Lesson 01

Deductive
Reasoning
AZIZUL APIH ANIS MARYAM
1 Definiton
In deductive reasoning

there is a first premise,

Deductive reasoning
then a second premise and

is a type of logical
finally an inference (a

thinking that starts

conclusion based on

with a general idea

reasoning and evidence)
and reaches a

specific conclusion
A=B
(moving from the
B=C
general to the

specific) Conclusion : A = C
 In deductive reasoning

there is a first premise,

then a second premise and

Example
finally an inference (a

conclusion based on
1. All dolphins are mammals.
2. All mammals have kidneys.
reasoning and evidence)

Using deductive reasoning, We

A=B can conclude that all dolphins

B=C have kidneys

Conclusion : A = C
2 Truth table of compound statement " P and Q" & "P
or Q" and conditional statement "If P, then Q".
 Conditional
Statements
Consider the "if p then q" proposition. This
Note that the order in which the
is a conditional statement. Read the
cases are presented in the truth
table is irrelevant. The cases
statements below. If these statements are
themselves are important made, in which instance is one lying (i.e.
information, not their order when is the overall statement false)?
relative to each other.
 n Q"
, the
"If P p q p q

T F F

T T T

F F T

F T T
 example
Suppose, at suppertime, your mother makes the statement “If you eat your carrot
then you’ll get dessert.” Under what conditions could you say your mother is lying?
1. If you eat your carrot but don't get dessert, she lied!
2. If you eat your carrot and get dessert, she told the truth.
3. If you don’t eat your carrot and you don’t get dessert she told you the truth.
4. If you don’t eat your carrot but you do get dessert we still think she told the truth.
After all, she only outlined one condition that was supposed to get you desert, she
didn’t say that was the only way you could earn dessert. Maybe you had
cauliflower instead.

 Conditional Statements

A conditional statement consists of two parts, a hypothesis in the

“if” clause and a conclusion in the “then” clause.
For instance, “If it rains, then they cancel school.”
"It rains" is the hypothesis.
"They cancel school" is the conclusion
 THE CONVERSE OF A
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

To form the converse of the conditional statement,

interchange the hypothesis and the conclusion.

conditional statement

"If it rains, then they cancel school"

converse
"If they cancel school, then it rains."
 THE INVERSE OF A
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

To form the inverse of the conditional statement, take the

NEGATION of both the hypothesis and the conclusion

conditional statement

“If it rains, then they cancel school”

Inverse
“If it does not rain, then they
do not cancel school.”
 THE CONTRAPOSITIVE OF A
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

To form the contrapositive of the conditional statement, interchange

the hypothesis and the conclusion of the inverse statement

Inverse
“If it does not rain,
then they do not cancel school.”

Contrapositive
"If they do not cancel school,
then it does not rain."
conditional
Contrapositive

converse Inverse
 BI-CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS

a combination of a conditional statement and its

converse written in the if and only if form.
These compound statements are true if both
component propositions are true or both are false:
 Proving conjectures using
Deductive Reasoning
STEP 1

STEP 2
Define the variables
(use 'n' as a variable STEP 3
and let it be the Use algebra to prove
same value) the conjecture.
State what you have
proven.
 EXAMPLE

All dogs are mammals. All mammals are

vertebrates. Shaggy is a
dog. What can be deduced about
Shaggy?
 Using deductive
reasoning in logic
games

SUDOKU
equation or mathematical expression
- following the general principles of mathematics to find a
specific solution that must be true
Thank You
SEE YOU NEXT TIME