To Study the Preparation of Ink
A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED BY
S. JAKISHORE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF CLASS XII INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT PRACTICAL EVALUVATION CBSE 2021-2022
IN CHEMISTRY
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
Mrs. B. GEETHA
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
SATCHIDANANDA JOTHI NIKETHAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
KALLAR, METTUPALAYAM
COIMBATORE-641 305
2021-2022
CERTIFICATE
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
This is to certify that S. Jaikishore student of
Class XI Satchidananda Jothi Nikethan School, Kallar,
Mettupalayam has completed the project titled (To Study The
Preparation Ink) during the academic year 2022-2023 toward partial
Fulfilment of credit for the chemistry practical evaluation of
CBSE and submitted report, as compiled in the following pages
under my supervision.
EXTERNAL SIGNATURE PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere
Thanks to the chairman Dr. SHRI K. Ramaswamy, our
School secretary Dr. Kavidasan, our academic
Advisor Shri. V. Ganesan, our principal
Dr. R. Uma Maheshwari and our vice –principal
Dr. S. Sakthivel for their encouragement.
I would like to express my special thanks to my
Chemistry teacher Mrs. B. Geetha for their guidance
Which helped me to carry out this project successfully.
I would like to express my heart thanks to my
family and friends who helped me lot in finalizing
this project within in the limited time frame. I
would like to thank all those who have directly or
in directly guided me in doing the project.
To Study the
Preparation of Ink
This project throws a light on types of inks from
manufacturing point of view and includes method for
preparing them either in chemistry laboratory or at home.
INDEX
Theory
History
Aniline Ink
Gallo-tannic Ink
Uses
How to prepare ink at home
Conclusion
Bibliography
Theory:
What is Ink?
Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments and / or dyes
and is used to colour a surface to produce an image, text, or
design. Ink is used for drawing and / or writing with a pen,
brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used
extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing. Ink is an
essential item for students, teachers, authors and others. Ink
was first, used by the Egyptians around 4000 years ago.
Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve four components:
1) Colorants:
A colourant/colour additive (British spelling) or
colorant/color additive (American spelling) is a
substance that is added or applied in order to change
the colour of a material or surface.
2) Vehicles (binders):
The ink vehicle is the fluid part of the ink that, as its
name implies, transports the pigment onto the
substrate. The type of vehicle to be used in a
particular ink is dependent upon the type of drying
system utilized.
3) Additives
4) Carrier substances
History:
The history of Chinese inks can be traced back to the 12th
century BC, with the utilization of natural plant (plant dyes),
animal (squid ink), and mineral offset ink based on such
materials as graphite that were ground with water and
applied with ink brushes. Evidence for the earliest Chinese
inks, similar to modern ink sticks, is around 256 BC in the end
of the Warring States Period and produced using manual
labour from soot and animal glue. About 1,600 years ago, a
popular ink recipe was created. The recipe was used for
centuries. Iron salts, such as ferrous sulphate (made by
treating iron with sulfuric acid), were mixed with tannin from
gallnuts (they grow on trees) and a thickener. When first put
to paper, this ink is bluish-black. Over time it fades to a dull
brown.
We will look at two ink and their preparation:
Aniline Ink
Gallo-tannic Ink
Aniline Ink:
What is Aniline Ink?
A fast-drying printing ink that is a solution of a coal-tar dye in
an organic solvent or a solution of a pigment in an organic
solvent or water.
Preparation Of Aniline Ink:
Main Materials:
Blue-black color - Naphtha blue-black
Blue color - Acid blue, Methylene blue
Red color - Scarlet red, Eosin
Black color - Aniline black
Green color - Malachite green
Some aniline colors are also used in preparing ink which is
dissolved directly in water.
Other materials:
(i) Glue: Gum Arabic (or gum acacia) is dissolved in hot water
and this results in a sticky solution. Mixing of this in an ink
solution, helps in many ways :
(a) The ink turns bright.
(b) The color of ink does not fade with time.
(c) The flow of ink is maintained smooth.
(ii) Glycerine: Sometimes, glycerine is also used in preparing
ink. The mixing of glycerine checks the early drying of ink.
This is mainly used in preparing the stamp pad inks.
(iii) Alcohol : Spirit or alcohol is mixed in ink because it helps
in :
(a) Quick drying of ink, and
(b) The ink does not diffuse on papers after writing.
(iv) Boric or carbolic acids: The principal constituents of ink
are organic in nature. The breakdown of these materials
spoils the ink and this causes deposition of constituents in
fountain pen of in the ink pot. Incorporation of boric or
carbolic acid to the ink preparation checks this problem.
(v) Scented materials: The organic decay of ink gives it
sometimes, foul smell. To avoid this, scented materials are
incorporated at the time of ink preparation.
Method of preparing Aniline Ink:
1) For preparing a particular-coloured ink, first of all a 2.5%
solution of that color in distilled water is made.
2) To this, is added a suitable amount of glue solution.
3) Now the solution is mixed well and heated for 5
minutes.
4) During heating, the contents are constantly agitated.
5) On cooling, the solution is filtered. The process of
filtration is a very important step and is carefully
repeated several times.
6) To this is now, mixed a little amount, each of boric acid
or carbolic acid, alcohol or spirit and scented material.
7) This preparation is filtered again and bottled.
8) If one desires to get a stamp-pad ink then glycerine
should be used in place of alcohol during preparation
Gallo-tannic Ink:
What is Gallo-tannic Ink?
The Gallo tannic acid was usually extracted from oak galls or
galls of other trees, hence the name. Fermentation or
hydrolysis of the extract releases glucose and gallic acid,
which yields a darker purple-black ink, due to the formation
of iron gallate. The fermented extract was combined with the
iron(II) sulphate.
Oak gall
Gallo-tannic Ink
Preparation Of Gallo-tannic Ink:
The following substances are used in its preparations:
Chief constituents: Following substances are the chief
constituents :
(i) Tannic and Gallic acids are used as chief constituents to
get blue-black ink.
(ii) Ferrous sulphate and hydrochloric acid also help in
providing blue-black color to the ink and check the growth of
fungus.
Other materials:
The other materials used are carbolic acid or boric acid, gum
Arabic or gum acacia, spirit or alcohol, glycerine and scented
material etc. These substances play the same role in this case
as in aniline ink. Basically, it is a mixture of ferrous sulphate,
tannic acid and Gallic acid; it is, therefore, also called Iron-gall
ink.
Method of preparation of Gallo-tannic ink:
1) Dissolve 250 gm of tannic acid and 80 gm of Gallic acid
in about 5 litres of distilled water.
2) To this solution 250 ml dilute HCl is added.
3) Dissolve in a separate container 300 gm ferrous
sulphate, 20 gm carbolic acid about 4 litres of water.
4) In a third container, the desired color is dissolved in a
little water.
5) All the three solutions are mixed together.
6) Also add a little of glue solution, alcohol, scented
material, mix well, filter and keep the filtrate for a few
days.
7) Filter once again and store in bottles. The ink is ready for
use.
Now that we know hoe to make inks, Lets see what they are
actually used on.
Uses:
Uses of Aniline Ink:
A general name for a fast drying printing ink. Aniline ink
originally referred to inks prepared from an aniline dye
dissolved in alcohol and bound with a resin. The ink was used
for printing Paper, Cotton, Cellophane, and Polyethylene
Uses of Gallo-tannic Ink:
Gallo-tannic Ink or Iron gall ink (also known as common ink,
standard ink, oak gall ink or iron gall nut ink) is a purple-black
or brown-black ink made from iron salts and tannic acids
from vegetable sources. It was the standard ink formulation
used in Europe for the 1400-year period between the 5th and
19th centuries, remained in widespread use well into the
20th century, and is still sold today.
How to prepare ink at home:
One drop at a time, add hot distilled water to the bowl of
lampblack (you can make your own by completely burning
paper or wood) - stop adding water before you think you
should and if you, accidentally, get too much water, add
more lampblack. Mix until the water is an inky black
(lampblack floats and is difficult to dissolve). Once the water
is inky black, add a small amount of gum Arabic and mix until
the gum has been dissolved in the warm liquid (this
homemade ink should be the same consistency as
commercially prepared ink). Store the ink in a small glass
bottle for future use. A variant of this recipe is: mix together
one egg yolk, one tablespoon gum Arabic and 1/2 cup honey;
then stir in 1/2 tablespoon lampblack: this will produce a
thick paste which you can store in a sealed container. To use
the ink, mix this paste with a small amount of water to
achieve the desired consistency
Conclusion
Inks are a history changing discovery, its true because the so-
called history is written by a whole set of inks which changed
and improved over the years. The preparation of inks is a
main stream industry for a long time, and studying this made
us realise that this field is a expensive one due to the use of
so many chemicals and materials.
Bibliography:
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.kingswoodinks.com
