K.J.Somalya College of Engineering, Mumbai-400077, ‘Sub; LC.ENGINES -CLASS WORK QUESTIONS ON AIR STANDARD CYCLES AND BASICS OF 1.C.ENGINE * Compute BMEP in bar, Mean piston speed in mis and torque I'Nm for a two stroke, four eylindetC.1 engine faving following specifications bore dia 150mm, brake power 265kW at 2400 rpm, L/D ratio as 0.9sm clog identity wheather this engine is square, over square or under square engine 2. A single cinder two stroke square engine with a indicated thermal efficiency of 25%and mechanical efficiency 175% has a fuel consumption rate of 25 kg/h at the test speed. The engine develops the BMEP of 8 han the mean piston speed of ISmis. the C.V of the fuel used is 42MI/kg. Determine the cylinder dlameter sd rank radius test sped in rpm, frictional power oss, and brake specific fuel consumption ofthe engine 5. A onesiter cubic capacity four stoke four cylinder S.1 Engine has a brake thermal efficiency of 30%, and develops 4OkW indicated power at full load. The mechanical efficiency ofthis engine at half load is 5506 Assuming constant mechanical losses, calculate, Brake power and fictional power at full load, Mechanical efficiency at fll load, Indicated thermal efficiency at full load, ifthe volume decreases by 8 fold during the compression stroke calculate clearance volume 4. The air fuel ratio of the diesel engine is 29:1 and compression ratio is 16:1. The temperature at the end of compression being 900K. Find at what cylinder volume, the combustion is complete. Express this volume as a Deteentage of stroke. Assuming that the combustion begins at top dead centre and takes place at constant Pressure. Take Calorfic value of the fuel as 42 MM/kg, C, = (0.709+0.000028T) KW/ke/K. also determine the Cut-off as the percentage of stroke 5. The sirfuel ratio ofa Diesel engine is 31:1. Ifthe compression ratio is 15:1 and the temperature atthe end of compression is 1000 K, find at what percentage of stroke isthe combustion complete ifthe combustion begins 3 TDC and continuous at constant pressure, Calorfic value ofthe fuel is 40000 ki/kg, Assume the varisble specific heat, C, = a+ bT (kJ/kg-K), where a= 1 and b=0.28 x 104 6 In an oil engine, working on dual combustion eycle the temperature and pressure at the beginning of serra are 90 deg C and 1 bar, the compression ratio is 13. The heat supplied per kg of air is 1675 hI, balfof which is supplied at constant volume and half at constant pressure, Calculate maximum pressure inthe cycle. The Percentage of stroke at which cut ~ off occurs. Use data: specific heat ratio = 1-4. R= 0.287 kjkg/k, C,=0.71+20*109*T 7 The pressure and temperature of a Diesel cycle at the start are 1 bar and 20 °C respectively and the compression ratio is 14. The pressure atthe end of expansion is 2.5 bar. Find the percentage of working stroke at which heat is supplied and heat supplied per kg of air. Take C, = 1.004 ki/kg K and y —1.4, 8 An engine working on the Otto cycle, uses hexane (Cal) as fuel, The engine works on chemically correct air-fuel ratio and the compression rato is 8. Pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression are | bar and 77 °C respectively. Ifthe calorific value of the fuel is 43000 ki/kg and C, = 0.717 Kdikg K, find the ‘maximum temperature and pressure ofthe cycle. Assume the compression follows the law pv"? =e. 9. An oil engine working on the dual combustion cycle has a compression ratio of 15:1. At the end of suction the air is at 1 bar and 27 °C. During the cycle the heat energy supplied during constant volume process is 150 Kk and that at constant pressure process is 280 ki/kg. Assuming the working fluid to be air throughout, determine the pressure, volume and temperature values at the salient points, the cycle efficiency and the mean effective pressure, 10. An oil engine working on the dual combustion cycle has a compression ratio of 15:1. At the end of suction the air is at 1 bar and 27 °C. During the eycle the heat energy supplied during constant volume process is 150 ki/kg and that at constant pressure process is 280 kl/kg. Assuming the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Ped. by S.S.Bhusnoor |‘Sub: |.C.ENGINES NX KJ.Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-400077, lues a Working fluid to be air throughout, determine the Pressure, volume and temperature values at the salient points, the eycle efficiency and the mean effective pressure, 11. The following are results of the test conducted on an SI engine for one a peed ae ne cylinders =6, Power developed = 80kw; Speed = 3100rpm, Capacity of engine = 730 o« Per De aad Fuel consumed = 28 kg, c.v. of fuel =4 mi/kg, Air-fuel ratio = 13 ,Intake temperature Intake pressure = 0.88 bar. Determine volumetric efficiency, Brake thermal efficiency and Brake Torque 12, In an oil engine, working on dual combustion cycle the temperature and pressure at the beginning of i 90 deg C and 1 bar, the compression ratio is 13. The heat supplied per kg of air is supplied at constant volume and half at constant pressure, Calculate the eycle. The % of stroke at which cut — off occurs. Use data: specific heat ratio= 1.4. R= 0.287 kjkg/k C,=0.71-4 20*105* 7 square engine Tunning at 2400 rpm has a carburetor vent, 30 mm throat, ler bore is 100mm and volumetric efficiency as 75%, Take density of air as 1.15kg/m3 and ‘oeflicient of ar flow as 0.75, negleting Compressibility of air, calculate suction atthe throat itially adjusted to give Hh Mihere air temperature is 300 K and prescure vs 1 bar. Assume that the iimPeTature of air decreases with altitude given by t =t,- 0.00675, Where * hi is height in meters and t, is air Pressure decreases with altitude as per the relation, h= 19000 logy, i oT (4) ‘here p is in bar. State any assumption made, P. 5. A 1.7iter capacity, four-stroke petrol engine is to develop maximum power at 5000rpm when the volumetric CMTclency js 75% and air fuel rato is 14:1, Two carbaceenn are to be fitted and at maximum ‘locity at the venture is 100m. the coefficient of An allowance is to be made for the emulsion tub Petrol surface is 6mm below the choke. The spe it Petrol is 0.75, and atmospheric conditions are 1 bar and 300 K. calculate the choke and main Jet diameters, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Phd. by S.S. Bhusnoor IK.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-400077, sul .C.ENGINES Calculate, A/P considering the nozzle lip, Minimum velocity of the air to start th he fuel injection, Take density Of the air as 1.2 kg/m” and that of fuel as 750 kg/m? 7. The dimensions of the carburetor are as follows, venture throat diameter = 20mm with coeficient of ischarge = .85, the fuel orifice diameter= 1.25 mm, with a coefficient of fuel flow = 0.66. The fuel safe a cin below the throat, calculate Ar uel ratio for depression of 0.07bar when nozale lip is neglected, At hel fatio when nozzle lip is considered, and The critical (minimum) ar velocity to star the fuel how with none lip. Take Density of air as 1.2 kg/m? & that of fuel is 750 ke/m* 8. Capacity of engine = 1489 cc, Speed at which max. power is developed = 4200 rpm. Volumetric efficiency at the given speed is = 75%. A: F ratio = 13: 1, Theoretical air speed at choke = 85in/s,Ce= 0.82 ( For venturi), Cy= 0.65 ( For petrol jet),Sp. Gravity of fuel = 0.74, Level of petrol surface below the throat = 6 mm. Atm. pr and temp = 1.013 bar & 20°C respectively. An allonance should be made for the emulsion tube, the dia of which ean be taken as 40% of choke dia, caleulate the sizes of suitable choke and main jet. 9. 48.255 om x 8.9 em four eylinder, four stroke eycle $1 Engine is to have a aximum speed of 3000 pm and a volumetric efficiency of 80 %, If the maximum venturi depression is to be 01 bat i) what ‘must be the size of venturi. if) Determine the size of fuel orifice ifthe A/F ratio of 12: 1 is Desired. Assume the density of air as 1,2 kg/m? CLASS WORK QUESTIONS ON FUEL INJECTION IN C.LENGINE 1. A four cylinder four stroke engine develops a power of 180 Kw at 1500 rpm. The bye is 0.2 kpkW- h. At the beginning the injection pressure is 30 bar and maximum eylinder pressure is 50 bar. The injection is expected {o be at 200 bars and the maximum pressure atthe injector is set to be about 500 bar. Assuming the following, Ca for the injector = 0.7, specific gravity ofthe fuel = 0.87, effective pressure difference is equal to average Pressure difference over the injection period, atmospheric pressure = 1 bar. Determine the total orifice area Tequired per injector if the injection takes place over 15 deg Crank rotation, 2. The volume of the fuel inthe pump barrel, before the commencement ofthe effective stroke is 6 2cc, The fuel from the pump to injector is 65cm long and 2.5mm in inner diameter. The fuel in the injection valve is 2.75 ce, determine the pump displacement necessary to deliver a fuel of 0.047 ce ata pressure of 140 kg/em®, ‘take pump pressure as 1 kg/cm’. 3. A four stroke C.LEngine develops 25kW per cylinder, at 2500 rpm. The specific fuel consumption is 0.30kg/kw/h for fuel with 30 degree API. The fuel is injected at a pressure of 150 bars over a crank travel of 25 degree. The pressure in the combustion chamber is 40 bars, Coefficient of velocity is 0,875. Calculate the diameter ofthe fuel injector orifice. 4. a four cylinder 4 stroke engine develops a power of 180kw at 1500rpm, The bsfe is O.2ke/kw/h. at the beginning the injection pressure is 30bar and the maximum eylinder pressure is 50 bars. The injection is expected to be about at 200 bar, and maximum pressure a the injector is set to be about 500 bar. Assuming the following, Cd for injector = 0.7, specific gravity of the fuel =0.875, effective pressure difference average pressure difference over the injection period, atmospheric pressure = Ibar. Determine the total area required per injector, ifthe injection takes place over 15 degree crank angle 5. A single eylinder four stroke diesel engine, running at 650 rpm uses 2.2 kg /h of fue (specific gravity of fuel 35 0,875), it has a single hole nozzle and injection period of 28 degree of crank travel. I the average pressure is 150 bars, and the average air pressure is 32 bars during the injection. Calculate the fuel orifice diameter (Cy =0.88). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Ppd. by §.S. Bhusnoor 3; Sub: .C.ENGINe, K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-400077, S 6 2 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, : i ti A ‘six cylinder four stroke diesel engine, cylinder size 11.5 om x |4om, operates with a theoretical ratio of 16:1. Ifthe intake fuel ¢ air conditions are 1.03 kg/em and 24 deg C, and volumetric ee, ee Seermine the maximum amount of fuel thet ean be injected ee ea bes cfae re prea engine is 1500 rpm, injection Pressure = 125 kg/em’, compression pressure 40 kg/em’ y 185 degree of crank travel, Determine the necessary size of the orifice to inject the required quantity of the fuel. Fuel specitic weight is 0760 and orice discharge coefficient is 0.94, An 8 cylinder,4 stroke di consumption id 0.25 ke/kwwh jesel engine has a power output of 386.4kw at 800rpm. The fuel whr. The injector = 0.6; Paix = 1.013 over the injection period, ump is 7 ce. The dia of in the injector valve is 3 ce. Find, a. The effective stroke how much displacement the plunger the pump inlet pressure of 1 bar. Assume the coefficient of compressibility aging by a blower ( Assuming that atthe end induction the » at the pressure and (driven mechanically thermal efficiency, and volumetic efficiency were remains sie required to maintain the same net out put, Phd. by S.S.Bhusnoor 4K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-400077, ‘Sub: |.C.ENGINES 3. A mechanically coupled super charger is run by four stroke, four cylinder square diesel engine with a bore of 110mm. Air enters the compressor at 25 degree C and the compressor pressure ratio is 1.7. From the compressor air is passed on to a cooler, where 1250k3/min of heat is rejected. Air leaves the cooler at 67 degree C. some of the air from the compressor is bleed after the cooler to super charge the engine. The volumetric efficiency of the engine is 83% based on intake manifold pressure and temperature. Other details about the engine are, brake power is SOkW, speed is 3200 rpm and Mechanical efficiency is 87%. Determine; I. Indicated mean effective pressure of the engine Il, Air consumption rate of the engine I. Air handling capacity of the compressor in kg/minute ‘Take isentropic efficiency of the compressor to be 85% 4. A super charged four-stroke diesel engine is used to derive an air compressor. The air is taken in a compressor at 20 deg C and its discharge is passed through a water cooler. The air comes out from the cooler at 60 deg C ‘and 1.75 bar. A part of the air coming out from the cooler is used to supercharge the engine. The volumetric efficiency of the engine is 80% on the basis of inlet conditions. The engine has six cylinder with its diameter of 9cm and stroke 12cm. the engine delivers the out put torque of 150 Nm at 2000 rpm. assuming the mechanical efficiency of 80% find out the following, IMEP of the engine and Air used by the engine per minute and Amount of air compressed in kg/min 5. A diesel engine is supercharged with the help of supercharger. The air enters the turbocharger compressor at 0.95 bar and 293 K and leaves at 2 bar pressure. The temperature of the gases leaving the engine is 600 deg C and pressure is 1.80 bar. The gases leave the turbine at 1.04 bar. Assume the isentropic efficiency of the compressor and turbine of the turbocharger are 75% and 85% respectively. Determine the percentage power used by the compressor out of the power developed by the turbine, Assume the following data, Cyy= 1kI/kg- K, Cye= 1.15 klfkg —k and, specific heat ratio = 1.4 The average indicated power developed in a Cl engine is 13kw/m’ of free air induced __per minute. The engine is a liter four stroke engine running at 3500 rpm and has a volumetric efficiency of 81% referred to free air condition of 1.013bar and 15°C.It is proposed to fit a blower driven mechanically from the engine .The blower has isentropic efficiency of 72% and works through a pressure ratio of1.72.Assume that at the end of induction the cylinders contain a volume of charge equal to the swept volume at the pressure and temperature of the delivery from the blower. Calculate the increase in break power to be expected from the engine. Take all mechanical efficiencies as 78 % A diesel engine operating on 4 stroke cycle is to be designed to operate with following characteristics at sea level, where the mean conditions are 1.032 bar and 10° C, brake power = 260 KW, volumetric efficiency = 78% (at sea level free air conditions), bsfe = 0.247 kg/kW-h, speed = 1500 rpm, A/F ratio = 17:1. Calculate the required engine capacity and the anticipated brake mean effective pressure. The engine is then fitted with a supercharger so that it may be operated at an altitude of 2700 m where the atmospheric pressure is 0.72 bar. The power taken by a supercharger is 8% of the total power produced by the engine and the temperature of the air leaving the supercharger is 32°C. The air-fuel ratio and thermal efficiency remain the same for the supercharged engine as when running unsupercharged at sea level, as does the volumetric efficiency. Calculate the increase of air pressure required at the supercharger to maintain the same net output of 260 kW. Take R = 0.287 ki/kg K. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Ppd.by 8. 8.Bhuencor 5KJ.Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-400077, ‘LASS WORK QUESTIONS ON TESTING OF INTERNAL -OMBUSTION ENGINE 1. A tight cylinder four stroke engine of 90mm bore and 80mm Stroke with @ compression ratio of 7j @ tested at 4500 rpm on a dynamometer which has S4em arm length. During ir = ynamometer reading was 42 kg and engine consumed df kg of ‘akg. Air at 27 deg C and | bar was supplied to the carburetor at ¥, Brake Power and Brake Mean Effective Preseure ¥ Brake Specific Fuel and air consumption “Brake Thermal efficiency S.1Uy sou Delt. vo rey, gasoline having a calorific van the rate of 6 g/min. Bing the” a > Brake mean effective Pressure > Brake thermal efficiency > Relative efficiency to the Morse test on a four stroke four cylinder petrol engine. Cylinder 4.65 keh C.V of te fuel = 43Miikg Condition All ‘cylinder No.1 cylinder No.2 cylinder No.3 cylinder Not cylinder firing cut-off cutoff cut-off cutoff Brake 525 378 36.7 36.4 376 torque(Nm) 4 with corresponding brake loads of 110, 107, 104 and 110 N resp ectively. Calculate for this speed, Engine Torque , BMEP, Brake Thermal Efficiency, SFC, Mechani ical Efficiency, and IMEP Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Phd. by S.S.Bhusnoor ¢Se NN (~~ K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-400077, ‘Sub; I.C.ENGINES / respectively. Calculate : (1) Engine torque, (2) BMEP.(3) Brake Thermal efficiency. (4) Sp.fuel consumption. (5) Mech. Efficiency.(6) IMEP J 10. The following observations were made during the test on oil engine: .P. = 31.5 kW, fuel used = 10.5 kg/hr, CV of fuel = 43000 ki/kg, Jacket water = $40 kg/hr. Rise in temperature of cooling watei 56° C. Exhaust gases are passed through calorimeter for finding heat carried away by exhaust gases. Water circulated through calorimeter = 454 kg/hr, Rise in temperature of water in calori 6° C. Temperature of exhaust gas leaving the calorimeter = 82°C. A/F =19:1, Ambient temp for exhaust gas = Iki/kg.. Draw up heat balance sheet on minute and percentage basis. =>) 11 Willan’s line test is conducted on a constant speed diesel engine operating at 1500 rpm and developing 50 kW power output at full load. The willan’s line may be considered as a straight line upto 60% load, with the slope of the line being 8° (eight degrees). The fuel consumption for this engine is 2.46 kg/hr at 10% load. Calorific value of fuel used is 42 MJ/kg. Calculate (i) Frictional power (ii) Fuel consumption in kg/h at 60% load. (iii) Brake thermal efficiency at 60% load. (iv) Mechanical efficiency at 40% load (v) Brake torque at 40% load. <2. oe ey, 12, A full load test on two stroke engine yielded the following results, Speed =S00rpm , brake load = 55kg, IMEP= 50 bar, fuel consumption = 5.8kg/hr; rise of jacket water temperature = 38 degree C, jockest water flow rate = 440kg/hr., air fuel ratio by mass= 30, temperature ofthe exhaust gas = 350 degree C, temperature for the test room 17 degree C, barometric pressure 76cm of Hg, cylinder diameter =22cm , stroke -=25em; brake diameter 1.2m, calorific value of the fuel is 43MJ/Kg_proportion of hydrogen by mass in the fuel = 18%, Mean specific heat of dry exhaust gas and steam are I and 2 ki/kg K respectively. Assume enthalpy of superheated steam to be 3180ki/kg. Determine the following; i, Indicated thermal efficiency ji, Specific fuel consumption Draw the heat balance for the test on percentage basis indicating content of each item in the balance CLASS WORK QUESTIONS ON FUELS AND COMBUSTION 1. A liquid fuel C;Hye is burned with 10% more air than the Stoichiometric air. assuming complete combustion , calculate, Mass of air supplied per kg of fuel , Volumetric analysis of the dry product of combustion 2. An internal combustion engine is supplied with a mixture of octane Vapour (CyFis) and air. Under steady running conditions the dry exhaust gas analysis shows 13% carbon dioxide. Assuming combustion to be complete, determine the ratio by volume of fuel to air supplied, and express this as a percentage of the chemically correct ratio, 3. The mass analysis of the petrol used in an engine was 84% C and 16% Hs. The dry exhaust gas analysis showed that the percentage by volume of carbon dioxide was six times that of oxygen, and that no cares monoxide was present. Calculate (a) the A/F ratio by mass, and (b) the percentage excess air supplied Oxygen by volume is 20.9 percent in air. 4. A mixture of hexane Celie and air is supplied to an internal combustion engine. Determine the theoretical mass of air required for complete combustion and estimate the composition of the products of combustion by Yolume if the mixture is 25% rich. Take air to contain 23.1% oxygen by mass. Assume hydrogen. completely burnt. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Ppd. by S.S.Bhusnoor 7K,J-Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-400077, Sub: I.C.ENGINES The percentage analysis of gaseous fuel by volume is Biven as follows, CO; 8%, CO = 22%, O;= 4%, Hy = 30 % and Na= 36%. Determine the minimum volume of as fequired forthe complete combustion of | m3 of sapolcg tte Peteentge composition by volume of the dry products of combustion, If 1.4 m? of air is Supplied per m’ of gas, ‘hat willbe the percentage by volume of COs inthe dry product of combustion? 6 Petrol (85% carbon, & 15% H,, combustion, Assume that all exhaust. Find the mass of ea by mass) is bumed (A/F=14) which is insufficient for complete the hydrogen is burned, no carbon is deposited and there is no free oxygen in the ch of the gases inthe exhaust per kg of fuel 7. A producer gas has the followii ¥ Hy= 10, CO=20, CH, m gas, Y Tf 20% excess Assume air contai ing percentage analysis by volume ~2.COs=6, Ns = 62, calculate Stoichiometric sir for complete combustion of 1 is supplied calculate the % composition by volume of the product of combustion, ' 21% oxygen by volume. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Phd. by S.S.Bhusnoor =)