Research Methods

Session 4 – Literature Referencing

Lecturers: Prof. Richard Boateng & Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS
Contact Information: [email protected]/[email protected]
 Session Overview
• Literature review is about argument,
evidence and illustration.

• This session seeks to explain how to provide

evidence for the arguments and illustrations
in your write-ups (papers and theses). We
will learn about the APA referencing style.

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 Session Outline
The key topics to be covered in the session are as follows:
1. Defining Referencing
2. APA Referencing Style (in-text)
3. APA Referencing Style (reference list)

20-Sep-21 Slide 3
 Reading List

Chapter Four

Boateng, R. (2020)
Research Made Easy
https://amzn.to/39gMMXh

20-Sep-21 Slide 4
 Topic One

DEFINING LITERATURE REFERENCING

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(c) 2012 InfosmART by Learning Resources, Glasgow School of Art
 Literature Referencing
The act of providing evidence for arguments and
perspectives presented in literature write up – article, long
essay, report and et cetera.

1. References provided within the text or the body of the text

2. Compiled references at the end of the text

20-Sep-21 Slide 6
 References Within Text
• In the late 1990’s researchers argued that inflation and low wages
contributed to unemployment (Uche, 2000; Benson, 2003; Mensah
et al., 2004).
• A comparative study (Kinson 2006) on the SME industry in Ghana
and Uganda shared similar findings on the effects of start-up
capital and interest loans on entrepreneurship and unemployment.
In a recent study on unemployment in Egypt, Salia (2011) found
political instability, poor governance and lack of foreign direct
investment to be the critical factors influencing unemployment.

20-Sep-21 Slide 7
 Referencing List
• Boateng, R. (2011). Mobile Phones and Micro-Trading Activities – Conceptualizing The
Link, Info: The Journal for Policy, Regulation and Strategy, Volume 13 Number 5, pp. 48-
62.
• Deakin University Library (2001, April 26). The Literature review [Homepage of Deakin
University Library], [Online]. Available: http://www.deakin.edu.au/library/litrev.htm
[2001, June 11].
• De Vaus, D. (2001). Research Design in Social Research, Sage Publications, London.

20-Sep-21 Slide 8
 Types of Referencing
Popular
1. Harvard Style
2. APA Style
▪ American Psychological Association

Other types
• Chicago Manual of Style
• AMA (American Medical Association)
• CSE (Council of Science Editors)

For a list of all referencing styles

• http://tinyurl.com/listofrefstyle

20-Sep-21 Slide 9
 Popular Styles for Students
• For Harvard style. Please refer to:
– http://tinyurl.com/harvardrefstyle
• For APA style. Please refer to:
– http://tinyurl.com/aparefstyle

20-Sep-21 Slide 10
 Topic Two

APA REFERENCING STYLE (IN-TEXT)

20-Sep-21 Slide 11
https://writingwrongsblog.wordpress.com/category/referencing-2/
 APA Style Referencing – Quotes
A short quotation of fewer than 40 words should be integrated into the text and
placed within quotation marks. The name of the author, the year and the
number of the page where the quote can be located should also be put in
brackets directly after the quote.
“Knowledge – intensity and dispersion – may be viewed as a transaction
characteristic which can influence the achievement of transaction benefits”
(Boateng, 2011, p. 59).

It has been argued that, “political instability, poor governance and lack of
foreign direct investment to be the critical factors influencing unemployment
in Egypt” (Salia, 2011, p.5).

20-Sep-21 Slide 12
 APA Style Referencing – Quotes
A quotation of 40 or more words should be set as a separate paragraph
by the use of a block quotation, without quotation marks.

Concerning ICT ownership, the dominant ICT owned by men and

women respondents is a mobile phone. However, ownership can
sometimes be uneven in both genders – where some have and
others don’t have. Uneven ownership tends to be characteristic of
rural contexts, like Agbozume (Boateng, 2011, p. 59).

20-Sep-21 Slide 13
 APA Style Referencing – Within Text
Several publications in the same year by the same author or group of
authors are indicated by placing a, b, c, etc. after the year.

Statistics from the International Telecommunication Union tend to

suggest that mobile phone subscribers currently constitute 60 percent
of the world population (ITU, 2008a). In countries like Ghana, it is
estimated that there are 50 mobile phone subscriptions per 100
inhabitants, and further, the ratio of mobile cellular subscriptions to
fixed telephone lines is 80 to one (ITU, 2008b).

20-Sep-21 Slide 14
 APA Style Referencing – Within Text
When using secondary sources, the writer must name the source and give the
secondary source quote.

The “nature of business activities of a micro-small enterprise may determine

differences in the type of ICTs owned or accessed and used by the micro-small
enterprise” (Boateng & Boateng, 2008 quoted in Abor, 2012, p. 11).

The nature of business activities of a micro-small enterprise may affects the

performance of micro-small enterprises (Boateng & Boateng, 2008 cited in
Abor, 2012).

20-Sep-21 Slide 15
 APA Style Referencing
– Multiple Authors
For publications with multiple authors which are referred to several times in the
text:
• 2 authors: The writer must surname both authors each time the reference is
quoted.

• Jackson and Gallis (2008) or (Jackson & Gallis, 2008)

Jackson and Gallis (2008) discussed that a reform is needed.

Some authors have argued for a reform (Jackson & Gallis, 2008).

20-Sep-21 Slide 16
 APA Style Referencing – Multiple Authors
• 3, 4 or 5 authors: The writer must name all the authors the first time he
quotes them, and from then on use only the surname of the lead author,
followed by et al.

• First time
– Jackson, Gallis and Minzah (2008) or (Jackson, Gallis & Minzah, 2008)
• Second time
– Jackson et al. (2008) or (Jackson et al., 2008)

20-Sep-21 Slide 17
 APA Style Referencing – Multiple Authors

The findings show that in rural contexts, women are more likely to share
their mobile phones than men. Men in rural contexts intimated that they
do not share their mobiles unless in the case of emergencies (Jackson,
Gallis & Minzah, 2008). Both men and women in urban contexts tend to
share similar perspectives as men in rural contexts (Pallin, 2007). It
suggests that shared access among micro-small enterprises is more likely
to be prevalent in contexts or situations where physical and economic
access barriers are a concern (Jackson et al., 2008). Future studies may
test and explain why gender differences exist in rural contexts.

20-Sep-21 Slide 18
 APA Style Referencing – No Author
If a source has no author or if the author is anonymous, the writer must give the title’s
first words and the year. The title of an article or chapter is indicated using quotation
marks, whereas the title of books, brochures or reports is written in italics.

• For example: “Corporate Social Responsibility reportage on bank

websites in Ghana” (2010)
Where the name of the institution which published/owns the report exists (but no
authors), use the institution…
– United Nations (1948)…
– According to the World Health Organization’s 2009 Report’s on Health
and Education,…

20-Sep-21 Slide 19
 Topic Three

APA REFERENCING STYLE (REFERENCE LIST)

20-Sep-21 Slide 20
https://writingwrongsblog.wordpress.com/category/referencing-2/
 APA Style Referencing – List of References
In producing a list of references in the APA style, the researcher needs to remember to
indent on the second and subsequent lines in each reference, as well as the following:
• To arrange the list alphabetically according to the surnames of the lead
authors
• To use ‘&’ before the last author if there are 2 to 7 authors
• To use italics for the titles of journals and volumes numbers, as well as
book titles
• To use indents on the second and subsequent lines in a reference
• To start the reference list on a new page.

20-Sep-21 Slide 21
 APA Style Referencing – List of References
Books
• Surname of lead author, Initial(s). (Year). Book title in italics (Edition - if available).
Place: Publisher.

For example:
Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (2002). Economics, Organization, and
Management. 2nd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

• To use italics for the titles of journals and volumes numbers, as well as book titles
• To use indents on the second and subsequent lines in a reference

20-Sep-21 Slide 22
 APA Style Referencing – List of References
Anthology (book with articles)
• Surname of lead author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of chapter. In Initial(s) Surname editor
(Ed.), Book title in italics (Edition, page). Place: Publisher.

For example:
Beizer, J.L., & Timiras, M.L. (1994). Pharmacology and drug
management in the elderly. In P.S. Timiras (Ed.),
Physiological basis of Aging and Geriatrics (2nd ed., pp.279-
284). Boca Raton: CRC Press.

20-Sep-21 Slide 23
 APA Style Referencing – List of References
Anthology (book with articles)
• Surname of lead author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of chapter. In Initial(s) Surname editor
(Ed.), Book title in italics (Edition, page). Place: Publisher.

For example:
Beizer, J.L., & Timiras, M.L. (1994). Pharmacology and drug
management in the elderly. In P.S. Timiras (Ed.),
Physiological basis of Aging and Growing (2nd ed., pp.279-284).
Boca Raton: CRC Press.

20-Sep-21 Slide 24
 APA Style Referencing – List of References
Journal articles
• Surname of lead author, Initial(s)., & Surname (s) of other author (s), Initial(s). (Year).
Title of article. Title of journal in italics, volume in italics (issue), page.

For example:
Duncombe, R., & Boateng, R. (2009). Mobile phones and financial
services in developing countries: a review of concepts, methods,
issues, evidence and future research directions. Third World
Quarterly, 30(7), 1237-1258.

20-Sep-21 Slide 25
 APA Style Referencing – List of References
Newspapers and popular magazines
• Surname, Initial(s). (Year, Date). Title of article. Title of newspaper in
italics, page.

For example:
Appiah, S. (2014, 1st February). Roast plantain business thrives, Daily
Graphic, p. 11.

20-Sep-21 Slide 26
 APA Style Referencing – List of References
Web page
• Surname of author, Initial(s). (Year). Title in italics. Retrieved: Date,
Year, from URL

For example:
Ciotti, G. (2013). The Business Case for Building Real
Relationships with Customers. Retrieved: 23rd June 2013, from
https://www.helpscout.net/blog/relationship/

20-Sep-21 Slide 27
 APA Style Referencing – List of References
Web pages with no authors
• Title of article/page. (Year). Retrieved Date, Year, from URL

For example:
The Business Case for Building Real Relationships with
Customers. (2013). Retrieved 23rd June, 2013, from
https://www.helpscout.net/blog/relationship

20-Sep-21 Slide 28
 APA Style Referencing – List of References
Appiah, S. (2014, 1st February). Roast plantain business thrives, Daily Graphic, p. 11.
Beizer, J.L., & Timiras, M.L. (1994). Pharmacology and drug management in the elderly.
In P.S. Timiras (Ed.), Physiological basis of Aging and Growing (2nd ed.,
pp. 279-284). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Duncombe, R., & Boateng, R. (2009). Mobile phones and financial services in
developing countries: a review of concepts, methods, issues, evidence
and future research directions. Third World Quarterly, 30(7), 1237-1258.
Nørvåg, K. (2003). Space-efficient support for temporal text indexing in a document
archive context. In T. Koch, & I. Sølvberg (Ed.), Research and Advanced
Technology for Digital Libraries, 7th European Conference, ECDL 2003,
Trondheim, Norway (pp. 511-522). Berlin: Springer.

20-Sep-21 Slide 29
 To learn More and Read More
• For Harvard style. Please refer to:
– http://tinyurl.com/harvardrefstyle

• For APA style. Please refer to:

– http://tinyurl.com/aparefstyle

20-Sep-21 Slide 30
 References
1. Boateng, R. (2020). Research Made Easy - Second Edition. Seattle, USA: Kindle
Independent Publishing (an Amazon Company). ISBN-13: 979-8611307182: Available
on Amazon: https://amzn.to/39gMMXh
2. Photo Illustrations from Getty Images – www.gettyimages.com and
www.cartoonstock.com
3. 2012 InfosmART by Learning Resources, Glasgow School of Art

20-Sep-21 Slide 31