Abdullah Khalid

Muhammad Fahad

Hazrat Abu Bakr:

Abu Bakr Abdullah ibn Uthman Abi Quhafa
َ َُْ ْ ُ ْ َ ْ َ َُ
(Arabic: ;‫اب قحافة‬
‫ٱهلل ب ِن عثمان ي‬
ِ ‫ أبو بك ٍر عبد‬c. 573
CE – 23 August 634 CE)[note 1] was the senior
companion and was, through his daughter
Aisha,[1] a father-in-law of the Islamic
prophet Muhammad, as well as the first
caliph of Islam. He is known with the
honorific title al-Siddiq by Muslims.
Abu Bakr became one of the first converts
to Islam and extensively contributed his
wealth in support of Muhammad's work. He
was among Muhammad's closest
companions,[2] accompanying him on his
migration to Medina and being present at a
number of his military conflicts, such as the
battles of Badr and Uhud.
Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu
Bakr succeeded the leadership of the
Muslim community as the first Rashidun
Caliph.[3] During his reign, he overcame a
number of uprisings, collectively known as
the Ridda Wars, as a result of which he was
able to consolidate and expand the rule of
the Muslim state over the entire Arabian
Peninsula. He also commanded the initial
incursions into the neighbouring Sassanian
and Byzantine empires, which in the years
following his death, would eventually result
in the Muslim conquests of Persia and the
Levant. Abu Bakr died of illness after a reign
of 2 years, 2 months and 14 days, the only
Rashidun caliph to die of natural causes.

Hazrat Umar:
Umar was born in Mecca to the Banu Adi
clan, which was responsible for arbitration
among the tribes.[10] His father was Khattab
ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama
bint Hisham, from the tribe of Banu
Makhzum. In his youth he used to tend to
his father's camels in the plains near Mecca.
His merchant father was famed for his
intelligence among his tribe.[11] Umar
himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a
ruthless man. He used to make me work
hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me
and he used to work me to exhaustion."[12]
Despite literacy being uncommon in pre-
Islamic Arabia, Umar learned to read and
write in his youth. Though not a poet
himself, he developed a love for poetry and
literature.[13] According to the tradition of
Quraish, while still in his teenage years,
Umar learned martial arts, horse riding and
wrestling. He was tall, physically powerful
and a renowned wrestler.[13][14] He was also
a gifted orator who succeeded his father as
an arbitrator among the tribes.[15]
Umar became a merchant and made several
journeys to Rome and Persia, where he is
said to have met various scholars and
analyzed Roman and Persian societies. As a
merchant he was unsuccessful.[13][16] Like
others around him, Umar was fond of
drinking in his pre-Islamic days.
Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his
distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-
in-law. Following his conversion to Islam in
616, he became the first Muslim to openly
pray at the Kaaba. Umar participated in
almost all battles and expeditions under
Muhammad, who bestowed the title al-
Faruq ('the Distinguisher') upon Umar, for
his judgements. After Muhammad's death
in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to
Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first caliph and
served as the closest adviser to the latter
until August 634, when the dying Abu Bakr
nominated Umar as his successor.
Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an
unprecedented rate, ruling the Sasanian
Empire and more than two-thirds of the
Byzantine Empire.[3] His attacks against the
Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of
Persia in less than two years (642–644).
Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave
Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.
Umar is generally viewed by historians to be
one of the most powerful and influential
Muslim caliphs in history.[5] He is revered in
the Sunni Islamic tradition as a great just
ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues,[6] and
some hadiths identify him as the second
greatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.

Hazrat Usman:
also spelled by the Turkish and Persian
rendering Osman, was a second cousin,
son-in-law and notable companion of the
Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as the
third of the Rāshidun, or "Rightly Guided
Caliphs". Born into a prominent Meccan
clan, Banu Umayya of the Quraysh tribe, he
played a major role in early Islamic history,
and is known for having ordered the
compilation of the standard version of the
Quran.[6] When Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab
died in office aged 60/61 years, Uthman,
aged 68–71 years, succeeded him and was
the oldest to rule as Caliph.
Under Uthman's leadership, the Islamic
empire expanded into Fars (present-day
Iran) in 650, and some areas of Khorāsān
(present-day Afghanistan) in 651. The
conquest of Armenia had begun by the
640s.[7] His reign also saw widespread
protests and unrest that eventually led to
armed revolt and his assassination.
Uthman was married to Ruqayya, and upon
her death, married Umm Kulthum. Both his
wives having been elder daughters of
Muhammad and Khadija earned him the
honorific title Dhū al-Nurayn ("The
Possessor of Two Lights").[8] Thus, he was
also brother-in-law of the fourth Rāshidun
Caliph Ali whose own wife, Fātimah, was
Muhammad's youngest daughter.
On 17 June 656, finding the gate of
Uthman's house strongly guarded by his
supporters, some Khariji[65] climbed the
back wall and crept inside, unbeknownst to
the gate guards. The Khwarij entered his
room and struck blows at his head.[66]
Na'ila, Uthman's wife, threw herself on his
body to protect him and raised her hand to
deflect a sword. She had her fingers
chopped off and was pushed aside. The
next blow killed Uthman. Some of Uthman's
slaves counter-attacked, one of whom killed
the assassin and was in turn killed by the
Khawarij.[67]: 216 
The Kharijis tried to decapitate Uthman's
corpse, but his two widows, Naila and the
other one, threw themselves across the
body and screamed, beating their faces and
tearing their clothing, until the Khawarij
were deterred. Instead, they looted the
house, even snatching at the women's veils.
Hazrat Ali:
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib was a cousin, son-in-law
and companion of the Islamic prophet
Muhammad. He ruled as the fourth rightly
guided caliph from 656 until his
assassination in 661. He is He was the son
of Abu Talib and Fatimah bint Asad, the
husband of Fatima, and the father of Hasan,
Husayn, Zaynab, and Umm Kulthum.[3]
As a child, Muhammad took care of him.
After Muhammad's invitation of his close
relatives, Ali became one of the first
believers in Islam at the age of about 9 to
11.[4] He then publicly accepted his
invitation on Yawm al-Inzar[5] and
Muhammad called him his brother,
guardian and successor.[4] He helped
Muhammad emigrate on the night of Laylat
al-Mabit, by sleeping in his place.[4] After
migrating to Medina and establishing a
brotherhood pact between the Muslims,
Muhammad chose him as his brother.[3] In
Medina, he was the flag bearer in most of
the wars and became famous for his
bravery.[4]
The issue of his right in the post-
Muhammad caliphate caused a major rift
between Muslims and divided them into
Shia and Sunni groups.[1] On his return from
the Farewell Pilgrimage, at Ghadir Khumm,
Muhammad uttered the phrase, "Whoever I
am his Mawla, this Ali is his Mawla." But the
meaning of Mawla was disputed by Shias
and Sunnis. On this basis, the Shias believe
in the establishment of the Imamate and
caliphate regarding Ali, and the Sunnis
interpret the word as friendship and
love.[1][6] While Ali was preparing
Muhammad's body for burial, a group of
Muslims met at Saqifah and pledged
allegiance to Abu Bakr.[7] Ali pledged
allegiance to Abu Bakr, after six months, but
did not take part in the wars[8] and political
activity, except for the election of the third
caliph Uthman. However, he advised the
three caliphs in religious, judicial, and
political matters whenever they wanted.[1]
After Uthman was killed, Ali was elected as
the next Caliph, which coincided with the
first civil wars between Muslims. Ali faced
two separate opposition forces: a group led
by Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr in Mecca, who
wanted to convene a council to determine
the caliphate; and another group led by
Mu'awiya in the Levant, who demanded
revenge for Uthman's blood. He defeated
the first group in the Battle of the Camel;
but in the end, the Battle of Siffin with
Mu'awiya was militarily ineffective, and led
to an arbitration which ended politically
against him. Then, in the year 38 AH (658-
659), he fought with the Kharijites - who
considered Ali's acceptance of arbitration as
heresy, and revolted against him - in
Nahrawan and defeated them.[4] Ali was
eventually killed in the mosque of Kufa by
the sword of one of the Kharijites, Ibn
Muljam Moradi, and was buried outside the
city of Kufa. Later his shrine and the city of
Najaf were built around his tomb.[4]
Despite the impact of religious differences
on Muslim historiography, sources agree
that Ali strictly observed religious duties
and avoided worldly possessions. Some
writers accused him of a lack of political skill
and flexibility.[3]