Controllers and positioners
Final Control Element in a Process control operation is a control valve. Control Valve is a power-operated device used to modify the fluid flow rate in a process system. Well, what happens if the power is cut off?. The valve will respond in the event of a loss of signal or power. This is called its "fail-safe mode" In most applications (about 80%), it is desirable for valves to fail closed. In other applications, you might want a valve to fail open or fail in place. Safety concerns and process requirements will mandate the fall mode of the valve In addition to linear and rotary, control valves are also classified according to their guiding systems and types of services they are used in.
Control Valve Classification
Control Valve "Fail-Safe" Positions
LINEAR SPRING/DIAPHRAGM ACTUATORS. Used with sliding stem control valves: i.e. globe-style valves. Can be accomplished two ways:
1. Fixed seat ring/plug orientation. Springs are interchanged to either above
or below actuator diaphragm. 2. Fixed spring orientation. Plug and seat ring positions are reversed relative to each other. In the Fail Open design, plug travel is above the valve seat. In the Fail Closed design, plug travel is below the seat.
Rotary Spring/Diaphragm Actuators
Used with rotary control valves; i.e. butterfly, eccentric plug. Reversing the fail mode for this type of valve is normally accomplished by reversing the location of lever arm and plug. In order to maintain consistency, ATO-FC action will be considered as "Reverse" action for rotary or sliding-stem control valves. The key to working with control valves and controllers is to remember that there must always be a balance maintained in the system. "Direct" and "reverse" are kind of like "positive" and "negative" in that where you find one you will usually find the other While control valve bodies and control valve actuators can be described as being direct acting or reverse acting, thinking about such things when working through a system problem only adds to the confusion. Therefore, it is always best to consider the FAIL SAFE mode of the valve and simply let the control valve be what it may be. POSITIONER A valve Positioner is a device used to increase or decrease the air pressure operating the actuator until the valve stem reaches the position called for by the instrument controller. Positioners are generally mounted on the side or top of the actuator. They are connected mechanically to the valve stem so that stem position can be compared with the position dictated by the controller. A Positioner is a type of air relay which is used between the controller output and the valve diaphragm. The Positioner acts to overcome hysteresis, packing box friction, and valve plug unbalance due to pressure drop. It assures exact positioning of the valve stem in accordance with the controller output.
Principle of operation
The Positioner is mechanically connected to the stem of the valve. This stem position is compared with the position called for by the instrument controller, i.e. by the instrument output air signal. A separate air supply is brought into the Positioner for positioning the valve at exactly the point called
by the controller.
Positioners, 99% of the time, will usually mimic the input signal from the controller. That is, they will be DIRECT ACTING Direct-Acting Positioner Input increases output increases
Increasing Signal from Controller
Increasing Output from Positioner
Decreasing Signal From Controller
Decreasing Output from Positioner
Another reason the direct-acting pneumatic Positioner is so popular is that it can be by-passed and the control valve will respond to the input signal from the controller as though the Positioner were in the control loop. If a Positioner malfunction occurs or if the Positioner causes the control valve to become unstable, it can be easily by-passed. Many control valves in the field are operating with a by-passed Positioner. Reverse-acting positioners are sometimes used on control valves, but their appearance is rare. Occasionally one will be found in a split-ranging sequence
Reverse acting positioner
Input Increases Output Decreases
Increasing signal from controller
Decreasing output from Positioner
Input decreases output increases
Decreasing signal from controller
Increasing output from positioner
Direct-Acting and Reverse-Acting Controllers
Controllers can be set up in either direct or reverse modes. It was stated that 99% of the positioners are direct acting, and it follows that if a balance is to be maintained in the control loop that 99% of the controllers will be reverse acting. If the control valve and its controller are not in balance, the control valve will either go to the wide-open position and stay there, or it will stay closed and act as though it is not responding. This situation can normally be corrected by reversing the action of the controller Set point increases Direct-Acting Controller Output increases Set point decreases Output decreases
Increase in set point
Increase in output
Decrease in set point Decrease in output
Set point increases Increase in set point
Reverse-Acting Controller Output Decreases Set point decreases Decrease in output Decrease in set point
Output increases Increase in output
