PVT Lab

SPRING 2022

FERDOWSI UNIVERSITY
Course Outline

Section 1.

Section 2.

Section 3.

Section 4.

Section 5.

TEACH A COURSE 2
 Why PVT measurements are necessary?

Phases PVT Space: Pressure, Temperature, Composition (P-T-x)

• Single Phase
• Two Phase
• Three Phase

Amount of Phases
PVT Lab Data
• Mass
• Volume
• Mole

Phase Properties Engineering Calculations

• Density
• Viscosity
• Composition

Engineering Calculations

TEACH A COURSE 3
Course Progress

Section 1. Fluid Sampling and QC

Section 2.

Section 3.

Section 4.

Section 5.

TEACH A COURSE 4
Section 1. Fluid Sampling

Sampling Purpose

Obtaining Representative Samples

Establishing Fluid Properties

Assist in Reservoir Management

Surface Facilities Design

PVT LAB 5
Section 1. Fluid Sampling

Criteria for Choosing the Proper Sampling Technique

Type of reservoir fluid to be sampled

Degree of depletion of the reservoir

Mechanical condition of the wellbore

Type of available gas-oil separation equipment

PVT LAB 6
Section 1. Fluid Sampling

BOTTOM HOLE (OPEN HOLE) BOTTOM HOLE (CASED HOLE) SURFACE SAMPLING

PVT LAB 7
 Section 1. Fluid Sampling

Bottom-hole Sampling (MDT)

Open hole Formation Test

(Mini Production Test) A Depth 𝑑𝑃
Specific Sample = 𝜌g
𝑑ℎ
q Mud (±𝟏 𝒎)
Pressure

PRg
t, hr Gas
6 GOC
PRo
Oil
P PR (o,g,w)
WOC
Water
PRw
t, hr

Depth

PVT LAB 8
Section 1. Fluid Sampling

Bottom-hole Sampling Tools

• Open-hole or cased-hole wells

• Can be run in tubing
• Under-saturated Oil
Reservoirs
• High probability of sample
contamination

PVT LAB 9
Section 1. Fluid Sampling
Choke Separator Gas
Wireline Bottom-hole Sampling Separator
Separator Oil
(Water)
Cased hole Formation Test
(Actual Production Test) Production Tubing
(2-3/8”, 7”, 9-5/8”)
a) During the Flow Packer
b) During the Shut-in
Perforation (spf) X X
Not appropriate for At or above Perforation
reservoirs with high Gas
GOC
composition variation with
depth. Oil 2, 20, or 100 meters. Average
WOC Sample over
Water the Perforated
Interval

Cement
Production Casing

PVT LAB 10
Section 1. Fluid Sampling

Separator Sampling

• For nearly all types

of reservoir fluid
• Stabilized Wellbore
flow is essential
• Calibrated
Equipment

PVT LAB 11
 Section 1. Fluid Sampling

Separator Sampling 𝒎ሶ 𝒈 𝒒𝒈,𝒔𝒆𝒑 (Mscf/day, Sm3/day)

Well must be flowing P1 P2

Separator Gas

Wellstream Mixture Evacuated bottle, 20 L (x2)

Physically recombined
Gas in the laboratory

Oil M Separator Oil

600 cc bottle
𝑻𝒔𝒆𝒑 ,
𝑷𝒔𝒆𝒑
𝒒𝒐,𝒔𝒆𝒑 (bbl/day, m3/day)

𝒒𝒈,𝒔𝒆𝒑
Separator Test GOR: (Mscf/bbl, Sm3/m3)
𝒒𝒐 ,𝒔𝒆𝒑

PVT LAB 12
Section 1. Fluid Sampling

Recombination Considerations

𝒒𝒐,𝒔𝒆𝒑 (sep-bbl/day) Physically Measured

Test Company Converts Using Shrinkage Factor

𝒒𝒐,𝒔𝒕𝒐 (stb/day) 1 Sample Collected

𝑺𝑭𝑻
𝑓(𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑝 , 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑝 )
𝒒𝒐,𝒔𝒕𝒐
𝒒𝒐,𝒔𝒆𝒑 = PVT Lab Needs
0.8 𝑺𝑭𝑻

PVT LAB 13
Section 2. Compositional Analysis

Recombination Cell

PVT LAB 14
Section 1. Fluid Sampling

Sampling Problems
Condensate Plugging

Mud Contamination

Leakage During Transportation

PVT LAB 15
Course Progress

Section 1. Fluid Sampling and QC

Section 2. Compositional Analysis

Section 3.

Section 4.

Section 5.

TEACH A COURSE 16
Composition
Weight/Mass Fraction
Mole Fraction

▪ Non HC (N2, CO2, H2S, …)

▪ Light and Medium (C1, C2, C3, IC4, NC4,
IC5, NC5))
▪ Heavy Hydrocarbon Groups (C6, C7, …)
▪ Plus Fraction (C7+, C12+, …)
1980: C7+
Before 2000: C10+, C15+
After 2000: C25+, C31+, C36+

TEACH A COURSE 17
Section 2. Compositional Analysis
T
Gas Chromatograph i Area i Weight i %
C1
Atmospheric Gas C2
/Separator Gas Time …
CN+

Sample

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ≈ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

He

PVT LAB 18
Section 2. Compositional Analysis
Gas Chromatograph i Area i Weight i %
C1 𝑁−1
Atmospheric Oil C2 ෍Σ
𝑖=1
…

5% (Ma, Ca, …) ≈ 𝐴𝐼𝑆 CN+ ? 100 - Σ

Sample

He

PVT LAB 19
Section 2. Compositional Analysis
Pressurized Sample Bottom-hole Sample (of All Types) / Separator Oil

Extra Lab Step:

1- Flash Equilibration

Gas 𝑉𝑔𝑖
ത 𝑛𝑔ത 𝑚𝑔ത GC
Flash Test at
Original Sample
T=60F and Patm
Oil 𝑚𝑜ത 𝜌𝑜ത 𝑀𝑜ത 𝑣𝑜ത 𝑛𝑜ത GC
Single Phase at T & P

2- Recombination of oil and gas to obtain the original sample mass fractions 𝑚𝑖 = 𝑚𝑜ത ∗ 𝑤𝑜𝑖
ത + 𝑚𝑔ത ∗ 𝑤𝑔𝑖
ത

𝑚𝑖
𝑤𝑖 =
σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖

PVT LAB 20
Section 2. Compositional Analysis
Mole Fractions
𝐻2 𝑆, 𝐶𝑂2 , 𝑁2 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝑖𝐶4 , 𝑛𝐶4 , 𝑖𝐶5 , 𝑛𝐶5
𝑤𝑖
𝑛𝑖 =
𝑀𝑖 Molecular Weights = ?
𝑁 𝐶6 , 𝐶7 , … , 𝐶𝑁−1 , 𝐶𝑁+ Large Variations
𝑍𝑖 = ෍ 𝑛𝑖
𝑖=1 SCN Groups
Minor Variations Internal Averages/
Different References

Plus Fraction Molecular Weight: 𝑀𝑜ത Decrease in Freezing Point of Benzene 2-10 %

σ 𝑤𝑖
𝑀𝑜ത = 𝑤𝑁+
𝑤𝑖
σ𝑁−1
𝑖=1 𝑀 +
𝑖 𝑀𝑁+

PVT LAB 21
Section 2. Compositional Analysis

Molecular Weight Measurement

Freezing Point Depression

Δ𝑇𝑓 ~𝑀

PVT LAB 22
Section 2. Compositional Analysis

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molecular Weight Measurement Molality =
𝐾𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Freezing Point Depression

Δ𝑇𝑓 = −𝑚. 𝐾𝑓 𝐾𝑓
𝑚=−
Δ𝑇𝑓
Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓,𝑓 − 𝑇𝑓,𝑖
𝒈
𝑇𝑓,𝑓 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔

𝑇𝑓,𝑖 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

PVT LAB 23
Section 2. Quality Check

Some Sources of PVT Data Errors

Sampling
• Bottom hole-two phase flow into sampler
• Formation tester-OBM Contamination
• Separator-Reservoir two phase flow, Recombination GOR,
Liquid Carryover

Storage
• Contaminant absorption

Measurement Errors
• Sample handling-loss of heavy ends from gas samples

PVT LAB 24
Section 2. Quality Check

QC of Sampling
Bottom Hole Samples

PVT LAB 25
Section 2. Quality Check

QC of Sampling
Bottom Hole Samples

OBM Contamination

PVT LAB 26
Section 2. Quality Check

QC of Sampling PVT Pro Software

Bottom Hole Samples

OBM Contamination

PVT LAB 27
Section 2. Quality Check

QC of Sampling
Surface Samples

PVT LAB 28
Section 2. Quality Check

QC of Sampling
Surface Samples

PVT LAB 29
Section 2. Quality Check

QC of Sampling Surface Samples

Separator Gas Separator Oil

𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≅ 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑝 (10%) V

Volatile Oil
(High GOR)
Open Valve Oil

𝑽𝒈𝒂𝒔
Tsep
Gas Heat Gas Bottle to Tsep

P
𝑷𝒃 ≅ 𝑷𝒔𝒆𝒑

PVT LAB 30
Section 2. Computational Quality Check

Bottom hole Samples No QC Evaluation Mandatory Optional

1 STO Oil Density (Single Stage Flash) X
2 GOR (Single Stage Flash) X
3 Critical Point/Fluid Type X
4 Logarithmic Mole Fraction vs. Carbon Number X
5 Plus Component Amount X
6 Plus Component Molecular Weight X
7 Plus Component Density X
8 Reservoir Pressure vs. Bottomhole Sample Saturation Pressure X
9 Bottomhole Flowing Pressure vs. Bottomhole Sample Saturation Pressure X
10 Sample Cylinder Shutting Pressure vs. Sample Cylinder Opening Pressure X
11 Oil Density (Test Separator) X
12 GOR (Test Separator) X
13 Possible OBM Contamination X

PVT LAB 31
Section 2. Computational Quality Check

Separator Samples No QC Evaluation Mandatory Optional

1 STO Oil Density X
2 Separator GOR X
3 Separator Conditions X
4 Separator Gas Saturation Temperature X
5 Separator Oil Saturation Pressure X
6 K-Factor Plot X
7 Mass Balance Closure Plot X
8 Hoffmann Plot X
9 Logarithmic Mole Fraction vs. Carbon Number X
10 Plus Component Amount X
11 Plus Component Molecular Weight X
12 Plus Component Density X
13 Critical Point/Fluid Type X

PVT LAB 32
Section 2. Quality Check

Separator Samples K-Factor plot for separator sample @ 700.00 psia and 100.00 °F
TEST 4 BHS OIL C10+
5.00

K-Factor Plot 4.50

4.00
𝑦𝑖
𝐾𝑖 =

Experimental K-Factor
3.50
𝑥𝑖
3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
Simulated K-Factor

PVT LAB 33
Section 2. Quality Check

Separator Samples Mass Balance Closure plot for separator sample @ 700.00 psia and 100.00 °F
TEST 4 BHS OIL C10+
1.60

Mass Balance Plot

1.40

Material Balance Equation: 1.20

Amount ratio - y/z

𝑍𝑖 = 𝛽𝑦𝑖 + 1 − 𝛽 𝑥𝑖 1.00

0.80
Watanasiri et al. (1982):
𝑦𝑖 1 − 𝛽 𝑥𝑖 1 0.60
= +
𝑍𝑖 𝛽 𝑍𝑖 𝛽 0.40

0.20

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Amount ratio - x/z

PVT LAB 34
Section 2. Quality Check

Separator Samples Hoffmann plot for separator sample @ 700.00 psia and 100.00 °F
TEST 4 BHS OIL C10+
7.0

Hoffman Plot
6.0

𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑝 1

Log((yi/xi)*Psep/Pstd)
5.0
log 𝐾𝑖 =𝑎∗𝑏∗ቆ
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑑 𝑇𝑏𝑖
4.0
1
− ቇ+𝛽
𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑝 3.0

2.0
𝑃𝑐𝑖
log
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑑 1.0
𝑏=
1 1
−
𝑇𝑏𝑖 𝑇𝑐𝑖 0.0
-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
b(1/Tb - 1/Tsep)

PVT LAB 35
Course Progress

Section 1. Fluid Sampling and QC

Section 2. Compositional Analysis

Section 3. Routine PVT Experiments

Section 4.

Section 5.

TEACH A COURSE 36
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

PVT CELL

PVT LAB 37
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

PVT CELL
Simple Schematics

PVT LAB 38
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Fluid Types

PVT LAB 39
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Fluid Types

PVT LAB 40
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Proposed Sampling Method

Reservoir Fluid Type GOR (scf/stb) Recommended Sampling Method

Black Oil <800 BHS, SEP, WHS
Volatile Oil >800 BHS, SEP, WHS
Near-Critical Oil 2200<GOR<3300 SEP
Rich Gas Condensate GOR>5600 SEP
Gas Condensate GOR>11200 SEP,IKS
Wet Gas GOR>56000 SEP,IKS
Dry Gas GOR>560000 SEP,IKS

PVT LAB 41
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Routine PVT Lab Tests

Reservoir Fluid Type CCE DL CVD SST MST

Black Oil * * N * *
Volatile Oil * * N * *
Near-Critical Oil * o * * *
Rich Gas Condensate * N * * o
Gas Condensate * N * * o
Wet Gas * N N * N
Dry Gas * N N * N

PVT LAB 42
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Key PVT Properties

Original Reservoir Saturation Pressure at Oil and Gas Densities Oil and Gas Viscosities
Composition (𝑍𝑖 ) Reservoir Temp. (𝑃𝑆𝑎𝑡 ) (𝜌𝑜 , 𝜌𝑔 ) (𝜇𝑜 , 𝜇𝑔 )

Gas Solubility in Liquid Content of Shrinkage Factor Equilibrium Phase

Reservoir Oil (𝐺𝑂𝑅) Reservoir Gas (𝐶𝐺𝑅) (𝐵𝑜 , 𝐵𝑔 ) Compositions (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )

PVT LAB 43
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CCE Test 1 Day / 1200 USD

Constant Composition Expansion

The most common PVT experiment.

Both for oil and gas condensates

Measured Properties:
◦ Total volume
◦ Bubble point/Dew point pressure
◦ Bubble point density
◦ Undersaturated gas Z-factor
◦ Isothermal compressibility for under saturated oil
◦ Condensate volume below the dew point pressure
(gas)

PVT LAB 44
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CCE Test
Results

PVT LAB 45
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CCE Test
QC Check

Check the Y-function vs. pressure.

Gas Z-factor should be compared with

calculated Z-factor from Standing
correlation.

PVT LAB 46
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

8 Days / 4800 USD

DL Test
Differential Liberation

Design to approximate the depletion process

for an oil reservoir.

Viscosity apparatus needed

◦ Roiling ball, capillary tube, and etc.

After converting to stock tank basis, the

measured oil PVT data can be used to generate
black oil PVT tables

PVT LAB 47
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

DL Test
Results

Measured Properties:
◦ Bubble point oil volume
◦ Removed gas volume, specific gravity
and (compositions)
◦ Remaining oil volume
◦ Residual oil volume, specific gravity, and
(compositions)
◦ Oil viscosity
Calculated Properties:
◦ Differential solution gas/oil ratio
◦ Differential oil FVF
◦ Oil density and gas Z-factor

PVT LAB 48
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

DL Test
Results

PVT LAB 49
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

DL Test
GOR Bo Visc.

PVT LAB 50
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

P1>Pb
DL Test Gas Bubble
P2>Pb

Black Oil
Oil P3=Pb

PVT Data Oil P4<Pb

Oil Gas P5<Pb
Effect of
Gas Gas
MST Oil
Gas
Sep Oil
Stock Tank …

PVT LAB 51
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

DL Test
Black Oil
PVT Data

PVT LAB 52
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

10 Days / 7800 USD

CVD
Constant Volume Depletion

CVD experiment is the most important PVT

experiment for gas condensate reservoirs.
Designed to provide volumetric and
compositional data for gas condensate and
volatile oil reservoirs producing by pressure
depletion.
Extract reservoir engineering quantities:
◦ Recovery vs. reservoir pressure
◦ Produced well stream composition (surface
product) vs. pressure
◦ Average oil saturation in the reservoir during
depletion.

PVT LAB 53
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CVD
Results

Measured Properties
◦ Bubble point/Dew point pressure
◦ Liquid and gas volumes at each pressure
stage
◦ Gas composition and gas volume produced
at each stage
◦ Gas Z-factor
◦ Volume, compositions, and density of the
residual oil

PVT LAB 54
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CVD
Results

PVT LAB 55
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CVD
QC Check Material balance calculations can be used to evaluate the reliability of
laboratory CVD test data.

Essential Laboratory Data

෍ 𝚫𝒏𝒑𝒊
𝒚𝒊𝒌 𝒊=𝟐
𝑺𝑳𝒌 𝒁𝒌

Exit gas
Cumulative Gas Stage Liquid
composition at Vapor Z Factor
Moles Produced Saturation
each stage

PVT LAB 56
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CVD 𝑍𝑑 𝑅𝑇
𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 =
𝑃𝑑
QC Check
𝑘 𝑉𝐿𝑘 = 𝑆𝐿𝑘 . 𝑉_𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑛𝑡𝑘 = 𝑛𝐿𝑘 + 𝑛𝑉𝑘 𝑛𝑡𝑘 = 1 − ෍ Δ𝑛𝑝𝑖
𝑖=2 𝑘
𝑉𝑣𝑘 = 1 − 𝑆𝐿𝑘 𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑛𝑡𝑘 . 𝑧𝑗𝑘 = 𝑛𝐿𝑘 . 𝑥𝑗𝑘 + 𝑛𝑉𝑘 . 𝑦𝑗𝑘 𝑛𝑡𝑘 . 𝑧𝑗𝑘 = 𝑧𝑗1 − ෍ Δ𝑛𝑝𝑖 . 𝑦𝑗𝑖
𝑖=2

𝑛𝐿 ∶ moles of liquid with composition 𝑥𝑗 𝑝𝑘 . 𝑉𝑣𝑘

𝑛𝑣𝑘 =
𝑍𝑘 . 𝑅. 𝑇
𝑛𝑉 ∶ moles of vapor with composition 𝑦𝑗
𝑛𝑡𝑘 . 𝑧𝑗𝑘 − 𝑛𝑣𝑘 . 𝑦𝑗𝑘
𝑥𝑗𝑘 =
𝑛𝑡 ∶ total moles in the system with composition 𝑧𝑗 𝑛𝑡𝑘 − 𝑛𝑣𝑘
𝑦𝑗𝑘
𝑘 ∶ stage of CVD test 𝐾𝑗𝑘 =
𝑥𝑗𝑘

PVT LAB 57
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CVD
Log (K) vs. P

PVT LAB 58
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CVD
Hoffman-Crump Plot

PVT LAB 59
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

CVD Backward material balance

◦ Start from residual oil and add the released gases back
QC Check ◦ Compare final back calculated composition with the initial measured gas composition

Forward material balance

◦ Start from the initial reservoir gas
◦ Calculate the oil in the PVT cell at each stage
◦ Compare calculated last stage oil with the measured residual oil composition
◦ Check K-values at each stage

PVT LAB 60
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests
5 Days / 3600 USD
MST
Multi Stage Separator Test

Originally designed for reservoir oil to provide a

basis for converting DLE data from residual oil to
stock tank oil by including the effect of surface
process.
Also apply to high liquid-yield gas condensate
Flash equipment is used for MST experiment

PVT LAB 61
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

MST
Results

Measured Properties:
Initial volume at saturation pressure
(or higher)
Separator oil volume at each stage
Release gas volume, specific gravity,
and (compositions)
Residual oil volume, density, and
(composition)
Calculated Properties:
Formation volume factor (FVF)
Gas-Oil ratio (GOR)

PVT LAB 62
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

MST
QC Check

Hoffman K-values for the primary separator

when compositions are available

PVT LAB 63
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

MST
Separator
Design

PVT LAB 64
Course Progress

Section 1. Fluid Sampling and QC

Section 2. Compositional Analysis

Section 3. Routine PVT Experiments

Section 4. Miscibility Studies

Section 5.

TEACH A COURSE 65
Section 3. Miscibility Study

EOR

PVT LAB 66
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Immiscible Gas Injection

Disadvantages
E = E D * EV
Low Efficiency in Immiscible Gas Injection: Low EV

Early Gas Break-Thorough Gas Fingering Gas Overriding

PVT LAB 67
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Miscibility

PVT LAB 68
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Miscible Displacement
First Contact Miscibility

PVT LAB 69
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Miscible
Displacement
Multi Contact
Miscibility

PVT LAB 70
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Miscible
Displacement
Condensing Gas
Drive

PVT LAB 71
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Miscible
Displacement
Vaporizing Gas
Drive

PVT LAB 72
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Condensing/Vaporizing Drive

PVT LAB 73
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Effect of Pressure

PVT LAB 74
Section 3. Miscibility Study

MMP

At pressures below MMP, Oil

recovery increases significantly but
for pressures above MMP, increase in
oil recovery is negligible.

First Contact Miscibility: FCMP > MMP

Needs High Concentration of Solver Expensive

PVT LAB 75
Section 3. Miscibility Study

MMP Simulation Experiments

1. Cell-to-Cell
Simulation

2. Tie-line Approach
RBA (FDA) Vanishing IFT Slim Tube
3. Multiple Mixing
Cells

4. Correlations

Multiple
Contact
PVT LAB 76
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Slim Tube

PVT LAB 77
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Slim Tube

PVT LAB 78
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Slim Tube

PVT LAB 79
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Slim Tube

Results

PVT LAB 80
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Swelling Test

Results
Mole percentage gas

Gas/oil ratio

Saturation pressure

Swollen volume

Density

PVT LAB 81
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Multi-Contact
Experiment

PVT LAB 82
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Multi-Contact
Experiment

Forward multiple-contact test.

PVT LAB 83
Section 3. Miscibility Study

Multi-Contact
Experiment

Backward multiple-contact test.

PVT LAB 84
Course Progress

Section 1. Fluid Sampling and QC

Section 2. Compositional Analysis

Section 3. Routine PVT Experiments

Section 4. Miscibility Studies

Section 5. Asphaltene Precipitation

TEACH A COURSE 85
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Density Measurements Hydrometer

141.5
Atmospheric Conditions 𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5
𝑆. 𝐺.

Weaknesses:
Pycnometer 1- Average Accuracy
2- Temperature Corrections

Definite Volume and Mass

PVT LAB 86
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Density Measurements Typical U-Shape

141.5
Atmospheric Conditions 𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5
ℎ𝑤 /ℎ𝑜

Po=Pw
Gravity * Densityw * heightw=Gravity * Densityo * heighto
Densityw * heightw = Densityo * heighto
Heightw / heighto = Densityo / Densityw
Heightw / heighto = Sp.gr

PVT LAB 87
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Density Measurements X-oscillator

High Pressures and Temperatures

1
𝜏=
𝑓

𝜌 = 𝐴𝜏 2 − 𝐵 Y-oscillator

𝜌2 − 𝜌1 = 𝐴(𝜏22 − 𝜏12 )

PVT LAB 88
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity

Solid Liquid

PVT LAB 89
 Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity Newton Viscosity Law

du
 =
dy

Dynamic Viscosity

Kinematic Viscosity

𝜇
𝑣=
𝜌

PVT LAB 90
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity

Units

PVT LAB 91
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity U tube (Ostwald) viscometer

Measurement Falling sphere viscometer

Falling piston viscometer

Vibrational viscometer

Rotational viscometer

Stabinger viscometer

Stormer viscometer

Buble viscometer

PVT LAB 92
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity
U tube (Ostwald) viscometer

The Hagen–Poiseuille equation

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑃 𝜋𝑟 4
𝑄= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 8𝜇

𝑑𝑃
= 𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑉 𝜋𝑟 4
= 𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑡 8𝜇

PVT LAB 93
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity Correction

U tube (Ostwald) viscometer 𝐵

𝑣 = 𝐴𝑡 −
𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝜋𝑟 4
= 𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑡 8𝜇
𝑋 𝑡
𝜋𝑟 4
න 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝜌𝑔 𝑑𝑡
0 0 8𝜇

𝜋𝑟 4
𝜇= 𝜌𝑔𝑡
8X

𝜇 = 𝐾𝜌𝑔𝑡 𝑣 = 𝐾𝑔𝑡

PVT LAB 94
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity
U tube (Ostwald) viscometer

Fenske type Ubbelohde type

PVT LAB 95
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity
U tube (Ostwald) viscometer

PVT LAB 96
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity

Rolling Ball 𝜌𝐵 − 𝜌𝐹 𝑔𝑅 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Viscometer 𝜇= 𝜇 = 𝐾𝑡(𝜌𝐵 − 𝜌𝐹 )
𝑣
𝜇 = 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜌𝐵 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝜌𝐹 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑔 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑑/𝑡)

PVT LAB 97
Section 3. Routine PVT Tests

Viscosity Rolling Ball Viscometer Calibration

PVT LAB 98