UNIT 1 WORLD LANGUAGES
1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
SIMPLE PRESENT
The "simple present" is used to express habits and routines, general facts, repeated
actions or situations, emotions and permanent desires.
Note: The "simple present" is not used to talk about what is happening right now.
Grammatical rules
Subject + verb + …
Subject Verb Examples
I I work in a factory.
Work
You You work in a factory.
He He works in a factory.
She Works She works in a factory.
It It works.
We We work in a factory.
You Work You work in a factory.
They They work in a factory.
Examples
1. He drinks tea at breakfast.
2. She only eats fish.
3. They watch television regularly.
4. You work in a Factory.
5. He always walks his dog in the morning.
6. They never drink coffee.
7. We usually go to the cinema on Fridays.
8. He often eats lunch at his desk.
9. We play basketball every Tuesday.
10. I live in Chicago.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The "present continuous" of any verb consists of two parts: the present of the verb
to be + the "present participle" of the main verb.
Grammatical rules
Subject + “to be” + verb + ing
Subject “to be”
I am
He
She is
It
We
You are
They
Examples
1. She is talking.
2. I am freezing.
3. He is singing.
4. It is raining.
5. They are laughing.
6. We are doing homework.
7. You are wasting time.
8. She is driving her car.
9. He is working out at the gym.
10. I am cooking.
1.2 MODALS MUST/HAVE TO.
MUST
Must is a modal verb used mainly to express obligation and prohibition.
Grammatical rules
Subject + must + infinitive
Examples
1. We must go home now. It's late.
2. I must give my mom a call.
3. You must wear your seat belt.
4. You must turn off all electronic devices.
5. I must study every day for my exam.
6. You must be polite with the guests.
7. I must go to buy eggs.
8. You must arrive on time.
9. She must pay for all the expenses.
10. I must be there at eight.
HAVE TO
Have to is a semi-modal verb that is used very often in English to express obligation.
We say semi-modal because it does not follow the rules of modal verbs.
Grammatical rules
Subject + have/has to + infinitive
Subject Modal
I Have to
He
She Has to
It
We
You Have to
They
Examples
1. They have to repair the roof.
2. We have to take the next flight.
3. You have to calm down.
4. She has to buy new clothes.
5. You have to make a decision.
6. I have to start preparing dinner.
7. He has to stop trusting her.
8. She has to clean the house before they arrive.
9. We have to take this road.
10. I have to stay at home with the baby.
1.3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE.
COMPARATIVE
Comparative adjectives are used to compare a certain characteristic or quality
between two or more things, animals or people.
Grammatical rules
In one-syllable adjectives the final ending -er is usually added in the comparatives.
Big bigger than.
Adjective + comparative (er,more) + than + …
Examples
1. The mouse is smaller than the owl.
2. Today is colder than yerterday.
3. China is bigger than Italy.
4. She is younger than her brother.
5. He is older than his friend.
6. My car is newer than yours.
7. Tea is cheaper than champagne.
8. We are smarter than they.
9. I am taller than my bothers.
10. Gold is more valuable than silver.
SUPERLATIVE
Superlative adjectives express the maximum degree of a characteristic of an
element with respect to others of the same group or condition.
Grammatical rules
As for superlatives, the article the is added in front of the adjective and the ending -
est behind.
The most + adjective
The + adjective + est
Examples
1. The fastest car is the blue one.
2. The most clever.
3. Today is the coldest day I can remenber.
4. China is the biggest country I have visited.
5. She is the youngest in her family.
6. Love is the most valuable feeling.
7. This car is the most expensive he has bought.
8. She is the most ambitious person in the team.
9. He is the oldest man I know.
10. I am the happiest man in the world.
