Unit 4 PAINTING

4A Reading
Pre-reading
1. Do you like drawing and painting?
2. Are you good at painting?
3. Do you think painting is an easy task? Why or why not?
Read the passage.
Painting, the art of drawing in
colours, is a very ancient skill. Paintings
discovered deep in the caves of
southern Europe are believed to have
been done between 750,000 and
150,000 years ago. That period in
human history is known as the
Palaeolithic Age, or the early Stone Age. Those very early people of that time had learnt
to use tools and weapons made only of stone.
( ( Palaeolithic (/ˌpeɪl-, ˌpælioʊˈlɪθɪk/) )

)
Generally speaking, there are five common
kinds of painting. They are : water-colour
painting ( ) , oil painting (
) , tempera painting ( ),
mural painting ( ), and fresco
painting ( ).
Water-colour painting is done on paper, using colours made
from pigments mixed with water only. Oil painting is done on
canvas, using oil colours. Tempera painting is done usually on dry
walls, using colours made from pigments mixed with water, egg
yolk and glue. Mural painting and fresco painting are both
paintings on walls. However, mural painting is done by brushing
water colour onto the dry plaster of a wall, while fresco painting is Tempera art
done by rapidly brushing water colour onto the wet plaster of a wall.
Most painters paint just for the pleasure of painting, while some do it for a living.
Some artists paint to capture the beauty
of a sunset or of a countryside, while
some others like to do portraits. Frescos
and murals portray religious, historic or
patriotic themes. Paintings that we see
on the structures around pagodas are
mostly murals, and they depict the many
significant events in the life of the Lord
Buddha.
Among the many styles of painting, abstract
expressionism and cubism are interesting because they do not
follow the conventional style of painting. Abstract expressionism
originated in New York in the 1940s. Simply put, it is a kind of
painting without recognizable images. It does not keep the limits
of conventional form.
Cubism is a modern art in painting. It was invented by the
Spanish artists Pablo Picasso. Cubism uses geometric
shapes and forms that may overlap and penetrate one
another. In most of these two styles of painting, It is not
always easy to see what message the artist is trying to
convey.
In addition to the five common kinds
of painting, there is another kind known as
graffiti art. It is writings or drawings made on
a wall or any other surface, usually as a form
of artistic expression within public view,
without permission. Graffiti art can be
observed all over the world today on
buildings, post and phone boxes,
underground tunnels, buses and on subway cars.
 The debate over whether graffiti is art or
harm is still going on. In some countries, writing
or painting on walls is a crime. In other
countries, artists can draw and paint in certain
places. For example, in Taiwan, there are
‘graffiti zones’ where artists can paint on walls.
Some say that it is an essential thing for a city. They say that a modern city’s beauty
can’t be perfect without graffiti.
Comprehension
A. Complete each sentence below with a word or phrase from the reading passage.
1. One word in line 1 which means ‘of or from a long time ago’ is _______.
2. Another name for the early Stone Age is _______.
3. _______ painting uses colours made from pigments with water, egg yolk and glue.
4. Paintings on the dry plaster of walls are ________.
5. The word ‘do’ in line 18 refers to ________.
6. Most painting that can be _______ on the structures around pagodas are murals.
7. _______ uses geometric forms and shapes.
8. The phrase ‘these two styles’ in line 29 refers to ________.
9. Graffiti artists ________ of draw on walls or other surfaces.
10. We can _______ graffiti art within public view all over the world today.
B. Give a full-sentence answer to each question below.
1. Where were the first painting found?
2. What were the tools and weapons of people in the early Stone Age made of ?
3. What do most painters paint for?
4. What do most mural paintings on the structures around pagodas depict?
5. How are geometric forms and shapes in cubism painted?
6. What kind of artistic expression is graffiti?
7. Where can graffiti be seen?
8. Do you like painting that capture the beauty of nature or portraits? Why?
9. Should graffiti artists be allowed to write or draw on walls or surface within public
view? Why or why not ?
C. Complete the following table, using information from the passage. The first one is
done for you as an example.
Type of painting Paintings are done on Type of paints / colours
used
1. Water-colour painting paper pigments mixed with water
2. Oil painting
3. Tempera painting
4. Mural painting
5. Fresco painting
4B Vocabulary
Words Related to Painting
A. Complete the pairs of sentences with the correct forms of the words given. Use a
dictionary to help you.
convey / portray
convey ( v ) = to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb.
portray ( v ) = to show sb/sth in a picture; to describe sb/sth in a piece of writing
1. This painting _______ a feeling of happiness.
The painting _______ Cinderella in a pink dress.
tool / weapon
tool ( n ) = an instrument such as a hammer, screwdriver, saw, etc.
weapon ( n ) = an object such as a knife, gun, bomb, etc. that is used for fighting sb.
2. Carpenters need many kinds of _______ such as saws, hammers and chisels.
_______ are used to fight or attack or defend yourself when being attacked.
pigment / colour
pigment (n ) = a coloured powder that is mixed with a liquid to produce paint, etc.
colour ( n ) = a substance that is used to give colour to sth.
3. A _______ is used to give colour to paint, ink and plastic.
She used tomatoes and yellow peppers in the salad for ______.
overlap / penetrate
overlap ( v ) = to extend over or past and cover a part of
penetrate ( v )= to pass into or through
4. The headlights of my car could not ________ the heavy fog.
The petals of flowers like roses and tulips _______.
art / painting
art ( n ) = a branch of learning
painting ( n ) = a product of painting / the art or occupation of painting
5. We visited the Pindaya Cave to see whether there are cave ______ or not.
She studied the ______ of sculpture at the University of Culture.
Prefixes
 A prefix is a letter or a group of letters that is added to the beginning of a word
to change its meaning or to form a different word. Prefixes usually change the
meaning of the root words but do not change the form of the base word except
for some.
Eg. geo- + metric ( adj ) = geometric ( adj )
co- + worker ( n ) = co-worker ( n )
re- + visit ( v ) = revisit ( v )
dis- + like ( v ) = dislike ( v )
en- + large ( adj ) = enlarge ( v )
B. Complete the following table with nouns and verbs formed by adding prefixes to the
root words.
Prefix Root Noun Prefix Root Verb
bi- cycle co- teach
co- founder de- compose
dis- advantage dis- appear
fore- head mal- practise
non- profit mis- pronounce
over- weight over- eat
pre- test re- arrange
semi- circle pre- pack

C. complete the following table with adjectives formed by adding prefixes to the root
words.
Prefix Root Adjective
bi- annual
il- literate
im- possible
in- appropriate
ir- regular
over- confident
un- usual
D. Each sentence with the correct form of the word given in brackets by adding the
appropriate prefix.
1. At one time in many countries, a large percentage of the rural population was ______
( literate ).
2. Currently, she is working in a ______ organization. ( profit )
3. My name is always ______ by people. It is rather difficult to pronounce. ( pronounce )
4. A party dress is ______ for formal occasions. ( appropriate )
5. Nothing is _______ for a willing heart. ( possible )
6. One ______ of living in the town is the lack of safe places for the children to play.
( advantage )
7. It is _______ for Thuta to go to bed early. He usually stays up until midnight. ( usual )
8. _______ the given words to form grammatical sentences. ( arrange )
9. I’m _______ by 4 kg according to my doctor. ( weight )
10. Personally I trust him, but many people think that he is ______. ( honest )
4C Grammar
Participial Phrases
A participial phrase is a group of words that begins with either an –ing or –ed / -
en form of a verb such as : reading in that room, trained by a good coach, working in
the garden, written by Wordsworth, etc.

A. Spot the participial phrases in the following sentences and underline them.
Modifying
1. Do you know that man working in our neighbour’s garden?

noun participial phrase ( a participle + other words )

participle ( V-ing ) noun noun-modifier ( ) adjective

verb verb-modifier ( ) adverb

John put his coat on. John went out.
Putting his coat on, John went out.

2. The children came in , making a lot of noise. ( participial phrase )

3. Many of the articles stolen from that store have been recovered.
4. The Mona Lisa is one of the paintings done by Leonardo da Vinci.
5. Watches made in Switzerland are famous all over the world.
 6. Cars manufactured in Japan are good but expensive.
7. That girl talking to our teacher is very brilliant.
8. Birds such as chickens and ducks bred for eggs and meat are called poultry.
9. Decisions made in haste are seldom good.
10. Information gleaned from encyclopaedias is reliable.
encyclopaedias/en•cy•clo•pe•dia/ = ( also ~ pedias )

Past Simple and Past Continuous

Study the examples below.
 My sister passed the matriculation examination in 2014. ( a completed action in
the past)
past present future

2014 2020 2024

 What happened to your sister in 2014?
 I had my lunch and then took a walk for about ten minutes. ( actions that
happened one after the other in the past)
past present future
12: 00 – 12: 30 p.m 3:00 p.m

lunch + walking
 What did you do yesterday? / this morning?
 She usually borrowed two or three books from the library every week when she
was at the university. ( past habits in the past )
past ( 2015-2019 ) present ( 2020 ) future

borrowed (a university student ) a businessman

 When she was at the university, what did she usually do?

Past Simple Form – verb ed - talked , worked ,

borrowed , etc. -ed - ate, slept, told, etc.
Past Simple is used:
 To describe a completed action in the past ( the time is usually mentioned or
implied).
 To describe actions that happened one after the other in the past.
 To describe past habits or repeated actions in the past ( often used with adverbs
of frequency).

Study the examples below.

 At seven o’clock last night I was watching TV. ( an action in progress at a specific
moment in the past.)
 What were you doing at 7 o’clock last night?
I was watching.
 When I arrived, Ko Ko was talking on the phone. ( the action in the past
continuous started before the action in the simple past)
 What was Ko Ko doing when you arrived?
He was talking on the phone.
 Were you listening while he was talking? ( parallel actions in the past )
Past Continuous Form : verb -ing was ( ) were
- was talking / were talking

Singular + was + V-ing ( eg: A boy was sleeping .. )

Subject
Plural + were + V-ing ( eg: The boys were sleeping … )
I / He / She / It + was + V-ing …
Pronoun
We / You / They + were + V-ing …
Past Continuous is used:
 To describe an action in progress at a specific moment in the past.
 To covey the idea that the action in the past continuous started before the
action in the simple past and probably continued after it.
 To describe parallel actions in the past.
 Verbs such as feel, find, hear , see, smell, sound, and taste are not used in the
progressive when they refer to the action of the senses.
B. Choose and tick the appropriate answers for the following sentences.
1. I could not eat out with you because I ( studied / was studying ) for my test.
2. Thida and Nilar ( played / were playing ) outside in the yard when their parents
came home.
3. Yesterday evening, we ( did not cook / were not cooking). We ordered fried
noodles for dinner.
4. Last night, while I ( watched / was watching ) TV, my brother ( listened / was
listening ) to music.
5. I think you ( read / were reading ) when I phoned.
6. We ( decided / were deciding ) not to go out because it ( rained / was raining )
heavily then.
7. I ( looked / was looking ) for Yamin, but I ( did not see / was not seeing ) her
anywhere.
8. The lights ( went out / were going out ) while I ( studied / was studying ).
9. When I entered the room, I ( found / was finding ) that it was empty.
10. While I ( waited / was waiting ) for the bus, I ( met / was meeting ) my childhood
friend.
C. Put the verbs in the following sentences into the past simple or the past continuous
tense, whichever is appropriate.
1. They ______ ( wait ) for the bus when it _____ ( start ) to rain.
2. He ______ ( see ) an accident when he ______ ( walk ) to the library.
3. Her mobile phone ______ ( ring ) while she _____ ( drive ) to work.
4. Someone _____ ( knock ) on the door while I ______ ( watch ) TV.
5. The old woman ______ ( fall ) while she _____ ( cross ) the road.
6. My brother _____ ( meet ) a beautiful girl when he _____ ( travel) to Japan.
7. Someone ______ ( snatch ) my wallet when I ______ ( get off ) the bus.
8. It ______ ( rain) when he ______ ( wake up ) this morning.
9. I ______ ( fall ) and ______ ( break ) my leg while I ______ ( cycle ).
10. ( you drive ) ______ when I ______ ( phone ) you last night?
4E Writing
Study the examples below and learn to define people, places or things.
 A doctor is a person who gives medical treatment to people.
( )
 A school is a place where children are educated.
( )
 A thermometer is an instrument which is used to measure the temperature.
( )
 Note: Use ‘who’ for people; ‘which’ for objects or animals: ‘where’ for place.
who ၊ ( ) which ၊
place
A. Define the following , matching the first parts of the sentences in Column A with the
second parts in Column B.
1. A microscope is an instrument….. a. has wings but cannot fly.
2. An encyclopaedia is a book …. b. do not eat meat.
3. A generator is a machine …. c. uses lenses to make very small things
look larger.
4. A gallery is a room or building … d. people can see and study different
kinds of wild animals and strange birds.
5. A carnivore is an animal … e. produces electricity.
6. A cabbage is a vegetable … f. gives information on subjects in
alphabetical order.
7. An ostrich is a large bird … g. is used for keeping works of art for the
public to see or study.
8. Vegetarians are people … h. has no wings and can land or take off
vertically.
9. A zoo is a place … i. is large and round with green or white
leaves and can be eaten raw or cooked.
10. A helicopter is an aircraft … j. eats meat.
B. Write a short paragraph on ‘A painting I like’, using the following facts.
- what kind of painting it is - why you like it
- what the painter portrays
deep ( adv ) = a long way inside or into sth:
art ( n ) = the skill of creating objects such as paintings, drawings or
sculptures
common /kɒmən/( adj ) = ordinary; not unusual or special ( )
pigments /ˈpɪɡmənt/ ( n ) = a coloured powder that is mixed with a
liquid to produce paint, etc.

Pigments mixed with egg yolk

canvas/ˈkænvəs/(n) =

egg yolk /jəʊk/ ( n ) =

tempera /ˈtempərə/ ( n ) = a kind of paint in which the colour is mixed with egg and
water
brush /brʌʃ/ ( v ) = clean, polish , or make smooth with a brush
plaster /ˈplɑːstə(r)/ ( n ) =

living ( n ) =
capture /ˈkæptʃə(r)/ ( v ) = = catch
portrait ˈpɔːtreɪt/ ( n ) = a painting, drawing or photograph of a person,
especially of the head and shoulders ( ၊ )
countryside /ˈkʌntrisaɪd/ (n )=
religious /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/ ( adj ) =
portray /pɔːˈtreɪ/ ( v ) = depict
historic /hɪˈstɒrɪk/ ( adj ) =
patriotic /ˌpætriˈɒtɪk/ ( adj )= having or expressing a great love of your country

theme /θiːm/(n) = the subject or main idea in a talk, piece of writing or work of art
depict /dɪˈpɪkt/ ( v ) = to show an image of sb/sth in a picture
significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ ( adj )= important enough to have an effect or to be noticed.
events /ɪˈvent/ ( n ) = a thing that happens, especially sth important
abstract expressionism ( n ) /ˌæbstrækt ɪkˈspreʃənɪzəm/= a
style and movement in abstract art that developed in New York
in the middle of the 20th century and tries to express the
feelings of the artist rather than showing a physical object

cubism /ˈkjuːbɪzəm/ ( n ) = a style and movement in early 20th

century art in which objects and people are represented as geometric
shapes, often shown from many different angles at the same time

conventional /kənˈvenʃənl/ ( adj ) = following what is traditional or the way sth has
been done for a long time . ( )
originate /əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/ ( v ) = to happen or appear for the first time in a particular place
or situation. ( )

geometric shapes /ˌdʒiːəˈmetrɪk ʃeɪp/ =

overlap /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/ ( v )= part of one thing covers part of the other. ( )

penetrate /ˈpenətreɪt/ ( v ) = to go into or through sth.
convey /kənˈveɪ/ ( v ) = to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb ( )

subway /ˈsʌbweɪ/= an underground railway system in a city

subway cars =

debate /dɪˈbeɪt/ ( n )= an argument or a discussion expressing different opinions

a crime /kraɪm/ ( n ) = an illegal act or activity that can be punished by law