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Lesson 4 - Control Structures - Theory

The document discusses different types of control structures in SQL including IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE, loops, WHILE, and FOR statements. Control structures allow for conditional execution and repetition of SQL statements. They are important for manipulating SQL data in a flexible and powerful way. The document provides examples of how each control structure works and what they allow programmers to do.

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shania nkusi
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14 views10 pages

Lesson 4 - Control Structures - Theory

The document discusses different types of control structures in SQL including IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE, loops, WHILE, and FOR statements. Control structures allow for conditional execution and repetition of SQL statements. They are important for manipulating SQL data in a flexible and powerful way. The document provides examples of how each control structure works and what they allow programmers to do.

Uploaded by

shania nkusi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Faculty of Computing and Informatics

Lesson 4 - Theory
Control Structures
Learning Objectives

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

• Identify the uses and types of control structures


• Construct an IF statement
• Use CASE statements and CASE expressions
• Construct and identify different loop statements
Introduction

• Based on your current exposure, please give by example (either


using a scenario or any form to explain the importance of using
control structures in SQL server).

• Probably the most useful (and important) part of SQL


• You can manipulate SQL data in a very flexible and powerful way
Control Flow of Execution
IF-THEN

• IF-THEN statements are the simplest form of IF.

• The statements between THEN and END IF will be executed if


the condition is true. Otherwise, they are skipped.
IF-THEN-ELSE

• IF-THEN-ELSE statements add to IF-THEN by letting you specify


an alternative set of statements that should be executed if the
condition evaluates to FALSE.
IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE

• IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE provides a more convenient method of


checking many alternatives in one statement.

• Formally it is equivalent to nested IF-THEN-ELSE-IF-THEN


commands, but only one END IF is needed.
Loops

• With the LOOP, EXIT, WHILE and FOR statements, you can
arrange for your SQL function to repeat a series of commands.

• LOOP defines an unconditional loop that is repeated


indefinitely until terminated by an EXIT or RETURN
statement.

• The optional label can be used by EXIT statements in


nested loops to specify which level of nesting should be
terminated.
WHILE

• The WHILE statement repeats a sequence of statements so


long as the condition expression evaluates to true.

• The condition is checked just before each entry to the loop


body.
FOR (integer for-loop)

• This form of FOR creates a loop that iterates over a range of


integer values.

• The variable name is automatically defined as type integer


and exists only inside the loop.

• The two expressions giving the lower and upper bound of the
range are evaluated once when entering the loop.

• The iteration step is normally 1, but is -1 when REVERSE is


specified.

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