‘SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD 120 Hillview Avenue #05-06/07 Kewalram Hilview Singapore 669594 Tel: 67601988 Fax: 67623247 email [email protected] httpx//www shinglee.com.sg @SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD Ailrights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers. First Published 1982 Reprinted 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986 ‘Second Edition 1987 Reprinted 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 Third Edition 1992 Reprinted 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Fourth Edition 1997 Reprinted 1997, 1999 Fifth Edition 2001 Reprinted 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2005, ‘Sixth Edition 2007 Reprinted 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Seventh Edition 2013, Reprinted 2013 ISBN 978 981 237 503 2 ‘Acknowledgements The statistical data and diagram used with permission of the National Climate Change ‘Secretariat, Prime Minister's Office (Singapore) ‘The Geometer's Sketchpad” name and images used with permission of Key Curriculum Press, www: keycurticulum.com/sketchpad Alllicensed images purchased under standard license agreement with www.shutterstock.com Printed in Singapore-3°3 Contents ——CHTER Primes, Highest Common Factor 002 and Lowest Common Multiple 1.4 Prime Numbers 004 1.2 Square Roots and Cube Roots 010 1.3 Highest Common Factorand 018 Lowest Common Multiple Summary 023 Review Exercise 1 024 —CHAPER Approximation and Estimation —_058 3.4. Approximation 060 3.2. Significant Figures 064 3.3 Rounding and Truncation Errors 069 3.4 Estimation 072 ‘Summary 078 Review Exercise 3 079 —— HATER 2 Integers, Rational Numbers 026 and Real Numbers 2.1 Negative Numbers 028 2.2 Addition and Subtraction 031 involving Negative Numbers 2.3. Multiplication and Division 038 involving Negative Numbers 2.4 Rational Numbers and oa Real Numbers Summary 054 Review Exercise 2 055 Basic Algebra and 080 Algebraic Manipulation 4.1 Fundamental Algebra og2 4.2 Expansion and Simplification of 092 Linear Expressions 4.3. Simpiification of Linear 099 Expressions with Fractional Coefficients 4.4 Factorisation 101 Summary 103 Review Exercise 4 104 Revision Exercise A 106Linear Equations and 108 Simple Inequalities — CHARTER G 5.1 Linear Equations 110 Functions and Linear Graphs 134 5.2 Formulae 119 6.1 Cartesian Coordinates 136 5.3 Applications of Linear Equations 123 62 Functions 140 in Real-World Contexts 6.3 Graphs of Linear Functions 145 5.4 Simple Inequalities 126 6.4 Gradient of a Straight Line 148 Summary 131 65 Applications of Linear Graphs 159 Review Exercise 5 132 in Real-World Contexts Summary 168 Review Exercise 6 168 Number Patterns 172 7.2 General Term of a 176 Number Sequence Percentage 194 7.3 Number Patterns 480 8.1 Introduction to Percentage 196 7.4 Number Patterns in 183 8.2 Percentage Change and 204 Real-World Contexts Reverse Percentage Summary 189 8.3 Percentagein Practical Situations 212 Review Exercise 7 189 Summary 221 Review Exercise 8 224 Revision Exercise B 192—— HATES Ratio, Rate and Speed 9.1 Ratio 92 Rate 9.3 Speed ‘Summary Review Exercise 9 224 226 235 245 251 252 CPE A Triangles, Quadrilaterals and Polygons 44.1. Triangles 11.2 Quadrilaterals 11.3 Polygons Summary Review Exercise 11 ai) ‘Syllabus Mathemat @ orien: “Te (ws 280 282 291 301 314 314 TER 1 Basic Geometry 10.1. Points, Lines and Planes 10.2 Angles 10.3 Angles Formed by Two Parallel Lines and a Transversal Summary Review Exercise 10 254 256 258 267 276 277 _—GHSPIEE 12 Geometrical Constructions 12.1 Introduction to Geometrical Constructions 12.2 Perpendicular Bisectors and Angle Bisectors 12,3 Construction of Triangles 12.4 Construction of Quadrilateral Summary Review Exercise 12 Revision Exercise C 318 320 322 324 329 334 335 336— CHT ER 3 Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures 13.1. Conversion of Units 18.2. Perimeter and Area of Basic Plane Figures 13,3 Perimeter and Area of Parallelograms 338 340 341 347 13.4 PerimeterandAreaofTrapeziums 351 Summary Review Exercise 13 357 358 GUE GATE A Volume and Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders 14.1 Conversion of Units 14.2 Nets 14.3, Volume and Surface Area of Cubes and Cuboids 14.4 Volume and Surface Area of Prisms 14.5 Volume and Surface Area of Cylinders. 14.6 Volume and Surface Area of Composite Solids Summary Review Exercise 14 Statistical Data Handling 15.1 Introduction to Statistics 300 362 15.2 Pictograms and Bar Graphs 392 364 15.3 Pie Charts 398 366 15.4. Line Graphs 400 15.5 Statistics in Real-World Contexts 403 371 15.6 Evaluation of Statistics 405 Summary 409 377 Review Exercise 15 410 384 Revision Exercise D 412 Problems in Real-World 414 387 Contexts 388 Practise Now Answers 420 Answers 426Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple Sensitive data, such as credit card numbers and passwords, That are transferred over the Internet have to be encrypted, What prevents hackers from using sophisticated software to ack the code? If 1978, Ronald Rivest, Aci Shamir and Leonard Adleman, @nnounced the development of the RSA public-key enyptography that is able to encrypt data so securely that itil fake even the most advanced computers many Years to crack the code. It makes use of a complicated theorem involving a type of numbers called prime numbeAt the end of this chapter, you should bé @O@iiga explain what a prime number is, = ica cr ii eee vo. front cormon tot (AGA an vent Soion ratio LOM)Investigation Sieve of Eratosthenes 41, In this part, the numbers which will be circled are prime numbers and the numbers which will be crossed out are not prime numbers. (@) Cross out 1 (b) Circle 2 Cross out all the other multiples of 2. (©) Circle the next number that has not been crossed out, ie. 3. Cross out all the other multiples of 3 (@) Circle the next number that has not been crossed out, ie. 5 since 4 has been crossed out. Cross out all the other multiples of 5 (©) Repeat this process until all the numbers have either been circled or crossed out. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 & 9 Ww nom B ow 1s 6 17 18 9 2 2102 «23S HT 28K 0 313233 M85 HT KO 4420 434k gS 46748480 Sl 52 S38 S$ SS 5H 57 SK 5 61 2 63 65H RO Noo 78 M78 HTT BBO S182 83 BES HRT B88 OL 9293 95 96 «©9798 99100 £ 2. Answer the following questions. (a) What is the smallest prime number? (b) What is the largest prime number less than or equal to 1002 (©) How many prime numbers are less than or equal to 100? (a) Is every odd number a prime number? Explain your answer (@) Is every even number a composite number? Explain your answer. (For a prime number greater than 5, what can the last digit be? Explain your answer. % lTournal Writin; Can the product of two prime numbers be @) an odd number, (by an even number, (©) a prime number?Worked area etermine whether each ofthe following isa prime or a Example compose umber (a) 387 (b) 47 Solutio: (a) 387 is an odd number, so it is not divisible by 2. Since the sum of the digits of 387 is 3 + 8 + 7 = 18 which is divisible by 3, therefore 387 is divisible by 3 (divisibility test for 3) 1.387 is a composite number (b) 47 is an odd number, so it is not divisible by _ Since the sum of the digits of 47 is 4+7 which is not divisible by 3, then 47 is not divisible by The last digit of 47 is neither 0 nor 5, s0 47 is not divisible by 5, A calculator may be used {o test whether 47 is divisible by prime numbers more than 5. Since 47 is not divisible by any prime numbers less than 47, then 47 is a prime number 1. Are 537 and 59 prime numbers or composite numbers? 2. In this game, a policeman is chasing a thief. The policeman can only step on tiles with prime numbers. Shade the tiles to trace the route that he can take to catch the thief. aa 83 33 32, 105 29 7 37 ®& To determine whether a number is prime or composite, chock ite divisbility by all the prime trabers befor ~*~» Divisiilty Test for 3: A number is divisible by 3 ¥f and only if the sum ofthe digits ofthe er iselvisle by 3 baerise 1A Questions Had) ae" Pritne swanbers that dior by 2, such ae 3 and 7, are called twin primes, List five other pairs of twin primes,Wared. (Problem involving a Prime Number) a Ip and q are whole numbers such that p x g = 13, et Example find the value of p +g. Explain your answer. t Solution: " Since 13 is a prime number, then 1 and 13 are its only two factors. Itdoes not matter whether p org is 1 or 13 as we only want to find the value of p + 4. nptqel+13=14 1. If p and q are whole numbers such that p x q = 31, find the value of p + q. Peis 1A Questions 11-12 Explain your answer. 2. If is a whole number such that n x (1 + 28) is a prime number, find the prime number. Explain your answer. ligt Gi interesting Facts and Real-Life Applications of Prime Numbers Investigation Interesting Facts about Prime Numbers There are infinitely many primes. To make sense of the above statement, search on the Intemet for ‘First 1 Million Primes’. What is the 1 000 000* prime number? Since there are infinitely many primes, there is no largest prime number. However, the largest known prime number (at the time of printing) was found by Edson Smith on 23 Aug 2008 and it contains 12 978 189 digits. View this prime number by searching for ‘Largest Known Prime’ on the Intemet. What is its last digit? Formany centuries, mathematicians studied prime numbers in a branch of mathematics called Nuniber Theory out of interest. Real-life applications of prime numbers came upon the invention of computers when there was a need to encrypt sensitive data transmitted over the Internet. As explained in the chapter opener, RSA public-key cryptography makes use of a complicated theorem involving prime numbers to encode data securely. if the prime numbers chosen are large, it will take even the most sophisticated computers ‘many years to crack the code. What would have happened if mathematicians did not study prime numbers out of interest? and Lowest Common MullWorked (Finding Square Root using Prime Factorisation) Example Find /324 by using prime factorisation. X23 x3 33 2x3 x3) «(2x3 x3) For a number to be a perfect saa, the index ofeach pine factor mus be ever. Why Alternatively, 324=2%2K3K3K3K3 RB Find the two-digit umber where jare-of the sum of ts digits s feqvaltothe number obtained when is digits are reversed 1. Find J78d by using prime factorisation Exercise 14 Questions ab), 4 2. Given that the prime factorisation of 7056 is 2% 3° x 7", find {7056 without using a calculator Cube Roots We have learnt in primary school that the volume of a cube with edges 5 em is Sem x5 cm x5 cm = 125 em We have also learnt that if we are given a cube with a volume of 125 em’, the length of its edge is 125 = 5 em. We say that the cube root of 125 is 5 S'=5x5x5=125 cubed Similarly, 00x implies 4 = yOROXO d ~ Ixixt=P=t implies YF = YR =1; Re 2x22 implies {& = 22RD cube root 3x3x3=3°=27 implies Yz= YSXIKS IBS = YSNTRS=5 0, 1, 8 and 27 are the cubes of whole numbers, and they are called perfect cubes (or cube numbers). List the next three consecutive perfect cubes: Worked Example 5 shows how we can find the cube root of a perfect cube by using prime factorisation,Worked Finding Cube Root using Prime Factorisation) Find 4276 by using prime factorisation. 2 | 216 2% 2x3K3%3 2 108 2 x 3) x (2% 3) x (23) ~W 2 54 (2x 3)" 3 | 27 VB = 23 Foranumbertobe aperet cube, 3 2 mbes ona co Wyk 3. z Alternatively, 1 216=2«2%2%3x3%3 spate Des 2 P26 = YP x? * Find the ta cig number where =2x3 the sum ofthe cubes of its digits =6 isexqal three times of sel 1. Find 2744 by using prime factorisation, Exercise A Questions He, § 2. Given that the prime factorisation of 9261 is 3°x 7°, find {9261 without using a calculator. Mental Estimation of Square Roots and Cube Roots What are the values of Y50 and ¥63? Since 50 = 2 x S*, the index of the prime factor 2 is not even. Thus, 50 is not a perfect square and J/50 is not a whole number. Hence, we cannot use the method in Worked Example 4 to find /50 . Similarly, since 63 = 3° x 7, the indices of the prime factors 3 and 7 are not multiples of 3. Thus, 63 is not a perfect cube and Y63 is not a whole number. Hence, we cannot use the method in Worked Example 5 to find Y63 In Worked Example 6, we will learn how to estimate the values of numbers such as V50 and ¥63 mentally. {Estimation of Square Root and Cube Root Worked Estimate the values of {50 and 65 Example Solutio: We observe that 50 is close to 49 which is a perfect square. Thus /50 = V5 =7, Similarly, 63 is close to 64 which is a perfect cube. Thus YE ~ YEE = 4. ighest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiplebrercise 1A Questions Glad @) Estimate the values of Yi23 and Y/i23 Use of a Calculator to Find Squares, Square Roots, Cubes and Cube Roots The square, square root, cube and cube root of a number can be found easily using a calculator. The following function keys are used for this purpose. 2°) square key YJ square root key power key | x* root key Some calculators also have the cube root key: [J Worked Use of a Calculator to Evaluate Square Root and Cube 84 Example Use a caleulator to evaluate 55 Ye, leaving your answer correct to 4 decimal places. Solutio: |G + BIE =] For some LOLs] [= W|[s]Le |). C[7\Le 6|[3 |p oes essing the square 001 Key 12096 (to 4 cp.) you do not want to ke first pair of brackets, you must pres [=] before pressing (=), ENC 1. Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following, leaving your answer correct ferise 14 Questions 76, 8.9 to 4 decimal places where necessary. (a) 23° + /2005-7° 2, The area of a square poster is 987 em*, Find the perimeter of the poster, leaving your answer correct to 1 decimal place. If no brackets are used in pressing the sequence of calculator keys in Worked Example 7, what would be the value obtained? Write down the mathematical statement that would have been evaluated, Primes, Highest Common Factor and L# Prime Numbers Revisited: Trial Division In Worked Example 1, we have found that 47 is a prime number because it is not divisible by any prime numbers less than 47. Now, what happens if we want to determine whether a big number, such as 997, is a prime? Do we have to test whether 997 is divisible by all the prime numbers less than 9972 If so, there are 167 prime numbers (i.e. 2, 3, 5, 7... 991) for us to test! Since Y997 = 31.6 (to 1 dip.), the largest prime less than or equal to V997 is 31. To determine whether 997 is a prime, itis enough to test whether 997 is divisible by 2, 3, 5, 7, .. oF 31 (only LL prime numbers to test). We do not have to test all the 167 prime numbers. Why? This method of determining whether a number is a prime by dividing the number by all the prime numbers less than or equal to the square root of itself is called trial division Worked Test Toi Prin arabe Example 15 997 a prime number? Solution: RF = 1.6 (to 1 d.p.), so the largest prime less than or equal to V957_ is 31 Since 997 is not divisible by any of the prime numbers, 2, 3, 5, 7, ... 31, then 997 is a prime number. Are the years 2013 and 2017 prime numbers? « Exercise at Ok 1 on oe ape Stn oft pris For eae, ees andes Olveta'e Si as rove tat Collins Conjectures or Sitevenmertupto sx on Soecz00s txpstan2014 isdcam cftmo pines = 97 fs an odd number, 50 97 is htdivialeby 2. Sicethe sum of the cigs of 997 69-49-27 = 25 whichis not divisible by 3, 997 1s hot livable by 3. The ast digit 997 Is nether U nor 3, $0 97 Is notalvisible by 5. Totwst whether 597s divisibleby prime numbers ‘more than 3, i isaisable to use tr ealculator Exercise 1A Questions 10; Determine whether each of the following isa prime 3. _ Find each of the following by using ‘or a composite number. prime factorisation, (a) 87 (b) 67 (a) Ji764 (b) /576 © 7B (a) 91 (©) ¥3375. @) iT Find the prime factorisation of each ofthe following 4. Given that the prime factorisation of 9801 is numbers, leaving your answer in index notation. 3¢x LP, find Y9801 without using a calculator. @ 72 tb) 187 (© 336 (d) 630 5. Given that the prime factorisation of 21 952 is 2°% 7", find [21952 without using a calculator. Chapter 1 Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lov ommon Multiple6. Estimate the value of each of the following 9, The volume of a box in the shape of a cube (a) VO6. (b) J80 is 2197 cm’. Find the area of one side of the box. (© Yam () ¥0 10. Determine whether each of the following is a 7. Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following, prime or a composite number. leaving your answer correct to 4 decimal places (@) 667 (b) 677 where necessary, 2 (© 2021 (d) 2027 fr ver2P SES Gr o (evo 11. Ifp and q are whole numbers such that p x q = 37, iy A the elu ofp: Explain your anewer 8. The area of a square photo frame is 250 cm? Find the perimeter of the photo frame, leaving your answer correct to 1 decimal place. a 12. fn is a whole number such that n x (n+ 42) is a prime number, find the prime number. Explain your Highest Common Factor and Lowest 3 # Highest Common Factor (HCF) Inprimary school, we have learnt about factors and common factors, Forexample, I8=1x18 30=1%30 x9 22x15 =3x6, =3x10 =5%6, Factor of 18: (i) A) f° 18 Factors of 30: |I/ 5 wis 30 ‘The common factors of 18 and 30 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. «The highest common factor (HCF) of 18 and 30 is 6. wz, This method of finding HCF is called the listing method What is the HCF of 504 and 588? 504 has 24 factors while 588 has 18 factors. |!" vest eee inating 4504 and $88 have 12 common factors. To use the listing method to find the HCF special about this becatse the lowest common factor of any 90 ‘armor whole uanbers aay of 504 and 588 is troublesome because it involves many factors. Hence, there is a need for more efficient methods to find the HCF of two or more numbers, Let us use two new methods to find the HCF of smaller numbers such as 18 and 30 firs.7 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) In primary school, we have learnt about multiples and common multiples, e.g Multiplesof6 : 6 12 18 = 24 /30\36 «42 4854 (60) Multiples of 10 = 10 2 \30/ 40 30 60; The common multiples of 6 and 10 are 30, 60, How many commen multiples of 6 and 10 are there? Is there a highest common multiple? Of all the common multiples of 6 and 10, the lowest common multiple (LCM) is 30. This method of finding LCM is called the listing method. The listing method is tedious, especially for large numbers. Are there more efficient methods? Finding LCM Using Prime Factorisation Compare the prime factorisation of the numbers 6 and 10, as well as that of their common multiples, 30 and 60. 6 23 22S w =P.) @ cae facon faders fasion od oie of 10 fe aro 2 is a common prime factor of 6 and 10, We notice that the commion prime factor is only included once in the prime factorisation of the LCM, thus we can use the following method to find the LCM of two numbers: Step 1: Obiain the prime factorisation of each number. Step 2: Identify the common prime factors. Step 3: The LCM of the two numbers is the product of the common prime factors and all the other prime factors, We can apply the above method to find the LCM of 4 and 6 ‘common prime factor prime factor LCM of 4 and 6 = 3x 2x3 nl remaining factorsWorked (LCM of Two Number ; Example 1 1 Find the lowest common multiple of 30 and 36, Solutio: Method 1: choose the power of each of the common prime factors (ie, 2 and 3) with the higher common prime factors index and the remaining factor (ie. 5) or LCM of 30 and 36 =2x2x3x3x5 = 180 Method 2: common —+ [2] | 30, prime factors 36 <— divide 30 and 36 by 2 to get 15 and 18, —> [3] | 15, 18<—divide 15 and 18 by 3 to get S and 6 6]-<~ stop dividing when there are no common prime factors LCM of 30 and 36 X3x5%6 = = 180 yemaining factors = 1. Find the lowest common multiple of 24 and 90 using both methods. Exercise 18 Questions 244, 2. The numbers 120 and 126, written as the products of their prime factors, °°!!! are 120 = 2) x 3x 5 and 126 = 2 x 3x 7. Hence, find the smallest whole number that is divisible by both 120 and 126. 3. Find the smallest value of n such that the LCM of m and 6 is 24 For Question 3, use the p factorisation method bur work bacowad, Primes, Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple Chapter 1Worked Example 12 common prime factors yhoo 504 Method 2: start with the smallest —» LCM of Three Numbers Find the LCM of 12, 18 and 56. choose the power of each of the common prime factors (ie, 2 and 3) with the highest index and the remaining factor (i.e. 7) ‘common prime factor 3 is a common prime factor of —> 3 and 9, so we divide 3 and Sby3 LCM of 12, 18 and 56 0 Find the LCM of 9, 30 and 108, or BaP xT these 3 numbers have no common BI |r. 18. 36 Tommon prime acter soe 2| | & 9 28 “~~ divide 6 and 28 by 2 Bl 3.9.14 3, common prime factors between any two numbers X2x3x3x14 “ remaining factors, fxercse 1B Questions 20)4d)# Real-Life Applications of HCF and LCM One of the applications of prime numbers within mathematics is to find the HCF and LCM of two or more numbers, In this section, we will solve some real-life problems involving HCF and LCM. Worked Real-life Problem involving LCM| 1 3 The lights on three lightships flash at regular intervals Example The first light flashes every 18 seconds, the second every 30 seconds and the third every 40 seconds. The three lights flash together at 10.00 p.m. At what time will they next flash together? Solution: 18=2x3? 30=2x3%5 H=2%5 LEM of 18, 30 and 40 360 The LCM ofthe thee timings 360 seconds = 6 minutes the interval at which the lights The three lights will next flash together at 10.06 p.m. fast oper cr Three bells toll at regular intervals of 15 minutes, 16 minutes and 36 minutes Precise 1B Questions 78, 12.15 respectively. Given that they toll together at 2.00 p.m., at what time will they next toll together? Farhan has three pieces of rope with lengths of 140 cm, 168 m and 210 em He wishes to cut all the three pieces of ropes into smaller pieces of equal length such that there is no leftover rope. @ What is the greatest possible length of each of the smaller pieces of rope? Gi) How many smaller pieces of rope can he get altogether?1, Find the highest common factor of each of the following sets of numbers (@ I2and30——(b) 84 and 156 (©) 15, 60 and 75 (d) 77, 91 and 143 2, Find the lowest common multiple of each of the following sets of numbers. (@ 24and 30 (b) 42 and 462 (© 12, 18 and 81d) 63, 80 and 102 3. Find the largest whole number which is a factor of both 42 and 98, 4. The numbers 792 and 990, written as the products, of their prime factors, are 792 = 2" x 3° x 11 and 990 = 2 x 3° x 5 x LL. Hence, find the greatest whole number that will divide both 792 and 990 exactly 5. The numbers 176 and 342, written as the products, of their prime factors, are 176 = 24 x 11 and 342. = 2.x 3x 19. Hence, find the smallest whole number that is divisible by both 176 and 342. 6. Find the smallest value of m such that the LCM of mand 15 is 45, 7. Huixian needs to pack 171 pens, 63 pencils and 27 erasers into identical gift bags so that each item is equally distributed among the gift bags. Find (the largest number of gift bagsthat can be packed, the number of each item in a gift bag, Two race ears, Car X and Car ¥, are at the starting, point of a 2-km track at the same time, Car X and Car ¥ make one lap every 60 s and every 80s respectively. (How long, in seconds, will it take for both cars to be back at the starting point at the same time? Gi) How long, in minutes, will it take for the faster car to be 5 laps ahead of the slower car? 9. Determine whether each of the following statements, is true or false. If itis true, explain your reasoning, Fit s false, give a counterexample (@) 16 is a factor of a number, then 2 and 3 are also factors of that number. (b) If 2 and 3 are factors of a number, then 6 is also a factor of that number. (©) If 2 and 4 ate factors of a number, then 8 is also a factor of that number. (d) If f is a factor of n, then fF is also a factor ofn (©) If h is the HCF of p and q, then both p and g are divisible by bh. 10. The LCM of 9, 12 and n is 252. If nis odd, find all the possible values of n 11, Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If itis true, explain your reasoning, If it is false, give a counterexample (a) 16 isa multiple of a number, then 12 is also a multiple of that number. (b) If 12 is a multiple of a number, then 6 is also a multiple of that number. (©) I{18isa multiple of anumber, then 18 is divisible by that number. (A) Hi mis the LEM of p and q, then m is divisible by both p and ¢(| Challenge Yourself 1. The figure shows the face of a clock with the numbers 1 to 12. (@ Which are the six adjacent numbers such that the sum of every pair of adjacent numbers for these six numbers is a prime number? i) Rearrange the other six numbers so that the sum of every pair of adjacent numbers is a prime number. How many ways are there to do this? 2. The figure shows a shape made up of three identical squares. Divide it into four identical parts. Find the HCF and LCM of 120 and 126. Show that the product of the HCF and LCM of 120 and 126 is equal to the product of 120 and 126. By looking at their prime factorisation, explain why this isso. Can you generalise the result in Gi) for any two numbers? Explain your answer. Gv) Can you generalise the result in Gi) for any three numbers? Explain your answer, 4, The diagonal of a 6-by-4 rectangle passes through 8 squares as shown in the figure. Find a formula for the number of squares passed through by a diagonal of a m-by-n rectangle 5. @ Find the least number of cuts required to cut 12 identical sausages so that they can be shared equally among 18 people. i) Find the least number of cuts, in terms of m and n, required to cut m identical sausages so that they can be shared equally among m people,