LUMINARIES

Luminaries are an electrical device used to create artificial light by use of an electric. All light
fixtures have a fixture body and a light socket to hold the lamp and allow for its replacement.
Fixtures may also have a switch to control the light. Fixtures require an electrical connection to
a power source. Permanent lighting may be directly wired, and moveable lamps have a plug.
Light fixtures may also have other features, such as reflectors for directing the light,
an aperture(with or without a lens), an outer shell or housing for lamp alignment and
protection, and an electrical ballast or power supply.

Floor plan for the library first and second floor is shown below. In the first floor there is

 READING TABLE
 COMPUTER ROOM
 SERVER ROOM
 AUTOMATION ROOM
 DISCUSSION ROOM
 TOILET
 MAIN STAIRS
 EMERGENCY STAIRS
 AHU ROOM
 STORE ROOM
 JANITOR ROOM
 ELECTRICAL ROOM

And in the second floor there is

 READING TABLE
 THEATER ROOM
 MULTIMEDIA STORAGE ROOM
 TOILET
 PHOTO COPY ROOM
 DISCUSSION ROOM
 MAIN STAIRS
 EMERGENCY STAIRS
 AHU ROOM
 JANITOR ROOM
 STORE ROOM
  ELECTRICAL ROOM

And each of these rooms has their own Illuminance. Illuminance, E is the luminous flux density
at the surface or working plane. The unit of the illuminance is lux, lx. The luminous flux, Ф or F
or light output, is defined as the total quantity of light emitted per second by a light source.

Sensitivity of the human eye varies, reaching its maximum at a wavelength of 555 nm during
daytime (photopic vision) and 507 nm for night vision (scotopic vision). The unit of luminous
flux is the lumen (lm). The lumen is defined as the luminous flux associated with a radiant flux
of 1/683 W at a wavelength of 555nm in air.

Lamp Lumens (lm) = the quantity of light emitted by a light source.

The lighting that is used in this building with it lumen is

 3X36 Watt Recessed Fluo (0.6mX0.6m)-3600 lm

The uniformity of illuminance for an indoor lighting scheme is one of the many important
factors that must be considered during the initial planning stage. Uniformity of illuminance is
achieved by limiting the spacing between the centres of each luminaire.
 Figure 1: Maximum spacing between luminaires

The maximum spacing, S permitted is determined by the luminous intensity distribution (polar
curve) of the luminaire and its mounting height, Hc above the working plane. Figure 1 above
shows the desk height above floor, 0.7m in offices or 0.85m above floor in industry.

Spacing to height ratio is the spacing between the centres of the luminaries divided by their
height above the working plane.

Maximum spacing information for symmetrical luminairies may be shown in the photometric
data as SHR MAX, meaning space height ratio maximum. For example, if a SHR MAX = 1.4 is
stated for luminaire in Figure 4 and the mounting height of luminaire above the working plane
is 1.9m then the maximum spacing on either direction can be calculated as follows:

S S
SHR MAX = = =1. 4
H 1.9

Therefore, maximum spacing, S = 1.9 x 1.4 = 2.66m as shown in figure 2

If the spacing height ratio is exceeded then there will be areas between luminaries which will
have serious reduction of illuminance as shown in Figure 3

Figure 3: Incorrect spacing of luminaries

It is recommended that the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illumainance over
the working plane should not less than 80%.
Room index is related to the room dimensions and used when calculating the utilisation factor
and other characteristics of a lighting installation.

LxW
Room Index, K =
Hm ( L + W )

where: L = Length of room

W = Width of room

Hm = Mounting height of luminaire above the working plane

The reflection factors of room surfaces are take into consideration the reflection of illuminance
from ceilings, walls and floor.

Finding room index

 Wide=14m

 Length=20m

 Height=3.2m

 Hm=3.2 -0.85=2.35m

= 3.5 ~ 4.0
Refection factor

 Ceiling(white) =70%

 Wall (paint white)= 50%

Utilization factor=0.50

The level of illuminance is places such as industrial workrooms and offices are usually
prescribed in terms of the average illuminance on a horizontal working plane. To design a
lighting scheme that will produce the desired level of illuminance, the quantity of luminaires
must be determined. This is performed by a calculation known as the lumn method.

The formula is:

Eav x L x W
N=
LDL x CoU x MF

where:

N = Number of luminaires required

LDL = The initial lumens of each lamp obtained from manufacturers’ data

multiplied by the number of lamps in each luminaire

CoU = Coefficient of Utilisation or Utilisation factor

L = Length of room

W = Width of room

Eav = Average illuminance required in Lux (see recommended values of

standard maintained illuminance)

In order to find the coefficient of utilisation, CoU, the room index ,K must be calculated first.
Having done this assessment is made of the room reflectance. Both room index and reflector
factors are then applied to the manufacturers’ photometric data to determine the utilisation
factor for the luminaire.

Finding the Spacing of luminaries

 Find the area of the space require to install the light. Ex. 20m x 14m = 280

 Divide the area with the number of light to cover the area. Ex. 280m/54 = 5.2

 Then square root the answer. Ex. √5.2 = 2.3