Linear IC Applications

UNIT-III

OP-AMP APPLICATIONS -1
Topics to be covered:
• DC and AC amplifiers, peaking amplifier,
summing, scaling and averaging amplifiers,
instrumentation amplifier, voltage to current
converter, current to voltage converter,
integrator, differentiator.

• Active filters: First and Second order Butterworth

filter and its frequency response, Tow-Thomas
biquad filter.
Basic Applications of Op-Amp :
• Op-amp was designed to do some mathematical
operations, such as:

– Addition (or) summing

– Subtraction (or) differentiation

– Multiplication

– Integration , Differentiation

– Comparison etc.,
Summer (or) Adder Circuit:
• As the input impedance of an op-amp is extremely large,
more than one input signal can be applied to the
inverting amplifier.
• The output of summer circuit is the addition of the
applied input signals.
• Depending upon the sign of the output, the summers
are classified as:
– Inverting summer
– Non-Inverting summer
a) Inverting summer:

• Circuit diagram of inverting summer

 Contd..
applying KCL at V2 node
 Contd..
• When Rf= R then the output voltage is equal to the
negative sum of all inputs.
vo= -(va+ vb+ vc)

• Based on the values of Rf and R in the circuit, may

be act as Scaling amplifier or Average amplifier.
Contd..
CASE: 1

Scaling amplifier

CASE: 2
• Ra= Rb= Rc = R and Rf / R = 1 / n where n is the
number of inputs. Here Rf / R = 1 / 3.

• vo = -(va+ vb + vc) / 3
Average amplifier
Non Inverting Summer (or) Adder:

Circuit Diagram
 Contd..
• Applying KCL at node V1

W.K.T the V0 equation for

Non inverting amplifier:
Contd..

Let Ra = Rb = Rc = R = Rf/2

• Output voltage is the sum of input voltages.

Problem:
• Design an adder circuit to get
V0=-(0.1V1+V2+10V3)
Ans:

• Let Rf = 1 KΩ
• Ra = 10 KΩ
• Rb = 1 KΩ = Rf
• Rc= 0.1 KΩ = 100 Ω
 Subtractor (or) Difference Amplifier:

• As we are having two inputs superposition theorem

can be used to find the output voltage.
• V01 – output voltage when V1 acting (V2 = 0)
• V02 – output voltage when V2 acting (V1 = 0)
Contd..
• Case-1: V1 acting & V2 =0

---- (1)
Contd..
• Case-2: V2 acting & V1 =0

• According to Vg, VA = VB

---- (2)
 Contd..
---- (3)

Equating (3) & (4)

 Contd..
Sub VB from (2) in (5)

V0 = V01 + V02
(Hence using superposition principle)
 Contd..
If we select resistances R1 = R2

If R1 = R2 = Rf,

Output voltage is equal to the subtraction of two

input signals.
Adder – Subtractor Circuit:

• Adder-Subtractor circuit
 Contd..
• Let us consider only V1 is acting
Contd..

• Similarly, the output voltage V02 due to V2

alone is, V02 = - V2
Contd..

• Applying only V3 input in the circuit.

• V03 is the o/p voltage
Contd..
• Output voltage V03 due to V3 alone is

Similarly, the output voltage V04 due to V4

alone is, V04 = V4
 Contd..
Thus the output voltage Vo due to all four input
voltages is given by

• So, the circuit is an adder-subtractor.

Linear IC Applications

UNIT-III

Topic: Integrator
Integrator(Ideal case) :

• A circuit in which the output signal is the integral

of the input signal is called integrator.

• Feedback element is ‘Cf ’

• According to VG, V1 = V2 =0
Contd..
At the input side,

At the output side,

Equating input & output side ‘I’ equations,

Contd..

• V0(0) is constant of integration.

• R1Cf is the Time constant of integration.
 Contd..
• The output voltage is directly proportional to the
negative integral of the input voltage and inversely
proportional to the time constant RC.

• If the i/p is a sine wave the output will be cosine wave.

• If the input is a square wave, the output will be a

triangular wave.

• For accurate integration, the time period of the input

signal T must be longer than or equal to RC.
Input and output waveforms of Integrator:
Input and output waveforms of Integrator:
Input and output waveforms of Integrator:
 Practical Integrator:
• Practical Integrator is to reduce the error voltage at
the output.
• RF is connected across the feedback capacitor CF .
• Thus RF limits the low frequency gain and hence
minimizes the variations in the output voltages.
• Both the stability and low frequency roll-off
problems can be corrected by the addition of a
resistor RF in the practical integrator.
Practical Integrator:
Contd..
• According to VG, VA = VB = 0

Applying KCL at Node ‘A’

Contd..
• Taking Laplace transform for the eq
Contd..

• When Rf is very large then R1 /Rf can be neglected

like an ideal integrator as
 Frequency response:

Replacing s by jw

Where,
 Contd..
• The magnitude of Gain ‘A’ is

B.W = fa
 Applications of Practical Integrators

• The integrators circuits are most commonly used

in the following applications :

– In the analog computers.

– In solving the differential equations.

– In analog to digital converters.

– Various signal wave shaping circuits.

– In ramp generators.
Problem:
1. Design a practical integrator circuit with a dc
gain of 10, to integrate a square wave of 10kHz.
Ans: The DC Gain of practical integrator is
Problem:
Problem:
Linear IC Applications

UNIT-III

Topic: Differentiator
Differentiator:
• The circuit which produces the differentiation of
the input voltage at its output is
called Differentiators.

• The differentiator circuit which does not use any

active device is called passive Differentiators.

• While the differentiator using an active device

like op-amp is called an active Differentiators.
Ideal Op Amp Differentiator:

• The node B is grounded.

• The node A is also at the ground potential hence VA = 0.

• As input current of ideal op amp is zero, entire current

I1 flows through the resistance Rf.
 Ideal Op Amp Differentiator:
From the input side we can write,

From the output side we can write,

Equating the two equations,

C1 Rf is called time constant

Ideal Op Amp Differentiator:
• Input and Output Waveforms:
• i) Step input signal: ii) Square wave Signal
iii) Sine wave input signal
Disadvantages of an Ideal Op Amp Differentiator:

• The gain of the differentiators increases as

frequency increases.

• Thus at some high frequency, the differentiators

may become unstable and break into the
oscillations.

• There is possibility that ideal op amp may go into

the saturation.
Practical Differentiator
• The noise and stability at high frequency can be
corrected, in the practical differentiator circuit
using the resistance R1 in series with C1and the
capacitor C f in parallel with resistance R f.
Practical Differentiator

• VB = VA = 0 V
• For the current I, we can write

• where Z1 = Ri in series with C1

Contd..
• So in Laplace domain we can write,

Now the current II is,

In Laplace,
 Contd..

• Applying at node A,
Contd..

• The time constant R1C1 is much greater than RfC f

and hence the above equation reduces to,

Thus the output voltage is the RfC1 times the

differentiation of the input.
Contd..
• Frequency response:

• Replacing S by jw
Contd..
Contd..
• Rf C1 is much larger than R1C1 so , fa< fb

• Frequency increases tlil f= fb at +20 dB/dec

• After f= fb the gain decreases at -20 dB/dec

 Applications of Practical Differentiator

• The practical differentiator circuits are most

commonly used in :
1. In the wave shaping circuits to detect the high
frequency components in the input signal.
2. As a rite-of-change detector in the FM
demodulators.
3. The differentiator circuit is avoided in the analog
computers.
Design steps:
1. Choose fa equal to highest frequency of i/p
signal.

2. assume C1 < 1uF and then calculate Rf.

2.choose fb=10 fa and calculate values of R1

and Cf , so that,R1C1=Rf Cf
Problem
1. Design a differentiator to circuit that will
differentiate an input signal with fmax = 150 Hz
Contd..
Contd..
 Linear IC Applications

UNIT-III

Topic: Instrumentation Amplifier

Instrumentation Amplifier:
• In a number of industrial and consumer applications,
one is required to measure and control physical
quantities.

• Some typical examples are measurement and

control of temperature, humidity, light intensity,
water flow etc.

• These physical quantities are usually measured with

help of transducers.
Instrumentation Amplifier:
• The output of transducer has to be amplified so that it can
drive the indicator or display.

• This function is performed by an instrumentation amplifier.

• The important features of an instrumentation amplifier are

– High gain accuracy

– High CMRR

– High gain stability with low temperature coefficient

– Low output impedance

Instrumentation Amplifier:

• Three op-amp instrumentation amplifier

• A1 and A2 are the non-inverting amplifiers
• A3 is the difference amplifier
 Analysis of Three Op Amp Instrumentation Amplifier:

• The output of the op-amp A1 is Vo1 and the output

of the op-amp A2 is Vo2,

Applying Ohm’s law between

the nodes E and F we get,

Let
Contd..
• Now from the Observation of nodes G and H,

Equating the two equations

Contd..
• W.k.t
• Sub V02 – V01 Value
 Advantages of Instrumentation Amplifier :

• With RG, the gain can be easily varied.

• Gain can made stable by selecting high quality

resistances.

• The input impedance is high.

• The output impedance is very low.

• The CMRR of the op-amp A3 is very high and most

of the common mode signal will be rejected.
Instrumentation amplifier using transducer bridge:

• Single chip instrumentation amplifiers such as

AD521, AD524, LH0036, LH0037 used in industries.
Instrumentation amplifier using transducer bridge:
 Contd..
• The circuit uses a resistive transducer whose

resistance changes as a function of the physical

quantity to be measured.

• The bridge is initially balanced by a dc supply voltage

Vdc so that V1=V2.

• As the physical quantity changes, the resistance RT of

the transducer also changes, causing an unbalance in

the bridge (V1≠V2).

Contd..

• This differential voltage now gets amplified by the

three op-amp differential instrumentation amplifier.

• There are number differential applications of

instrumentation amplifier with the transducer
bridge, such as :

• Temperature indicator, temperature controller,

and light intensity meter etc.,
 Linear IC Applications

UNIT-III

Topic: I-V , V-I Converters & Filter

Current to voltage converter:
• In I to V converter, the output voltage is proportional
to input current.
• V0 = A . Ii ,Where, A = gain of amplifier
• VA = VB = 0

• Also Called Current controlled voltage source (or)

Trans impedance amplifier
• Applications:
– Digital to analog converters
– Detecting current through photo sensitive
devices.
 Voltage to current converter:

• i) Floating load V-I Converter:

• As Input current of op-amp is zero.

Current to voltage converter:
• ii) V-I converter with grounded load
 Contd..
Applying KCL at node V1
IL = I1 + I2
Contd..
The gain of the op-amp in non inverting mode is
given as

• Output current is proportional to input voltage

Contd..

• Applications of V-I Converter:

– Low voltage DC voltmeter

– Low voltage AC voltmeter

– Diode tester and match finder

– Zener diode tester. Etc.,

Filters:

• A filter is a frequency selective circuit that, passes a

specified band of frequencies and blocks or
attenuates signals of frequencies out side this band.

• Filter may be classified on a number of ways.

– Analog or digital

– Passive or active

– Audio or radio frequency

Filters:

• The most commonly used filters are these:

– Low pass filters

– High pass filter

– Band pass filter

– Band reject filter.

– All pass filter

Filter Types:
Filter Types:
• Advantages of active filters:

– Reduction in Size (IC )

– Low cost

– Large variety of filters available in IC form

– Easy to control the gain

– Easy to tune the frequency

– No loading problem
Linear IC Applications

UNIT-III

Topic: Low Pass Filter (LPF)

 First Order Low Pass Filter:
According to voltage divider rule, Voltage at non
inverting terminal is:
Contd..
Contd..

•
• Design Steps:
1) Choose the cut off frequency, fH.

2) Choose the capacitance C usually between 0.001

and 1 μF.

3) Now, for the RC circuit,

Hence, as fH and C are known, calculate the value of R.

4) The resistances Rf and R1 can be selected depending

on the required Gain
Frequency Scaling:

• Once the filter is designed, sometimes, it is necessary

to change the value of cut-off frequency fH.
• The method used to change the original cut-off
frequency fH to a new cut-off frequency fH1 is called
as frequency scaling.
• To achieve such a frequency scaling, the standard
value capacitor C is selected first. The required cut-
off frequency can be achieved by calculating
corresponding value of resistance R.
• Example - 1
1. Design a low pass filter at a cutoff frequency of
1 kH z with a pass band gain of 2.
• Solution:
• Given fH = 1 kHz. Let C = 0.01 µF.
Therefore, R can be obtained as
• A 20 kΩ potentiometer can be used to set the
resistance R.
• Since the pass band gain is 2, R1 and RF must be
equal. Let R1 = R2 = 10 kΩ.
Second Order Low-Pass Butterworth filter:

• A stop-band response having a -40dB/decade

roll off at the cut-off frequency is obtained
with the second-order low-pass filter.

• A first order filter can be converted to second

order type by using an additional RC network
as shown in the Fig.
Second Order Low-Pass Butterworth filter:
Contd…
• The cut off frequency fH for the filter is now
decided by R2, C2, R3 and C3. The gain of the filter
is as usual decided by op-amp i.e. the resistance
R1 and Rf.
Contd…
• The input RC network can be represented in the
Laplace domain as

----- > (1)

 Contd…
Using potential divider rule, we can Write

----- > (2)

Substituting in (1) and solving for VA, we get
Contd…
Contd…
Now, for op-amp in non-inverting configuration,
Contd…

As the order of s in the gain expression is two, the

filter is called Second Order Low Pass Butterworth
Filter.
Second Order Butterworth Filter Transfer Function:
The standard form of Second Order Butterworth Filter
Transfer Function of any second order system is
 Contd…
Comparing gain equations:

In case of Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter,

this frequency is nothing but the cut-off frequency, ωH .

This is the required cut off frequency.

Contd…
Replacing s by jω, the transfer function can be written
in the frequency domain and hence, finally, can be
expressed in the polar form as,
Contd…
Design Steps:
The design steps for Second Order Low Pass
Butterworth Filter are

1) Choose the cut-off frequency fH,

2) The design can be simplified by selecting R2 = R3 = R

and C2 = C3 = C And choose a value of C less than or
equal to 1 μF.

3) Calculate the value of R from the equation,

Contd…
• 4)

From this we can write that,

Now, for Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter,

the damping factor required is 0.707, from the
normalised Butterworth polynomial.
Contd…

Thus, to ensure the Butterworth response, it is

necessary that the gain Af is 1.586.

Choose a value of R1 ≤ 100 kΩ

Linear IC Applications

UNIT-III

Topic: High Pass Filter (HPF)

First Order High Pass Butterworth filter:
Contd…
Second – order High Pass Butterworth Filter:

• Gain roll off at the rate of + 40 dB/decade in the stop

band.
• This filter can be realised by interchanging the positions
of resistors and capacitors in a second order LPBWF
Contd…
• The analysis, design and the scaling procedures
for this filter is exactly same as that of second
order low pass Butterworth filter.

• The voltage gain magnitude equation for the

second order high pass filter is
Contd…

Rf = 0.586 R1
Band Pass Filter:
• There are basically two types of band pass filters
– Wide band pass (Q < 10 ) and
– Narrow band pass filters (Q > 10 )
• Wide Band Pass Filter:
Contd…
• Wide Bandpass filter can be realized by cascading of
High pass filter and Low pass filter.

• The gain roll off will be decided by the order of filter

which we used.

• The fH Value must be greater than the fL value.

Contd…
• The voltage gain expressions for the two stages

• The overall gain of BPF is the product of two gains.

Contd…
Narrow-band Pass filter:
• The narrow BPF differs from Wide BPF by:
1. It has two feedback paths, and this is the reason
that it is called a multiple-feedback filter.
2. The op-amp is used in the inverting mode.
Contd…

• The important parameters of the NBPF are fL, fH, fC

• For Simplifying the calculations, choose C1=C2=C

Contd…
• Changing center frequency fC :
– fC = center frequency
– f’C = new center frequency
• f’c can be achieved by changing R2
Band-Stop (or Reject) Filter

• Exactly opposite to the band pass filter.

• A band of frequencies reject by the filter.

• This filter is also classified as:

– Wide band reject filter (Q<10)

– Narrow band reject filer (notch filter) (Q >10)

Wide band reject filter:
• It consist of HPF & LPF & Summing amplifier.
Contd…

• For satisfactory operation:

– fL must be greater than fH (fL > fH )

– Pass band gain must be same for both stages.

• The gain of the summing amplifier must be set to

1 by taking
Contd…
• The center frequency fC was given by
 Narrow Band-Stop Filter / Notch filter

• Stop band of the filter is very narrow.

• This filter used to reject single frequency.

• Ex: Power line frequency Hum reduction.

• A passive Twin-T network is used.

• Upper T N/W consist R, R & 2C

• Lower T N/W consist C,C & R/2

Contd…

• The rejected frequency fN is given as,

Contd…
All Pass filter:
• All pass filter passes all frequencies without
attenuation with some phase shift.
• Used to control the phase response
• When signals are transmitted through telephones
lines they undergo some change I phase, to
compensate these phase changes we use all pass
filters.

• Also called Delay equlizers or phase correctors.

Contd…

• Analysis:
• Using super position theorem(Inverting Amplifier)
Contd…
• In non-inverting amplifier mode
Contd…
Contd…

• Magnitude of the transfer function is

• Phase of the transfer function is

• Therefore, a phase shift of ɸ deg exist between

input and output
Contd…
 Peaking amplifier

• This circuit has a maximum

output (or 'peak') at a
certain frequency.

• It is said to have a peaking

frequency response, hence
its name 'peaking amplifier'
Contd…

• I has a parallel RLC circuit in the feedback path.

• The resonance frequency is given by

• At the resonance frequency we will get the

maximum gain. And the gain is given as:
G = - (RF || Rr) / R1.
AC Amplifier:
• The amplifier which amplifies only ac signals and
blocks dc is known as Ac amplifier.

• Inverting AC amplifier:

– To make inverting Ac amplifier connect the

capacitor at i/p terminal of op-amp
Contd…
Non Inverting AC amplifier:
State variable filter:

• The state variable configuration uses two op-amp

integrator and one op-amp adder to provide
simultaneous second order low pass, band pass and
high pass filter responses.
Contd…

• A simple state variable configuration has been

shown in fig.

• It uses two op-amp integrators and one op-amp

summer.

• The outputs VHP, VBP , VLP of high pass, band pass

ad low pass filters are obtained at the output of
op-amp A1, A2 & A3 Respectively.
Contd…
 Linar
• Band Reject Filter Using OPAMP
• ALL Pass Filter
• AC Amplifier
• Tow Thomas Biquad Filter
 Linear IC Applications

UNIT-III

Topics Covered:
•Band Reject Filter Using OPAMP
•ALL Pass Filter
•AC Amplifier
•Tow Thomas Biquad Filter