LESSON 3

Gene Expression and Regulation

Building to the Performance Expectations
The learning experiences in this lesson prepare students for mastery of: Trace Tool to the NGSS
HS-LS1-1 Construct an explanation based on evidence for
how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins Go online to view the complete
which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of coverage of standards across
specialized cells. lessons, units, and grade levels.

SEP
Science & DCI
Disciplinary CCC
Crosscutting
Engineering Core Ideas Concepts
Practices
Constructing Explanations and LS1.A Structure and Function Structure and Function
Designing Solutions Systems of specialized cells within organisms help them perform the essential Investigating or designing new systems
Construct an explanation based on functions of life. (HS-LS1-1) or structures requires a detailed
valid and reliable evidence obtained examination of the properties of
LS1.A Structure and Function
from a variety of sources (including different materials, the structures of
All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Genes are
students’ own investigations, models, different components, and connections
regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation
theories, simulations, peer review) and of components to reveal its function
of proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells. (HS-LS1-1) (Note: This
the assumption that theories and laws and/or solve a problem.
Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by HS-LS3-1.)
that describe the natural world operate
today as they did in the past and will
continue to do so in the future.

CONNECTIONS TO MATH CONNECTIONS TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS

MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. RST.11-12.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and
technical texts, attending to important distinctions the author makes and to any
gaps or inconsistencies in the account.
WHST.9-12.2 Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of
historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
WHST.9-12.9 Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis,
reflection, and research.

286A Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

Supporting All Students, All Standards

Integrating the Three Dimensions

h3_li Professional Go online to view Professional Development videos with strategies
Development to integrate CCCs and SEPs, including the ones used in this lesson.
of Learning
p_body_li
In this lesson, students will review the concept that all cells contain
genetic information in the form of DNA molecules and that genes
are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the
Content Background
formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of the cell Almost all of the cells of our bodies contain the transcription and translation pathway, including
(DCI LS1.A). They will learn that gene expression is responsible for same set of DNA, but only certain genes are whether a gene is transcribed to mRNA and
the specialization of cells that help eukaryotic organisms to perform expressed in certain cells. This lesson describes whether the mRNA is altered before it is
the essential functions of life (DCI LS1.A). Students will examine the mechanisms involved in cell differentiation translated to produce proteins. Eukaryotic
the structures of different cellular components involved in gene and gene expression. A gene is a piece of DNA cells are differentiated and perform specialized
expression and consider the connections of the components to their that provides a set of instructions to a cell to tasks due to their more tightly controlled gene
functions (CCC Structure and Function). Students will construct make a certain protein. Gene expression is the regulation. Genes can also be altered by being
explanations about the possible mechanisms that are causing a making of a protein via transcription of the tagged to turn on and off. Epigenetic factors
particular expression of traits (SEP Constructing Explanations and gene and translation. Prokaryotic cells express mark DNA by attaching to them and affect gene
Designing Solutions). genes as they are needed, and transcription expression without altering the genetic material
and translation take place at the same time. In itself. They may be affected by internal or
eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated external environment conditions and may even
Preassessment in several ways at different points along the be inherited in some cases.
Have students complete the unit pretest online or see the
Assessment Guide.

Building on Prior Knowledge Differentiate Instruction

Have students work with a partner to list what they know about what Lesson Vocabulary ELL Support
DNA is and how it works. Some students may already be familiar with • gene expression • epigenetic Taking Combination Notes Have students take
the terms transcription, translation, and mRNA and have ideas about • operon • transcription factor turns reading aloud and taking Combination
gene expression. Have pairs share with the class what they know • promoter • intron Notes as they read each section. These notes
about gene expression. • operator • exon will help students better understand gene
expression and regulation.
You may want to review the following concepts: Reinforcing Vocabulary Ask students what
• DNA nucleotides always pair in the same, complimentary way. they understand the term expression to mean.
• The DNA molecule has a double-helix structure, in which two How is it commonly used? Students may say
strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder. that it means a particular look on a face, or a
• DNA replicates itself during the process of cell division. facial expression. They may also say it means
• Nearly all cells contain the DNA necessary to make a complete a certain way of saying something. Ask them
genetic copy. what they think it means in terms of genes.
• DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins. What might genes express? Students might
demonstrate understanding that it is the code
on the gene that is expressed.

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 286B

 LESSON 3 Engage • Explore/Explain • Elaborate • Evaluate

ENGAGE: Lesson Phenomenon

Build on Prior Lessons
6.3
In Lesson 2, students learned about the processes of transcription and
translation in the making of proteins. Lesson 3 builds on these concepts
as students explore the regulation of gene expression in protein synthesis. Gene Expression
and Regulation
Lesson Objective
Use evidence to explain that gene expression is a regulated process
that results in differentiated and specialized cells, and recognize that
genes are expressed differently in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Can You Explain It?

Students are asked to gather evidence throughout the lesson about
how gene expression occurs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They The human genome has 3 CAN YOU EXPLAIN IT?
billion base pairs. The fruit
will revisit the question at the end of the lesson to use what they fly genome has 165 million.

have learned and explain how different possible mechanisms of gene FIGURE 1: In the wild-type fruit fly (left), antennae developed normally. In the mutant
fruit fly (right), a mutation caused legs to form in place of the antennae.
regulation can lead to a certain phenotypic expression. Gather Evidence
1 As you explore the lesson,
gather evidence for how gene

Image Credits: (t) ©James King-Holmes/Science Source; (bl) ©Andrew Syred/Science Source; (br) ©Eye of Science/Science Source
Misconception Alert expression is regulated in cells.

Homeotic, Homeobox, and Hox Although the terms homeotic,

homeobox, and Hox genes are often used interchangeably, they are
not the same. Homeotic genes control the pattern of development
of body plans. Homeobox genes are specific homeotic genes found
on a segment of DNA that encodes 60 amino acids. Homeobox genes
are conserved in diverse organisms from plants to fungi and animals. Most organisms share a group of genes called homeobox genes. One set of homeobox
genes, called Hox genes, direct the formation of many body structures during the
Hox genes are a subset or cluster of homeobox genes found only in development of the embryo. Mutations in these genes can cause developmental
animals and are responsible for the limb mutations seen in the fruit fly disorders, including body parts growing in unexpected places, as shown in Figure 1.

photos. Mutations on other types of homeobox gene clusters cause We now know that Hox genes are shared by a wide array of animals, from fruit flies
to jellyfish to humans. Hox genes define the head-to-tail pattern of development in
different phenotypic abnormalities. animal embryos. This helps explain why so many animals look the same during the
embryonic stage. Hox genes make segments in a larva or embryo that develop into
specific organs and tissues.
EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK
Predict How might changes in genes be responsible for mutations, such as the
1 As students read through the lesson, they should be 2
mutation that causes legs to grow in place of antennae in a fruit fly?
recording evidence for how gene expression in different
types of cells is regulated by factors both internal and
external to these cells.
286 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA
2 Answers will vary. Students might say that a damaged gene
might result in its imperfect expression, i.e., a mutation.

286 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

LESSON 3 Engage • Explore/Explain • Elaborate • Evaluate

EXPLORATION 1 Regulating Gene Expression

EXPLORATION 1
3D Learning Objective
Students understand that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Regulating Gene Expression
contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules, and
students can construct explanations of how mechanisms differ
Most of the cells that make up your body have the same DNA. Red blood cells are one
FIGURE 2: Every gene has a between the two cell types. Students gain an understanding that a
of the exceptions. Mature red blood cells do not contain DNA. However, the rest of
locus, or specific position on a detailed examination of the structures of different gene components
your body cells, such as all the different cell types that make up each of your organs, chromosome.
have the same DNA. If they have the same DNA, how can these cells be so different can reveal their functions.
from each other? The answer lies in the fact that some genes, and the proteins they
encode, control the expression of other genes.

DCI LS1.A Structure and Function

Gene Expression gene

gene Students have not yet learned about gene regulation in eukaryotes in
Typically, a gene is considered “expressed” if transcription of mRNA occurs. However, detail. Have them first compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
the mRNA can undergo modification or be broken down before it is translated into
a protein. Gene expression is the process by which the nucleotide sequence of a
Ask: What similar structures do they both have? What is different
gene directs protein synthesis. In this way, cells use protein synthesis to respond to between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Answer: Eukaryotic
particular needs and react to changes in their environment.
cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, whereas
FIGURE 3: Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
prokaryotic cells do not.
DNA molecule

gene Collaboration
Numbered Heads Together Have students sit in groups,
and assign a number to each person in the group. Have each
DNA Explain How are genes,
3 group discuss the questions, then call a number. The student
A C C A A A C C G A G T proteins, and cell processes
related? in each group with that number is responsible for sharing the
transcription information with the class.

Possible answers: Express usually means “to talk or do

U G G U U U G G C U C A
mRNA
something that conveys information or a feeling.” Gene
expression is a way of conveying information contained in DNA.
codon
translation

protein Trp Phe Gly Ser EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK

amino acid
3 A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that determines the
amino acid sequence of a protein. The amino acid sequence
Collaborate With a partner, discuss these questions: What does the term “expression” determines the protein’s structure and its function within
mean in everyday language? How does the meaning of this word relate to the concept of the cell.
gene expression?

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 287

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 287

 LESSON 3 Engage • Explore/Explain • Elaborate • Evaluate

EXPLORATION 1 Regulating Gene Expression, continued

SEP
Constructing Explanations and
Designing Solutions
Have students construct an analogy to explain how gene expression According to the central dogma of molecular biology, information flows in one
direction from DNA to RNA to proteins. This means there are multiple steps along the
occurs. One common analogy is copying and then making a recipe
way where protein synthesis can be regulated, or controlled.
from a cookbook, but encourage students to use more contemporary
Both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression, though they do
examples such as downloading and playing music. so differently. In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated at many different steps. In
contrast, the ability of prokaryotes to regulate gene expression is much simpler.

FIGURE 4: In prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation both occur in the cytoplasm
at about the same time. In eukaryotic cells, where DNA is located inside the nucleus,
Collaboration these processes are separated both in location and time.

prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell

Think-Write-Pair-Share Mechanisms such as gene expression
are less complex in prokaryotes than they are in eukaryotes, cytoplasm cytoplasm
nucleus
which may suggest to some that eukaryotes are more “successful” DNA DNA
transcription
than prokaryotes in modern times. Have students do a Think- transcription pre-mRNA
Write-Pair-Share activity in which they either defend or reject mRNA
mRNA processing
mRNA
this view. export
translation mRNA
translation
protein
protein

Differentiate Instruction Structure and Function Use the model in Figure 4 to write an explanation
Extra Support Many students mix up the terms prokaryote and for how differences in cell structure are related to the differences in the ways gene
eukaryote. Break down the words. Karyo- comes from the Greek expression is regulated in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

word for kernel, as in a kernel of corn, which is like the nucleus

of a cell. Pro- means “before,” so prokaryote means “before a Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
nucleus.” Eu- means “true,” so eukaryote means “true nucleus.”
Because transcription and translation occur at the same time in prokaryotic cells, gene
expression in these cells is mainly regulated at the start of transcription. Prokaryotic
cells control gene expression using operons to turn genes “on” or “off” during
transcription. An operon is a region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and
CCC Structure and Function one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a specific task.
The promoter is a segment of DNA that helps the enzyme RNA polymerase locate the
Because bacterial DNA is located in the cytoplasm, transcription and starting point for transcription.
Analyze What might be
translation can take place at nearly the same time. 1 The DNA segment that actually turns genes on or off is the operator. It interacts
the benefit of turning genes
with proteins that increase the rate of transcription or block transcription from
on and off?
occurring. Bacteria have much less DNA than do eukaryotes, and their genes tend to
be organized into operons. The lac operon was one of the earliest examples of gene
EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK regulation discovered in bacteria. The lac operon has three genes, which all code for
1 Transcribing and translating every gene for every process enzymes that play a role in breaking down the sugar lactose.

wastes energy, nucleotides, and amino acids, producing Gather Evidence As you read, record information to help you construct an
2
proteins that will only be broken down or not used for explanation for how prokaryotes respond to changes in their environment by controlling
gene expression.
cellular processes. Turning genes “on” and “off” ensures that
energy and resources are used efficiently.
2 Students could record such information as how the lac
288 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA
operon is switched on to allow for transcription when
lactose is present.

288 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

 Explore Online
The ability of a cell to switch certain genes on or off was first discovered in 1961
by French scientists François Jacob and Jacques Monod. This major advance in our
Exploring Visuals
understanding of how genes work began with a study of how genes control lactose
Help visual learners by going online to show students an animation of
metabolism in the bacterium Escherichia coli. Jacob and Monod observed that the
genes responsible for lactose metabolism were expressed only in the presence of gene regulation in prokaryotes.
lactose. When lactose was not present, the genes were shut off. Their questioning of
how this happened led to the discovery of the lac operon. Scientists now had a basis
for understanding how specific genes can be turned on when needed and turned off Language Arts Connection
when not needed.
WHST.9-12.2 Write informative/explanatory texts, including the
FIGURE 5: Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes Explore Online Explore Online

Hands-On Activity narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or

repressor growing mRNA
Modeling Prokaryotic
technical processes.
RNA polymerase transcribes
lactose Operons Build a model of the Informational guides should include a text and media related to these
DNA lac operon. Then use your model structures: gene, promoter, operator, repressor, and RNA polymerase.
to show how gene expression is
regulated in prokaryotes. The guide should use also explain these concepts: The cell does
promoter operator genes for enzymes that digest lactose
not waste energy making enzymes when lactose is not present.
operon Transcribing and translating every gene for every process wastes
a When lactose is present, the lactose molecules strip away the repressor, which lets RNA energy, nucleotides, and amino acids. Turning genes “on” and “off”
polymerase attach to the promoter and complete the transcription process.
ensures that energy and resources are used efficiently.
RNA polymerase blocked

repressor
EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK
DNA
3 Flow charts should show that lactose would not be able to
promoter operator genes for enzymes that digest lactose bind to a malformed repressor so the operon could never be
turned off. The genes would be continually transcribed.
operon

b When lactose is absent, the repressor protein binds to the operator and prevents RNA
polymerase from transcribing the structural genes that code for proteins.

The lac operon acts like a switch. When lactose is present, the lac operon is switched Language Arts
on to allow transcription. The lactose binds to the repressor, which makes the Connection Make an FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
repressor change shape and fall off the lac operon. RNA polymerase is able to informational guide explaining
transcribe the DNA into RNA. This RNA is translated to form enzymes that work how the lac operon helps
Four Corners Students place themselves into four corners
together to break down the lactose. prokaryotes respond to changes in based on their confidence in the material. Corner 1 feels the
When lactose is absent, the lac operon is switched off to prevent transcription of their environment. In your guide, least confident and Corner 4 the most confident.
the lac genes, thus saving the cell’s resources. Bacteria have a protein that can bind explain the functions of the gene,
specifically to the operator. When lactose is absent, the protein binds to the operator, promoter, operator, repressor, and
which blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes. Because the protein
Ask: What prevents transcription and translation from happening
RNA polymerase.
blocks—or represses—transcription, it is called a repressor protein. simultaneously in eukaryotic cells?

Give students time to discuss their answer with their groups,

3 Model Imagine a bacterium has a mutated gene which codes for a malformed repressor then pair students from Corner 1 with Corner 3 and Corner 2 with
protein. Draw a flow chart to show how this mutation would affect the bacterium’s ability to
Corner 4 to explain and help each other with lesson content.
digest lactose.
Sample answer: In cells where the nucleus contains DNA,
Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 289 transcription and translation cannot occur in the same place.

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 289

 LESSON 3 Engage • Explore/Explain • Elaborate • Evaluate

EXPLORATION 2 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

3D Learning Objective EXPLORATION 2

Students learn about the specialized systems within cells that

help them perform the essential processes of life, including
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
genes coding for the formation of proteins. Students construct
explanations of how gene regulation differs between prokaryotes Gene regulation is complex for a reason: the complexity ensures that the correct gene
is expressed in the correct cell at the correct time. Cells rely on information encoded
and eukaryotes. Students again consider the relationship between
in their DNA to regulate protein synthesis. In eukaryotes, there is a mechanism that
structure and function in transcription and translation. controls when a gene is expressed, one that controls the amount of protein made,
and still another that controls when synthesis of that protein stops. A gene may also
include other nucleotide sequences that act to control its expression. These sequences
include promoters and operators, which control the start of transcription.
DCI LS1.A Structure and Function
Remind students that genes contain the instructions that code Controlling Gene Expression
for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of
cells. Ask: What does gene expression refer to in that process? Have Because DNA and ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells, both
transcription and translation occur at the same time. As a result, the regulation of gene
students give examples of gene expression. expression in prokaryotes is limited to a few steps during transcription. However, the
cellular and chromosomal organization in eukaryotes is much more complex. This
makes it possible for eukaryotes to regulate gene expression at many different points
Language Arts Connection during protein synthesis.

WHST.9-12.9 Draw evidence from informational texts to

Pre-Transcriptional Regulation
support analysis, reflection, and research.
Language Arts Recall that in eukaryotes, the DNA in chromosomes is bound tightly around proteins
Epigenetics is an emerging field that studies the flexibility of the Connection called histones. Chemical compounds are also added to the DNA to help regulate gene
Use Internet resources to research expression. All of these added chemical compounds are referred to collectively as the
genome. Students can explore how the epigenetic tags change the
some of the recent discoveries in epigenome. The epigenome determines how easily the enzymes of transcription can
activity of genes in response to factors under our control, such as diet the field of epigenetics. Write a access regions of the chromosome to turn genes on or off. When histones or DNA are
changed chemically, the result may change the accessibility of the DNA for transcription.
and stress, especially in studies of identical twins. blog post to explain how a person’s
environment and their ancestors’ Epigenetic changes can be caused by factors such as the age of the organism, inputs
environments can affect gene from the environment, and disease-causing organisms. Chemical changes to histones
expression. or DNA nucleotides may cause transcription of a DNA region either to begin or to stop.
Epigenetic changes are heritable, even though they do not change the genome itself.
Collaboration FIGURE 6: Epigenetic changes to chromosomes occur in a variety of ways. In one type of
Small Groups Ask students to brainstorm other situations histone modification, the DNA molecule tightens, making it hard to read.

where processes are under tight regulation with a variety of hard-to-read DNA

mechanisms to provide checks that things are running properly. gene

Predict What would
1 happen to a multicellular
organism if every gene were
expressed in every cell all the time? gene
EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK easy-to-read DNA

1 Cells would grow to a much greater size, and cells would

accumulate large amounts of unused proteins.
2 DNA that is wrapped tightly around histones is less likely
2 Explain How is gene expression related to how tightly DNA is wound around histones?
to be transcribed, and DNA that is wrapped loosely around
histones is more likely to be transcribed.
290 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

290 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

Transcriptional Regulation Differentiate Instruction
Recall that a promoter is a segment of DNA that helps RNA polymerase recognize the Extra Support Students may not be able to immediately
start site of a gene. In eukaryotic cells each gene is controlled by a unique combination
of promoters and other regulatory sequences. Most promoter sequences are unique to understand the significance of gene, or RNA, silencing. Explain
the gene, but some are repeated among many genes in many organisms. For example, that gene silencing occurs at the epigenetic level, meaning it
most eukaryotic cells use a seven-nucleotide promoter with the sequence TATAAAA,
called the TATA box. does not affect a DNA sequence itself. It was first discovered in
Eukaryotic cells also have other types of promoters that are more specific to an plants that have been genetically modified, but it occurs in other
individual gene. DNA sequences called enhancers speed up the transcription of a
organisms as well. In the animal kingdom, gene silencing may
gene, while sequences called silencers act to slow down transcription. Transcription
factors are proteins that bind to DNA sequences and control gene expression. help defend against some viruses as they degrade RNA.
Transcription factors may bind to a promoter, an enhancer, or other sections of DNA
near a gene. When the correct transcription factors are present, RNA polymerase
recognizes the start size of the gene, and transcription begins.

FIGURE 7: In eukaryotes, transcription factors bind to promoters and other DNA SEP
Constructing Explanations and
sequences to help RNA polymerase recognize the start of a gene. Designing Solutions
DNA RNA polymerase gene Gene silencing occurs in some organisms as an evolutionary
adaptation to virus invasion. Tell students that viruses replicate by
3 Explain Transcription taking over a cell and using the cell to create copies of the virus. Have
factors occur in different
enhancer
TATA box
students construct an explanation about how gene silencing might
combinations in different types of
promoter cells. How does this allow for occur to prevent a viral infection from spreading.
variety in cell types?
transcription factors

Explore Online

Engineering Exploring Visuals

Go online to show students an animation of gene regulation during
Using RNA Interference to Fight Disease
transcription in eukaryotes.
In the early 1990s, scientists working with the manipulation of color intensity in Analyze Huntington’s
4
petunia plants saw something that was hard to explain. In an effort to increase disease is an inherited
the intensity of flower color, the scientists genetically modified petunia plants to disorder that affects the nervous EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK
overexpress the flower pigmentation gene for chalcone synthase (CHS). Some
system, resulting in loss of 3 Transcription factors can be produced and combined in
of the resulting flowers did indeed have the desired intense purple petals—but
coordination and declining brain
not all of them. Some flowers had purple and white petals, while others had different ways. This allows each cell to express the specific
function. This disease has been
completely white petals. Further investigation led to the discovery that both
the introduced and naturally occurring forms of CHS had been turned off, or
linked to a mutation in the HTT proteins it needs to take on its specialized structure and
silenced, in some of these plants. gene. Imagine you want to
design an RNAi technology to
function.
When the gene for the intense color was introduced to the plant, the cells used 4 Answers will vary. Students might suggest that the first
silence this gene. Make a list of
RNA interference (RNAi) to deactivate the gene. Small segments of double-
questions you would need to ask step would be to determine exactly what part of the gene
stranded RNA began a series of reactions that degraded the mRNA molecules.
to define and delimit the
RNAi does not normally occur in healthy cells, but cells may use it to fight off must be silenced so as not to affect normal cell function.
infections or the effects of tissue damage. The study of RNAi may lead to new
problem.
treatments for a variety of diseases caused by harmful genes. A delivery system must be found to get the RNA into the
cell. A patient's age would also need to be considered, as
Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 291
well as when treatment should begin, before or only after
symptoms begin to show.

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 291

 LESSON 3 Engage • Explore/Explain • Elaborate • Evaluate

EXPLORATION 2 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes, continued

Collaboration
Pairs Have student pairs draw the analogy between Post-Transcriptional Regulation
transcription and translation of genes and the creation and The cell has a variety of mechanisms it can use at any stage after transcription to
editing of a video. Provide students with this basic template regulate gene expression. One method is mRNA processing, which edits the mRNA
similar to the way a film editor cuts and splices the scenes of a movie.
for constructing their analogy: ____ is like ____ because ____.
FIGURE 8: An mRNA molecule typically undergoes processing during or immediately after DNA transcription.
Responses should contain the idea that a rough cut of a film
often includes scenes that are unnecessary or that contain errors a DNA c pre-mRNA processing
pre-mRNA processing
exon exon exon
intron exon intron exon intron exon intron exon exon exon
that might change the story or the viewer’s experience. The
intron intron
cap tail
initial transcription of a gene into mRNA may include nucleotide cap intron intron
tail
gene
sequences that, if translated, could shift the reading frame and mRNA

produce a protein with the incorrect amino acid sequence. b pre-mRNA d mRNA
exon exon exon

exon intron exon intron exon exon exon exon

cap tail

cap tail

EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK
The cell makes many changes to mRNA after transcription. A specialized nucleotide
1 Graphic organizers should show that gene regulation in is added to the beginning of each mRNA molecule, forming a cap. This cap helps the
prokaryotes occurs in the cytoplasm, but in eukaryotes mRNA strand bind to a ribosome and prevents the strand from being broken down
too fast. The end of the mRNA molecule gets a string of nucleotides called the tail that
it occurs in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Regulation improves stability and helps the mRNA molecule exit the nucleus. The “extra footage”
in prokaryotes almost exclusively involves control of in the mRNA molecule takes the form of nucleotide segments, called introns, that are
not included in the final protein. The nucleotide segments that code for parts of the
transcription. In eukaryotes, gene regulation is controlled at protein are called exons. Introns occur between exons. They are removed from an
several points before, during, and after transcription. mRNA molecule before it leaves the nucleus. The cut ends of the exons are then joined
together by a variety of molecular mechanisms.
Introns are an example of what is called noncoding DNA, which are regions of DNA
that do not code for proteins. Scientists are still determining the role of noncoding
regions of the human genome. It is thought that noncoding regions may play a role in
regulating gene expression and in chromosome pairing and condensation.

Collaborate Why would you want to edit a rough cut of film? With a partner,
discuss how this analogy relates to the transcription and translation of a gene.

Translational Regulation
Translation takes place after mRNA is moved into the cytoplasm, and it is the process
that makes a protein from amino acids. In eukaryotes, gene expression may also be
regulated by changes to the translation process. These changes depend mostly on
the stability of the RNA molecule. For example, specific proteins help initiate the
translation process. Changes in these proteins can prevent ribosomes from binding
to mRNA, which slows or stops protein synthesis. These mechanisms allow eukaryotic
cells to control protein production when conditions in the cell change rapidly.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Exit Ticket At the end of the lesson, have students write one Analyze Make a graphic organizer to summarize the mechanisms that allow eukaryotic
1
cells to control gene expression at each stage of protein synthesis. How do these
thing they already knew about the topic, one thing they learned, mechanisms compare to those in prokaryotes in terms of structure and function?
and one question that they still have. Address the questions at
the beginning of the next class. 292 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

292 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

EXPLORATION 3 Factors That Influence Gene Expression
EXPLORATION 3
3D Learning Objective
Students construct explanations using valid and reliable evidence
Factors That Influence Gene Expression
for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of
proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through
What determines whether a gene gets turned on or turned off? Factors both inside
2 Gather Evidence systems of specialized cells. Students also construct explanations
and outside cells can influence whether a gene is expressed. When an organism is As you read, gather
developing, its cells take on different structures by expressing different sets of genes. for how internal and external factors influence gene expression.
evidence to make a claim for how
Gene expression can also be responsible for changes that occur once the organism is gene expression is related to cell Students recognize that understanding cellular structure helps them
grown. When the environment changes, some genes may need to be turned off, while differentiation.
others need to be expressed more frequently. understand cellular function.

Internal Factors DCI LS1.A Structure and Function

As an organism develops, its cells take on different structures by expressing different Ask students to use examples to explain how structure and function
combinations of genes. Several internal factors regulate this process. One internal
factor is the genetic makeup of the zygote. Many of the instructions for differentiation
are related with regard to factors that influence the processes of gene
are included in the zygote’s genome. These genes are expressed early in embryonic expression.
development and begin differentiation. Another factor that affects cell differentiation
is the unequal distribution of molecules in the cytoplasm of the zygote during early
stages of division. As cells divide, some cells have higher concentrations of certain
molecules. These molecules regulate gene expression and help determine what type Language Arts Connection
of cell each one becomes.
Have students write several sentences to explain what is happening in
Cells in a developing embryo also influence the cells around them by sending and
receiving diffusible molecules that act as signals. Signals also come from molecules the example of cellular differentiation shown in Figure 9.
embedded in the cell membrane. Some of these proteins turn genes on and off to
WHST.9-12.2 Write informative/explanatory texts, including the
direct the developmental path of a cell. Still other molecules are enzymes that regulate
gene expression by rapidly breaking down proteins made by translation. narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or
FIGURE 9: During embryonic development, cell differentiation and growth form tissues and organs such as the eye. technical processes.

CCC Structure and Function

optic vesicle future retina lens capsule optic stalk future optic nerve
lens Cells can differentiate because different sets of genes can be turned
on or off.

future neural tissue EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK

lens and future cornea cornea
cornea lens vesicle retina 2 As students work through the section, they should gather
evidence that, as different genes are expressed, cells become
differentiated for different purposes.
Structure and Function Make a claim for how the cells in an organism can take on
different structures and functions even though they all have the same genetic material.

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 293

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 293

 LESSON 3 Engage • Explore/Explain • Elaborate • Evaluate

EXPLORATION 3 Factors That Influence Gene Expression, continued

Differentiate Instruction
Extra Support Tell students that HIF stands for hypoxia External Factors
inducible factor and that hypoxia means “low oxygen or lack of
Factors in an organism’s external environment can also affect gene expression. For
oxygen.” Ask students what gene expression they think might example, a transcription factor called hypoxia-inducible factor, or HIF, is produced
result from the activation of HIF. when oxygen concentrations are low. This transcription factor mediates important
developmental processes such as apoptosis and blood vessel development. In tissues
experiencing low oxygen concentrations, or hypoxia, HIF allows for the transcription of
genes related to blood vessel development.

Light and Temperature

Claims, Evidence, and Reasoning
Environmental factors such as light and temperature can affect gene expression. For
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that advantageous traits could example, an Arctic fox’s fur color changes from white during the winter to gray-brown
in the summer months to better match its surroundings. This change in fur color is
be acquired during an organism’s lifetime. Giraffes, for example,
due to differences in melatonin secretion. In the winter, when day length is shorter,
developed increasingly long necks from stretching them to reach high melatonin is secreted, so the pigment melanin is not produced and the fox’s fur color
is white. In the summer season, when daylight hours are longer, melatonin secretion is
leaves on trees. This is contrary to the theory of Charles Darwin, which
repressed, melanin is produced, and the fox’s fur is gray-brown in color.
claimed that new traits arose by chance and were passed to offspring
Model Draw a flow chart
if they gave an organism an advantage. Recent understanding of the 1 to illustrate how changes in
FIGURE 10: The Arctic fox expresses different colors of fur depending on the season.

environment’s role in gene expression through epigenetics has led the external environment lead to
changes in gene expression that
some people to claim that Lamarck’s ideas deserve more respect. affect the Arctic fox’s fur color.
Have students either support or dispute that assertion.

EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK
1 Flow charts should show that long periods of daylight in Environmental temperature can also influence gene expression. Trees and other
summer prevent the secretion of melatonin, allowing the plants have mechanisms to adapt to changes in temperature, most of which function
through the control of gene expression. In extreme heat conditions, which can
genes responsible for melanin production to be expressed. cause stress in plants, multiple genes interact to reduce the rate of photosynthesis
The short periods of daylight in winter allow the secretion of and stop plant growth. By studying the relationship between gene expression and
photosynthesis, geneticists can work to improve the stability of crop plants during
melatonin, blocking the expression of the melanin genes. extreme weather conditions.
2 The chemicals can disrupt or block the expression of critical Drugs and Chemicals
genes, thereby disrupting development. Pregnant women are strongly advised to avoid a variety of drugs and chemicals,

Image Credits: (l) ©BMJ/Shutterstock; (r) ©E+/DmitryND/Getty Images

3 Sample answer: If the genes that produce HIF were turned including tobacco, alcohol, and many medications. These substances can disrupt the
normal timing of gene expression in a developing fetus. For example, a drug called
off in cancer cells, this transcription factor would not be 2 Analyze Why is a thalidomide was sometimes prescribed to treat morning sickness in the late 1950s and
developing fetus especially early 1960s. However, doctors discovered that it interfered with limb formation in the
made. As a result, blood vessel development would be
susceptible to chemicals that affect developing embryos. Children born to mothers who took this drug were often born
disrupted, cutting off the oxygen and nutrient supply for gene expression? with shortened and improperly formed limbs.
tumor tissues.

Explain Researchers have found that cancerous tumor tissue is often hypoxic, or
3
deficient in oxygen. As a result, HIF is currently being considered as a possible tool in the
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
fight against cancer. Explain how HIF-related approaches could be used to suppress tumor
Summarize Ask students to write three examples of adaptive growth, and how this is related to regulating gene expression.
responses by organisms due to external environmental changes
that are mentioned in the lesson. 294 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

294 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

LESSON 3 Engage • Explore/Explain • Elaborate • Evaluate

CONTINUE YOUR EXPLORATION Careers in Science

CONTINUE YOUR EXPLORATION

Collaboration
Careers in Science You may choose to assign this activity or direct students online
to the the Online Interactive Student Edition, where they
can explore all three paths. These activities can be assigned
Geneticist
individually, to pairs, or to small groups.
Genetically, humans and fruit flies are similar. They share FIGURE 11: The genes that determine a fruit fly’s body plan are
many of the same genes and, in some cases, use them in variations of the same genes that determine a human’s, but
the same way. How do we know this? Geneticists work on they are expressed in different patterns.
the cutting edge of science and technology as they study
genes, their functions, and their effects. They study not only Geneticist
how genes are inherited but also the role of genes in health,
disease, and overall life span.
Students may find information on genetic engineering, genetically
Geneticists use the fruit fly as a model organism for studying
modified organisms, artificial selection, in vitro fertilization, genetic
genetics. The short life span and small size of the fruit fly, HOXA counseling, and prenatal genetic testing in their research. Each of
as well as the ease with which they can be grown and
maintained in a lab, make them model organisms to study.
HOXB these topics can be controversial, so remind students that a career
Most importantly, their entire genome is contained on HOXC
information guide should be explanatory and objective; opinions
just four chromosomes. This has allowed researchers to HOXD
completely map the fruit fly genome.
should be left out.
Many known human disease genes have a recognizable
WHST.9-12.2 Write informative/explanatory texts, including the
match in the genetic code of the fruit fly. Using a systems narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or
approach to research, scientists, including molecular Hox genes have a critical role in the regulation of cell
biologists, geneticists, and mathematicians, can use the differentiation. Some Hox genes also act as tumor
technical processes.
information gained from studying fruit flies to provide insight suppressors, meaning they help control cell growth and
into these diseases and many others. This same approach prevent cells from growing or dividing too quickly.
can be used to determine the mechanisms responsible for a
number of different birth defects.
Language Arts Connection
Studying fruit flies has led to many important discoveries. Make an informational career guide for a high school
Observations of strange mutations in fruit flies, including counselor to give to their students. In your guide, include text and
legs where antennae should be or extra pairs of wings, led media explaining what a job in genetics consists of and describing
geneticists to the discovery of homeobox genes. Further some of the topics geneticists are currently studying. Gather
investigation into these strange body modifications led to the evidence from several different sources, including articles and
finding that most of these changes were caused by mutations
scientific journals. Be sure to properly cite your sources in your Explore Online
in a single set of homeobox genes, called Hox genes.
informational guide. Use these questions to guide your research:
Vertebrates, such as humans, also have Hox genes. However,
they are a bit more complex. In a fly, each segment of its
1. What are some of the topics that geneticists are currently Twins: Are They Exactly the Same?
studying?
body expresses only one Hox gene. Therefore, a mutation to Students explore similarities and differences between twins and
a single Hox gene directly affects the corresponding body 2. What type of training and education is necessary to be a
segment. In vertebrates, however, each segment has at least geneticist? explain how gene expression relates to the differences.
two, and up to four, Hox genes involved in its development. 3. What is the importance of this career to society and to future
generations?
4. If you were to become a geneticist, what questions would “Junk” DNA
you like to answer through your work?
Students write a claim for whether “Junk DNA” is an appropriate term
for DNA that does not code for proteins.
TWINS: ARE THEY GENES: LIFE Go online to choose one of
“JUNK” DNA
EXACTLY THE SAME? AFTER DEATH these other paths.
Genes: Life After Death
Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 295 Students explore new findings that show that some genes are
expressed as long as 48 hours after death.

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 295

 LESSON 3 Engage • Explore/Explain • Elaborate • Evaluate

EVALUATE Lesson Self-Check

EVALUATE
Can You Explain It?
Lesson Self-Check
Collaboration
Class Discussion Ask students how homeotic mutations might CAN YOU EXPLAIN IT?
persist in the fruit fly population if the mutant flies do not usually
survive very long. Students may suggest the short generation FIGURE 12: A normal wild-type fruit fly (left) and a mutant fruit fly (right).

times of a fly, assuming the mutation does not affect the

mating ability of the fly, or the random appearance of homeotic
mutations in the population (as opposed to being inherited from
a parent).

EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK
1 1. Transcription factors are proteins that allow RNA to bind
to promoters on a DNA molecule. They help turn specific Hox genes code for transcription factors that play an important role in the
genes “on” or “off” by binding to nearby DNA. Models development of body structures. In the developing embryo, these transcription
factors help initiate and regulate cell differentiation, cell adhesion, and cell
should show that transcription factors bind to the DNA migration. Controlling the order and timing of these events is critical for proper body
near the gene to be transcribed, and that this helps development. As a result, these genes are very similar, or conserved, among many
different species.
initiate the process of transcription.
A mutation in a homeobox gene leads to the development of a body structure in
2. Sample answer: Homeobox genes such as Antennapedia the wrong position. For example, the effect of a mutation in the gene Antennapedia
code for transcription factors that affect body determines whether an insect body segment will grow antennae or legs. In the
wild-type fruit fly, antennae develop normally. In the fly with a mutation in this gene,
development. A mutation in this gene would most legs develop where the antennae should be. However, the rest of the fly develops
likely result in a nonfunctioning transcription factor, normally. Although the misplaced legs look normal in structure, they do not work
properly. Flies with these mutations usually do not live very long.
which could cause genes to be expressed at the wrong

Image Credits: (l) ©Andrew Syred/Science Source; (r) ©Eye of Science/Science Source
time or in the wrong locations. This could cause cells to 1 Explain Refer to the notes in your Evidence Notebook to explain why a mutation in
Hox genes results in structural malformations such as the one shown in Figure 12. In your
differentiate into the types of cells that would form a leg
explanation, answer the following questions:
instead of an antenna. 1. How do transcription factors regulate gene expression in eukaryotes? Create a
model illustrating process, and write an explanation to accompany your model.
2. Why does a mutation in the Antennapedia gene affect body development in this
way? How is this change in structure related to the regulation of gene expression?

296 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA

PDF Formal Assessment Go online for student self-checks and other assessments.
296 Unit 6 The Structure and Function of DNA
EVALUATE
Checkpoints
CHECKPOINTS
Answers
Check Your Understanding 6. Use these terms to complete the statement below: 1. C
1. Which statement best explains why gene expression 2. C, D
promoter, gene, transcription factors, RNA polymerase
can be more complex and sophisticated in eukaryotic
cells than in prokaryotic cells? 3. A
A section of DNA which codes for a protein is called
a. Eukaryotic cells use a more complex genetic code.
a . An enzyme called reads 4. Prokaryotic cells: Repressor binds to the operator, preventing
b. Eukaryotic cells use double-stranded DNA and along the DNA and produces mRNA in a process called transcription of the gene. Genes responsible for a complete set
single-stranded RNA. transcription. Special proteins called help
c. Transcription and translation are separated in time this enzyme bind to a segment of DNA called of proteins needed for a specific task are grouped together into
and space in eukaryotic cells. the . When the correct factors are present an operon and are transcribed and translated at the same time.
d. Gene expression in eukaryotic cells involves both in the nucleus, RNA polymerase can begin transcription.
transcription and translation.
Eukaryotic cells: mRNA undergoes post-transcriptional processing.
7. Which would be the best mechanism for maintaining The DNA bends to allow the enhancer to assist in the positioning
2. Scientists have concluded that gene expression is homeostasis when conditions suddenly change in the
responsible for the differentiation of the cells of a cell? Pre-transcriptional, transcriptional, or translational
of RNA polymerase at the promoter. Both: RNA polymerase binds
multicellular organism. Which two observations regulation? Explain your reasoning. to the promoter to begin transcription.
together most strongly support this conclusion?
8. Which would most likely affect the structure and function
5. Introns allow a single nucleotide sequence to be cut in different
a. All cells produce the enzymes needed for energy
metabolism. of a protein, a mutation in an intron or a mutation in an places, producing different proteins.
b. The DNA in all body cells of an organism is essentially exon? Explain your answer.
6. gene, RNA polymerase, transcription factors, promoter
identical.
c. Gene expression can be regulated by a wide variety
7. Translational, because this type of regulation affects the last step
of mechanisms. in protein synthesis, so these changes would affect the cell more
d. Enzymes needed for digestion are produced only
MAKE YOUR OWN STUDY GUIDE quickly. Pre-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation, on the
by cells lining the digestive tract.
other hand, would not affect the cell until the mRNA is translated
3. Which of the following is an example of mRNA into a protein.
In your Evidence Notebook, design a study guide that
processing?
supports the main ideas from this lesson: 8. A mutation in an exon, because only exons are expressed and
a. non-coding segments of RNA are added to the
beginning of an mRNA sequence Gene expression is responsible for the differentiation influence the sequence of amino acids in the final protein.
b. double-stranded RNA initiates reactions that break of cells.
apart RNA strands
Gene expression is regulated differently in prokaryotic cells
c. enzymes break down newly synthesized proteins
d. RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter near a
and eukaryotic cells. Make Your Own Study Guide
gene cluster Remember to include the following information in your
Have students create a study guide that helps them organize and
study guide:
4. Draw a Venn diagram to compare gene expression • Use examples that model main ideas. visualize the important information from this lesson. Their study
in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. • Record explanations for the phenomena you investigated. guide should focus around the main ideas from the lesson and tie
• Use evidence to support your explanations. Your support together multiple ideas. Students can create an outline, concept map,
5. The role of introns in newly transcribed mRNA has not can include drawings, data, graphs, laboratory conclusions,
yet been determined. How might introns help increase graphic organizer, or other representation.
and other evidence recorded throughout the lesson.
genetic diversity without increasing the size of the
genome? Consider how the structure and function of DNA, RNA,
and proteins make regulation of gene expression possible.
Explain how alterations in these processes make mutations
in organisms possible.

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 297

Lesson 3 Gene Expression and Regulation 297