery

A battery is a hardware component that

supplies power to a device, enabling that device
to work without a power cord.

Batteries are often capable of powering

a laptop computer for several hours depending
on how much power it requires.

Computer laptops and cell phones use

rechargeable batteries that allow a user to
recharge the battery once depleted of energy.
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a. Computer Batteries

1. CMOS battery that holds your computer's

settings, such as the time and date. Without a
CMOS battery you would have to reset the time,
date, and other system settings each time the
computer starts.

2. Main battery in portable computers is an

alternate source of energy for when the
computer is not connected to a wall outlet.
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b. Battery technologies
There are different battery technologies that
allow a battery to work.
i. LI-ION (Lithium Ion) - Li-ion batteries are more
expensive, but perform without the memory issues
that affect other types of batteries.
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ii. Li-polymer (Lithium Polymer) - Li-polymer is a

battery technology that is a lower cost version of
the Li-ion that first started being used in 1996.
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iii. NICAD (Nickel-Cadmium) NiCad is a

rechargeable battery made mostly of nickel and
cadmium.
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iv. NIMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) NiMH is a

rechargeable battery used primarily in portable
computers.
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9. Power
Electricity used by a computer or other electronic
devices is often referred to as power.

Power is used to describe the computer's

capabilities, such as how fast it is.
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10(a). Transition from Calculator to Computer

Computers are versatile and can do

multitasking whereas calculator carry out
only one function at a time and perform
basic arithmetic operations.
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There is need of transition from calculator to
computer:

a. It has extended hardware support.

b. It has a high performance CPU that can do
multitasking.
c. It contains user friendly GUI (OS).
d. It is versatile.
e. I has high storage capacity and memory.
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10(b). Transition from Computer to Smart devices

a. IoT (Internet of Things) - connecting cars, smart

homes, connected wearables (activity trackers)

b. Improves productivity and quality of life.

c. Devices use the data to interact with you on

daily basis and complete tasks.
Trouble shooting with
parts of a computer
Trouble shooting with
parts of a computer
Trouble shooting with
parts of a computer
Trouble shooting with
parts of a computer
Trouble shooting with
parts of a computer
Trouble shooting with
parts of a computer
Trouble shooting with
parts of a computer
 Basic operations of Operating System
(i) Communicate with hardware and the attached devices [Device Manager]

(ii) Manage different types of memories [Memory Manager]

(iii) Provides a user interface [Interface Manager]

(iv) Provides a structure for accessing an application and loading necessary

programs in memory [Program Manager/Program Execution]

(v) Enable user to manipulate programs and data [Task Manager]

(vi) Manage files, folders and directory system on computer [File
Manager/Manipulation of File System]
(vii) Provides basic networking structure for LAN and internet [Network
Manager]

(viii) Provides minimal security to computer system through authorization

(user name) and authentications (password). [Program Manager]
(ix) Resource Allocation: Resource Allocation like CPU, RAM
 Data Representation
Data Representation refers to the form in which data
is stored, processed, and transmitted.
 Data Representation
Representing Numbers
• Numeric data consists of numbers that can be used
in arithmetic operations.

• Digital devices represent numeric data using the

binary number system, also called base 2.

Representing Text
• Character data is composed of letters, symbols, and
numerals that are not used in calculations.

• Examples of character data include your name,

address etc.
 Data Representation
Binary

The 0s and 1s used to represent digital data are

referred to as binary digits — from this term we get the
word bit that stands for binary digit.

A bit is a 0 or 1 used in the digital representation of

data.
Data Representation
 Data Representation
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) pronounced “ASKee”)

ASCII is mode widely used alphanumeric code which

is used in computers to translate text (letters, numbers
and symbols) into a form that can be sent to and
understood by other computers and devices.

It is developed by ANSI. It uses 7 bits for each

character. i.e 27=128
Data Representation
 Data Representation
Unicode (pronounced “YOU ni code”) provides
unique number for every character irrespective of
platform, program and the language.

It is promoted by Unicode Consortium.

Unicode standard defines values for over 128,000
characters

UTF-8 is a variable-length coding scheme that uses

seven bits for common ASCII characters but uses
sixteen-bit Unicode as necessary.
UTF-8 is widely used in email systems and on the
internet.
Range Decimal Name
0x0000-0x007F 0-127 Basic Latin
0x0080-0x00FF 128-255 Latin-1 Supplement
0x0100-0x017F 256-383 Latin Extended-A
0x0180-0x024F 384-591 Latin Extended-B
0x0250-0x02AF 592-687 IPA Extensions
0x02B0-0x02FF 688-767 Spacing Modifier Letters
0x0300-0x036F 768-879 Combining Diacritical Marks
0x0370-0x03FF 880-1023 Greek
0x0400-0x04FF 1024-1279 Cyrillic
0x0530-0x058F 1328-1423 Armenian
0x0590-0x05FF 1424-1535 Hebrew
0x0600-0x06FF 1536-1791 Arabic
0x0700-0x074F 1792-1871 Syriac
0x0780-0x07BF 1920-1983 Thaana
0x0900-0x097F 2304-2431 Devanagari
0x0980-0x09FF 2432-2559 Bengali
0x0A00-0x0A7F 2560-2687 Gurmukhi
0x0A80-0x0AFF 2688-2815 Gujarati
0x0B00-0x0B7F 2816-2943 Oriya
0x0B80-0x0BFF 2944-3071 Tamil
0x0C00-0x0C7F 3072-3199 Telugu
0x0C80-0x0CFF 3200-3327 Kannada
0x0D00-0x0D7F 3328-3455 Malayalam
0x0D80-0x0DFF 3456-3583 Sinhala
0x0E00-0x0E7F 3584-3711 Thai
0x0E80-0x0EFF 3712-3839 Lao
0x0F00-0x0FFF 3840-4095 Tibetan
0x1000-0x109F 4096-4255 Myanmar
Range Decimal Name
0x10A0-0x10FF 4256-4351 Georgian
0x1100-0x11FF 4352-4607 Hangul Jamo
0x1200-0x137F 4608-4991 Ethiopic
0x13A0-0x13FF 5024-5119 Cherokee
0x1400-0x167F 5120-5759 Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
0x1680-0x169F 5760-5791 Ogham
0x16A0-0x16FF 5792-5887 Runic
0x1780-0x17FF 6016-6143 Khmer
0x1800-0x18AF 6144-6319 Mongolian
0x1E00-0x1EFF 7680-7935 Latin Extended Additional
0x1F00-0x1FFF 7936-8191 Greek Extended
0x2000-0x206F 8192-8303 General Punctuation
0x2070-0x209F 8304-8351 Superscripts and Subscripts
0x20A0-0x20CF 8352-8399 Currency Symbols
0x20D0-0x20FF 8400-8447 Combining Marks for Symbols
0x2100-0x214F 8448-8527 Letterlike Symbols
0x2150-0x218F 8528-8591 Number Forms
0x2190-0x21FF 8592-8703 Arrows
0x2200-0x22FF 8704-8959 Mathematical Operators
0x2300-0x23FF 8960-9215 Miscellaneous Technical
0x2400-0x243F 9216-9279 Control Pictures
0x2440-0x245F 9280-9311 Optical Character Recognition
0x2460-0x24FF 9312-9471 Enclosed Alphanumerics
0x2500-0x257F 9472-9599 Box Drawing
0x2580-0x259F 9600-9631 Block Elements
0x25A0-0x25FF 9632-9727 Geometric Shapes
Range Decimal Name
0x2600-0x26FF 9728-9983 Miscellaneous Symbols
0x2700-0x27BF 9984-10175 Dingbats
0x2800-0x28FF 10240-10495 Braille Patterns
0x2E80-0x2EFF 11904-12031 CJK Radicals Supplement
0x2F00-0x2FDF 12032-12255 Kangxi Radicals
0x2FF0-0x2FFF 12272-12287 Ideographic Description Characters
0x3000-0x303F 12288-12351 CJK Symbols and Punctuation
0x3040-0x309F 12352-12447 Hiragana
0x30A0-0x30FF 12448-12543 Katakana
0x3100-0x312F 12544-12591 Bopomofo
0x3130-0x318F 12592-12687 Hangul Compatibility Jamo
0x3190-0x319F 12688-12703 Kanbun
0x31A0-0x31BF 12704-12735 Bopomofo Extended
0x3200-0x32FF 12800-13055 Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
0x3300-0x33FF 13056-13311 CJK Compatibility
0x3400-0x4DB5 13312-19893 CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
0x4E00-0x9FFF 19968-40959 CJK Unified Ideographs
0xA000-0xA48F 40960-42127 Yi Syllables
0xA490-0xA4CF 42128-42191 Yi Radicals
0xAC00-0xD7A3 44032-55203 Hangul Syllables
0xD800-0xDB7F 55296-56191 High Surrogates
0xDB80-0xDBFF 56192-56319 High Private Use Surrogates
0xDC00-0xDFFF 56320-57343 Low Surrogates
0xE000-0xF8FF 57344-63743 Private Use
0xF900-0xFAFF 63744-64255 CJK Compatibility Ideographs
0xFB00-0xFB4F 64256-64335 Alphabetic Presentation Forms
Range Decimal Name
0xFB50-0xFDFF 64336-65023 Arabic Presentation Forms-A
0xFE20-0xFE2F 65056-65071 Combining Half Marks
0xFE30-0xFE4F 65072-65103 CJK Compatibility Forms
0xFE50-0xFE6F 65104-65135 Small Form Variants
0xFE70-0xFEFE 65136-65278 Arabic Presentation Forms-B
0xFEFF-0xFEFF 65279-65279 Specials
0xFF00-0xFFEF 65280-65519 Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
0xFFF0-0xFFFD 65520-65533 Specials