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SHYAM SHARMA
GORILLA GLASSES
➢ INTRODUCTION::
• Basically gorilla glass is a type of glass with different qualities like strength,
thickness, and lightweight.
• Manufacturer of gorilla glass is “corning” under the Apple.
➢ HISTORY::
• Concept developer of Gorilla glass Dr. Standley Donald Stookey
• Standley Donald Stookey was a research director at corning in 1952.
• commercial and industrial applications in 1990.
➢ MAKING PROCESS FOR GLASS::
• MIXING:: First of all 75% clay,15% Soda ash, and 10% lime mix with each
other after that we are trying to separate impurity from this mixture and
that mix with old glass.
• MELTING:: In this process this mixture melt in faience at temperature 800^C
to 1000^C
• COLDING:: After melting this mixture is available in liquid form, we convert
it to solid form using colding.
• GLASS:: Glass is a non-crystalline solid (amorphous solid).
Sio2 – 74% Na2o3 – 13% Cao – 10.5% and other.
➢ MANUFACTURING PROCESS::
• Now we have normal glass so we are using an ion exchange process for the
next step.
• In the ion exchange process smaller sodium ions are replaced by larger
potassium ions from the salt bath.
• And larger ion occupy more volume so that it is more strong than normal
glass.
➢ CHEMICAL PROPERTY::
• The Main component in gorilla glass is silicon, Dioxide, and other metal
oxide like NA2O. Only a few differences between gorilla glass and soda lime
glasses.
MM21B060
SHYAM SHARMA
➢ MECHANICAL PROPERTIES::
• Vickers hardness test rating --- 622 to 701 - coefficient of thermal exp.
7.67x10^-7mm/c
• Density --- 2.43g/cm3 -Mohs hardness scale – 6.8
• Young’s modules ---7.67x10^10 N/m2 -Fracture Toughness – 0.7
➢ SIMILAR GLASS::
• SAPPHIRE GLASS—this glass is made from aluminum oxides. This glass is
very strong scratch resistant but the drops score is very low and very it is
very expensive.
• DRAGON TRAIL GLASS--- This glass is made from alkali-alumino silicates. The
manufacturing process is a float process and much mobile use this glass as a
screen glass.
➢ APPLICATIONS::
• This is the best protection for smartphones, laptops, tablets, and mobile
devices and the Ford GT sports series uses this glass.
• We can use ordinary glass and glass in aircraft windows.
WOOTZ STEEL
➢ STEEL::
• Steel is a very common alloy in normal life. Steel is used in the
manufacturing of buildings and many tools like weapons.
• Steel is an alloy of iron with few percent of carbon. Steel is strong like iron,
has fracture resistance, and lite weight this reason it is a very good
replacement for iron.
➢ HISTORY OF STEEL::
• 1740 – Crucible steel technique is developed by English invertor Benjamin
Huntsman.
• 1783 – Englishman Henry Cort invents the steel roller for steel Production.
• 1912 – The invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley from Sheffield.
➢ THE WOOTZ STEEL::
• This was a type of steel produced by accent Indians. This steel is all called
series steel.
• The word “ wootz” may have come from the Tamil language and Telugu and
Malayalam similar sound words for steel.
• In accent India majority of the production of wootz steel is in Lahore, Jaipur.
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SHYAM SHARMA
• Characteristics - With the help of QuillBot's paraphraser, you can rapidly
and effectively rework and rephrase your content by taking your sentences
and making adjustments!
• With carefully spaced links, Wootz steel can be forged into the distinctive
patterns of wave, ladder, and rose. However, more personalized patterns
were created through hammering, dyeing, and etching.
➢ WOOTZ STEEL AND DAMASCUS::
• In the 11th century, Damascus steel was created in the Middle East and was
mostly used to make sword blades.
• Ingots of wootz steel that were brought from India and Sri Lanka were used
to make Damascus blades in the Near East. They had a well-deserved
reputation for being resistant to breaking and being able to be sharpened to
an extreme point.
• A smelting process that was developed by Indian metalworkers just so
happened to bond iron and carbon to the ideal degree. Crucible, a clay
container for holding molten metal, was the secret.
• The crucibles were filled with tiny wrought iron bars and charcoal
briquettes by the workmen, who then sealed the vessels and placed them
within a furnace.
➢ PROPERTIES::
• NANOTECHNOLOGY - Nanotechnology is concerned with the
comprehension and control of matter at dimensions ranging from 1 to 100
nanometers, where unique phenomena allow for novel applications.
• SUPER PLASTIC – Superplasticity is the capacity of a polycrystalline material
to display Strong tensile strengths before failing (T > 0.5 Tm) in a usually
isotropic way.
➢ END OF WOOTZ STEEL::
• Unfortunately, even as the art of creating the necessary wootz steel itself
faded away in the 19th century, so too did the art of creating Dama blades,
and none of these centers still practice it today.
• But on the other side, however, the British Raj imposed mining restrictions
and manufacturing levies. Mining and steel production must have been
disrupted in part as a consequence. In the end, it might have added to
India's knowledge loss during the previous 150 years.
MM21B060
SHYAM SHARMA
RECYCLABILITY AND CIRCULAR
ECONOMY
➢ INTRODUCTION::
• Recycling is transforming raw materials into new materials and objects. This
idea frequently takes the recuperation of waste-to-energy materials into
account. The capacity of a substance to regain the qualities it had in its
initial state determines how recyclable it is.
• In its ideal form, recycling yields a new supply of a given material; for
instance, old office paper would be turned into new paper and old
polyurethane foam into newer polyurethane.
➢ RECYCLATES AND THEIR QUALITY ( GLASS RECYCLING )::
• In common life we all use plastic because the plastic recycling process is
very easy, but is very harmful to the earth.
• But in many processes, we are using because glass is not harmful to the
earth and it is also recyclable.
• Glass is primary Sio2, Cao, and Na2o . Glass is 100% recyclable.
• First those materials from the first glass bottles and containers need to be
collected and separated according to their color this is important because
the different colors are made due to many different substances that are
added.
• Ideally Green Glass will be recycled into Green Glass and brown glass into a
Brown glass and the labels present must be removed and the bottles must
be thoroughly washed to ensure that any residual contents and adhesives
are removed the bottles are then crushed into smaller pieces before they
are melted.
• Why is this step important because this is an important step because the
smaller pieces mean that melting will occur quicker due to increased
surface area.
• After the colding glass is fully ready with recycling.
➢ HISTORY::
• ORIGINS - For the majority of human history, recycling has been a regular
practice, with supporters dating back to Classical inside the 4th century
Bc.
• Less household garbage (including ashes, shattered tools, and pottery) has
been found in archaeology of historical waste dumps during times of
resource scarcity, suggesting that more waste was recycled in favor of
new material.
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SHYAM SHARMA
• Due to the enormous energy savings it offered, recycling was emphasized
in the post-war era.
• It was customary during wartime to repurpose products and recycle
materials due to resource shortages and financial restrictions.
➢ CURRENT ECONOMIC – ECOLOGICAL MODAL
• Linear economy
• The production and consumption model in which we take resources,
consume them and then discard them.
➢ APPLICATION IN INDUSTRIES::
• Rare-Earth Elements Recovery – At optimal circumstances, the best survival
of rare-earth elements by acids leaching is 79.19 percent.
• Plastic waste management - The effort attempts to create methods for
disposing of plastic garbage that is environmentally beneficial. In the
process, it aims to eliminate plastic littering throughout the state and
outlaw the use of plastic bags and other products.
• Textile Industry
• Automotive Industry
THE RUST-FREE IRON PILLAR AT
DELHI
➢ INTRODUCTION::
• Mamxium people who don’t know about metallurgy think Iron pillar is
magic of metallurgy, It is not true iron is an art of metallurgy.
• It is rust-free and It has not rusted since it was built.
• Location - Qutb complex at Mehrauli in Delhi
• Diameter – 41 cm, weight – 6 ton
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SHYAM SHARMA
➢ HISTORY::
• The Sanskrit writing on the Iron Pillar that is currently located at the Qutb
Complex in New Delhi, India, dates back to the reign of King Chandra.
• Emperor Great II of the Gupta empire, who reigned from 375 to 413/14 CE,
has been recognized as this ruler.
• The iron pillar was built in Udayagiri because of its close ties to the ruler
and the Hindu god Vishnu.
➢ WHY IRON PILLAR IS RUST-FREE?
• A passive protective coating at the iron-rust interface is what gives pillars
their corrosion resistance.
• The three main factors in the three-stage formation of that protective
passive film are indeed
• the presence of second-phase particles (slag and unreduced iron oxides) in
the iron's microstructure, the high levels of phosphorus in the metal, and
the alternative wetting-drying that occurs under atmospheric conditions.
The pillar doesn't rust as a result.
➢ SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS::
• Fe3O4, which is magnetic as opposed to Fe3O4, which is not magnetic,
appears to make up the majority of the protective layer on the Delhi pillar.
NH2O.
• Delhi iron pillar iron typically has 0.15 percent C, 0.25 percent P, 0.005
percent S, 0.05 percent S, 0.02 percent N, 0.05 percent Mn, 0.03 percent Cu,
0.05 percent Ni, and a balance of Fe.
• As compared to the pillar iron's comparable silicon concentration, the
surface oxide film's SiO2 (silica) content is significantly higher.
HERMANN STAUDINGER
➢ EARLY LIFE::
• Sir Hermann Staudinger was born on 23 March 1881 in Worms, Germany.
He belonged to a very educated family and His father was a philosophy
professor with pacifist and socialist learning.
• Education - Botany from the University of Halle in 1899, Chemistry at
Universities of Halles, obtained his Ph.D. under Daniel colander in Halle in
1903, At the age of 25. He discovered ketenes
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SHYAM SHARMA
➢ Study of Macromolecular
• Many researchers in the department combine structural biology and
contemporary biochemistry to study the molecular and atomic basis of
biological macromolecule function.
➢ SCHMIERENCHEMIE OR GREASE CHEMISTRY::
• Staudinger was questioned about why he was
"...neglecting this attractive topic and instead was focusing on a very
disagreeable field and poorly defined chemicals, like rubber and synthetic
polymers" when he switched his emphasis from simple organic chemistry to
the study of macromolecules.
• "Dear colleague, forget about big molecules; there are no organic molecules
with a molecular weight of more than 5,000. Your products, like rubber,
should be purified because they will crystallize and become low molecular
weight compounds.
➢ THE NOBAL PRIZE::
• The macromolecular is a very great innovation in chemistry.
• In 1953, He was won a Nobel prize in chemistry for “ His discoveries in the
field of macromolecular”.
3D PRINTING OF CEREMIC MATERIALS
➢ APPLICATION::
• MEDICAL - Medical implants like artificial bones can be expensive and time-
consuming to make using conventional methods. Ceramics give a porous
surface akin to human bones, and 3D printing enables more rapid, less
expensive production.
It is used for creating ceramic teeth that are 3D printed in the dental
industry.
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SHYAM SHARMA
• AEROSPACE - It can be challenging and difficult to build complicated
specialized elements for spacecraft and satellites using traditional methods.
NASA, therefore, collaborated with 3D printing companies to produce
ceramic parts for their spaceship in order to address this issue. Compared to
previous methods, it is both efficient and inexpensive.
• ENERGY AND ELECRONES - Sending power somewhere and making sure it
doesn't go anyplace else are two key jobs involved in electricity. Any
electronics must have both conductors and insulators for that.
• DEFENCE:: Ceramic is also employed extensively in the defense industry,
from jet turbines to tank brake pads.
The army has used ceramic armour since the 1960s and continues to do so
frequently. due to the fact that ceramics are lightweight, extremely
durable, and great shock absorbers.
