TIM HIEU VE ROUTING LOOP Routing loop la gi? MOt routing loop 1a mét tinh trang trong d6 mét packet duge chuyén di chuyén lai qua mt vai router ma khng bao gid téi duge dich dén cita né. M6t routing loop c6 thé xay ra khi hai hay nhiéu router chia sé thong tin dinh tuyén sai: ring cé tn tai m6t dudng di duge dén mot mang unreachable. M6t routing loop co thé 18 két qua ctia: Dinh tuyén tinh sai. Cau hinh route redistribution sai ( redistribution la mét qué trinh xi ly théng tin dinh tuyén tir mt routing protocol nay sang m6t routing protocol khac, duge dé cap dén 6 CCNP). ¢ Bang dinh tuyén chua ding khéng duge cp nhit do hi tu chim trong mét mang thay déi. Cau hinh sai hoac khéng cai discard route. Do tinh don gian cita minh thi distance vector dé xay ra routing loop hon so véi link state. Cai gid cia routing loop ? Routing loop cé thé din téi nhimg tinh trang sau: e Lam hao bandwidth. * Lam cing thing CPU cia router do cae looping packet. Lam ting nguy co mit cdc update packet dan dén nhiéu loop xay ra hon nia. © Packets c6 thé mat tiéu trong cdc “black holes”.Cach traénh routing loop Dé tranh routing loop thi m6t vai phuong phap da duge thém vao thuat toan distance vector nhu sau: Triggered updates: Router khéng nhat thiét phai doi dén mét khoang théi gian nhat dinh dé gui cap nhat nita, Thay vao dé m6t triggered update sé duge gui di ngay lap tire khi router phat hign mgt thay ddi nao dé trong topology hay trong théng tin dinh tuyén ( tir m6t router khéc). Triggered updates khéng can giri toan bo bang dinh tuyén ma chi giti nhimg con duéng thay d6i. MOt triggered update ¢6 thé duge tao ra khi: © Interface thay ddi sang up hay down. © Mot con during di vao hay thoat khéi trang thai unreachable. §t con duran méi duge thém vao ban dinh tuyén. Maximum metric value : Problem: Routing Loops Akernte Route: Network 1, Distance 3 ‘Anornate Route: Use A Network 1, Distance 4 ‘erate rotes, sow convergence, consistent roving Trong vi dy nay gia sir ring router C dén network 1 thong qua router B va qua 3 hop. Router D dén network 1 thong qua router A vGi 2 hop. Khi network I chét :Router E giti thong bao cho Router A. Router A _ngung khong giri packet dén network 1. Nhung Routers B, C, va D tiép te giti do chura biét vé cai chét cita network 1 Router A giti update. Routers B_va D nhiin duge update va ngung dinh tuyén t6i network 1 qua Router A. Tuy nhién, Router C van chua hay tin vé cai chét. Déi v6i router C, network 1 van dén duge qua router B Router C giti thong tin update nay cho D : Router C: Nenwork I: 4 hops qua Router C Thong thudng thi D sé bé qua update nay vi n6 e6 dudng khée t5t hon Hadi dén network | théng qua A véi 2 hop. Nhung vi duong d6 gid da unreachable nén D sé chap nhan théng tin vé con during t5t hon nhung khong chinh xae nay tir C. Vay dén hic nay D c6 thé di dén network 1 théng qua C v6i 4 hop. Router D sau dé théng bao tin nay dén A. Tuong ty A nhan thong tin nay va A nghi la minh cé thé di dén network | théng qua D véi 5 hop. A update théng tin nay cho B va E. Khi B nhan duge thong tin nay no ng! én qua! Dang dinh bao cho C biét la network 1 chét thi gid di duge qua A véi 6 hop réi”. B gti update nay cho C. C nhan duge update né tin rang minh van di duoc dén network 1 théng qua B nhung bay gig 17 hop. Dén luge C gui thong tin cp nhat sai nay cho DVay la m6t routing loop durge tao ra. Routing loop nay lam phat sinh mot van dé duge goi i “Count to infinity”. Giai phap cho van dé nay 1a dinh nghia m6t gid tri metric t6i da. Vi dy nhur trong RIP gid tri nay la 15. Trude khi giti théng tin cp nhat thi metric ( hop count) durge ting lén 1. Khi gia tr} metric dén network nao dé 1a 16 tite Li da qua sé metric t6i da thi router biét A minh sé khéng dinh tuyén duge dén network d6. Va théng tin 4p nht ma n6 giri cho hang x6m ciing sé c6 metric 1a 16 déi voi con dudng nay. Route poisoning: Phuong phép nay sé danh dau céc tuyén durong khéng thé toi dich trong routing update va giti t6i router khac. Nhing tuyén dung khéng thé t6i duge s duge dinh dau véi metric 16n nhat. trong giao thite RIP, gid tri nay la 16. Split horizon Trong split horizon, mot router sé nhiing thong digp dinh tuyé trén nhiing interface khac nhau. M6t router kh6ng giti tit ca thdng tin ctia bang dinh tuyén cua n6 cho Ling giéng. Néu m6t router he duge vé mot network tir mGt hang x6m cita n6 thi n6 sé khdng gan thong tin vé network 6 trong goi tin update né guti cho ng hang xom do. hdc nhau Xem xét vi dy sau: rosn924 ata vorzo2) pre. 20.1.2.0/24 0 50 10:213.0/24 6 60 re waa Hie <{Etoea Ts oda.o/a 13 10/22/0724 3 10, fo.ta.o/26 0 1o.dva.0/2¢ 0 #0 io'12.0/28 0 10'1'3'o/2e bao 3o.13.0/28 1 20.1.2.2 wiraoe 1 toraBang dinh tayén ciia Router A va Router B sau khi h6i ty nhu hinh trén. Hay xem x¢t diéu gi xay ra khi network 10.1.3.0/24 bi chét: © Trude khi RTB kip giti update cho RTA 1a 10.1.3.0 bj chét thi né da nhan duge update theo dinh ki tir RTA. © RTB nhan thay no cé thé di duge dén 10.1.3.0/24 thong qua RTA. Tuy con dudng nay ti 2 hop nhung né van t6t hon ki trang thai unreachable dang c6 nén n6 chap nhan théng tin sai nay. © RTB bay gid forward tat cd cdc goi tin dén 10.1.3.0 t6i RTA & 10.1.2.1 * RTA nhin cdc géi tin nay va forward tro lai RTB 6 10.2.2.2 © RTB sau dé lai chuyén tré lai cho RTA. Va cit thé cae géi tin sé bj blackholed trong cai routing loop nay. Ciing trong hic 46 khi cde router cap nhat lai bang dinh tuyén cua minh, ede metric ciing sé ting dan cho dén khi dat 16.Khi dén 16 thi RTA va RTB déu danh dau 10.1.3.0/24 la unreachable va sé drop nhimg goi tin ndo mud duéng mang nay. Tuy nhién van dé routing loop c6 thé duge xit ly triét dé hon néu ching ta enable split horizon trén interface serial 0. Khi enable split horizon ( mac dinh), RTA sé khong giti cho RTB thong tin vé 10.1.3.0/24 bai vi n6 hoc durge théng tin nay tir RTB va RTB sé khong giti théng tin vé 10.1.1.0/24 téi RTA boi vi ly do turong ty. Khi RTB nhain thay 10.1.3.0/24 bj chét: # N6 dat duréng nay vao trang thai hold-down trong bang dinh tuyén cia né. © RTB ngay lap tie gui ra mt triggered update vé mdi con duong nay véi metric 16. + RTA nhan duge triggered update va dit con duvng t6i 10.1.3.0/24 vao trang thai hold-down.Chii y ring RTA khéng bao gid giti routing update vé 10.1.3.0/24 cho RTB vi split horizon duge bat. Nhiéu giao thite dinh tuyén nhur RIP hay IGRP str dung loai split horizon nay ( metric 16). Logi nay duge goi la split horizon vai poison reverse. Split horizon v6i poison reverse c6 nghia la thay vi khong quang ba lai thong tin cho nguii cung cap théng tin dé thi router van quang ba lai, tuy nhién, vGi metric Li 16, lam cho nguén bé qua con duéng nay. Boi vi ngudi ta nhanthay ring kéu mét router bo qua mot con dudng nao dé thi tot hon la khong néi gi véi nd vé con during do. Mat trai cia van dé nay 1a né Lim cho kich thuée ciia cc update packet ting én vi ta nay thém luén cdc dudng nay, Holddown timers Solution: Hold-Down Timers Chite nang chinh cita holddown timers [a dé trénh viée distance vector Lim xy ra cde routing loop trong khong théi gian c6 sir thay déi trong mang. Ludt 1a M6t khi m6t con dudng bj danh dau la unreachable thi né phai 6 trong trang thai d6 trong m6t khoang thdi gian dui dé tat ca cdc router nhan duge théng tin vé cai network bi chét nay. Néi cach khdc, chting ta chi dao cho cae router dé cho cdc tin dbn nham lang xudng trudc khi nhan duge sy that ( Zinin, Cisco IP routing)” Khoang théi gian m6t router trong trang thai nay durge quyét dinh béi holddown timer. Holddown timer c6 thé tranh duge van dé count to infinity xay ra, Khi mét router nhan duge mt update tir mGt Ring giéng cua né rng mgt dung mang nao 6 phia trudc khOng thé t6i duge ( inaccessible) thi router dé sé danh dau con during 1 inaccessible va bat diu mt hold-down timer.Trong thdi gian hold-down néu né nhan duge thong tin cap nhat thi: « Néutir cling ngudi hing x6m da giti cho né: router biét ki mang di durge phyc héi nén router sé danh déu network tré lai Ia accessible va b6 hold-down timer. # Néu tir mot ngudi hing xm khée véi metric nho hon li metric duge ghi nhé lai thi router sé dénh dau network tré lai Li accessible va bo hold-down timer. © Néu tir mét ngudi_ hang x6m khac v6i metric 1én hon la metric duge ghi nhé Iai thi router sé bo qua thong tin nay va tiép tye hold-down time. Vige bo qua cac update véi metric dé hon trong théi gian hold~ down 1a dé gidp cho nhimg thay d6i cé di thai gian dén duge tit ca cdc router. Holddown timer kh6ng nhiing gitip cho mang tranh durge routing loop trong nhimng khoang thi gian xay ra su thay ddi trong mang ma con gitip 6n dinh phan nao déi véi nhig mang c6 nhing flapping routes ( nhiing con dudng up rdi lai down ri Iai up roi Iai down nita) IP va TTL IP Heaser ° 1s 46 x Tae] See] Snape oF Veron | Header | Soniee 16 it Toe Lome Ge be) Length qos) 16. emsiation Flags | 1S Fragment Cte Stine Totive | Be Prococet Gi Header Check TT 32st Source IP Ades 224 Desinace PAdiens pons tam) Das Khi mét goi tin duge tgo ra thi truong TTL duge gan cho mot con s6. Con sé nay duge giam xudng khi di qua mdi router. Khi con sé nay bang 0 thi gi tin bj drop. Vige nay tranh cho cae géi tin di long vong hoai trong mang.Nguén 0912529-Phan Thiiy Van