GREEN CHEMISTRY:-

A BOON FOR PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

1. Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh
2. Assistant Professor, S. Lal Singh Memorial College Of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University,
Mandi Gobindgarh
3. Assistant Professor, S. Lal Singh Memorial College Of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University,
Mandi Gobindgarh

ABSTRACT:

The discovery of different organic substances like fertilizers, herbicides, drugs and antibiotics of
synthetic origin has improved the quality of life of human beings, but at the same time they
release some toxic chemicals by products in air, land, water and agriculture leading to cause
pollution in environment. Therefore 19th century is marked as the beginning of green chemistry.
Organic as well as pharmaceutical industries are attracted towards Green Chemistry and also
followed it. So, green chemistry also known as environmentally benign chemistry and
sustainable chemistry. Green chemistry is defined as “The set of principles for the invention,
design, development and implementation of chemical materials and processes that decreases use
and formation of harmful products”. In the year 1998, principle of Green Chemistry was to
reduce the waste, to lower energy consumption, use of renewable materials, and produce
biodegradable substances. It is a simple or direct process to synthesize drug molecules, drug
intermediates, by using small amount of raw material and energy without producing hazardous
substances which is dangerous for human beings and animals. Green Chemistry is eco-friendly,
non-hazardous, reproducible, non-polluting. The Green chemistry covers the disasters that can
be due to chemicals such as physical hazards (being explosive or flammable), toxic hazards
(being carcinogenic), global hazards (climate change or stratospheric ozone depletion). The
green chemistry’s principles can be grouped into “Reducing Risk” and “Minimizing the
Environmental Footprint”. The article of Green Chemistry summarized implementation of green
chemistry principles in day-to-day life, in chemical reactions, in economy, in pharmacy and also
in analytical chemistry, formation of novel drug molecules with suitable examples.
KEYWORDS: Green Chemistry, Green Chemistry principle, Biodegradable, Hazardous,
Environment, Novel drug molecules.

INTRODUCTION

Green chemistry is defined as a branch of science which deals with a set of principles for the
invention, design, development and implementation of chemical materials and processes that

decreases use and formation of hazardous substances (4). It is protecting human health and
environment and it represents asignificant departure from the traditional methods previously
used. Prior to greenchemistry the main motive was to reduce use to chemicals. The Green
chemistry emphasizes on the design and formation of chemicals that are not hazardous to

peopleas well as environment(7). The green chemistry is used on a large scale in manufacture of
industrial goods, such as paints, dyes, fertilizers, pesticides, plastics, medicines, electronics , dry

cleaning, energy generation , water purification etc(13).

The chemical structure of molecules confirm their properties, which can be altered by changing
the structure of the molecules(4).
The Green chemistry covers the various disasters that can be due to chemicals like physical
hazards (being explosive or flammable), toxic hazards (being carcinogenic,), global hazards
(climate change or stratospheric ozone depletion) (17)
. Therefore under green chemistry the
various substances can be synthesized in a non hazardous way. It is very difficult for industries
and research to develop non hazardous products under green chemistry(15). In case of India many
national and international programs have been organized for promotions green chemistry and
collecting views of different researchers about this particular field. It uses renewable catalyst and
non stochiometric reagents to prevent environmental hazards and is economical. Green
Chemistry is also considered as(6).
The Environmentally Benign Chemistry
The clean Chemistry
The Atom Economy
The Benign-by-design chemistry

ORIGIN OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

The term green chemistry was coined by Anastas an organic chemist in 1990s at US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program (1,2).
It is defined in the Linthorst article as having three major time periods of development. Before
1993, the early origins of pollution control and hazard awareness of pollution. was observed. In
this time period, EPA with strict command and control with end of the pipeline technology

guided to prevent pollution before it happened with early risk early on in the process (49).
The EPA enhances substantial development and technologies in chemistry to be known as green,

each reaction should have three components i.e. solvent, reagent, energy consumptions (6). In
1990s, the books & journals on green chemistry like Journal of Clean Processes and Products by

Springer-Verlag and Green Chemistry by the Royal Society of Chemistry were published (7).
Thereafter, other journals, like as Environmental Science and Technology and the Journal of
Chemical Education, also devoted sections to green chemistry (Wardencki, Curyo and

Namieoenik, in 2005) (34).

Next time period between, 1993 and 1998, a chemical philosophy evolved. It is a combination of
several chemical data that can be used in the design of chemical processes promoting

environmental as well as economic goals by way of avoiding pollution(6).

THE POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT (1990)

The main focus is the prevention of pollution. The Environmental Protection Agency ,(EPA) in

1990(6) appoint two prominent and early advocate so green chemistry were Kenneth Hancock of

the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF)(19) and The Joe Breen, who after 20 years of service
at the EPA, became the first director of the Green Chemistry Institute(GCI) during the late

1990s(32).

TWELVE PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

The Paul Anastas, US EPA and John C. Warner developed 12

principles of green chemistry(3).
The green chemistry’s principles can be grouped in to “Reducing Risk” and “Minimizing the
Environmental Footprint ”These principles are covering such concepts such as (16,17):

The design of processes to cover the amount of raw material that ends up in the product. The
utilization of safe, environment-benign substances like solvents, whenever possible. The design
of energy efficient processes. The best form of waste disposal: not to create it in the first place.

Principles of Green Chemistry are:-

Prevention: It prevents the formation of waste than to treat or clean the waste after it has been
created.

Atom Economy: The synthetic methods should be designed to increase incorporation of all
materials used in the process in to the end product.

Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis: Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be

designed to use and manufacturing substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health as
well as the environment.

Designing Safer Chemicals: The Chemical substances should be designed to affect their
required function while reducing their toxicity.

Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries: The utilization of auxiliarysubstances (e.g., solvents, separation
agents, etc.) should be made when ever possible and innocuous when used.

Design for Energy Efficiency: The energy requirements of chemical processes should be
recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be reduced. If possible
synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient Temperature and pressure.

Use of Renewable Feed stocks: A raw substance or feedstock should be renewable rather than
depleting whenever technically and economically practicable.

Reduce Derivatives: The Unwanted derivatives (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection,
temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if
possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.

Catalysis: The Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric
reagents . Examples: synthetic reagents, organic metals & building blocks.

Design for Degradation: The chemical substances should be designed so that at the end of their
function they break down into innocuous degradation substances and do not persist in the
environment.

Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention: The Analytical methodologies need to be further
developed to allow for real- time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of
hazardous substances.

Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention: The substances and the form of a
substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to decrease the potential for chemical
accidents, including releases, explosions, and fire.

Discovering photochemical reactions

The Ciamician reported in Paris on the work in photochemistry in Paris. He said that the
absorption of light was what allowed plants to synthesize chemicals in the cells under much

milder conditions than chemists could in a flask (11).As we know,it is not exactly like [Link]
Plants use solar energy to save NADPH and ATP and these are used in the (thermal) synthesis of

chemicals (18).
He had a feeling of the complexity of the topic and in the last year of his work hedevoted
pioneering studies to a better understanding of the chemistry occurring in cells, in particular the

role of glycosidation and how this affects the metabolism ofchemicals in plants(19).
He along with Paul Silber, set out to examine which chemical reactions are facilitated by, or
require ,solar light and ,then he declared,‘these studies aimedf irst of all torationalize organic

chemistry inplants(13,18). But He could not achieve this goal, nor was there any indication of

which classes of chemicals may be significantly photo reactive (19). Therefore, an intensive and
patient work based on the systematic exposition of all the chemicals he could get hold of to solar
light, resulted in the discovery of arrange of interesting photochemical [Link] occurred
,he had hoped, under unparalleled mild conditions in what can be considered the first
deliberate ,and highly successful, effort to establish‘green’procedures for chemical synthesis (15) .

A big part of the key photochemical reaction now known was indeed present in 1908 talk. In
following paragraphs, his classification will be followed and it will be attempted to relate his
research with the present-day significance of such processes for green synthesis of possible
structures (9).

COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY
In the modern form, combinatorial chemistry has probably had its largest impact in the
pharmaceutical industry. The researchers optimize the activity profile of a compound create a
‘library’ of many different but same compounds (22).
Combinatorial synthesis (35). Thisis the one of the important new methodologies developed by
the academics and researchers in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical and biotechnology industries
to reduce the costs associated with producing effective, marketable and competitive new drugs.
Scientists use combinatorial chemistry to create large quantity of molecules(28).

APPLICATIONS OF GREENCHEMISTRY
A number of compounds are synthesized by using various green solvents by green procedures.

Some of the green solvents and other reagents used are as follows (26):
Green solvents:- The Green solvents are environmentally friendly solvents ,or bio solvents,
these are obtained from the processing of agricultural crops. The utilization of petrochemical
solvents is the key to the majority of chemical processes but not without severe implications on

the environment(60).For e x a m p l e ; e t h y l l a c t a t e s .

Super critical Fluids : A compound that exists above its critical pressure (Pc) and above its
critical temperature (Tc) is known as supercritical fluid or SCF.
Water: It is a good solvent for the organic reactions. It is also known as green or universal
solvent as it is non-toxic,easily available ,and has a high specific heat capacity.
Ionic liquids It is a molten salt in liquid state or also can say that as a salts whose M.P. is low
some arbitrary T like 100C is called ionic liquid (IL). It has poorly coordinated ions which at
least one ion has a delocalized charge and one component is organic, which prevents the
formation of a stable crystal lattice.
Fluorous biphasic solvent It means fully fluorinated hydrocarbon solvents that are immiscible
with organic solvents at ambient conditions. The Reactant & catalyst should be dissolving in the
Fluorous phaseunder conditions. The substance would readily separate into

adistinctphaseatambient conditions (56).

PEG(Polyethylene Glycol) It is a type of green and inexpensive solvent used in chemical
synthesis. The PEG has very low toxicity as compared to other organic solvents. So it gives pure
yield.

Ester Solvents: Specialty Solvents ,Fusible Solids,Supercritical Gases–e.g.SCCO2

Ester:Isopropyl laureate,Rapeseed methyl esters (biodiesel), Oleic acid propylene glycol mono
esters, TOFA ethylene glycol monoesters ,Butyl epoxy stearates, Glycerol triacetate ,
Dibasicesters.
Specialty Solvents:Glycerol carbamates,Capryl dimethylamide, Dioctyl ether ,Dimerdiol
carbonate,Ethyllactate, 2-thylhexyl lactate (44). Fusible Solids:Hydrogenated castoroil,Stearyl
stearate,Tricapryl methyl ammonium chloride, 1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium methyl sulphate,

1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium octylsulphate(Knochel,1999)(27).

Synthesis and comparison of compounds (conventional and green chemistry methods)

The acetylationof PrimaryAmine (formation ofacetanilide)
Non-green Components: The use of chlorinated solvent likeCH2Cl2 Pyridine is also not eco -
friendly, Acetic anhydride leavesonemoleculeofaceticacidunused(notatom-economic)(20).
GreenchemistryProcedure:

Green Context: Nouse of acetic anhydrous. (Banned in some states, due to its utility in narcotic
business), reduced the waste by-products, Avoids hazardous solvent methods (Hatahaway,1987)
(23).

Halogen Addition to C=C Bond (Bromination of trans- stilbene)

Conventional procedure:

Non-green Component: It Use the liq. Bromine and Chlorinated solvents.

Green Synthesis of Bromostilbene:
Green Context: In synthesis of bromo stilbene liquid bromine is avoided. Water is by product
in HBr- H2O2 method and in NaBrO3 method sodium acetate is produced with water(Mckenzie,

etal.,2005)(29).

[4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction (Diels-Alder reaction between furan and maleic acid:

Conventional Procedure:

Non-green Component: The Use of C6H6 is one of the most toxic solvents.

Green Synthesis:

Green Context: Avoid use of benzene in the synthesis and use an aqueous medium at room
temperature. (Rideout et al., 1980) (34).
Rearrangement Reaction ( Benzilic acid rearrangement)
Conventional Procedure

Green procedure:

Green Context: This is Solvent-free procedure, Atom efficient (Tanakaetal., 2000)(41)

Coenzyme Catalysed Benzoin Condensation (Thiamine hydrochloride catalyzed synthesis

of benzoin)

Conventional Procedure

Non green component: The NaCN are poisonous.

Green Synthesis of Benzoin:

Green Context: The cyanide ion is replaced by thiamine HCl at a lower temperature

(Lampmann1982) (27).

Electrophillic Aromatic Substitution Reaction (Brominationofacetanilide)

Conventional Procedure

Non-green Component: Liq. Bris used for synthesis of Bromoacetanilide

Green Synthesis of P-Bromoacetanilide:

Green Context: The bromine replaced by a novel brominating agent. The Bromination process
is carried out in aquous medium. The Use of acetic acid and chlorinated solvent are avoided.

(Schatzetal.,1996) (37).
Adipic acid
Conventional Procedure

Green synthesis of Adipic Acid

Green Context: Uses of nitric acid are avoided.

Atom economy: Waste by-products are reduced, better yield of products. Use of hydrogen
peroxide oxidizing agent in place of KMnO or HNO Phase transfer catalysis (Reed etal., 2000)
(33).

THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF GREEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING IN

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL SUBSTANCES

Mostly, the major environmental problems are caused by industrial chemical products and
machinery and their assessment at all stages, from raw material acquisition, to manufacture and
disposal need to be evaluated and quantified. Then scientists established the scientific method
called Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and it also known as life-cycleeco-balance. This technique is
used to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life, from-
cradle-to-grave (i.e., from raw material extraction, manufacture, distribution, use, repair, disposal
or recycling) (Baumgartner and Rubik, 1993 (9); Athanasios et al., 2012)(8).
The process of life cycle analysis of substances:
The LCA of a product is a systematic process which takes into account all the stapes in the
making of a product. The LCA starts from the raw materials, the step by step industrial
processes, the useful life as a consumer product and its final stages through maintenance,
recycling or disposal. It consists of four components: goal definition and scoping, inventory
analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation of the results.

Goals & Scope-

It include explanation of the the product, process or activity. Establishment the context in which
the assessment is to be made and identification the boundaries and environmental effects to be
reviewed for the assessment. Determination of boundaries of the analysis i.e to be done.

Inventory Analysis
It incorporates the Identication and quantication of energy, water and materials usage and
environmental releases. Simulation techniques and programming for environmental results
through computer programming is an important part of the analysis.

Impact Assessment
It incorporates the potential of human and ecological effects of energy, water, and material use
and the environmental releases identified in the inventory analysis.

Interpretation
Determination of the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment and select the
preferred product, process or service with a clear understanding of the uncertainty and the
assumptions used to generate the results (Curran, 1993) (16)

Benefits of Green Chemistry

It provides low waste formation in addition to offering appropriate solutions in the field of
economy and energy. It also decreases the risk of accidents. It is a new research to ensure
preservation of human health and environment and also world will play a major role in the
prevention of pollution and applications. There are many benefits of green chemistry. The
main advantages, human health, environment and economy may be described as subtitles,

respectively (25).
Objective and Applications of green chemistry
The main objectives of Green Chemistry are listed below:
Green chemistry enables creativity and the advancement of novel research.
It also promotes utilization & replacement of organic solvents with water (61).

Different applications of Green Chemistry are enlisted below:-

In day – to - day life

The Turbid Water Clearance: Tamarind seed kernel powder and Al salt, is used for municipal
and industrial waste water clearance (62).
The Solar Water Heater: Their installations reduce the energy costs at lower initial expense.

Rainwater Harvesting System: It invovlves storing rain water in a barrel or cistern for later.
Non potable use (like watering plants, flushing toilets, and irrigation) and is inexpensive.

Contruction of Building with Green Technology: It reduced the environmental problems.

Reclaimed materials, passive solar design, natural ventilation and green roofing technology are
frequently used during construction . Green technology not only benefit the environment, but
also produce economically attractive Buildings. It also reduces construction and operation cost
of the building (63).

The Green Dry Cleaning of Clothes: The Per chloro ethylene (PERC) and micelle technology
(CO2 and surfactants) are used for dry cleaning.(67)
Manufacturing of Adipic Acid: The Benzene and glucose is used for the synthesis of Adipic
acid by the action of bacterial enzymes (64).
Manufacturing of biodiesel: It is eco-friendly. It synthesized oil from cultivated plants oil like
soya beans. The plant oils embedded fat by removing glycerine.

In organic chemical reactions:-

Green chemical reactions :-

The Production of aromatic amines: Formation of halide free aromatic amines by treating
chlorine with nitrogen. In this reaction nitrobenzene is heated with aniline in the presence of tetra
methyl ammonium hydroxides to form tetra methyl ammonium salt.
The Homogeneous catalysis and atom economic systems: It decreases the formation of useless
by products of atoms . (65).

Reaction conditions for green solvents:

It makes solvents immobile. The solvents having high quantity, large applications. It produces
poor impact on human health and greater impact on environment [66].

Manufacturing drugs: Production of oligonucleotide: Artificial oligonucleotide production by

use of HL-30™, (a polystyrene bead) at a dose of 90 mmol/g.

In pharmacy
The Pharmaceutical companies improved environmental safety by Using these techniques (67). It
engaged development of novel drug deliverance methods such as:

Phosphoramidite: The concepts of green chemistry By discarding the usage and formation of
toxic or hazardous Substance & recycling the important substance such as protecting groups,

amidites and solid support, so increase cost efficiency& atom ewconomy(65).

Anastas:
It explain the manufacturing of Naproxen with chiral Metal catalyst 2, 2’-bis [diphe-
nylphosphino]-1, 1’- Binaphthyl legend results in fine quantity of product (68).

Formation of atorvastatin intermediates:

In 1st step, Ethyl-4-chloro-3- oxo butanoate undergo Biocatalytic reduction with keto-reductase
and glucose
combination for formation of useful material which is essential for activity of enzyme forming a
product ([S]ethyl-4-chloro-3- hydroxybutyrate) with high yield.
In 2nd step, to increase the substitution of chloro with Cyano group halo hydride halogens are
added. Neutral pH and atm. T (69).
Amines production: Pharmaceutical companies manufacture amines in a two step reaction at
high cost which results in formation of big amount of by-products as a
waste material (70). The amine formation occurs in single step with little or no production of by-

products (71).
microwave: It is the science of applying microwave irradiation reactions. It acts as high
frequency electric fields which generally heat anything with mobile electric charge. Polar
solvents are heated as components molecules are forced to rotate with the field and lose energy
in collisions. The semiconducting are conducting samples heat when ions or electrons within
them form an electric current and energy is lost due to electrical resistance of material. This
method Aspirin synthesis follows the use of catalysts (H2SO4, MgBr3, OEt2, AlCl3, CaCO3,
NaOAc, Et3N) and solvent free research (72).
Manufacturing of polymers: Polymers are a large molecule that contains many monomers
known as repeating units. They are used as plastics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, adhesives, foams
(73).

.
Analytical chemistry

Ashing formation: The ashing of petroleum and fuels, plastics, pharmacy and food industries is
done by microwave heating. The muffle furnace is used for ashing in industries laboratories (74).

Digestion: It is a process where samples are Broken down into their basic component for
chemical analysis. These systems are used for sample degradation and preparation. In
microwave-absorbing reagents occurs inside a pressurized, microwave transparent container. So,
it reduced speed of digestion and rapid heating results in rapid increase the rate of digestion.

Moisture measurement: It reducing testing time in food and beverages, chemicals,

environmental, organic and Pharmaceutical industries.

Drug designing by computer: This is able to predict affinity before a compound is synthesized.
In this theory only one compound needs to be synthesized, saving time and cost. It decreases
other compounds and intermediates. It have accelerated discovery by reducing the number of
iterations required and have often provided novel structures (75,76).

Green chemistry advancement

It has major contributions in manufacturing of quality of life, human welfare, and sustainable
development. For example

Quinapril: It is an ACE inhibitor and used in Hypertension and Cardiac Heart Failure. CH3Cl
used is a violent hydroxy-benzotriazole, dicyclo hexylcarbodiimide [DCC] used as sensitizer,
sufficient amount of toluene volumes is used for Separating acetic acid from the mixture by the
process called solvent exchange method. Manufacturing of toxic material has been reduced and
less chemicals and greener solvents have been used (77).
Celecoxib: Celecoxib used as Anti inflammatory agents. It increases in the yield from 63 - 84%
when waste product formed is 35% and hydrazine is less used. Cooling the product at 208 0C in
place of 58 0C. The use of undesirable and unwanted solvents like CH2Cl2 and hexane,and
decrease the need for 5200 metric tons of solvent annually when combined with other changes
(77).
Sildenafil citrate: Sildenafil citrate first drug used for oral treatment for erectile dysfunction.
The first developed atPfizer’s UK laboratories which includes a straight 11Steps for synthesis,
and gave a 4.2% total production From 2-pentanone. The chemistry process increases yield of
product. This improved production, decreased the wastage of green solvents like ethyl acetate,
water and t-butanol. The development process ethyl acetate used over 3 steps
A] Addition of hydrogen,
b] Activation by acid,
c] Acylation (77,78-80).
Amino acid derivatives for hepatic protection:
The synthesis of different AA having then [2, 3-d] Pyrimidine group was occur through green
chemistry by in Hypertension and Cardiac Heart Failure. CH3Cl used is a violent hydroxy-
corpora ting water (as a solvent) to produce 2a-f, which further acidified to get the targeted
compound 3-9.

The synthesis of a tricyclic imid- azothieno pyrimidine by microanalysis, FT-IR, Mass and
13C1HNMR spectroscopy. The oxidative stress was occur using γ-Irradiation. By increasing
activity of different biochemical parameters in blood and changing the hematopoietic system,
newly synthesized derivatives showed protective effects against injuries produced by γ-
irradiation. So, an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanism of compounds is due to the
down- regulation of NF-κB protein expression in hepatic tissues. So Therefore, NF-κB regulate
IL-6 levels and TNF-α, CYP2E1 gene expression and COX-2 effects (81).

Metal organic: It cause the adsorptive elimination & Partition of chemicals. The adsorption and
removal of Various nitrogen containing compounds, olefins, Sulphur Compounds and π-
electron-rich gases via π-complex Formation between an adsorbent and adsorb ate molecules Is

very competitive (82).

Replacement with Coral skeletons Of Human Backbone:

The Coral skeletons replacement of human bone in Non load bearing excavated skeletal
locations. The
Combination, interconnected pores and channels. The Coral skeletal systems are reformed into
new calcified structures and synthetic Corals are reformed by biomimetic processes. The Coral
Modification and synthetic coral formation by aquaculture(83).

Synthesis of carotenoids from natural sources:

The manufacturing of Atisane-type diterpenoids are widely obtained from the plant kingdom.
The principle constituent of tetracycline C20 and had numerous degrees of structural complexity
and pharmacological [Link] is a tactic method for synthesize a large amount of Atisane-type
diterpenoids by an intermediate structural inter conversion. They are also very helpful in
formation of carotenoids (84).

8. Removal of Carotenoids from Microalgae and Seaweeds: In pharmaceutical industries

from an algal source production of carotenoids occurs in big scale. The Marine microalgae and
seaweeds are the source of several biologically active substances. These are the source of various
natural carotenoids such as β-carotene, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, astaxanthin and
fucoxanthin (85).

9. The replacement of phosgene and methyl chloride by Biphenyl carbonate in the formation of
polycarbonate.

10. The acetaldehyde is done by Wacker oxidation of ethylene with O2 in the presence of
suitable catalyst.
11. Avoid the conventional methylation reaction for remove hazard by di methyl carbonate.

12. Metal catalysis is used in medicinal chemistry and in pharmaceutical chemistry(86).

13. The Pladinium catalysts enable the coupling of important and Challenging substrates that is
heterocyclic and sterically encumbered substrates.

14. The chemical reaction between napthyl sulfamate and Phenyl boronic acid in the presence of
potassium phosphate With 5% mol catalyst give a quantitative yield (87).

[Link] use of green solvents for green synthesis: water, liquid Polymers, ionic liquids, bio
ethanol, supercritical fluids and ethyl acetate etc.

Economy and Business of a country:

To Improved outcome of reactions, using the less feedstock to gain the identical amount of
product less synthetic ideas , often enabling fast manufacturing, improving plant capacity, and
saving energy and water.
Reduced amount of waste, eliminating costs of correction, dangerous waste removal, and end-
of-the-pipe treatments.
Decrease use of petroleum products, slow their requirements and reduced their risks and cost
fluctuations.
It Reduced process of production in industries.
Better sales by gaining and showing a safer-product label (e.g., safer Choice labeling).
Enhance competition of chemical producers and their customers.

CONCLUSION
According to today’s situations, mainconcepts like some endangered resources, wastes
thatpollute the environment, waste reduction methods, use of renewable energy sources and life
cycle analysis has become increasingly important.
Green Chemistry are reduced the cost of product and formation of hazardous materials. It
enhances pharmaceutical industry and drug companies towards environmental as well as
economy benefits by its principles. It involved with biology, medicines etc. It addresses such
challenges by research of novel process with maximum products and minimum hazardous
products. It simplifies chemical reaction. The green chemistry can be used for a sustainable
future in the globalized world. It provides resolutions to problems that human being is facing
today such as climate changes, sustainable farming, and energy require, toxics, consuming of
natural sources. For example: designing new chemicals and processes that production and use of
dangerous matters. It provides a singular forum of innovative research on the event of other
green and sustainable technologies. The Green Chemistry is a science that aims to enhance the
development of chemical process and substances to save the environment. It provides economic
benefits to be obtained by performing the reaction of the new reality will decrease production
costs and saving energy at lower temperatures for the actual design highly efficient reactions.
The green chemistry is a new approach to ensure preservation of
human health and the environment; the world will play an active role in the prevention of
pollution in our country and is actively used in various applications.

References
Anastas PT, Warner JC, 1998. Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice. First Edition, Oxford
University Press: Oxford, UK. 148 p.
Anastas PT, Lankey RT, 2000. Life cycle assessment and green chemistry: the yin and yang of
industrial ecology. Green Chem. 2:289-295.
Anastas PT, Kirchhoff MM, Williamson TC, 2001. Catalysis as a foundational pillar of green
chemistry. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 221: 3–13. Ahluwalia VK., Kidwai M. New Trends in Green
Chemistry. Springer. 2004, 44 (6), 128-141.
Anastas PT, Bartlett LB, Kirchhoff MM, Williamson TC. The role of catalysis in the design,
development, and implementation of green chemistry. Catalysis today. 2000, 55 (1), 11-22.
Anastas PT, Warner JC. (1998). Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice,OxfordUniversityPress:
New York.1998,30.
Anonyms. Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 1997 Greener Synthetic Pathways Award,
United States EPA . 2009. 08-18.
Anonyms. Green Chemistry. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2011, 2006-06-28.
Athanasios V and Thomais V. Green Chemistry and Green Engineering. Publisher: Synchrona
Themata Non-Profit Publishing House Athens-Greece. 2012.
Baumgartner T, Rubik F. Evaluation techniques for eco- balances and life cycle assessment.
European Environment. 1993, 318 -322.
Bruggink A., Straathhof AJ, vander LA. Fine chemical industry for life science products: green
solutions to chemical challenges. Review, Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnolgy.
2003, 80, 69-113
Cann MC and Umile TP. Real-World Cases in Green Chemistry, Volume 2, American Chemical
Society, Washington, D.C. 2008.
Cavani F, Centi G, Parathoner S, Trifino F. (Eds). Sustainable Industrial Chemistry, Wiley -
VCH, Chichester, West Sussex, UK., 2009.
Clark JH. Green Chemistry: challenges andopportunities. Green Chemistry. 1998,(1), 1-8.
Clark JH. Greener chemical manufacturing. RSC Environmental ChemicalBulletin.2008,45(3),
12–15.
Cue BW and Zhang Ji. Green Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Green
Chemistry Letters and Reviews. 2009, 2(4), 193-211.
Curran MA. Broad-based environmental Life Cycle Assessment. Environmental Science
Technology. 1993, 27, 430-436.
Dalia J. Green engineering and green chemistry, Dalia, J. (Presenter), BUP Teachers Conference
on Environmental Management, Cleaner production book. 2008.
Draths KM, Frost JW. The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program. Summer
of 1998 Award’, EPA 744-R-98-001, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office
ofPollutionPreventionand Toxics,Washington,D.C.1998.
Sussex, UK, (Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, New York). 2010.
Gary OS. Green Chemistry in the OrganicLaboratory: A Beginning. MN 55057. 2005.
Gladysz JA. Recoverable catalysts. Ultimategoals, criteria of evaluation, and the green chemistry
interface. Pure Applied Chemistry. 2001, 73 (8), 1319–1324.
Gron [Link] Chemistry: Diels-Alder Reactions in High Temperature Water, 52nd Annual
Reports on Research. 2007, B4,41464.
Hathaway A. An Aldol condensation reaction using a numberofaldehydes. Journalof
ChemicalEducation.1987, 64, 36Kidwai M. Green chemistry in India. Pure Applied Chemistry.
2001, 73 (8), 1261–1263.
Kjonaas R A, Williams PE, Counce DA, Crawley LR. Synthesis of Ibuprofen in the Introductory
Organic Laboratory. Journal of Chemical Education. 2011, 88 (6), 825–828.
Knochel P, (Ed). Modern Solvents in Organic Synthesis. Springer. Berlin. 1999.
Lampman PDL, Chriz GM. Introduction to organic lab technique; College Publishing,New York,
1982,experiment no 40. 1982.
Mazza G and Cottrell T. Carotenoids and cyanogenic glucosides in Saskatoon berries
(Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2008, 21(3), 249-254.
McKenzie LC, Huffman LM and Hutchison JE. Evolution of green chemistry experiment. Journal of
Chemical Education.2005, 82, 306.
O’Bryan CA, et al. Orange essential oils antimicrobial activities against Salmonella spp. Journal of
Food Science. 2008, 73(6),264-267.
Paul TA and Mary MK. Origins, Current Status, and Future Challenges of Green Chemistry,
Accounts of Chemical Research. 2002, 35, 686-694.
Pietro T, Paul A, David CB, Joseph B, et al. Synthetic pathways and processes in green chemistry.
Introductory overview. Pure and Applied Chemistry.2000, 72, 1207- 1228.
Rainer Hofer, Joaquim Bigorra. Green chemistry-a sustainable solution for industrial specialties
applications. Green Chemistry. 2007, 9(3), 203-212. Reed SM and Hutchison JE. Green and
Sustainable Chemistry,—Chemistry of Sustainability. Journal of Chemical Education. 2000, 77,
1627.
Rideout DC and Breslow R. Streamlining free radical green chemistry. Journal of American Chemical
Society. 1980, 102, 7816.
RomanoJS,[Link]: Encapsulation of heavy metals. Journal of
Hazardous Materials. 2008, 154 (1-3), 1075-1080.
Ryan MA and Tinnesand M, (eds.). Introductionto Green Chemistry, Washington, DC: American
Chemical Society. 2002.
Schatz PF. Green chemistry experiments. Journal of Chemical Education. 1996, 173, 267. 29.
Singh SG, Sheela MA, Khatri S, Singla RK.. A Focus & Review on the Advancement of Green Chemistry.
Indo Global Journalof Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012,2 (4), 397- 408.
Slater CS, Savefski M. A method to characterize the greeness of solvents used in the
pharmaceutical manufacturing. Environmental Sciences Heath. 2007, 42, 1595-1605.
Stephen K, Washington R. (2001). Green Chemistry. ChemicalandEngineering
News.2001,79(29),27-34.
Tanaka, K. and Toda, F. Crystal engineering of P’ceutical co-crystals. Chemistry Review. 100, 1045.
Tucker J.L. Green Chemistry, a Pharmaceutical Perspective. Organic Process Research Development.
2006,10(2),315- 319.
TundoP,PerosaA,ZachiniF,(Eds). MethodsandReagents for Green Cemistry: An Introduction.
(Lectures of the Summer School of Green chemistry), Wiley-VCH, West Sussex. 2007.
Van Aken K, Strekowski L, Patiny L. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2006, 2, 3.
Wardencki W, Cury OJ, Namieœnik J. Green Chemistry — Current and Future Issues. Polish
Journalof Environmental Studies. 2005, 14 (4), 389-395.
Zhang Q, Zhang Sand Deng Y. Recent advances in ionic liquidcatalysis. Green Chemistry. 2011,
13, 2619.
Zhiyong [Link] Chemistry: Recent Advances in Developing Catalytic Processes in
Environmentally -Benign Solvent Systems, Oxford Press. 2008.
Anastas Paul T, Warner John C. Green Chemistry Theoryand Practice, Oxford Science
Publications, Oxford 1998,30.
Istvan Horvath T, Anastas Paul T. Innovations and Green Chemistry, Chemistry Review
2007;107(6):2169-217
Wardencki W, Curylo J, Namiesnic J. Green Chemistry- Current and Future, Polish Journal of
Environmental Studies 2005;14(4):389-395.
Dhage Suresh D, Shisodiya Komalsing K. Application Of Green Chemistry in Sustainable
[Link] Research Journal of Pharmacy 2013;4(7):1-4.
Ahluwalia VK, Kidwai M. New Trends in Green Chemistry, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht 2004, 5-14.
Tundo P, Anastas P, Blanch David Stc, Breen Joseph, Collins Teroence, Memoli Sofia et al.,
Synthetic
Pathways and Processes in Green Chemistry. Introducery Overview. Pure and Applied
Chemistry 2000;72:1207-1228.
Jukic M, Djakovic S, Filipovic-Kovacevic Z, Kovac V, Vorkapic-Furac J. Dominant trends of
green chemistry, Kem Ind 2005;54(5):255-272.
Margetic D. Mechanic-chemical organic reactions without the use of solvents, Kem Ind
2005;54(7):351- 358.
Noyori R. Pursuing practical elegance in chemical synthesis, Chemical
Communications2005;14(14):1807- 1811.
ravi chandran S. Green Chemistry: A Potential to for chemical Chemical Synthesis, Int. J Chem
Tech Res 2010;2:2188-2191.
Walsh, P J; Li, H; de Parrodi, C J “A Green Chemistry Approach to Asymmetric Catalysis:
Solvent-Free and Highly Concentrated Reactions ” Chemical Reviews, 2007; 107: 2503- 2545
Dr. Tauro Savita J, Gawad Jineet Kumar B. Green chemistry: A Boon to Pharmaceutical
Synthesis International Journal of Scientific Research 2013;2(7):67-69.
Sindhu Rakesh K, Verma Anjua, Sharma Divya, Gupta Saurabh ,Arora Sandeep. Application of
Green Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Day Today Life, Archives of Medical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research (AMPSR) 2017;01(02):39-44.
Dr. Jaiswal Shalini, Kapoor Deepanshu, Kumar Abhishek, Sharma Kusum. Applications of
GreenChemistry, International Journal on Cybernetics and Informatics (IJCI) 2017;6(1/2):127-
133.
Verma Sangeeta, Goyal Sachin, Singla Shivali. Green Chemistry: A New Approach to the Syn-
thesis, Processing and Application of Chemical Substances, International Journal of
Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2018;4:89- 95.
Wardencki W, Curyo J, Namieoenik J. Green Chemistry- Current and Future Issues, Polish
Journal of Environmental studies 2005;14(4):389-395.
Sheldon RA. Atom utilization, E factors and the catalytic solution, C.R. Academic Science Paris,
IIc, Surface chemistry and catalysis/Chimie des surfaces et catalyse2000;3(7):541-551.
Sanghvi Yogesh S, Ravi kumar VT, Scozzari Anthony N,Cole Douglas L. Application of Green
Chemistry in Manufacturing of Oligonucleotide drugs, Pure Appl. Chem 2001;73(1):175-180.
Anastas PT, Lauren BB, Mary MK, Tracy CW. The Role of Catalysis in the Design,
Development an Implementation of Green Chemistry, Catalysis Today2005;55:11-22.
Ma Steven K, Gruber John, Davis Chris, Newman Lisa,Gray David, Wang Alica et al., A Green
Chemistry – by-Design Biocatalytic Process for Atorvastatin Intermediate, Green Chem
2010;12(1):81-86.
Gangrade D, Lad SD, Mehta AL. Overview on microwave synthesis – Important tool for green
Chemistry International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science 2015;5(2):37- 42.
Talaviya Smita, Majumudar Falguni. Green Chemistry: A Toll in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
MHL Journal of Medical Science 2012;1(1):7-13.
Montes Ingrid, Sanabria David, Garcia Marilyn, Castro Joaudimir, Fajardo Johnanna. A Green
Approach to Aspirin Synthesis Using Microwave irradiation. Journal of Chemical Educa- tion
2006;83(4):519-672.
Jiang Yi, Loos Katja. Enzymatic Synthesis of Bio based Polyesters and Polyamides, MDPI
Journals, polymer2016;8:243,no. polym8070243.
Glasnov TN, Kappe CO. Microwave- Assisted Synthesi Under continuous-Flow Conditions,
Macromolecular Rapid Communications 2007;28(4):395-410.
Becker OM, Dhanona DS, Marantz Y, Chen D, Shanchan S, Cheruku S et al., An Integrated in
Silico 3D Model- Driven Discovery of a Novel, Potent and Selective Amidosulfonamide %-
HT1A agonist (PRX-00023) for the Treatment of Anxiety and Depressin, Journal of Medicinal
Chemistry 2006;49(11):3116-3135.
Hassan Baig Mohammad. Computer Aided Drug Design: Success and Limitations, Current
Pharmaceutical Design 2016;22(5):572-581.
Cue Berkeley W, Zhang Ji. Green Processes Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Green
Chemistry Letters and Reviews 2009;2(4):193-211.
Dunn PJ, Galvin S, Hettenbach K. The Development of an Environmentally Benign Synthe- sis
of Slidenafil Citrate (ViagraTM) and its Asssesment by Green Chemistry Metrics, Green Chem
2004;6:43-48.
Dale DJ, Drapper J, Dunn PJ, Hughes ML, Hussain F, Levett PC et al., Synthetic Chemistry-
Formation of the Amide Bond, Org. Proc. Res. Dev 2002;6:767-772.
Dale David J, Dunn Peter J, Golightly Clare, Hughes Michael L, Levett Philip C, Pearce K An-
drew et al., The Chemical Development of the Commercial Route to Sildenafil: A Case History,
Org. Proc. Res. Dev 2000;4(1):1-60.
Zaher Nashwa H, Salem Asmaa AM, Ismail Amel FM. Novel Amino Acid Derivative Bearing
Thieno (2, 3-d) pyrimidine Moiety Down regulate NF-κB in γ-irradiation Mediated Rat Liver
Injury, Photochm Photobiol b 2016;165:328-339.
Khan NA, Jhung SH. Adsorptive Removal and
Separation of Chemicals with Metal-Organic Frame works: Contribution of π complication, J
HazardMater 2017;325:198-213.
Green DW, Ben-Nissan B, Yoon KS, Milthorpe B, Jung HS. Natural and Synthetic Cora
biomineralization for Human Bone Revitalization, Trends Biotechnol 2017;35(1):43-54.
Zhu Guili, Wadavrao Sachin B, Liu B. Divergent Total Synthesis of Atisane -type Diterpe-
noids, Chem Rec 2016;17(6):584-596.
Poojary MM, Barba FJ, Aliakbarian B, Donsi F, Patro G, Dias DA et al. Innovative Alternative
Technologies to Extract Carotenoids from Microalgae and Seaweeds. Mar. Drugs 2016;14:214,
no. md14110214
Roughley SD, Jordan AM, J Med. Chem TWJ. Copper,IB. Campbell and SJ. F Macdonald,
Angew. [Link] Affecting Chemical Reactions by Medicinal Chemists and the Use of
these Reactions Arrays (Small Focused Libraries), Int. Edu 2010;59(23):8729-
9191,2011;54:3451-3479.
Abe Mino TT, Watanabe K, Sakamoto M. Copper- Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling of
Arylboronate Esters: Transmetalation with (PN) CuF and Identification of Intermediates, Eur. J
org. Chem 2014;16(4):1264- 1267.