PUNDRA UNIVERSITY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BOGRA
Assignment on
Physics
Course Name: Physics i
Course Code: phy 111
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Syed Farhan Reza MD. Rakibul Islam
ID: 01620106030 lecturer
Department: CSE dept. of eee
Batch: 16th (PUB)
Submission Date:25.08.2020
3.A heat engine has 60% efficiency when the sink
temperature is 27°C. What is the increase in
temperature of heat source when its efficiency is 70%?
Answer:
We know,
T2
n1 =1−
T1
Here,
60 300
¿, =1− T 2=(27 +273)K
100 T1
300 60 40
¿, =1− = ¿ 300 k
T1 100 100
300 ×100 60
¿ , T1= n2 =60 %=
40 100
∴ T 1=750 K T 1=?
Again,
T2
n2 =1−
T1
Here,
70 300
¿, =1− T 2=300 K
100 T1
300 70 30 70
¿, =1− = n2 =70 %=
T1 100 100 100
300 ×100
¿ , T1= T 1=?
30
∴ T 1=1000 K
∴ The source temperature must be increase
¿ ( 1000−750 )
¿ 250 K
[Link] do you mean by mean free path. Find an
expression for it.
Answer:
Mean Free Path:
The mean free path is the distance that a molecule travels
between collisions.
The mean free path is determined by the criterion that there is
one molecule within the "collision tube" that is swept out by a
molecular trajectory.
The criterion is: λ (N/V) π r2 ≈ 1, where r is the radius of
molecule.
This gives: λ = 1 / [(N/V) π r2]
Numerical estimates
Molecular cross-sectional area: π r2 ≈ 10-19 m2
Molecular density (sea level): N/V = P/kT ≈ 3 x 1025
molecules/m3
Mean free path (sea level): &lambda ≈ 10-7m ≈ hundreds of
molecular diameters
Mean free path for air at different altitudes:
Altitude Mean Free Path
Sea Level 0.1 μm
100 km 16 cm
300 km 20 km
Typical Molecular Speed
Determine the typical molecular speed by:
½ mv2 ≈ KT → v &asymp (kT/m)½ ≈ 500 m/s.
Typical Collision Time
Determine the typical collision time by: τ = λ/v ≈ 10-10 sec.
[Link] is interference? Find out the relationship
between phase difference and path difference?
Answer:
Interference: Due to superposition of two light
waves emitted from coherence sources intensity
of light increase at some points and decreases at
other points. As a result, alternate bright and dark
state is produced on a plane the alternate
variation on a plane is called the interference of
light.
The relationship between phase difference and path
difference:
If the path difference between the two waves is λ ,
the phase difference is 2 π .
Suppose for a path difference λ the phase
difference is δ .
For a path difference λ , the phase difference ¿ 2 π .
∴ For a path difference x , the phase difference
2π
¿ x
λ
2π
Phase difference δ = λ
x
2π
¿ × p ath difference
λ
[Link] can you calculate the pressure with the help of the
kinetic theory of gases?
Answer: Let us consider a cubic container of length l filled
with an ideal gas of n molecules. Each molecule has a mass m.
The container is placed in such a way that it’s three adjacent
edges lie along x , y ∧z axes. We denote two faces normal to
the x-axis by A ∧ A (Fig-1). We want to pay our attention to a
1 2
particular molecule having a velocity ⃗v . The velocity has
three components v , v ∧v . Now x y z
^ y ^j+ v z k^ ∧v =v x + v y + v z
⃗v =v x i+v
2 2 2 2
When a molecule collides with A it rebounds with the x- 1
component of its velocity is quite reversed. The other
components remain unaltered. The change in the particle’s
momentum along x direction is
¿ Final momentum ( −m v x )−initial momentum ( m v x )
¿−2 mv x
The momentum imparted to A1 is 2 m v . The time taken by the
x
2l
molecule to make a round trip is v . The momentum x
2
mv x
imparted to A1 by the molecule per unit time is ¿
l
So, the momentum imparted to A 1 by all the molecules in
unit time is
mv 2x (1) mv 2x (2) mv2x ( n)
+ + … … …+
l l l
That is the force exerted to A1 is
m 2
F= {v + v2 +… … …+ v 2x (n) }
l x(1) x(2)
The pressure exerted on A1 is
F
P=
l2
m 2 2 2
¿ 2
{v x(1) + v x(2) +… … …+ v x (n ) }
l
2 2 2
mn v x(1 )+ v x(2 )+ … … …+ v x(n)
¿ 2 { }
l n
mn 2
¿ v [v → volume of the gas ]
v x
2 2 2 2
v =v x + v y +v z
¿ , v 2=v 2x + v 2y + v 2z
v 2x =v 2y =v2z
2 2
∴ v =3 v x
2 1 2
¿ , v x= x
3
1 mn 2
∴ P= v
3 v
Fig:1
v is the mean square speed. Its square root is a kind of
2
average speed which is most significant mean speed called
root mean square speed v . rms
∴ v rms =√ v
2 2
1 mn 2
∴ P= v … … … …(1)
3 v rms
1
¿ ρv 2rms … … … . ( 2 ) [ ρ→ density of the gas ]
3
