Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA

Lenggong, Perak

TUTORIAL SHEET

PROGRAMME DFET

SESSION SEMESTER 3
EGF3053
CODE & COURSE SHEET NO TS04
Fluid Mechanics
LECTURER DURATION 4 hour

TOPIC Internal Flow in Pipe and Conduits

4.1 Types of Flow
4.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
4.3 Continuity Equation
4.4 Bernoulli’s Equation and Flow Measurements
4.4.1 Pitot Tube
SUB-TOPIC
4.4.2 Orifices
4.4.3 Venturi Meter
4.5 Major and Minor Losses
4.5.1 Relative Pipe Roughness
4.5.2 Friction Factor
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
TOPIC
1. Identify the characteristics of laminar flow and turbulent flow
LEARNING
2. Employ Bernoulli’s equation in flow measurement
OUTCOME
3. Identify major and minor losses

QUESTION:

1. Glycerin flows in a 25 mm diameter pipe at a mean velocity of 0.3 ms-1. If the density of the
glycerin is 1260 kgm-3 and the viscosity is 14.9 x 10-5 N.sm-2 determine whether the flow is
laminar or turbulent?
(63423, turbulent)

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 ud
Re =

kg m
1260 3
 0.3  0.025m
Re = m s
N .s
14.9  10 −5 2
m
2
kg m 1N .s 2
Re = 63423  
m.s N .s 1kg .m
Re = 63423
turbulent

2. Water is flowing in a pipe of 15 mm diameter. What is the maximum velocity it can have to
ensure laminar flow if the value of absolute viscosity is 1.002 x 10-3 N.sm-2.
(0.133 m/s)
ud
Re =

kg
1000  u  0.015m
1999.99 = m3
N .s
1.002  10 −3 2
m
3
N .s m 1kg .m
u = 0.133 2  
m kg .m 1N .s 2
u = 0.133ms −1

3. Benzene flows through a 100 mm diameter pipe with a mean velocity of 3 ms-1. Determine the
volume flow rate in m3s-1.
(0.024 m3/s)
Q = Au
d 2
Q= u
4
 (0.1) 2 m
Q=  3.0
4 s
3 −1
Q = 0.024m s

4. Determine the friction factor (f) for fluid flow in a pipe that has a :
i. Reynolds number of 400.
f = 64 / Re
f = 64 / 400
f = 0.16

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 ii. Reynolds number of 40 000 and  = 0.

0.3164
f =
Re 0.25
0.3164
f =
40000
f = 0.0224
iii. Reynolds number of 40 000 and a relative roughness 0.01.
Refer Moody Diagram at Re=40000 and ε/D = 0.01, f = 0.04
iv. Reynolds number of 4 000 000 and a relative roughness 0.0003.
Refer Moody Diagram at Re=4000000 and ε/D = 0.0003, f = 0.015
(i. 0.16, ii. 0.0224, iii. 0.04, iv. 0.015)

5. Oil of absolute viscosity 0.101 N.s/m2 and S.G 0.850 flows through 3000 m of 300 mm cast
iron pipe at the rate of 0.0444 m3/s. What is the head loss in the pipe?
(8.04 m)
Q = Au
u = Q/ A
3
0.0444 m
u= s
 (0.3m) 2

4
u = 0.628m / s

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 ud
Re =

kg m
850 3
 0.628  0.3m
Re = m s
N .s
0.101 2
m
kg m 2 1N .s 2
Re = 1585.5  
m.s N .s 1kg .m
Re = 1585.5
la min ar
f = 64 / Re
f = 64 / 1585.5
f = 0.04
L V2
hl = f
D 2g
3000m (0.628m / s )
2
hl = 0.04  
0.3m 2  9.812
hl = 8.04m

6. A pipe 30.48 m long and 50.8 cm in diameter contains water at 93C flowing at a mass flow
rate of 317 kgs-1. The water has a density of 961 kgm-3 and a viscosity of 9.471 x 10-6 Nsm-2.
The relative roughness of the pipe is 0.00 008. Calculate the head loss for the pipe.
(0.0975 m)
m
Q=

kg 1 m3
Q = 317 
s 961 kg
Q = 0.33m 3 / s
Q = Au
u = Q/ A
3
0.33 m
u= s
 (0.508m) 2
4
u = 1.63m / s

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 ud
Re =

kg m
961 3
 1.63  0.508m
Re = m s
N .s
9.471  10 −6 2
m
2
7 kg m 1N .s 2
Re = 8.4  10  
m.s N .s 1kg .m
Re = 8.4  10 7
Use the Moody diagram for a Reynolds Number of 8.4 x 10 7 and a relative roughness of
0.00008.
f = 0.012

L V2
hl = f
D 2g
30.48m (1.63m / s )
2
hl = 0.012  
0.508m 2  9.81m / s 2
hl = 0.0975m

7. An elevated water tank shown in Figure 1 is being drained to an underground storage through
a 300 mm diameter pipe. The flow rate is 0.2 m3/s and the head loss is 3 m. If the
underground pipe is located at 1.5 m below ground level, determine the water surface
elevation in the tank.
(1.91 m)

z1
Pipe
d = 300 mm
Ground Level

Figure 1

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 Applying Bernoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2.

P1 u12 P2 u 22
+ z1 + = + z2 + + hL
g 2 g g 2g
Since points 1 and 2 are exposed to the atmosphere, P1 and P2 are equal to zero.
u1 = 0 (at the free surface on the tank).

Q 0.2m 3 / s
u2 = = = 2.83m / s
A2  (0.3m )2
4
Taking datum at the ground level:

z1 = −1.5m +
(2.83m / s )2 + 3.0m
2  9.81m / s 2
z1 = 1.91m
Therefore, the water surface elevation in the tank is 1.91 m above the ground surface.

8. A fluid of constant density = 960 kg/m3 is flowing steadily through the tube in Figure 2. The
diameters at the sections are d1 = 100 mm and d2 = 80 mm. The gauge pressure at 1 is P1 =
200 kN/m2 and the velocity here is u1 = 5 m/s. What is the gauge pressure at section 2?
Assume that there is no head loss in the system.
(182.7 x 103 N/m2)

Figure 2: A contracting expanding pipe

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2.

P1 u12 P2 u 22
+ z1 + = + z2 + + hL
g 2 g g 2g
The tube is horizontal with z1 = z2
From the continuity equation, u2 can be calculated:
A1u1 = A2 u 2
A1u1
u2 =
A2
2
d 
u 2 =  1  u1
 d2 

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 2
 0.1m 
u2 =   5.0m / s
 0.08m 
u 2 = 7.8125m / s
Pressure at section 2:

P2 P u2 u2
= 1 + 1 − 2
g g 2 g 2 g
2 2
N  m  m
200000 2  5. 0   7.8125 
 
s
−
P2 m s
=
g 960 kg  9.81 m 2  9.81 m m
2  9.81 2
3 2
m s s s
2 2
P2 N m .s 1kg .m
= 21.2368 2   + 1.2742m − 3.1109m
g m kg 1N .s 2
kg m
P2 = 19.4001m + 960 3  9.81 2
m s
2
kg 1N .s
P2 = 182.7  10 3 
m.s 2 1kg .m
P2 = 182.7  10 3 Nm − 2

9. A Pitot static tube is used to measure air velocity. If a manometer connected to the instrument
indicates a difference in pressure head between the tappings of 4 mm of water, calculate the
air velocity assuming the coefficient of the Pitot tube to be unity. Density of air = 1.2 kg/m 3.
(8.08 m/s)

u 2 = 2P / 
Where:

P = h(  man −  ) g
 kg kg  m
P = 4  10 −3 m  1000 3 − 1.2 3   9.81 2
 m m  s
P = 39.1929 kg
m.s 2

2  39.1929 kg
u =
2 m.s 2
1.2 kg
m3
u 2 = 65.3215m 2 s − 2
u = 8.08m / s

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 10. Carbon tetrachloride (S.G = 1.60) flows through a pipe. The differential gauge attached to the
Pitot static tube shows a 76 mm deflection of mercury. Assuming C = 1.00, find the velocity.
(3.34 m/s)

u 2 = 2 p / 
Where:

P = h(  man −  ) g
 kg kg  m
P = 0.076m  13600 3 − 1600 3   9.81 2
 m m  s
P = 8946.72 kg
m.s 2

2  8946.72 kg
u =
2 m.s 2
1600 kg
m3
u 2 = 11.1834m 2 s − 2
u = 3.34m / s

11. Water flows at a velocity of 1.42 m/s. A differential gauge that contains a liquid of specific
gravity 1.25 is attached to the Pitot static tube. What is the deflection of the gauge fluid?
(0.411 m)

u 2 = 2 p / 

u 2 = 2  h(  man −  ) g  / 

(1.42m / s )2 = 2  h(  man −  ) g  / 
 kg kg  m
2  h  1250 3 − 1000 3   9.81 2
 m 
2
m m s
2.0164 2 =
s kg
1000 3
m
2 3
m kg m
2.0164 2 = 4.905h 2 2 
s m s kg
m2
2.0164
h= s2
m
4.905 2
s
h = 0.411m

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 12. Find the diameter of a circular orifice to discharge 0.015 m 3/s under a head of 2.4 m using a
coefficient of discharge of 0.6.
(0.068 m)

u theoretical = 2 gh
u theoretical = 2  9.81m / s 2  2.4m
u theoretical = 6.86m / s
Qactual = Aactual u actual
Qactual = C d Aorifice u theoretical
3
0.015 m = 0.6  Aorifice  6.86m / s
s
3
0.015 m
Aorifice = s
4.116 m
s
Aorifice = 3.6443  10 −3 m 2
d 2
Aorifice =
4
3.142  d 2
3.6443  10 −3 m 2 =
4
−3
d = 4.6395  10 m
2 2

d = 0.068m

13. A sharp edged orifice 4 cm in diameter, at the base of the storage tank discharges water
under the head of 6 m as shown in in Figure 3. If Cv = 0.97 and Cc = 0.6 determine:
i. The actual velocity.
ii. Discharge in m3/s.
(i. 10.52 m/s, ii. 0.0079 m3/s)

d0 = 4 cm
h = 6m

Figure 3
i. The actual velocity

u actual = C v 2 gh
u actual = 0.97 2  9.81m / s 2  6.0m
u actual = 10.52m / s

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 ii. Discharge in m3/s

d 2
Aorifice =
4
3.142  (0.04) 2
Aorifice =
4
Aorifice = 1.2568  10 −3 m 2

Qactual = Aactual u Actual

Qactual = C c C v Aorifice u theoretical
Qactual = 0.97  0.6  1.2568  10 −3 m 2  2  9.81m / s 2  6.0m
3
Qactual = 7.9362  10 −3 m
s
3
Qactual = 0.0079 m
s

14. A venturimeter has a throat diameter of 100 mm is fitted into a pipeline which has a diameter
of 250 mm through which oil of specific gravity 0.9 is flowing. The pressure difference between
entry and throat of the venturimeter is measured by a U-tube manometer. The manometric
liquid is mercury of specific gravity 13.6 and the cross section are filled with the oil flowing in a
pipeline. If the difference of level indicated by mercury in the U-tube is 630 mm, calculate the
theoretical volume flow rate through the meter. Assume that the discharge coefficient (Cd), of
the meter is 1.00.
(0.105 m3/s)
Given
d1 = 250 mm d2 = 100 mm
S.Goil = 0.9 S.GHg = 13.6
H = 63 mm Cd = 1.00

d12
3.142  (0.25m) 2
A1 = = = 0.0491m 2
4 4
−3
A1 = 2.4108  10 m 4
2

d 22
3.142  (0.1m) 2
A2 = = = 7.855  10 −3 m 2
4 4
−6
A1 = 61.701  10 m 4
2

 
2 gh man − 1
Qactual = C d A1 A2   
A1 − A2
2 2

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  0.63m  (15.11 − 1)
m
2  9.81
Qactual = 1.00  0.0491m 2  7.855  10 −3 m 2 s2
( ) (
2.4108  10 −3 m 4 − 61.7010  10 −6 m 4 )
m2
174.4081
Qactual = 3.8568  10 − 4 m 4 s2
2.3491  10 −3 m 4
3
Qactual = 0.105 m
s

15. A venturimeter with a throat diameter of 5 cm is connected to a 10 cm pipeline diameter. When

the flow in the pipeline is 10 Liter/sec the difference in pressure on a mercury manometer is 40
cm. What is the coefficient of discharge at this flow?
(0.4958)
Given:
d1 = 10 cm d2 = 5 cm
Q = 10 Liter/sec h = 40 cm

d12 3.142  (0.1m) 2

A1 = = = 7.855  10 −3 m 2
4 4
A12 = 61.701  10 −6 m 4
d 223.142  (0.05m) 2
A2 = = = 1.96375  10 −3 m 2
4 4
−6
A1 = 3.8563  10 m 4
2

 
2 gh man − 1
Qactual = C d A1 A2   
A12 − A22

 0.4m  (13.6 − 1)
m
2  9.81
L s2
= C d  7.855  10 −3 m 2  1.96375  10 −3 m 2
10
s ( ) (
61.701  10 −6 m 4 − 3.8563  10 −6 m 4 )
m2
98.8848
L s2
10 = C d  15.4253  10 −6 m 4
s 57.8447  10 −6 m 4
L 3
10 = C d  20.1682  10 −3 m
s s
L s 1m 3
C d = 495.83  3 
s m 1000 L
C d = 0.4958

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