SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME8691
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING

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 UNIT - 3
CAD STANDARD
Topics Covered

• Standards For Computer Graphics

• Graphical Kernel System (GKS)
• Standards For Exchange Images
• Open Graphics Library (Opengl)
• Data Exchange Standards
• IGES, STEP, CALS

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 Standards For Computer Graphics

• A set of guidelines for the way Computer-aided design (CAD) drawings

should appear, to improve productivity and interchange of CAD documents
between different offices and CAD programs, especially in architecture and
engineering.

• Need for graphic standards

Need for portability of the geometric model among different
hardware platforms.
 Exchange drawing database among software packages.
 Need for exchanging graphic data between different computer
system.
 Need for the requirement of graphic data exchange formats and
their details such as IGES ,DXF,STEP

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Graphics Standards

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 Graphical Kernel System (GKS)

• GKS is basically a set of procedure which can be called by user programs to carry
out certain generalized functions such as arc,circle,ellipse etc.
• It is a standardized system of graphical functions for processing graphical data to
create and process 2D images.
• GSK implementations have been made by many hardware manufactures in many
languages.

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 Features of GKS
• It is an independent device ,it can work with all types of input and output devices.
• All text and annotation can be prepared and stored in natural languages.
• Graphic functions are defined for both 2D and 3D
• GKS defines an international coordinate system called normalized device
coordinate system .

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Standards For Exchange Images

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Open Graphics Library (Opengl)

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 Data Exchange Standards

• The goal was to define a standard to cover all aspects of a product (i.e.
geometry, topology, tolerances, materials, etc.), during its lifetime.
• Fundamental difference in IGES and STEP.
• The central unit of data exchange in the IGES model is the entity.
• The central unit of data exchange in the STEP model is the application,
which contains various types of entities.
• Data is exchanged between systems it is done in terms of application units.

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 IGES, STEP, CALS

• Codes a superset of common entities of all CAD/CAM systems to facilitate the

translation between various systems.

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 Flag section
IGES File structure
• Used only with the compressed ASCII and binary
format • IGES data in a file can be represented in
two formats
ASCII and binary
• ASCII - American Standard Code for Information
Interchange.
• ASCII format comprises two types : fixed 80-
character record length and compressed format .
• Compressed format contains compressed file by
eliminating spaces from the
records.

Start section
• Provides a human –readable description of the
file, such as
the sending system that generated the original
data, the pre-processor ,and the product being
described.

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 Directory Entry section
• Is a list of all the entities together with
Global section certain of their attributes.
• Included information telling the pre- • All product definition data are expressed
processor and as a list of predefined entities (geometry
information needed by the post –processor and annotation entitles ) .
to interpret the • Entry each entity occupies two 80 –
files. character records that are divide into a total
• Some item specified example : the data of twenty 8-character fields .
and time of the file generation . • First and the eleventh field contains entity
type number .
• Second field contains pointer to the
Parameter data entry for the entity in the
parameter data section.
• Remain entity will contain (line fonts
,layer number, transformation matrix )

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Parameter data section
• Section contains the actual data
defining each entity listed in the Terminate data section
directory entry section . • Section contains a single record which
• Example: straight line entity is defined specifies the number of records in each
by the 6 coordinates its two end points . of the four preceding sections for
• Each entity always has two records in checking purpose
the directory entry section and number
of records need for each entity in the
parameter data section.
• Parameter data is placed in free format
of columns 1 through 64.
• Column 65 left blank.
• Columns 66 to 72 on all parameter
data records contain the entity pointer
specified in the first record of the entity
in the data entry section

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Continuous acquisition and life –cycle support (CALS).
• It was developed by US department of defense.
• It prescribes the formats for storage and exchange of technical data.
• Focuses mainly technical publications

Important CALS standards

1.Standard generalized markup language (SGML) is an important standard

developed ibn 1960s IBM . It has the document description language.

2.Computer graphics metafile (CGM) is next important standard .developed in 1986

it is used for the vector file format for illustrations and drawings.

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 STEP
• STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data) is a new International
Standard (ISO 10303) for representing and exchanging product model information.
• Support any industrial application such as mechanical, electric, plant design, and
architecture and engineering construction.
• To include all four types of data which is relevant to the entire life- cycle of a
product: design, analysis, manufacturing, quality assurance, testing, support, etc.

Three layers of STEP

• Application layer –consist of information of various application areas.
• Logical layer-provide a consistent , computer-independent description of the data
constructs that contain information to be exchanged.
• Physical layer –deals with the data structures and data format for exchange file
itself.
• EXPRESS is a formal data specification language used to specify the representation
of product information.

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Thank you

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