Revised Edition

Master Resource Book for

JEE Main
Mathematics
5000+
Specially Prepared Questions for JEE Main with
Complete Theory
2 Levels Exercises
Exams Questions

PRAFFUL K AGARWAL

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT

 Master Resource Book for

JEE Main

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT

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Master Resource Book for

JEE Main

PREFACE
In sync with the recent changes in the test pattern and format of JEE Main (Joint Engineering Entrance), it
is my pleasure to introduce Master Resource Book in Mathematics for JEE Main, for the Students
aspiring a seat in a reputed Engineering College. JEE Main is a gateway examination for candidates
expecting to seek admission in Bachelor in Engineering (BE), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) and Bachelor
of Architecture (B.Arch) at Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs), National Institutes of
Technology (NITs), Delhi Technological University and other Centrally Funded Technical Institutes (CFTIs).

JEE Main is also an examination which is like screening examination for JEE Advanced
(The gateway examination to India’s most reputed Technical Institutes, Indian Institutes of Technology
IITs). Only the top 2.2 lacs students passed in JEE Main will be able to attempt JEE Advanced. Gradually,
the number of students aspiring for the seat in the Engineering College has increased rapidly in the last
5 Years or so.

This year nearly 10 lacs students appeared for JEE Main and only a few were able to reserve a seat in the
college of their choice, so there is a cut throat competition among the aspirants. Thus, it calls for a
systematic mastery of all the subjects of the test with paramount importance to problem-solving. Most of
the books now in the market have become repetitive with scant respect to the needs of true and effective
learning. This book has been designed to fulfill the perceived needs of the students as such.

— This book comprehensively covers all the topics of JEE Main Mathematics syllabus. The chapters have
been sequenced according to the syllabus of class 11th & 12th. Each chapter has essential theoretical
discussion of the related concepts with sufficient number of solved examples, practice problems and
other solved problems. In each chapter previous years' questions of AIEEE and JEE Main have been
included to help students know the difficulty levels and nature of questions asked in competitive exams
at this level.

— All types of questions have been included in this book: Single Correct Answer Types & Numerical
Value Questions.

— This is the only book which has its subject matter divided as per class 11th & 12th syllabus.

It is hoped this new effort will immensely benefit the students in their goal to secure a seat in the
prestigious engineering college, and would be convenient to teachers in planning their teaching
programmes. Suggestions for further improvement are welcome from the students and teachers.

Prafful K Agarwal
Master Resource Book for

JEE Main

CONTENTS
PART I
Chapters from Class 11th Syllabus
1. Sets 3-16
2. Fundamentals of Relations and Functions 17-25
3. Sequence and Series 26-65
4. Complex Numbers 66-106
5. Quadratic Equations 107-131
6. Permutations and Combinations 132-155
7. Mathematical Induction 156-164
8. Binomial Theorem and its Applications 165-191
9. Trigonometric Function and Equations 192-230
10. Properties of Triangles, Heights and Distances 231-257
11. Cartesian Coordinate System 258-284
12. Straight Lines 285-316
13. Circles 317-350
14. Parabola 351-376
15. Ellipse 377-408
16. Hyperbola 409-434
17. Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry 435-444
18. Limits and Derivatives 445-471
19. Mathematical Reasoning 472-489
20. Statistics 490-511
21. Fundamentals of Probability 512-527
Master Resource Book for

JEE Main

PART II
Chapters from Class 12th Syllabus
22. Matrices 531-553
23. Determinants 554-589
24. Relation and Functions 590-607
25. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 608-630
26. Continuity and Differentiability 631-666
27. Differentiation 667-698
28. Applications of Derivatives 699-772
29. Indefinite Integration 773-817
30. Definite Integration 818-852
31. Area Bounded by Curves 853-885
32. Differential Equations 886-929
33. Vector Algebra 930-966
34. Three Dimensional Geometry 967-1002
35. Advanced Probability 1003-1032
Master Resource Book for

JEE Main

SYLLABUS
UNIT 1 Sets, Relations and Functions UNIT 6 Binomial Theorem and
Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and its Simple Applications
complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Binomial theorem for a positive integral index,
Power set; Relation, Types of relations, equivalence general term and middle term, properties of
relations, functions;. one-one, into and onto functions, Binomial coefficients and simple applications.
composition of functions.
UNIT 7 Sequences and Series
UNIT 2 Complex Numbers and
Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion
Quadratic Equations of arithmetic, geometric means between two given
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, numbers. Relation between A.M. and G.M. Sum
Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib upto n terms of special series: ∑ n, ∑ n2, ∑ n3.
and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, Arithmetico - Geometric progression.
algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument
(or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a UNIT 8 Limit, Continuity
complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic
equations in real and complex number system and their
and Differentiability
solutions. Relation between roots and Real valued functions, algebra of functions,
co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic
equations with given roots. and exponential functions, inverse functions.
Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and
UNIT 3 Matrices and Determinants differentiability.
Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and
determinants and matrices of order two and three. quotient of two functions. Differentiation of
Properties of determinants, evaluation of deter-minants, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic
area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint and exponential, composite and implicit functions
evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using derivatives of order upto two. Rolle's and
determinants and elementary transformations, Test of Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems. Applications of
consistency and solution of simultaneous linear derivatives: Rate of change of quantities,
equations in two or three variables using determinants monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions,
and matrices. Maxima and minima of functions of one variable,
tangents and normals.
UNIT 4 Permutations and Combinations
Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an UNIT 9 Integral Calculus
arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of Integral as an anti - derivative. Fundamental
P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications. integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential and
UNIT 5 Mathematical Induction logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution,
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using
applications. trigonometric identities.
Master Resource Book for

JEE Main

Evaluation of simple integrals of the type and a circle with the centre at the origin and
condition for a line to be tangent to a circle,
dx , dx , dx , dx , equation of the tangent. Sections of cones,
x2 ± a2 Öx 2 ± a 2 a2 – x2 Öa 2 – x 2
equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and
dx dx , (px + q) dx , hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx
,
ax 2 + bx + c Öax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.
(px + q) dx ,
Öax 2 + bx + c Öa 2 ± x 2 dx and Öx 2 – a 2 dx UNIT 12 Three Dimensional
Geometry
Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two
Calculus. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of points, section formula, direction ratios and direction
definite integrals, determining areas of the regions cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew
bounded by simple curves in standard form. lines, the shortest distance between them and its
equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different
UNIT 10 Differential Equations forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar
Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. lines.
Formation of differential equations. Solution of
differential equations by the method of separation of
UNIT 13 Vector Algebra
variables, solution of homogeneous and linear Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components
differential equations of the type dy +p (x) y = q(x) of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional
dx space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector
triple product.
UNIT 11 Coordinate Geometry
Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, UNIT 14 Statistics and Probability
distance formula, section formula, locus and its Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean,
equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data.
perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean
coordinate axes. deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
Ÿ Straight lines Probability: Probability of an event, addition and
multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of
theorem, probability distribution of a random variate,
lines, angles between two lines, conditions for
Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.
concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a
line, equations of internal and external bisectors of
UNIT 15 Trigonometry
angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid,
orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation Trigonometrical identities and equations.
of family of lines passing through the point of Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical
intersection of two lines. functions and their properties. Heights and Distances.

Ÿ Circles, conic sections UNIT 16 Mathematical Reasoning

Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of Statements, logical operations and implies, implied
the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology,
equation of a circle when the end points of a contradiction, converse and contra positive.
diameter are given, points of intersection of a line
 01
Sets
The theory of sets was developed by German Mathematician Georg Cantor IN THIS CHAPTER ....
(1845-1918). The concept of sets is widely used in the foundation of relations,
functions, logic, probability theory, etc. Sets
Representation of Sets
Sets Power Set
In Mathematics, a set is a collection of well-defined distinct object or Venn Diagram
elements. The elements that make up a set can be any kind of things : people Operations on Sets
letters of alphabet, numbers, geometrical shape, variables or even other sets.
Laws of Algebra of Sets
Generally, sets are denoted by capital letters A, B, C , . . . and its elements are
denoted by small letters a , b, c, . . . . . Cardinal Number of a Finite and
Infinite Set
Let A is a non-empty set. If x is an element of A, then we write ‘x Î A’ and
read as ‘x is an element of A’ or ‘x belongs to A’. If x is not an element of A,
then we write ‘x Ï A’ and read as x is not an element of A’ or ‘x does not belong
to A’.
e.g. A = Set of all vowels in English alphabets.
In this set a , e , i , o and u are members.

Representation of Sets
We can use the following two methods to represent a set.
(i) Listing Method In this method, elements are listed and put within a
braces { } and separated by commas.
This method is also known as Tabular method or Roster method.
e.g. A = Set of all prime numbers less than 11 = { 2, 3, 5, 7}
(ii) Set Builder Method In this method, instead of listing all elements of
a set, we list the property or properties satisfied by the elements of set
and write it as
A = { x : P ( x )} or { x| P ( x )}
It is read as ‘A is the set of all elements x such that x has the property
P ( x ).’ The symbol ‘:’ or ‘|’ stands for such that.
This method is also known as Rule method or Property method.
e.g. The set A = { 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} is written in set builder form
A = { x : x Î N and x £ 8}
4 JEE Main Mathematics

Different Types of Sets (vii) Subset and Superset

Let A and B be two non-empty sets. If each element of
(i) Empty (Void/Null) Set set A is an element of set B, then set A is known as
A set which has no element, is called an empty set. subset of set B. If set A is a subset of set B, then set B
It is denoted by f or { }. is called the superset of A.
e.g. A = Set of all odd numbers divisible by 2 Also, if A is a subset of B, then it is denoted as A Í B
and read as ‘A is a subset of B’.
and B = {x : x Î N and 5 < x < 6 }
Thus, if x Î A Þ x Î B, then A Í B
Such sets which have atleast one element, are called
non-void set. If x Î A Þ x Ï B, then A Í/ B
and read as ‘A is not a subset of B.’
Note If f represents a null set, then f is never written with in braces
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
i.e. {f} is not the null set.
Here, each element of A is an element of B. Thus,
(ii) Singleton Set A Í B i.e. A is a subset of B and B is a superset of A.
A set which have only one element, is called a singleton set. Note
e.g. A = Set of even prime number • Null set is a subset of each set.
and B = { x : x 2 £ 0, x Î R } • Each set is a subset of itself.
• If A has n elements, then number of subsets of set A is 2 n .
(iii) Finite Sets
A set having finite number of elements is called a finite set.
(viii) Proper Subset
e.g. A = { a , b, c, d }. If each element of A is in set B but set B has atleast
one element which is not in A, then set A is known as
Here, A is a finite set as it has four elements proper subset of set B. If A is a proper subset of B, then
(finite number of elements) it is written as ‘A Ì B ’ and read as A is a proper subset
of B.
(iv) Infinite Sets
A set which does not contain finite number of elements is e.g. If N = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
called infinite set. and I = {…, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
e.g. A set of all prime numbers = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, K } then NÌI
Here, A has not finite number of elements, hence it is an If A has n elements, then number of proper subsets is
infinite set. 2n - 1.

(v) Equivalent Sets (ix) Comparability of Sets

Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent, if they Two sets A and B are said to be comparable, if either
have the same number of elements. A Ì B or B Ì A or A = B, otherwise, A and B are said to
e.g. If A = { 1, 2 , 3} and B = { 3, 7, 9 } be incomparable.
Number of elements in A = 3 e.g. Suppose A = { 1, 2, 3}, B = { 1, 2, 4, 6} and C = { 1, 2, 4}
and number of elements in B = 3 Since, A Ë B or B Ë A or A ¹ B
\ A and B are equivalent sets. \ A and B are incomparable.
But C Ì B
(vi) Equal Sets
\ B and C are comparable sets.
If A and B are two non-empty sets and each element ofset A
is an element of set B and each element of set B is an element (x) Universal Set
of set A, then sets A and B are called equal sets.
A set that contains all sets in given context is called
Symbolically, if x Î A Þ x ÎB the universal set. The universal set is generally
and x ÎB Þ x Î A denoted
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {x : x Î N , x £ 3 } by U .
Here, each element of A is an element of B, also each This set can be chosen arbitrarily for any discussion of
element of B is an element of A, then both sets are called given sets but after choosing it is fixed.
equal sets. e.g. Suppose A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5} and C = {7, 8, 9}
Equal sets are equivalent sets while its converse need not to \ U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} is universal set for all
be true. three sets.
 Sets 5

Example 1. Which of the following is a singleton set? -1± 5 ± 5 -1

Þ t= =
(a) { x : x < 1, x Î I} 2 2
(b) { x : x = 5, x Î I} 5 -1
Q Î(0 , 1]
(c) { x : x 2 = 1, x Î I} 2
(d) { x : x 2 + x + 1 = 0 , x Î R} 5 -1
\ t= is one of the solution.
2
Sol. (a) (a) { x :| x| < 1, x Î I } = { x : - 1 < x < 1, x Î I } = {0 }
Case II If|t - 1| + |t - 2| = 1, for 1 < t £ 2,
(b) { x :| x| = 5, x Î I } = { x : x = ± 5 } = { ± 5 }
then t 2 - t + 2 = 1, t 2 - t + 1 = 0 have no real solutions
(c) { x : x2 = 1, x Î I } = { x : x = ± 1} = { ± 1}
Case III If|t - 1| + |t - 2| = 2t - 3, for t > 2
ìï -1 ± 12 - 4 ´ 1 üï
(d) { x : x2 + x + 1 = 0 , x Î R } = í x : x = , x Î Rý then t 2 - t + 2 = 2t - 3
ïî 2(1) ïþ Þ t 2 - 3t + 5 = 0 have no real solution.
ì -1 ± 3i ü Since, S be the set of all real roots of the given equation,
= íx : x = , x Î Rý = { f}
î 2 þ then S is a singleton set.
[Q x is real but here x is a complex number]
Hence, option (a) is correct. Power Set
Let A be a non-empty set, then collection of all possible
Example 2. Set A has m elements and Set B has n subsets of set A is known as power set. It is denoted by
elements. If the total number of subsets of A is 112 more than P ( A).
the total number of subsets of B, then the value of m × n is ..... e.g. Suppose A = {1, 2, 3}
(JEE Main 2020)
\ P ( A) = {f, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 1}, {1, 2, 3}}.
Sol. (28.00) It is given that n( A) = m and n(B ) = n
(a) A Î P ( A)
and 2 m = 2 n + 112. [Q number of subsets of set A and B are (b) { A} Ï P ( A)
2 m and 2 n respectively]
m n 4
Þ 2 - 2 = 2 (7) Properties of Power Set
n m-n 4 3
Þ 2 (2 - 1) = 2 (2 - 1) (i) Each element of a power set is a set.
On comparing n = 4 and m - n = 3 (ii) If A Í B, then P ( A) Í P ( B)
\ m=7 (iii) Power set of any set is always non-empty.
So, m × n = 28 (iv) If set A has n elements, then P ( A)has 2n elements.

Example 3. Let S be the set of all real roots of the (v) P ( A) Ç P ( B) = P ( A Ç B)

x x x x
equation, 3 (3 - 1) + 2 = |3 - 1| + |3 - 2|. Then, S (vi) P ( A) È ( B) Í P ( A È B)
(JEE Main 2020) (vii) P ( A È B) ¹ P ( A) È P ( B)
(a) is a singleton 8. P(P(......N times (A))) = 2^N(no.of elements in P[A]).
(b) is an empty set Example 4. If set A = {1, 3, 5}, then number of elements in
(c) contains at least four elements P{P( A)} is
(d) contains exactly two elements (a) 8 (b) 256 (c) 248 (d) 250
Sol. (a) Given equation Sol. (b) Given, A = {1, 3, 5}
in any 3 x (3 x - 1) + 2 = |3 x - 1| + |3 x - 2| \ n {P( A)} = 23 = 8
question if
mod appears Let 3 x = t > 0 , " x Î R, so equation is \ n [P {P( A)}] = 2 8 = 256
just break it t 2 - t + 2 = |t - 1| + |t - 2| …(i)
using its
critical points ì1 - t + 2 - t , 0 < t £ 1 Example 5. If A = {f, {f}}, then the power set of A is
ï
and solve it by Q |t - 1| + |t - 2| = ít - 1 + 2 - t , 1 < t £ 2 (a) A (b) {f , {f}, A}
cases ït - 1 + t - 2 , t >2 (c) {f, {f}, {{f}}, A} (d) None of these
î
ì3 - 2t , 0 < t £ 1 Sol. (c) We have,
ï
=í 1 , 1< t £ 2 A = {f , {f}}
ï2t - 3 , t >2 Subset of set A are f , {f}, {{f}}, {f , {f}}
î
Now, Case I If|t - 1| + |t - 2| = 3 - 2t , for 0 < t £ 1, then \ Power set of A i.e. P( A) = {f , {f}, {{f}}, {f , {f}}}
t 2 - t + 2 = 3 - 2t Þ t 2 + t - 1 = 0 Þ P( A) = {f , {f}, {{f}}, A}
6 JEE Main Mathematics

Venn Diagram (ii) Intersection of Two Sets

If A and B are two sets, then intersection of A and B is a
A set is represented through a diagram is called Venn set of all those elements which are in both A and B.
diagram. The intersection of A and B is denoted by A Ç B and read
In Venn diagram, the universal set is represented by a as ‘A intersection B ’.
rectangular region and a set is represented by circle or a Symbolically,
closed geometrical figure inside the universal set. Also,
an element of a set A is represented by a point within the A Ç B = {x : x Î A and x Î B }
circle of set A. If x Î A Ç B Þ x Î A and x Î B
e.g. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, …, 10} and A = {1, 2, 3} and if x Ï A Ç B Þ x Ï A or x Ï B
Then, its Venn diagram is as shown in the figure. The Venn diagram of A Ç B is as shown in the figure and
the shaded region represents A Ç B.
10 U
U U U
4 8
1 A B
2 A B A B
3 A
5 9

6 7
AÇB A Ç B when neither AÇB=f
when A Í B or A Ç B = A A Í B nor B Í A (no shaded region)
Operations on Sets e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 3, 5, 6}
We introduce some operations on sets to construct new \ A Ç B = {3, 4}
sets from the given ones.
General Form
(i) Union of Two Sets
The intersection of a finite number of sets
Let A and B be two sets, then union of A and B is a set of
all those elements which are in A or in B or in both A1 , A2 , A3 , . . . , A n is represented by
n
A and B. It is denoted by A È B and read as ‘A union B ’. A1 Ç A 2 Ç A3 Ç . . . Ç A n or Ç Ai
i =1
Symbolically, A È B = {x : x Î A or x Î B }
n
Clearly, xÎAÈB Symbolically, Ç Ai = { x : x Î Ai for all i}
i =1
Þ x Î A or x Î B
If xÏAÈB (iii) Disjoint of Two Sets
Þ x Ï A and x Ï B Two sets A and B are known as disjoint sets, if A Ç B = f
The venn diagram of A È B is as shown in the figure and i.e. if A and B have no common element. The Venn
the shaded portion represents A È B. diagram of disjoint sets as shown in the figure

U U U U

A A B A B
B A B

AÈB A È B when neither A È B when A and B AÇB

(when A Í B) A Í B nor B Í A are disjoint sets
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3}
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6},
and B = {4, 8, 5, 6} then AÇB={ } = f
\ A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}. \ A and B are disjoint sets.

General Form (iv) Difference of Two Sets

The union of a finite number of sets A1 , A2 , . . . , An is If A and B are two non-empty sets, then difference of
represented by A and B is a set of all those elements which are in A but
n not in B. It is denoted as A - B. If difference of two sets is
A1 È A 2 È A3 È . . .È A n or È A i
i =1 B - A, then it is a set of those elements which are in B
n but not in A.
Symbolically, È Ai = { x : x Î Ai for atleast one i} Hence, A - B = {x : x Î A and x Ï B }
i =1
Sets 7

and B - A = {x : x Î B and x Ï A} A¢ U
If x Î A - B Þ x Î A but x Ï B shaded region is A'
A
and if x Î B - A Þ x Î B but x Ï A
The Venn diagram of A - B and B - A are as shown in the
figure and shaded region represents A - B and B - A.
If U is a universal set and A Ì U ,
U U then A¢ = U - A = {x : x ÎU but x Ï A}
B A
i.e. x Î A Þ x Ï A¢
A B
The Venn diagram of complement of a set A is as shown
in the figure and shaded portion represents A¢.
A–B A–B e.g. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
when A Í B, i.e., (A – B = f) when B Í A
and A = {2, 4, 6, 8, …}
U U \ A¢ = U - A = { 1, 3, 5, 7, …}
A B A B Note
• f = U¢ • f¢ = U • ( A¢ )¢ = A
• A È A¢ = U • A Ç A¢ = f
A – B when neither A – B when A and B are
A Í B nor B Í A disjoint sets. Clearly, Example 6. If X = {4n - 3n - 1: n Î N} and
A–B=A
Y = { 9 (n - 1) : n Î N}, where N is the set of natural numbers,
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} then X È Y is equal to
\ A - B = {1, 2, 3} and B - A = {5, 6, 7, 8} (a) N (b) Y - X
(c) X (d) Y
Important Points Sol. (d) We have, X = { 4 n - 3n - 1 : n Î N }
● A- B¹ B- A Þ X = {0 , 9, 54, 243, L } [put n = 1, 2, 3, L ]
● A - B Í A and B - A Í B
and Y = {9(n - 1) : n Î N }
● A - f = A and A - A = f
Þ Y = {0 , 9, 18, 27, L} [put n = 1, 2, 3, L ]
● The sets A - B and B - A are disjoint sets.
It is clear that X Ì Y .
(v) Symmetric Difference of Two Sets \ X ÈY = Y
If A and B are two sets, then set ( A - B) È ( B - A) is Example 7. Consider the two sets A = {m Î R : both the
known as symmetric difference of sets A and B and is
denoted by ADB. The Venn diagram of ADB is as shown roots of x 2-(m + 1) x + m + 4 = 0 are real} and B = [ - 3, 5).
in the figure and shaded region represents ADB. Which of the following is not true? (JEE Main 2020)
U (a) A - B = ( - ¥ , - 3) È (5, ¥)
(b) A Ç B = {- 3}
A B (c) B - A = ( - 3, 5)
(d) A È B = R
Sol. (a) Given sets A = {m ÎR : both the roots of
AD B
x2 - (m + 1) x + m + 4 = 0 are real} and B = [ - 3, 5)
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6},
Q Roots of x2- (m + 1) x + m + 4 = 0 are real, m ÎR
then ADB = ( A - B) È ( B - A)
\ D ³ 0 Þ (m + 1) 2 - 4(m + 4) ³ 0
= {1, 2} È {4, 5, 6} = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
Þ m2 - 2m - 15 ³ 0
Note 2
Þ m - 5m + 3m - 15 ³ 0
• Symmetric difference can also be written as
ADB = ( A È B) - ( A Ç B)
Þ m (m - 5) + 3 (m - 5) ³ 0
Þ (m + 3) (m - 5) ³ 0
• ADB = BDA (commutative)
Þ m Î ( - ¥ , - 3] È [5, ¥) [Q A = ( - ¥ , - 3] È [5, ¥)]
(vi) Complement of a Set \ A - B = ( - ¥ , - 3) È [5, ¥)
The complement of a set A is the set of all those elements A Ç B = {- 3}, B - A = ( - 3, 5) and A È B = R
which are in universal set but not in A. It is denoted by Hence, option (a) is correct.
A¢ or Ac.
8 JEE Main Mathematics

Laws of Algebra of Sets Sol. (a) Given sets A = {x Î R :| x| < 2},

and B = {x Î R :| x - 2| ³ 3}
For three sets A, B and C
then, A = {x Î R : - 2 < x < 2}
(i) Idempotent law
and B = {x Î R :( x - 2) Î ( -¥ , - 3] È [3, ¥)}
(a) A È A = A
{x Î R : x Î ( -¥ , - 1] È [5, ¥)}
(b) A Ç A = A
\ B - A = R - ( -2, 5)
(ii) Identity law
(a) A È f = A Cardinal Number of a Finite
(b) A Ç U = A and Infinite Set
(iii) Commutative law The number of distinct elements in a finite set A is called
cardinal number and it is denoted by n( A). And if it is not
(a) A È B = B È A
finite set, then it is called infinite set.
(b) A Ç B = B Ç A e.g., If A = { -3, - 1, 8, 10, 13, 17}, then n( A) = 6
(iv) Associative law
(a) ( A È B) È C = A È ( B È C ) Properties
(b) A Ç ( B Ç C ) = ( A Ç B) Ç C If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the finite universal
set, then
(v) Distributive law
(i) n( A È B) = n( A) + ( B) - n( A Ç B)
(a) A È ( B Ç C ) = ( A È B) Ç ( A È C ) (ii) n( A È B) = n( A) + n( B), if A and B are disjoint.
(b) A Ç ( B È C ) = ( A Ç B) È ( A Ç C ) (iii) n( A - B) = n( A) - n( A Ç B)
(vi) De-Morgan’s law (iv) n( ADB) = n( A) + n( B) - 2n ( A Ç B)
(a) ( A È B)¢ = A¢ Ç B¢ (v) n( A È B È C ) = n( A) + n( B) + n(C )
(b) ( A Ç B)¢ = A¢ È B¢ - n( A Ç B) - n( B Ç C ) - n( A Ç C ) + n( A Ç B Ç C )
(vi) n (number of elements in exactly two of the sets
(c) A - ( B Ç C ) = ( A - B) È ( A - C )
A, B, C )
(d) A - ( B È C ) = ( A - B) Ç ( A - C ) = n( A Ç B) + n( B Ç C ) + n(C Ç A) -3n( A Ç B Ç C )
(vii) (a) A - B = A Ç B¢ (vii) n (number of elements in exactly one of the sets
(b) B - A = B Ç A¢ A, B, C ) = n( A) + n( B) + n(C ) - 2n( A Ç B)
(c) A - B = A Û A Ç B = f - 2n( B Ç C ) - 2n( A Ç C ) + 3n( A Ç B Ç C )
(viii) n( A¢ È B¢ ) = n( A Ç B)¢ = n(U ) - n( A Ç B)
(d) ( A - B) È B = A È B
(ix) n( A¢ Ç B¢ ) = n( A È B)¢ = n(U ) - n( A È B)
(e) ( A - B) Ç B = f
(x) n( B - A) = n( B) - n( A Ç B)
(f) A Ç B Í A and A Ç B Í B
Example 9. In a town of 10000 families it was found that
(g) A È ( A Ç B) = A
40% families buy newspaper A, 20% families buy newspaper
(h) A Ç ( A È B) = A B and 10% families buy newspaper C, 5% buy A and B, 3%
(viii) (a) ( A - B) È ( B - A) = ( A È B) - ( A Ç B) buy B and C and 4% buy A and C. If 2% families buy all of
three newspapers, then the number of families which buy A
(b) A Ç ( B - C ) = ( A Ç B) - ( A Ç C )
only, is
(c) A Ç ( BDC ) = ( A Ç B) D ( A Ç C ) (a) 4400 (b) 3300
(d) ( A Ç B) È ( A - B) = A (c) 2000 (d) 500
(e) A È ( B - A) = ( A È B) Sol. (b) n( A) = 40% of 10000 = 4000 , n(B ) = 2000 ,
n(C) = 1000 , n( A Ç B ) = 500, n(B Ç C) = 300 , n(C Ç A) = 400,
Example 8. If A = {x Î R :| x| < 2} and n( A Ç B Ç C) = 200
B = {x Î R :| x - 2| ³ 3}; then (JEE Main 2020) \ n( A Ç B Ç C ) = n{A Ç (B È C) ¢} = n( A) - n{A Ç (B È C)}
(a) B - A = R - ( -2, 5) = n( A) - n( A Ç B) - n( A Ç C) + n( A Ç B Ç C)
(b) A - B = [ -1, 2) = 4000 - 500 - 400 + 200
(c) A È B = R - (2, 5) = 3300
(d) A Ç B = ( -2, - 1)
Sets 9

Example 10. A survey shows that 63% of the people in a (a) 13.5 (b) 13
city read newspaper A whereas 76% read newspaper B. If x % (c) 12.8 (d) 13.9
of the people read both the newspapers, then a possible value Sol. (d) Let the population of city is 100.
of x can be
Then, n( A) = 25, n(B ) = 20 and n( A Ç B ) = 8
(a) 55 (b) 29
A B U
(c) 65 (d) 37
Sol. (a) Given, n ( A) = 63, n (B) = 76 and n ( A Ç B) = x
17 8 12
We know that, n(U)=100

n ( A È B ) = n ( A) + n (B ) - n ( A Ç B )
Þ 100 ³ 63 + 76 - x
Þ x ³ 139 - 100 ³ 39 Venn diagram

and n ( A Ç B ) £ n( A )
So, n( A Ç B) = 17 and n( A Ç B) = 12
Þ x £ 63
According to the question,
\ 39 £ x £ 63
Percentage of the population who look into advertisement is
Example 11. Two newspapers A and B are published in a é 30 ù é 40 ù
=ê ´ n( A Ç B) ú + ê ´ n( A Ç B) ú
city. It is known that 25% of the city population reads A and ë100 û ë100 û
20% reads B while 8% reads both A and B. Further, 30% of é 50 ù
those who read A but not B look into advertisements and 40% +ê ´ n( A Ç B) ú
ë 100 û
of those who read B but not A also look into advertisements,
æ 30 ö æ 40 ö æ 50 ö
while 50% of those who read both A and B look into =ç ´ 17÷ + ç ´ 12÷ + ç ´ 8÷
è100 ø è100 ø è100 ø
advertisements. Then, the percentage of the population who
look into advertisements is (JEE Main 2019) = 5 .1 + 4 .8 + 4 = 13 .9
 Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems
Sets, Their Representation and Venn Diagram and Operations on Sets
Types of Sets 8. If A and B are two given sets, then A Ç ( A Ç B) c is
1. If X n = ìí z = x + iy :|z|2 £ üý for all integers n ³ 1 .
1 equal to
î nþ (a) A (b) B (c) f (d) A Ç Bc
¥
Then, I X n is 9. The set A = { x : x Î R, x 2 = 16 and 2 x = 6 }is equal to
n=1
(a) f (b) {14, 3, 4}
(a) a singleton set (c) {3} (d) {4}
(b) not a finite set
(c) an empty set 10. If A and B are two sets, then ( A È B) ¢ È ( A ¢ Ç B) is
(d) a finite set with more than one element equal to
(a) A ¢ (b) A
2. The set A = { x :|2 x + 3|< 7 } is equal to (c) B¢ (d) None of these
(a) D = { x : 0 < x + 5 < 7}
11. Three sets A, B and C are such that A = B Ç C and
(b) B = { x : - 3 < x < 7}
B = C Ç A, then
(c) E = { x : - 7 < x < 7}
(d) C = { x : - 13 < 2x < 4} (a) A Ì B (b) A É B
(c) A = B (d) A Ì B¢
3. Let A = {1, { 2, 3}}. Then, the number of subsets
of A, is
12. The set ( A È B È C) Ç ( A Ç B ¢ Ç C ¢ ) ¢ Ç C ¢
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 7 is equal to
(a) B Ç C ¢ (b) A Ç C
4. Let n( A) = m and n( B) = n, if the number of subsets (c) B¢ Ç C ¢ (d) None of these
of A is 56 more than of subsets of B, then m + n is
equal to 13. Let S1, S2 and S3 be three sets defined as
(a) 9 (b) 13 (c) 8 (d) 10 S1 = { z Î C :|z - 1|£ 2 }
5. Let A be a set represented by the squares of S2 = { z Î C : Re((1 - i) z) ³ 1}
natural numbers and x, y are any two elements S3 = { z Î C : Im ( z) £ 1}
of A, then Then, the set S1 Ç S2 Ç S3 (JEE Main 2021)
(a) x - y Î A (b) xy Î A (a) is a singleton
x (b) has exactly two elements
(c) x + y Î A (d) Î A
y (c) has infinitely many elements
(d) has exactly three elements
6. If A and B are two non-empty subsets of a set X
such that A is not a subset of B. Then, 14. Let A, B, C be three sets such that A È B È C = U ,
(a) B is a subset of A where U is universal set. Then,
(b) A and B¢ are non-disjoint sets {( A - B) È ( B - C) È (C - A)}¢ is equal to
(c) A and B are disjoint sets (a) A È B È C (b) A È (B Ç C )
(d) A is a subset of B¢ (c) A Ç B Ç C (d) A Ç (B È C )
7. If P = {q : sin q - cos q = 2 cos q } and 15. If aN = { an : n Î N } and bN Ç cN = dN , where
Q = {q : sin q + cos q = 2 sin q } are two sets. Then, a, b, c Î N and b, c are coprime, then
(a) P Ì Q and Q - P ¹ f (b) Q Ë P (a) b = cd (b) c = bd
(c) P Ë Q (d) P = Q (c) d = bc (d) None of these
Sets 11

16. Universal set, U = { x : x 5 - 6 x 4 + 11x 3 - 6 x 2 = 0 }, 20. Out of 64 students, the number of students taking
A = { x : x 2 - 5 x + 6 = 0 } and B = { x : x 2 - 3x + 2 = 0 }. Mathematics is 45 and number of students taking
Then, ( A Ç B) ¢ is equal to both Mathematics and Biology is 10. Then, the
(a) {1, 3} (b) {1, 2, 3} number of students taking only Biology is
(c) {0, 1, 3} (d) {0, 1, 2, 3} (a) 18 (b) 19
(c) 20 (d) None of these
17. For any two sets A and B, if A Ç X = B Ç X = f and
A È X = B È X for some set X, then 21. In a group of 50 people, two tests were conducted,
(a) A - B = A Ç B one for diabetes and one for blood pressure. 30
(b) A = B people were diagnosed with diabetes and 40 people
(c) B - A = A Ç B were diagonsed with high blood pressure. What is
(d) None of the above the minimum number of people who were having
diabetes and high blood pressure?
Cardinal Number of a Finite (a) 0 (b) 10
and Infinite Sets (c) 20 (d) 30
18. There is a group of 265 persons who like either 22. Let X be the universal set for sets A and B. If
singing or dancing or painting. In this group, 200 n( A) = 200, n( B) = 300 and n( A Ç B) = 100, then
like singing, 110 like dancing and 55 like painting. n( A ¢ Ç B ¢ ) is equal to 300 provided n ( X ) is equal to
If 60 persons like both singing and dancing, 30 like (a) 600 (b) 700
both singing and painting and 10 like all three (c) 800 (d) 900
activities, then the number of persons who like only 23. In a college of 300 students, every student reads
dancing and painting is 5 newspaper and every newspaper is read by
(a) 10 (b) 20 60 students. The number of newspaper is
(c) 30 (d) 40 (a) atleast 30 (b) atmost 20
50 n
(c) exactly 25 (d) None of these
19. Let U X i = U Yi = T, where each X i contains 10
i =1 i =1 24. Out of 800 boys in a school, 224 played Cricket,
elements and each Yi contains 5 elements. If each 240 played Hockey and 336 played Basketball. Of
element of the set T is an element of exactly 20 of the total, 64 played both Basketball and Hockey;
sets X i ¢ s and exactly 6 of sets Yi ¢ s, then n is equal 80 played Cricket and Basketball and 40 played
to (JEE Main 2020) Cricket and Hockey; 24 played all the three games.
(a) 50 (b) 15 The number of boys who did not play any game is
(c) 45 (d) 30 (a) 128 (b) 216
(c) 240 (d) 160

Only One Correct Option 4. If A = {( x, y) : x 2 + y 2 = 25 } and

1. If A = {( x, y) : y = e- x } and B = {( x, y) : y = - x }. Then, B = {( x, y) : x 2 + 9 y 2 = 144 }, then A Ç B contains
(a) A Ç B = f (b) A Ì B (a) one point
(c) B Ì A (d) A Ç B = {(0, 1), (0, 0)} (b) two points
2. If A1, A2 , A3, K A100 are sets such that n( Ai ) = i + 2 (c) three points
100 (d) four points
A1 Ì A2 Ì A3 K Ì A100 and I Ai = An then n( A) is
i=3
5. For any three sets A1, A2 , A3. Let
equal to B1 = A1, B2 = A2 - A1 and B3 = A3 - ( A1 È A2 ), then
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 16 which of the following statement is always true.
(a) A1 È A2 È A3 É B1 È B2 È B3
3. The number of elements in the set
(b) A1 È A2 È A3 = B1 È B2 È B3
{ x Î R : (|x|- 3)|x + 4|= 6 } is equal to [JEE Main 2021] (c) A1 È A2 È A3 Ì B1 È B2 È B3
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1
(d) None of the above
12 JEE Main Mathematics

-1
6. If A = ìí x : cos x > ,0 £ x £ püý and 10. In a class of 140 students numbered 1 to 140, all
î 2 þ even numbered students opted Mathematics
1 p
B = ìí x : sin x > , £ x £ püý, then
course, those whose number is divisible by 3 opted
î 2 3 þ Physics course and those whose number is divisible
ì p 2p ü by 5 opted Chemistry course. Then, the number of
(a) A Ç B = í x : £ x £ ý
î 3 3þ students who did not opt for any of the three
ì -p 2p ü courses is (JEE Main 2019)
(b) A Ç B = í x : £x£ ý
î 3 3þ (a) 42 (b) 102 (c) 38 (d) 1
ì -5 p 5p ü
(c) A È B = í x : £x£ ý Numerical Value Type Questions
î 6 6þ
pü
11. Let X = { n Î N : 1 £ n £ 50 }. If A = { n Î X : n is
ì
(d) A È B = í x : 0 £ x £ ý multiple of 2} and B = { n Î X : n is a multiple of 7},
î 6þ
then the number of elements is the smallest subset
7. If A = {( x, y) : y = e2 x , x Î R } of X containing both A and B is ………… .
and B = {( x, y) : y = e-2 x , x Î R }, then A Ç B contains (JEE Main 2020)

(a) No points 12. Suppose A1, A2 , . . . , A30 are thirty sets each having
(b) One points 3 elements and B1, B 2 , . . . , Bn are n sets each
(c) Two points having
(d) Three points 30 n
3 elements. Let È Ai = È B j = S and each
8. If A = ìí ( x, y) : y = , 0 ¹ x Î Rüý
4 i =1 j =1
î x þ elements of S belongs to exactly 10 of Ai ’ s and
and B = {( x, y) : y = x, x > 0, x Î R } exactly 9 of B j ’ s. The value of n is equal to
(a) A ÇB = f
13. Let S = {1, 2, 3, K, 50 }. The number of non-empty
(b) A Ç B is singleton set
(c) A Ç B has infinite elements subsets A of S such that product of element in A is
(d) A Ç B has two elements even, is 2 m ( 2 n - 1), then the value of ( m + n) is
9. Let A, B and C be sets such that f ¹ A Ç B Í C. equal to ............ .
Then, which of the following statements is not 14. The maximum number of sets obtainable from A
true? (JEE Main 2019) and B applying union and difference operation is
(a) B Ç C ¹ f ............ .
(b) If ( A - B) Í C, then A Í C
(c) (C È A ) Ç (C È B) = C
15. In a factory 70% of the workers like oranges and
(d) If ( A - C ) Í B, then A Í B 64% like apples. If x% like both oranges and apples,
then the minimum value of x is ............ .

Answers
Round I
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d)

Round II
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (29) 12. (45) 13. (50) 14. (8) 15. (34)
 Solutions
Round I \ tan q =
1
´
2+1
= ( 2 + 1)
ì 1ü ì 1ü 2 -1 2+1
1. Given, X n = í z = x + iy :| z |2 £ ý = í x2 + y2 £ ý
î nþ î nþ \ P =Q
ì 1 ü 8. A Ç ( A Ç B)c = A Ç ( A c È Bc ) (Qby De-Morgan’s law)
\ X1 = { x2 + y2 £ 1}, X 2 = í x2 + y2 £ ý
î 2þ = ( A Ç A c ) È ( A Ç Bc )
ì 1ü = f È ( A Ç Bc ) = A Ç Bc
X3 = í x2 + y2 £ ý Þ X ¥ = { x2 + y2 £ 0}
î 3þ 9. Since, x2 = 16 Þ x = ± 4
¥
\ I X n = [X1 Ç X 2 Ç X3 Ç L Ç X ¥ = { x2 + y2}] = {0} and 2x = 6 Þ x = 3
n =1 Hence, no value of x is satisfied.
¥
\ A=f
Hence, I X n is a singleton set.
n =1 10. We have, ( A È B)¢ È ( A ¢ Ç B)
2. Given, set A = { x :|2x + 3| < 7} = ( A ¢ Ç B¢) È ( A ¢ Ç B)
Now, |2x + 3| < 7 Þ - 7 < 2x + 3 < 7 [by De-Morgan’s law]
= A ¢ Ç [(B¢ È B)] [distributive law]
Þ - 7 - 3 < 2x < 7 - 3 Þ - 10 < 2x < 4
= A¢ Ç U = A¢
Þ - 5 < x < 2 Þ 0 < (x + 5) < 7
11. Given, A = B Ç C and B = C Ç A
3. We have, A = {1, {2, 3}}
Then, A = (C Ç A ) Ç C
Number of element in A = 2
A = ( A Ç C ) Ç C = A Ç (C Ç C ) [associative]
Number of subsets of A = 22 = 4
= A ÇC
4. Since, total possible subsets of sets A and B are 2m and A =C Ç AÞ A = B
2n, respectively.
12. ( A È B È C ) Ç ( A Ç B¢ Ç C ¢ )¢ Ç C ¢
According to given condition,
= ( A È B È C ) Ç ( A¢ È B È C ) Ç C ¢
2m - 2n = 56
m- n = (f È B È C ) Ç C ¢
Þ 2 (2 - 1) = 23 ´ (23 - 1)
n
= (B È C ) Ç C ¢
On comparing both sides, we get
= (B Ç C ¢ ) È f = B Ç C ¢
2n = 23 and 2m - n = 23
Þ n = 3 and m - n = 3 13. For|z - 1|£ 2 , z lies on and inside the circle of radius 2
units and centre (1, 0).
Þ m = 6 and n = 3
Y
Now, m + n = 6 + 3 = 9
(0, 1)
5. Let x, y Î A. Then, Im(z)=1
2 2
x = m , y = n for some m, n Î N S1 Ç S2 Ç S3
X¢ X
Þ xy = (mn )2 Î A (1, 0)
6. Since, A Ë B therefore it is not necessary that B is
subset of A. x+y=1
Y¢
U
A B
For S 2, let z = x + iy
Now, (1 - i )(z ) = (1 - i )(x + iy)
Re((1 - i )z ) = x + y Þ x + y ³ 1
Þ S1 Ç S 2 Ç S3 has infinity many elements
14. We have, {( A - B) È (B - C ) È (C - A )}
And also, it is not necessary that A and B are disjoint.
Obviously, A and B¢ are not disjoint. = ( A - B)¢ Ç (B - C )¢ Ç (C - A )¢
[by De-Morgan’s law]
7. Since, cos q ( 2 + 1) = sin q
= B ÇC Ç A
Þ tan q = 2 + 1
[Q ( A - B)¢ = B, (B - C )¢ = C , (C - A )¢ = A ]
and sin q ( 2 - 1) = cos q
= A Ç B ÇC
14 JEE Main Mathematics

15. Given, aN = { an : n Î N } 22. Given, n ( A ) = 200, n (B) = 300, n ( A Ç B) = 100

\ bN = { bn : n Î N } and cN = { cn : n Î N } We know that, n ( A È B) = n ( A ) + n (B) - n ( A Ç B)
Also, given bN Ç cN = dN \ n ( A È B) = 200 + 300 - 100 = 400
\ bc Î bN Ç cN or bc Î dN Also, n ( A ¢Ç B¢ ) = n{( A È B)¢ }
\ bc = d [Q b and c are coprime] = n (X ) - n ( A È B)
[Q coprime numbers are those numbers, whose Þ 300 = n (X ) - 400
common factor is 1. e.g., (i) 3 and 5 (ii) 5 and 9 etc.]
Þ n (X ) = 700
16. U = { x : x5 - 6x4 + 11x3 - 6x2 = 0} = {0, 1, 2, 3}
A = { x : x2 - 5x + 6 = 0} = {2, 3} 23. Let number of newspaper be x. If every student reads
one newspaper, the number of students would be 60x.
and B = { x : x2 - 3x + 2 = 0} = {2, 1}
\ ( A Ç B)¢ = U - ( A Ç B) Since, every student reads 5 newspapers.
x ´ 60
= {0, 1, 2,3} - {2} = {0, 1, 3} \ Number of students = = 300
5
17. Given, A Ç X = B Ç X = f
Þ x = 25
So, A and X , B and X are disjoint sets.
Also, A È X = B È X Þ A = B 24. Here, n (C ) = 224, n (H ) = 240, n (B ) = 336,
n (H Ç B ) = 64, n (B Ç C ) = 80, n (H Ç C ) = 40,
18. Let D denotes dancing, P denotes painting and S
n (C Ç H Ç B ) = 24
denotes singing.
\ n (D È P È S ) = 265, \ n (C c Ç H c Ç Bc ) = n [(C È H È B )c ]
n (S ) = 200, n (D ) = 110, n (P ) = 55, = n (U ) - n (C È H È B)
n (S Ç D ) = 60, n (S Ç P ) = 30 = 800 - [224 + 240 + 336 - 64
and n (D Ç P Ç S ) = 10 - 80 - 40 + 24]
Q n (D È P È S ) = n (D ) + n (P ) + n (S ) - n (D Ç P ) = 800 - 640 = 160
- n (P Ç S ) - n (S Ç D ) + n (D Ç P Ç S )
\ 265 = 110 + 55 + 200 - n (D Ç P ) - 30 - 60 + 10 Round II
Þ 265 = 285 - n (D Ç P ) Þ n (D Ç P ) = 20 1. Given that, A = {(x, y) : y = e-x }
\ Persons who like only dancing and painting and B = {(x, y) : y = - x}
= n (D Ç P ) - n (D Ç P Ç S ) = 20 - 10 = 10 Now, drawing both curves
19. According to the given information y=e–x Y
number of distinct elements in y=–x
50
50 ´ 10
U Xi = 20 = 25
i=1
X¢ X
n
n ´5
and number of distinct elements in U Yi =
i=1 6
50 n
Q U Xi = U Yi = T [given]
Y¢
i=1 i=1
n ´5 Since, both graphs do not intersect each other at any
Þ 25 = Þ n = 30
6 point.
20. Let M and B denote the number of students taking \ AÇB=f [disjoint]
Mathematics and Biology. 2. It is given that A1 Ì A2 Ì A3 K Ì A100
Then, n (M ) = 45, n (M Ç B) = 10, n (M È B) = 64 100
\ n (B) = n (M È B) - n (M ) + n (M Ç B) Q I Ai = A Þ A3 = A
i =3
= 64 - 45 + 10 = 29
Þ n (only B) = n (B) - n (M Ç B) = 29 - 10 = 19 Þ n ( A ) = n ( A3 ) = 3 + 2 = 5
21. Given, n (D ) = 30, n (B) = 40 3. Case I x £ - 4
As, n (D Ç B) = n (D ) + n (B) - n (D È B) (- x - 3) (- x - 4) = 6
= 40 + 30 - n (D È B) Þ (x + 3) (x + 4) = 6
= 70 - n (D È B) Þ x2 + 7 x + 6 = 0
As total number of people is 50, therefore maximum Þ x = - 1 or - 6
value of n (D È B) is 50. but x£ -4
Hence, minimum value of n (D Ç B) = 70 - 50 = 20 x= -6
Sets 15

Case II x Î (- 4, 0) 7. Given, A = {(x, y) : y = e2x , x Î R}

(- x - 3) (x + 4) = 6 Þ A is the set of all points on the graph of y = e2x
Þ - x2 - 7x - 12 - 6 = 0 and B = {(x, y) : y = e-2x , x Î R}
Þ x2 + 7x + 18 = 0 Þ B is the set of all points on the graph of y = e-2x
Now, we plot the graph of given sets
D < 0 Þ No solution
Case III x ³ 0 y = e–2x
Y y = e2x
(x - 3) (x + 4) = 6
Þ x2 + x - 12 - 6 = 0
Þ x2 + x - 18 = 0 X¢
O
X
- 1 ± 1 + 72
x=
2 Y¢
73 - 1
\ x= only Since, the graph of y = e and y = e-2x intersect at one
2x
2
point.
4. Clearly, A is set of all points on the circle x2 + y2 = 25 4
8. Given, A = {(x, y) : y = , 0 ¹ x Î R } Þ A is the set of all
and B is set of all points on ellipse x2 + 9 y2 = 144. x
These two intersect at four points P , Q , R and S. points on the graph of xy = 4
and B = {(x, y) : y = x, x > 0, x Î R}
Hence, A Ç B contains four points
Þ B is the set of all points on the graph of y = x, x > 0
Now, we plot the graph of given sets.
(0, 5)
x2+y2=25 Y
(0, 4) y=x
Q P
xy = 4
X¢ X
(–12, 0) (– 5, 0) (5, 0) (12, 0)

R S
(0, –4)
x +9y2=144
2 Y¢
(0, –5)
Since, the graph of xy = 4 and y = x, x > 0 intersect at one
point.
5. We have, B1 = A1 Þ B1 Ì A1 \ A Ç B ¹ f and A Ç B is a singleton set.
B2 = A2 - A1 Þ B2 Ì A2 9. According to the question, we have the following Venn
diagram.
B3 = A3 - ( A1 È A2) Þ B3 Ì A3
Here, A Ç B Í C and A Ç B ¹ f
Q B1 È B2 È B3 Ì A1 È A2 È A3
C
Þ A1 È A2 È A3 É B1 È B2 È B3
A B
6. We have,
1
cos x > - and 0 £ x £ p
2
2p
Þ 0£x£ and 0 £ x £ p A ÇB
3
2p ì 2p ü
Þ 0£x£ Þ A = íx : 0 £ x £ ý Now, from the Venn diagram, it is clear that
3 î 3þ
1 p B Ç C ¹ f, is true
Also, sin x > and £ x £ p Also, (C È A ) Ç (C È B) = C È ( A Ç B) = C is true.
2 3
p 5p ì p 5p ü If ( A - B) Í C, for this statement the Venn diagram is
Þ £x£ Þ B = íx : £ x £ ý
3 6 î 3 6þ
A B
ì p 2p ü
Q A Ç B = íx : £ x £ ý
î 3 3þ
ì 5p ü
and A È B = íx : 0 £ x £ ý C
î 6þ
16 JEE Main Mathematics

From the Venn diagram, it is clear that 11. Given X = { n Î N : 1 £ n £ 50}, then
if A - B Í C, then A Í C. A = { n Î X : n is multiple of 2}
Now, if ( A - C ) Í B, for this statement the Venn = {2, 4, 6, 8, ...... , 50}
diagram.
and B = { n Î X : n = is multiple of 7
A {7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49} Q 14, 28, 42 Î A
B \ Smallest subset of X containing elements of both A
and B have elements = n ( A ) + n (B) - n ( A Ç B)
C = 25 + 7 - 3 = 29

From the Venn diagram, it is clear that 12. If elements are not repeated, then number of elements
A Ç B ¹ f, A Ç B Í C and A – C = f Í B but A Í B. in A1 È A2 È A3 È . . . È A30 is 30 ´ 5. But each element is
used 10 times, so
10.
30 ´ 5
S= = 15 …(i)
A B 10
Similarly, if elements in B1 , B2, K , Bn are not repeated,
then total number of elements is 3n but each element is
C
repeated 9 times, so
3n
S=
Let A be the set of even numbered students then 9
é 140 ù 3n
n( A) = ê = 70 Þ 15 = [from Eq. (i)]
ë 2 úû 9
[[ × ] denotes greatest integer function] Þ n = 45
Let B be the set of those students whose number is
13. Given, Set S = {1, 2, 3, K 50}.
é 140 ù
divisible by 3, then n (B) = ê = 46 Total number of non-empty subset of ‘S’ = 250 - 1
ë 3 úû
Now, number of non-empty subset of ‘S’ in which only
[[ × ] denotes greatest integer function] odd number. {1, 3, 5, K 49} occurs = 225 - 1
Let C be the set of those students whose number is
So, the required number of non-empty subsets of ‘S ’
divisible by 5, then
such that product of elements is even.
é 140 ù
n (C ) = ê = 28 (250 - 1) - (225 - 1) = 250 - 1 - 225 + 1
ë 5 úû
= 250 - 225 = 225 (225 - 1)
[[ × ] denotes greatest integer function]
Here, m = n = 25
é 140 ù
Now, n ( A Ç B) = ê = 23 Q m + n = 25 + 25 = 50
ë 6 úû
[numbers divisible by both 2 and 3] 14. A È B, A - B, B - A
é 140 ù ( A È B) - ( A - B) = B
n (B Ç C ) = ê =9
ë 15 úû ( A È B) - (B - A ) = A
[numbers divisible by both 3 and 5] A D B = ( A - B) È (B - A )
é 140 ù ( A È B) - ( A D B) = A Ç B
n (C Ç A ) = ê = 14
ë 10 úû and ( A - B) - A = f
[numbers divisible by both 2 and 5] Thus, the required number is 8.
é 140 ù 15. Let the total number of worker be 100.
n (A Ç B ÇC ) = ê =4
ë 30 úû A, the set of workers who like oranges and B, the set of
[numbers divisible by 2, 3 and 5] workers who likes apples.
and n ( A È B È C ) = Sn ( A ) - Sn ( A Ç B) + n ( A Ç B Ç C ) So, n ( A ) = 70, n (B) = 64, n ( A Ç B) = x
= (70 + 46 + 28 ) - (23 + 9 + 14) + 4 Also, n ( A È B) £ 100
= 102 Þ n ( A ) + n (B) - n ( A Ç B) £ 100
\Number of students who did not opt any of the Þ 70 + 64 - x £ 100
three courses Þ x ³ 134 - 100
= Total students n ( A È B È C ) Þ x ³ 34
= 140 - 102 = 38 Q The minimum value of x is 34.
 02
Fundamentals of
Relations and Functions
In Mathematics we come across many relations such as number m is less than IN THIS CHAPTER ....
number n, line l is parallel to line m. In all these, a relation involves pairs of
Ordered Pair
objects in certain order. A special type of relation called function. Concept of
function plays very important role in Mathematics, since it captures the idea Cartesian Product
of a mathematically precise correspondence between one quantity with the Relations
other.
Different Types of Relations
Inverse Relation
Ordered Pair Composition of Relations
Two elements a and b listed in a specific order form an ordered pair, denoted
Functions or Mappings
by ( a , b). In an ordered pair ( a , b); a is regarded as the first element and b is
the second element. Classification of Functions
It is evident from the definition that Algebra of Real Functions
(i) ( a , b) ¹ ( b, a ) Inverse Function
(ii) ( a , b) = ( c, d ) iff a = c, b = d Composition of Functions

Equality of Ordered Pair

Two ordered pairs ( a1 , b1 ) and ( a2 , b2 ) are equal iff
a1 = a2 and b1 = b2
i.e., ( a1 , b1 ) = ( a2 , b2 )
Þ a1 = a2 and b1 = b2
Thus, it is evident from the definition that (1, 2) ¹ (2, 1) and (1, 1) ¹ (2, 2).

Cartesian Product
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. The cartesian product of A and B is
denoted by A ´ B and is defined as the set of all ordered pairs ( a , b), where
a Î A and b Î B.
Symbolically, A ´ B = {( a , b) : a Î A and b Î B}
18 JEE Main Mathematics

Important Points Example 1. Let Z be the set of integers. If

2
● If A ¹ B, then A ´ B ¹ B ´ A A = {x Î Z : 2( x+ 2 )( x - 5x + 6 )
= 1} and B = {x Î Z : -3 < 2 x - 1 < 9},
● If A has p elements and B has q elements, then A ´ B then the number of subsets of the set A ´ B, is (JEE Main 2019)
has pq elements. 12 18 15
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 210
● If A = f or B = f, then A ´ B = f . 2
Sol. (c) Given, set A = { x Î Z : 2( x+ 2)( x -5 x + 6 )
= 1}
● Cartesian product of n sets A1 , A2 , A3 , . . . , An is the set 2
( x + 2)( x -5 x + 6 )
of all n-tuples ( a1 , a2 , a3 , . . , an ), ai Î Ai , i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n Consider, 2 = 1 = 2º
n
Þ ( x + 2) ( x - 3) ( x - 2) = 0
and it is denoted by A1 ´ A2 ´ . . . ´ An or Õ Ai .
i =1 Þ x = -2, 2, 3
Þ A = {-2, 2, 3}
Properties of Cartesian Product Also, we have set B = { x Î Z : - 3 < 2x - 1 < 9}
If A, B and C are three sets, then Consider, -3 < 2x - 1 < 9, x Î Z
(i) (a) A ´ ( B È C ) = ( A ´ B) È ( A ´ C ) Þ -2 < 2x < 10 , x Î Z Þ -1 < x < 5, x Î Z
(b) A ´ ( B Ç C ) = ( A ´ B) Ç ( A ´ C ) Þ B = {0 , 1, 2, 3, 4}
(ii) A ´ ( B - C ) = ( A ´ B) - ( A ´ C ) So, A ´ B has 15 elements.
(iii) A ´ B = B ´ A Û A = B \ Number of subsets of A ´ B = 215 .
(iv) If A Í B Þ A ´ A Í ( A ´ B) Ç ( B ´ A) [Q if n( A) = m, the number of possible subsets = 2 m ]
(v) If A Í B Þ A ´ C Í B ´ C
(vi) If A Í B and C Í D Þ A ´ C Í B ´ D Inverse Relation
(vii) ( A ´ B) Ç (C ´ D ) = ( A Ç C ) ´ ( B Ç D ) If R is a relation on set A , then the relation R -1 on A
(viii) A ´ ( B¢È C ¢ )¢ = ( A ´ B) Ç ( A ´ C ) defined by R -1 = {( b, a ) : ( a , b) Î R } is called an inverse
(ix) A ´ ( B¢ Ç C ¢ )¢ = ( A ´ B) È ( A ´ C ) relation to A.
(x) If A and B have n common elements, then A ´ B and Clearly, domain ( R -1 ) = range ( R ); range ( R -1 ) = domain ( R )
B ´ A will have n 2 common elements.
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and let R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
Then, R being a subset of A ´ A, it is a relation on A.
Relations Clearly, 1R 2 ; 2R 2 ; 3R1 and 3R 2.
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then, a relation R
Domain ( R ) = {1, 2, 3} and range ( R ) ={2, 1}
from A to B is a subset of A ´ B.
Also, R -1 = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)}
Thus, R is a relation from A to B Þ R Í A ´ B. If R is a
relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B Domain ( R -1 ) ={2, 1} and range ( R -1 ) ={1, 2, 3}
and if ( a , b) Î R, then we write aRb which is read as ‘a
is related to b by the relation R.’ Example 2. If R = {( x, y) : x, y Î Z , x 2 + 3y 2 £ 8} is a relation
If ( a , b) Ï R, then we write aRb
/ and it is read as ‘a is not on the set of integers Z, then the domain of R-1 is
related to b by the relation R ’. (JEE Main 2020)

Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets having p and q (a) {-1, 0 ,1} (b) {- 2, - 1,1, 2} (c) {-2, - 1, 0 ,1, 2} (d) {0, 1}
2 2
elements respectively, then total number of relations Sol. (a) Given relation, R = {( x, y) : x, y Î Z , x + 3y £ 8}
form A to B = 2 pq. For, y 2 = 0 , x2 = 0 , 1, 4 For, y 2 = 1, x2 = 0 , 1, 4
For, y 2 = 4, x2 Î f
Domain and Range of Relations
\ Range of R is possible values of y = {- 1, 0 ,1}
Let R be a relation from A to B. The domain of R is the
set of all those elements a Î A such that ( a , b) Î R for \ Domain of R -1 = Range of R = {- 1, 0 , 1}
some b Î B.
\ Domain of R = { a Î A : ( a , b) Î R , "b Î B} Composition of Relations
and range of R is the set of all those elements b Î B such Let R Í A ´ B, S Í B ´ C be two relations. Then,
that ( a , b) Î R for some a Î A. composition of the relations R and S denoted by
\ Range of R = { b Î B : ( a , b) Î R , "a Î A}. SoR Í A ´ C and is defined by ( a , c) Î SoR , iff $b Î B s.t.
Here, B is called the codomain of R. ( a , b) Î R , ( b, c) Î S
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 5, 6} e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = { a , b, c, d }, C = { a , b , g }
Let aRb Þ a < b R Í ( A ´ B) = {(1, a ), (1, c), ( 2 , d )}
Then, R = {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6)} S Í ( B ´ C ) = {( a , a ), ( c, g ), ( d , b )}
\ Domain of R = {1, 2, 3}, range of R = {5,6} Then, SoR Í ( A ´ C ) = {(1, a ), (1, g ), ( 2 , b )}
and codomain of R = {3, 5, 6}
Fundamentals of Relations and Functions 19

Note Example 4. The domain of the definition of the

• One should be careful in computing the relation RoS. Actually, SoR starts 1
with R and RoS starts with S. function f ( x) = + log10( x3 - x) is
4 - x2
• In general, SoR ¹RoS (JEE Main 2019)
• (SoR )-1 = R -1oS -1, known as reversal rule. (a) ( -1, 0) È (1, 2) È (3, ¥) (b) ( -2, - 1) È ( -1, 0) È (2, ¥)
(c) ( -1, 0) È (1, 2) È (2, ¥) (d) (1, 2) È (2, ¥)
Example 3. If the relation R : A ® B, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
1
B = {1, 3, 5} is defined by R = {( x, y) : x < y, x Î A, y Î B}, then RoR-1 is Sol. (c) Given function f ( x) = + log10( x3 - x)
4 - x2
(a) {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)}
For domain of f ( x)
(b) {(3, 1), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4)}
4 - x2 ¹ 0 Þ x ¹ ± 2 …(i)
(c) {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
3
(d) None of the above and x - x > 0 Þ x( x - 1)( x + 1) > 0
From Wavy curve method,
Sol. (c) We have, R = {( x, y) : x < y , x Î A, y Î B}
Q R = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5), ( 4, 5)} + +
and R -1 = {(3, 1), (5, 1), (3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4)} –¥ – +¥
Thus, RoR -1 = {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)}. –1 0 – +1

Functions or Mappigs From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the domain of f ( x) as
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then, a function f from set ( -1, 0) È (1, 2) È (2, ¥).
A to B is a rule which associates elements of set A to elements
of B such that all elements of set A are associated to elements Classification of Functions
of set B in unique way.
If f associates x Î A to y Î B, then we say that y is the image of
Constant Function
Y
the element x and denote it by f ( x ) and write as y = f ( x ). The Constant function is a
element x is called the pre-image or inverse image in B. function in which it doesn’t (0, 2) y=2
f matter what is the input
A function is denoted by f : A ® B or A ¾® B. value (domain) because X¢ X
the output value (range) O
Note will be same.
• There may exist some elements in set B which are not the images of any Y¢
OR
element in set A .
• To each and every independent element in A there corresponds one and Let k be a constant, then function f (x) = k, " x Î R
only one image in B. is known as constant function.
• Every function is a relation but every relation may or may not be a function. Domain of f ( x ) = R and Range of f ( x ) = { k}
• The number of functions from a finite set A into finite set B = [n(B)][n( A )]
Polynomial Function
Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function The function y = f ( x ) = a0 x n + a1x n - 1 +......+ an ,
Let f : A ® B, then A is known as domain of f while B is known
where a0 , a1 , a2 , ..... , an are real coefficients and n
as codomain of f.
is a non-negative integer, is known as a polynomial
Also, set f ( A) = { f ( x ) : x Î A} is known as range of f.
function. If a0 =/ 0, then degree of polynomial
Clearly, f ( A) Í B
function is n.
e.g., Let A = {1, –1, 2, –2}, B = {1, 4, 9}
Domain of f ( x ) = R, range varies from function to
x2 2
f : A ¾® B i.e. f ( x ) = x function.

1 1 Rational Function
–1
2
4 If P ( x ) and Q( x ) are polynomial functions, Q( x ) ¹ 0,
–2 9 P( x)
then function f ( x ) = is known as rational
A B Q( x )
From the figure, it is clear that domain of function function.
= { 1, - 1, 2 , - 2} Domain of f ( x ) = R - { x : Q( x ) = 0 }
and range of function = { 1, 4} . and range varies from function to function.
Also, codomain of function = { 1, 4, 9} .
20 JEE Main Mathematics

Irrational Function Modulus Function

The function containing one or more terms having Function y = f ( x ) =|x|is known as modulus function.
non-integral rational powers of x are called irrational ì x, x ³ 0
function. y = f ( x ) =|x|= í
î- x, x < 0
5x3/ 2 - 7x1/ 2
e.g. y = f(x) = Domain of f ( x ) = x Î R
x1/ 2 - 1
and Range of f ( x) = [0, ¥ )
Domain = varies from function to function. Y

Identity Function y=–x

y=x

Function f ( x ) = x , " x Î R is known as identity function. if x ³ 0

if x < 0
It is straight line passing through Y
y=x X¢ X
origin and having slope unity. O
Domain of f ( x ) = R and Range of X¢
O
X Y¢
f(x) = R
Y¢ Properties of Modulus Function
Square Root Function (i) For any real number x, x 2 =|x|.
The function that associates every Y
y = Öx (ii) If a and b are positive real numbers, then
positive real number x to + x is
(a) x 2 £ a 2 Û|x| £ a Û - a £ x £ a
called the square root function, i.e.,
(b) x 2 ³ a 2 Û|x|³ a Û x £ - a or x ³ a
f(x) = + x. X¢
O
X (c) a 2 £ x 2 £ b2 Û a £|x| £ b Û x Î [- b, - a ] È [a , b ]
Range of f ( x ) = [0, ¥ ) . Y¢ (iii)|x ± y| £ |x|+| y|
(iv)|x + y| ³||x|-| y||
Exponential Function
A function of the form f ( x ) = a x , a is a positive real Greatest Integer Function
number, is an exponential function. The value of the For any real number x, the greatest integer function [x ] is
function depends upon the value of a for 0 < a < 1 , equal to greatest integer less than or equal to x.
function is decreasing and for a > 1 , function is
increasing. In general, if n is an integer and x is any number
satisfying n £ x < n + 1 , then [x ] = n. It is also known as
Domain of f ( x ) = R integral part function.
and Range of f ( x ) = [0, ¥ ) e.g. If 2 £ x < 3, then [x ] = 2
y = ax Y Y y = ax Domain = R
(0, 1)
(0, 1) Range = I
X¢ X X¢ X
O O Y
3
Y¢ Y¢
0<a<1 a>1 2
(a) (b) 1
X¢ X
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Logarithmic Function –1
Function f ( x ) = loga x ,( x , a > 0) and a =/ 1, is known as –2
logarithmic function. –3
Domain of f ( x ) = ( 0, ¥ ) Y¢
and Range of f ( x ) = R
Y Y Properties of Greatest Integer Function
y = logax, a > 1 y = logax, 0 < a < 1 If n is an integer and x is any real number between n and
n + 1, then
X¢ X X¢ X
O O (1, 0)
(1, 0) (i) [- n ] = - [n ]
Y¢ Y¢ (ii) [x + n ] = [x ] + n
(a) (b)
(iii) [- x ] = - [x ] - 1, x is not an integer.
Fundamentals of Relations and Functions 21

(iv) [x + y ] ³ [x ] + [ y ] (iv) Multiplication of two real functions

(v) [x ] > n Þ x ³ n + 1 fg( x ) = f ( x ) g( x )
(vi) [x ] < n Þ x < n (v) Quotient of two real functions
(vii) [x + y ] = [x ] + [ y + x - [x ]], for all x , y Î R æfö f(x)
ç ÷ (x) = , g( x ) ¹ 0
é 1ù é 2ù é n - 1ù è gø g( x )
(viii) [x ] + ê x + ú + ê x + ú + . . . + ê x + = [nx ],
ë nû ë nû ë n úû
1 æ px ö
n ÎN Example 6. If f ( x) = - tan ç ÷ , - 1 < x < 1 and
2 è2 ø
Signum Function g ( x) = 3 + 4x - 4x 2 , then domain ( f + g ) is given by
The function defined by é1 ù é1 ö é 1 ö é 1 ù
ì -1 , x<0 (a) ê , 1ú (b) ê , - 1÷ (c) ê - , 1÷ (d) ê - , - 1ú
ë2 û ë2 ø ë 2 ø ë 2 û
|x| ï
f(x) = = í 0, x=0
x ï 1,
1 æ p xö
x>0 Sol. (c) Given, f ( x) = - tan ç ÷ , where - 1 < x < 1
î 2 è 2 ø
is called the signum function. Given, domain of f ( x) is d1 = ( -1, 1)
Y
For domain of g ( x), 3 + 4x - 4x2 ³ 0 Þ (2 x - 3)(2 x + 1) £ 0
y=1
1 é 1 3ù
x>0 \ Domain of g ( x) is d 2 = ê - , ú
ë 2 2û
X¢ X é 1 ö
O Hence, domain of ( f + g ) = d1 Ç d 2 = ê - , 1÷
ë 2 ø
y = –1
–1
x<0 Properties of Composition of Function
Y¢ (i) The composition of functions is not commutative.
Domain = R i.e. fog ¹ gof
Range = { -1 , 0 , 1} (ii) The composition of functions is associative.
i.e. fo( goh ) = ( fog)oh
Example 5. The domain of the function
(iii) The composition of any function with the identity
1 function is the function itself.
f ( x) = is
2
[ x] - [ x] - 6 i.e. If f : A ® B , then foI A = I B of = f .
(a) ( -¥ , - 2) È [ 4, ¥) (b) ( -¥ , - 2] È [ 4, ¥) Example 7. If f ( x) = ( ax 2 + b)3, then the function g such
(c) ( -¥ , - 2) È ( 4, ¥) (d) None of these
that f {g ( x)} = g {f ( x)} is given by
Sol. (a) f ( x ) is defined, if [ x]2 - [ x] - 6 > 0 æ b - x1/3 ö
1/ 2
1
(a) g ( x ) = ç ÷ (b) g ( x ) =
Þ ([ x] - 3)([ x] + 2) > 0 è a ø ( ax + b)3
2

Þ [ x] < - 2 or [ x] > 3 1/ 2
æ x1/3 - b ö
But [ x] < - 2 Þ [ x] = - 3, - 4, - 5, . . . (c) g ( x ) = ( ax2 + b)1/3 (d) g ( x ) = ç ÷
\ x < -2 è a ø
1/ 2
Also, [ x] > 3 Þ [ x] = 4, 5, 6, . . . æ x1/3 - b ö
\ x³4 Sol. (d) Let g ( x ) = ç ÷
è a ø
Domain of f = ( -¥ , - 2) È [ 4, ¥) 1/ 2
æ x1/3 - b ö
\ f {g ( x )} = f ç ÷
Algebra of Real Functions è a ø
3
Let f : X ® R and g : X ® R be any two real functions, é æ x1/3 - b ö ù
= êa ç ÷+ bú = ( x1/3)3 = x
where X Ì R. êë è a ø úû
(i) Addition of two real functions and g {f ( x )} = g {( ax2 + b)3}
( f + g) ( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ) 1/ 2
æ ax2 + b - b ö
(ii) Subtraction of two real functions =ç ÷ = ( x2)1/ 2 = x Þ g {f ( x )} = f {g ( x)}
è a ø
( f - g) ( x ) = f ( x ) - g( x ) 1/ 2
(iii) Multiplication by a scalar æ x1/3 - b ö
Thus, g (x) = ç ÷
(a f ) ( x ) = a f ( x ), a , x Î R è a ø
 Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems
Cartesian Product 8. The relation R defined on set A = { x : x < 3, x Î I }
1. If two sets A and B are having 99 elements in by R = {( x, y) : y = x } is
common, then the number of elements common to (a) {(- 2 , 2), (- 1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2 , 2)}
each of the sets A ´ B and B ´ A are (b) {(- 2 , - 2), (- 2 , 2), (- 1, 1), (0, 0), (1, - 2), (1, 2),
(a) 299 (b) 99 2 (c) 100 (d) 18 (2 , - 1), (2 , - 2)}
(c) {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2 , 2)}
2. Consider the following statements
I. If A Ç B = f, then either A = f or B = f. (d) None of the above
II. For a ¹ b, { a , b} = { b, a } and ( a , b) ¹ ( b, a). 9. Let R be the relation from A = { 2 , 3, 4, 5 } to
III. If A Í B, then A ´ A Í ( A ´ B) Ç ( B ´ A). B = {3, 6, 7, 10 } defined by ‘x divides y’, then R -1 is
IV. If A Í B and C Í D, then A ´ C Í B ´ D. equal to
Which of these is/are correct? (a) {(6, 2), (3, 3)}
(a) Only (II) (b) Only (I) (b) {(6, 2), (10, 2), (3, 3), (6, 3), (10, 5)}
(c) Only (IV) (d) (II), (III) and (IV) (c) {(6, 2), (10, 2), (3, 3), (6, 3)}
(d) None of the above
3. If A = { x : x 2 - 5 x + 6 = 0 }, B = { 2, 4 }, C = { 4, 5 }, then
10. R is a relation from {11, 12 , 13} to {8, 10, 12 } defined
A ´ ( B Ç C) is
by y = x - 3. The relation R -1 is
(a) {(2, 4), (3, 4)}
(a) {(11, 8), (13, 10)}
(b) {(4, 2), (4, 3)}
(b) {(8, 11), (10, 13)}
(c) {(2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4)}
(c) {(8, 11), (9, 12), (10, 13)}
(d) {(2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}
(d) None of the above
Relations 11. If R is a relation from a set A to the set B and S is a
4. Let A = {1, 2 , 3}. The total number of distinct relation from B to C, then the relation SoR
relations that can be defined over A, is (a) is from C to A (b) is from A to C
(a) 29 (b) 6 (c) does not exist (d) None of these
(c) 8 (d) None of these
12. Let a relation R be defined by
5. Let n( A) = m and n( B) = n. Then, the total number R = {( 4, 5), (1, 4), ( 4, 6), (7, 6), (3, 7)}. The relation
of non-empty relations that can be defined from A
R -1oR is given by
to B is
(a) {(1, 1), (4, 4), (7, 4), (4, 7), (7, 7)}
(a) mn (b) nm - 1
(c) mn - 1 (d) 2mn - 1 (b) {(1, 1), (4, 4), (4, 7), (7, 4), (7, 7), (3, 3)}
(c) {(1, 5), (1, 6), (3, 6)}
6. If R = {( x, y) : x, y Î I , x 2 + y 2 £ 4 } is a relation in I, (d) None of the above
then domain of R is
(a) {0, 1, 2} (b) { - 2 , - 1, 0} Functions
(c) { - 2 , - 1, 0, 1, 2} (d) None of these 13. If f ( x) = ax + b, where a and b are integers,
7. Let R be a relation on N defined by x + 2 y = 8. The f ( -1) = - 5 and f (3) = 3, then a and b are equal to
domain of R is (a) a = - 3 , b = - 1
(b) a = 2 , b = - 3
(a) {2, 4, 8} (b) {2, 4, 6, 8}
(c) a = 0 , b = 2
(c) {2, 4, 6} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4} (d) a = 2 , b = 3
Fundamentals of Relations and Functions 23

14. The domain of definition of the function 22. If the functions are defined as f ( x) = x and
æ5x - x ö 2
g ( x) = 1 - x , then what is the common domain of
f ( x) = log10 ç ÷ is
è 4 ø the following functions
f + g, f - g, f / g, g / f , g - f
(a) [1, 4] (b) [1, 0] (c) [0, 5] (d) [5, 0]
f ( x)
2 1 where ( f ± g)( x) = f ( x) ± g ( x), ( f / g)( x) =
15. The range of the function f ( x) = x + is g ( x)
x2 + 1
(JEE Main 2021)
(a) [1, ¥ ) (b) [2, ¥ ) (a) 0 £ x £ 1 (b) 0 £ x < 1
é3 ö (c) 0 < x < 1 (d) 0 < x £ 1
(c) ê , ¥ ÷ (d) None of these
ë 2 ø 1- x
23. Let f : [0, 1] ® [0, 1] defined by f ( x) = ,0 £ x £1
16. If f : R ® R is defined by f ( x) = [ 2 x ] - 2[ x ], " x Î R, 1+ x

where [ x ] is the greatest integer not exceeding x, and let g : [0, 1] ® [0, 1] be defined by
then the range of f is g ( x) = 4 x (1 - x), 0 £ x £ 1, then fog and gof is
(a) { x Î R : 0 £ x £ 1} (b) {0, 1} (2x - 1) 2 8x (1 - x) (2x - 1 ) 8 (1 - x )x
(a) , (b) ,
(c) { x Î R : x > 0} (d) { x Î R : x £ 0} 1 + 4x - 4x 2 (1 + x) 2 1 + 4x - 4x 2 (1 + x) 2
17. Let f : (1, 3) ® R be a function defined by (2x + 1 ) 2 8 (2x + 1 ) 2 8 (1 - x )
(c) , (d) ,
x[ x ] 1 + 4x + 4x 2 (1 + x) 2 (1 + x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2
f ( x) = , where [ x ] denotes the greatest integer
1 + x2 24. If f : R ® R, g : R ® R and h : R ® R are such that
£ x. Then, the range of f is (JEE Main 2020) f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = tan x and h( x) = log x, then the
æ2 3ù æ3 4ö æ2 4ù
(a) ç , ú È ç , ÷ (b) ç , ú p
è5 5û è4 5ø è5 5û value of ( ho ( gof ))( x), if x = will be
4
æ3 4ö æ2 1ö æ3 4ù
(c) ç , ÷ (d) ç , ÷ È ç , ú (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) p
è5 5ø è5 2ø è5 5û
2
x 25. If [ x ] - 5[ x ] + 6 = 0, where [ × ] denote the greatest
18. Let f : R ® R be defined by f ( x) = ,
1 + x2 integer function, then
x Î R . Then, the range of f is (JEE Main 2019) (a) x Î [3, 4] (b) x Î (2, 3]
é 1 1ù (c) x Î [2 , 3] (d) x Î [2, 4)
(a) ê - , ú (b) (-1, 1) - {0}
ë 2 2û 26. If f ( x) = cos (log x), then
é 1 1ù é æxö ù
(c) R - ê - , ú (d) R - [-1, 1] 1
ë 2 2û f ( x) f ( y) - ê f ç ÷ + f ( xy) ú has the value
2 ë è yø û
19. The domain of the real valued function 1
2 2 (a) -1 (b) (c) –2 (d) 0
f ( x) = 5 - 4 x - x + x log ( x + 4) is 2
(a) -5 £ x£1 Numerical Types Questions
(b) - 5 £ x and x ³ 1
27. Let A and B two sets containing 2 elements and 4
(c) -4 < x£1
elements respectively. The number of subsets of
(d) f
A ´ B having 3 or more elements is ............ .
20. The domain of the function
28. If two set A and B having 99 elements in common,
f ( x) = exp ( 5 x - 3 - 2 x 2 ) is
then the number of elements common to each of the
(a) [3 / 2, ¥ ] (b) [1, 3 / 2] sets A ´ B and B ´ A is a b, then a + b is equal to
(c) (- ¥ , 1] (d) (1, 3 / 2) ............ .
21. The domain of the function f defined by 29. The relations on the set A = { x = |x|< 3, x Î Z } is
1 defined by R = {( x, y) = y = |x|, x ¹ - 1}.
f ( x) = 4 - x + is equal to
x2 - 1 Then the number of elements in the power set of R
(a) (-¥ , - 1) È (1, 4] is ............ .
(b) (-¥ , - 1] È (1, 4] 30. If A and B are two sets such that n ( A Ç B ) = 9,
(c) (-¥ , - 1) È [1, 4] n ( A Ç B) = 10 and n ( A È B) = 24, then the value of
(d) (-¥ , - 1) È [1, 4) n ( A ´ B), is equal to ............ .
24 JEE Main Mathematics

Answers
Round I
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (219) 28. (101) 29. (16) 30. (210)

Solutions
Round I 10. Let A = { 11, 12, 13 }, B = { 8, 10, 12 }
1. n [( A ´ B ) Ç (B ´ A )] = n [( A Ç B ) ´ (B Ç A )] \ R = {(11, 8), (13, 10)}
= n ( A Ç B ) ´ n (B Ç A ) R-1 = {(8, 11), (10, 13)}
= 99 ´ 99 = 992 11. Given, R Í A ´ B and S Í B ´ C , we have
2. Statement I If A Ç B = f, then it is not necessary that SoR Í A ´ C
A = f or B = f. \ SoR is a relation from A to C .
Statement II It is true { a , b} = { b, a } and (a , b) ¹ (b, a )
12. Given, R = {(4, 5), (1, 4), (4, 6), (7, 6), (3, 7)}
Statement III By properties of cartesian product
\ R-1 = {(5, 4), (4, 1), (6, 4), (6, 7), (7, 3)}
If A Í B, then A ´ A Í ( A ´ B ) Ç (B ´ A )
Þ R-1oR = {(4, 4), (1, 1), (4, 7), (7, 4), (7, 7), (3, 3)}
Statement IV Also A Í B and C Í D, then
A ´ C Í B ´ D by properties of cartesian product. 13. Given, f (x ) = ax + b
3. Given, A = { x : x2 - 5 x + 6 = 0 } Also, f (- 1 ) = - 5 and f (3) = 3
\ -5 = - a + b and 3 = 3a + b
= { x : (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0} = { 2, 3} On solving, we get
and B = { 2, 4 } and C = { 4, 5 } a = 2, b = - 3
Now, B Ç C = { 2, 4} Ç { 4, 5 } = { 4 } 14. For f (x) to be defined,
\ A ´ (B Ç C ) = { 2, 3 } ´ {4 } = {(2, 4), (3, 4)} 5 x - x2
³ 1 Þ x2 - 5x + 4 £ 0 Þ (x - 4) (x - 1) £ 0
4. Q n ( A ´ A ) = 32 = 9. So, the total number of subsets of 4
A ´ A is 29 and a subset of A ´ A is a relation over the \ x Î [1, 4]
set A. 1 æ x2 ö
15. Given, f (x) = x2 + = (x 2
+ 1 ) - ç 2 ÷
5. Given, n ( A ) = m and n (B ) = n x2 + 1 è x + 1ø
\Total number of relations from A to B = 2mn é x2 ù
= (1 + x2) ê1 - 2 ú ³ 1, " x Î R
\Total number of non-empty relations from A to B ë (x + 1)2 û
= 2mn - 1 Hence, the range of f (x) is [1, ¥ ).
6. Given, R = {(x, y) : x, y Î I , x2 + y2 £ 4} 16. Given, f (x) = [2x] - 2[x], " x Î R
= {(0, 0), (0, –1), (0, 1), (0, –2),…, (–2, 0)} If x is an integer, then f (x) = 0 and if x is not an
\ Domain of R = { x : (x, y) Î R} = { -2 , - 1, 0, 1, 2} integer, then f (x) is either 1 or 0.
\ Range of f (x) = {0, 1}
7. Given, R = {(x, y) : x + 2 y = 8, x, y Î N }
17. The given function f : (1, 3) ® R, defined by
8-x
x + 2y = 8 Þ y = x(1)
2 , x Î (1, 2)
x[x] 1 + x2
\ R = {(2, 3), (4, 2), (6, 1)} f (x) = =
1 + x2 x(2)
\ Domain of R = { x : (x, y) Î R} = {2 , 4, 6} , x Î [2, 3)
1 + x2
8. Given, set is A = { x : x < 3, x Î I } x
, x Î (1, 2)
A = { x : - 3 < x < 3, x I } = { - 2, - 1, 0, 1} 1 + x2
Q f (x) =
Also, R = {(x, y) : y = x } 2x
, x Î [2, 3)
\ R = {(- 2, 2), (- 1, 1 ), (1, 1 ), (0, 0), (2, 2)} 1 + x2
9. Given, A = {2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {3, 6, 7, 10} is a decreasing function, so
\ R = {(2, 6), (2, 10), (3, 3), (3, 6), (5, 10)} 2(3) 3
lim f (3 - h ) ¾® =
Þ R-1 = {(6, 2), (10, 2), (3, 3), (6, 3), (10, 5)} h® 0 1+9 5
Fundamentals of Relations and Functions 25

4 24. { ho( gof ) }x = ho{ g (x2)} = ho(tan x2) = log(tan x2)

f (2) =
5
p ì æ p ö üï
2
2 1 ï
Similarly, f (x ® 2- ) tends to and f (x®1+ ) tends to . At x = , { ho( gof ) }(x) = log í tan ç ÷ ý
5 2 4 ïî è 4ø ï
þ
æ2 1ö æ3 4ù pö
So range of the given function ‘f’ is ç , ÷ È ç , ú æ
è5 2ø è5 5û = log ç tan ÷
è 4ø
Hence, option (d) is correct. = log 1 = 0
x
18. Let y = Þ yx2 - x + y = 0 2
25. Given [x] - 5[x] + 6 = 0
1 + x2
Þ [x]2 - 3[x] - 2[x] + 6 = 0
Q x Î R, so D ³0 Þ 1 - 4 y2 ³ 0
Þ [x]([x] - 3) - 2([x] - 3) = 0
é 1 1ù
Þ (1 - 2 y) (1 + 2 y) ³ 0 Þ y Î ê - , ú Þ ([x] - 3) ([x] - 2) = 0
ë 2 2û
– + – Þ [x] = 3 or [x] = 2
–1/2 1/2 Þ x Î [3, 4) or x Î [2, 3)
é 1 1ù \ x Î [2, 4)
So, range is ê - , ú .
ë 2 2û 26. We have, f (x ) = cos (log x )
2
19. For f (x) to be define,d 5 - 4x - x ³ 0 and x + 4 > 0 é æ xö1 ù
\ f (x ) f ( y ) -
ê f çè y ÷ø + f (xy )ú
Þ - 5 £ x £ 1 and x > - 4 Þ - 4 < x £ 1 ë 2 û
5 x - 3 - 2x 2 1
20. Given, f (x) = e = cos (log x ) cos (log y) - [2 cos (log x ) cos (log y)]
2
For domain of f (x), = cos (log x ) cos (log y) - cos (log x ) cos (log y) = 0
3
2x2 - 5x + 3 £ 0 Þ (2x - 3) (x - 1) £ 0 Þ 1 £ x £ 27. A ´ B contains (2 ´ 4) = 8 elements
2
é 3ù The number of subsets of A ´ B having 3 or more
\ Domain of f (x) = ê1, ú elements = (Number of subsets A ´ B )
ë 2û
1 - (Number of subsets with at most 2 elements)
21. Given, f (x ) = 4 - x + = 28 - (1 + 8 + 28) = 256 - 37 = 219
x2 - 1
For domain of f (x),
28. We have, n [( A ´ B) Ç (B ´ A )]
4 - x ³ 0 and x2 - 1 > 0 = n [( A Ç B) ´ (B Ç A )] = n ( A Ç B) × n (B Ç A )
Þ x £ 4 and x2 > 1 = n ( A Ç B) × n ( A Ç B) = 99 ´ 99 = 992
Þ x £ 4 and x Î (- ¥ , - 1 ) È (1, ¥ ) = a = 99 and b = 2
\ x Î (- ¥ , - 1 ) È (1, 4 ] Q a + b = 99 + 2 = 101
22. f (x) + g (x) = x + 1 - x, domain [0, 1] 29. We have,
f (x) - g (x) = x - 1 - x, domain [0, 1] A = { x :|x| < 3, x Î Z } - { - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2}
g (x) - f (x) = 1 - x - x, domain [0, 1] and R = {(x, y) = y = |x|, x ¹ - 1}
f (x)
=
x
, domain [0, 1) R = {(-2, 2) (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)}
g (x) 1-x Clearly, R has four elements, so the number of
g (x) 1-x elements in set of R is 24 = 16
= , domain (0, 1]
f (x) x
30. We have,
So, common domain is (0, 1).
n ( A Ç B ) = 9, n ( A Ç B) = 10 and n ( A È B) = 10
1 - 4 x (1 - x )
23. fog = f [4x (1 - x) ] = Þ n ( A ) - n ( A Ç B) = 9, n (B) - n ( A Ç B) = 10
1 + 4x (1 - x )
1 - 4 x + 4 x2 (2x - 1 )2 and n ( A ) + n (B) - n ( A Ç B) = 24 …(i)
= =
1 + 4x - 4x 2
1 + 4x - 4x2 Þ n ( A ) + n (B) - 2n ( A Ç B) = 19 …(ii)
æ1 - xö æ1 - xö æ 1 - xö From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
and gof = g ç ÷ =4 ç ÷ ç1 - ÷
è 1 + xø è 1 + xø è 1 + xø n ( A Ç B) = 5, n ( A ) = 14, n (B) = 15
4(1 - x ) æ 1 + x - 1 + x ö 8x (1 - x) Hence, n ( A ´ B) = 14 ´ 15 = 210
= ç ÷=
(1 + x ) è 1+ x ø (1 + x)2
 03
Sequence and
Series
In Mathematics, the word ‘sequence’ is used in the same way as it is in IN THIS CHAPTER ....
ordinary English. When we say that a collection of objects listed in a
Sequence
sequence, we usually mean that the collection is ordered in such a way that it
has an identified first member, second member, third member and so on. Series
Progression
Sequence
Arithmetic Progression (AP)
A set of numbers arranged in a definite order according to some definite rule
is called a sequence. Insertion of Arithmetic Mean
(AM) between Two Numbers
Series Geometric Progression (GP)
If a1 , a2 , . . . , an is a sequence, then the expression a1 + a2 + . . . + an + . . . is Insertion of Geometric Mean
called the series. The series is said to be finite or infinite according as the (GM) between Two Numbers
given series is finite or infinite.
Relation among Arithmetic Mean,
e.g. (i) 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + K + 20 is a finite series. Geometric Mean
(ii) 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . is an infinite series. Arithmetico-Geometric
Progression
Progression
It is not necessary that the terms of a sequence always follow a certain To Find nth Term by Difference
pattern or they are described by some explicity formula for the nth term. Method
Those sequences whose terms follow certain patterns are called progression. Sum of n Terms of Special Series
OR Sn, Sn2 and Sn3
If the terms of a sequence are written under specific conditions, then the
sequence is called progression.
Sequence and Series 27

Sol. (c) Let the common difference of AP,

Arithmetic Progression (AP) a1, a2, a3 , ..., an is ‘d ’, the common difference of the AP,
A sequence is said to be an arithmetic progression, if the b1, b2, b3 , ..., bm is ‘d + 2 ’.
difference of a term and its previous term is always same. Q a40 = - 159 and a100 = - 399
i.e. an + 1 - an = Constant ( = d ), " n Î N Þ a1 + 39d = - 159 ...(i)
The constant difference, generally denoted by d, is called and a1 + 99d = - 399 ...(ii)
the common difference. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
OR 60d = - 240 Þ d = - 4 and a1 = - 3
An arithmetic progression (AP) is a sequence whose Now, as b100 = a70
terms increase or decrease by a fixed number. This fixed Þ b1 + 99(d + 2) = a1 + 69d
number is called the common difference of the AP.
Þ b1 = - 198 - 30d - 3
In other words, if a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , an are in AP, then Þ b1 = - 201 + 120 Þ b1 = - 81
a2 - a1 = a3 - a2 = . . . = an - an - 1 = d
If a is the first term and d is the common difference, then Example 3. If the sum of the series
AP can be written as a , a + d , a + 2 d , K , { a + ( n - 1) d } 3 1 4
20 + 19 + 19 + 18 + ... upto nth term is 488 and the nth
e.g. (i) 1, 3, 5, 7, … (ii) 2, 4, 6, … 5 5 5
term is negative, then (JEE Main 2020)
The nth term of an AP (a) nth term is - 4 (b) nth term is - 4
2
Let a be the first term d be the common difference and l 5
be the last term of an AP, then nth term is given by (c) n = 60 (d) n = 41
Tn = l = a + ( n - 1)d, where d = Tn - Tn - 1 Sol. (a) Given series is
The nth term from last is Tn = l - ( n - 1)d 3 1 4
20 + 19
+ 19 + 18 + … upto nth term = 488
5 5 5
The sum of n terms of an AP né æ 2öù é 1 nù
Suppose there are n terms of a sequence, whose first Þ ê(2 ´ 20) + (n - 1) ç - ÷ ú = 488 Þ nê20 + - ú = 488
2ë è 5øû ë 5 5û
term is a, common difference is d and last term is l, then
sum of n terms is given by Þ n[101 - n] = 488 ´ 5 = 2440
n n Þ n 2 - 101n + 2440 = 0
S n = [2a + ( n - 1)d ] = [a + l ]
2 2 Þ n 2 - 40n - 61n + 2440 = 0
Þ (n - 40)(n - 61) = 0 Þ n = 40 or 61
Example 1. If a1, a2, a3, ..., an are in AP and a1 + a4 + a7 + æ 2ö 1 22
... + a16 = 114 , then a1 + a6 + a11 + a16 is equal to Q T40 = 20 + 39 ç - ÷ = [100 - 78] = >0
è 5ø 5 5
(JEE Main 2019)
æ 2ö 1
(a) 64 (b) 76 (c) 98 (d) 38 and T61 = 20 + 60 ç - ÷ = [100 - 120 ] = - 4 < 0
è 5ø 5
Sol. (b) Given AP is a1, a2, a3 , ¼ , an Q nth term is negative, so value of ‘n’ is 61 and value of
Let the above AP has common difference ‘d’, then nth term is - 4.
a1 + a4 + a7 + ¼ + a16 Hence, option (a) is correct.
= a1 + ( a1 + 3d) + ( a1 + 6d) + ¼ + ( a1 + 15d) 30

= 6a1 + (3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15)d Example 4. Let a1, a2, ..... a30 be an AP, S = å ai and
i =1
= 6a1 + 45d = 114 (given) 15
Þ 2a1 + 15d = 38 …(i) T= å a( 2i - 1). If a5 = 27 and S - 2T = 75, then a10 is equal to
Now, a1 + a6 + a11 + a16 i =1

= a1 + ( a1 + 5d) + ( a1 + 10d) + ( a1 + 15d) (a) 42 (b) 57 (c) 52 (d) 47

= 4a1 + 30d = 2(2a1 + 15d) Sol. (c) We have, S = a1 + a2 + ¼ + a30 = 15 [2a1 + 29 d ] …(i)
= 2 ´ 38 = 76 [from Eq. (i)] [where d is the common difference]
é n ù
Example 2. The common difference of the AP êëQ S n = 2 [2a + (n - 1) d ]úû
b1, b 2, K, b m is 2 more than the common difference of AP
a1, a2 , ..., an. If a40 = - 159, a100 = - 399 and b100 = a70, then and T = a1 + a3 + ¼ + a29
b1 is equal to (JEE Main 2020) 15
= [2a1 + 14 ´ 2 d)] [Q common difference is 2d]
(a) 81 (b) -127 2
(c) -81 (d) 127 Þ 2T = 15 [2a1 + 28 d ] …(ii)
28 JEE Main Mathematics

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Important Results Related to AP

S - 2T = 15 d = 75 [Q S - 2T = 75]
Þ d =5 (i) If a fixed constant C is added to (or subtracted from)
each term of a given AP, then the resulting sequence
Now, a10 = a5 + 5 d = 27 + 25 = 52
is also an AP with the same common difference as
Example 5. Let a1, a2, a3, ... be an AP, such that that of the given AP.
a1 + a2 + ... + ap (ii) If each term of an AP is multiplied by (or divided by)
p3 a6
= ; p ¹ q, then is equal to a non-zero fixed constant C, then the resulting
a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + aq q3 a21 (JEE Mains 2013) sequence is also an AP with common difference C
41 121 11 121 æ 1 ö
(a) (b) (c) (d) times ç or times÷ the previous.
11 1681 41 1861 è C ø
a1 + a 2 + K + a p p3 (iii) If a1 , a2 , a3 ,K and b1 , b2 , b3 ,K are two AP’s, then
Sol. (b) Given that, =
a1 + a 2 + K + a q q3 a1 ± b1 ,a2 ± b2 , a3 ± b3 ,Kis also an AP with common
difference d1 ± d2.
p
[ 2a1 + ( p - 1) d ] (iv) A sequence obtained by multiplying or division of
2 p3
Þ = 3 corresponding terms of two AP is not an AP.
q
[ 2a 2 + (q - 1) d ] q
2 (v) If in an AP, S p = q and S q = p, then S p + q = - ( p + q ).
where, d is a common difference of an AP. (vi) Three numbers in AP can be taken as a - d , a , a + d ,
2a 1 + ( p - 1) d p 2 five numbers in AP can be taken as
Þ =
2a 2 + (q - 1) d q 2 a - 2 d , a - d , a , a + d , a + 2 d, where the common
difference is d.
d
a1 + ( p - 1)
2 (vii) Four numbers in AP can be taken as
Þ 2 =p
d q2 a - 3d , a - d , a + d , a + 3 d , where common difference
a 2 + (q - 1) is 2 d.
2
On putting p = 11and q = 41, we get (viii) If an , an + 1 and an + 2 are three consecutive terms
d of an AP , then 2an + 1 = an + an + 2
a1 + (11 - 1) 2
2 = (11) (ix) In an AP, the sum of terms equidistant from the
d ( 41) 2 beginning and end is constant and equal to the
a 2 + ( 41 - 1)
2 sum of first and last term,
a1 + 5 d 121 a6 121 i.e. a1 + an = a2 + an - 1 = a3 + an - 2 = K
Þ = Þ =
a 2 + 20 d 1681 a 21 1681 (x) Any term of an AP (except the first) is equal to half
the sum of terms which are equidistant from it,
Example 6. In a potato race 20 potatoes are placed in a 1
i.e. an = ( an - k + an + k ), k < n
line at intervals of 4 m with the first potato 24 m from the 2
starting point. A contestant is required to being the potatoes 1
back to the starting place on at a time. How far would he run and for k = 1, an = ( an - 1 + an + 1 )
2
in bringing back all the potatoes?
(xi) Tn = S n - S n - 1 ( n ³ 2).
(a) 2485 m (b) 2480 m
(c) 2482 m (d) None of these
(xii) A sequence is an AP, if its nth term is of the form
An + B, i.e. a linear expression in n. In such a case
Sol. (b) According to the given condition, the sequence becomes, the common difference is A i.e. the coefficient of n.
24, 28, . . . , 20 th term, (xiii) If sum of n terms of any sequence is quadratic
Here, a = 24,d = 28 - 24 = 4,n = 20 expression in n (i.e. S n = an 2 + bn + c), then
n sequence is AP.
\ S n = [2a + (n - 1)d ]
2 (xiv) The common difference of an AP can be zero,
20 positive or negative.
= [2 ´ 24 + (20 - 1) 4]
2
Example 7. Five numbers are in A.P., whose sum is 25
= 10 ( 48 + 76) 1
and product is 2520. If one of these five numbers is - , then
= 10 ´ 124 2
= 1240 the greatest number amongst them is (JEE Main 2020)
The contestant is required to bring the potatoes back to the 21
(a) 7 (b) 16 (c) 27 (d)
starting place = 2S n = 2 ´ 1240 = 2480 m 2
Sequence and Series 29

Sol. (b) Let five numbers, which are in A.P. is Arithmetic Mean
a - 2d, a - d, a, a + d , a + 2d .
If we insert one arithmetic mean between two numbers
According to given information,
a+b
5a = 25 Þ a = 5 a and b, then Arithmetic mean =
2
and a( a2 - d 2)( a2 - 4d 2) = 2520 ● The sum of n arithmetic means between a and b is n

Þ 5(25 - d 2)(25 - 4d 2) = 2520 times of arithmetic mean of a and b

Þ (d 2 - 25)( 4d 2 - 25) = 504 æ a + bö
i.e. A1 + A2 + K + An = n ç ÷ = nA
è 2 ø
Þ 4d 4 - 125d 2 + 625 = 504
● The arithmetic mean of n positive numbers
Þ 4d 4 - 125d 2 + 121 = 0 a1 , a2 , a3 , K , an is
Þ 4d 4 - 4d 2 - 121d 2 + 121 = 0 a + a2 + a3 + K + an
AM = 1
Þ 4d 2(d 2 - 1) - 121(d 2 - 1) = 0 n
121
Þ d 2 = 1, Example 8. Suppose x and y are two real numbers such
4 that the rth mean between x and 2y is equal to rth maan
11 between 2x and y, when n arthmetic means are iserted
Þ d = ± 1, ±
2 n +1 y
between them in both the cases, - is equal to
If d = 1, then terms are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and r x
if d = -1, then terms are 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, and (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3
11 1 21 Sol. (b) Let A1, A2, A3 , L , An are n arithmetic means between two
if d = , then terms are -6, - , 5, , 16.
2 2 2 numbers a and b, then a1, A1, A2, A3 , Ar , L , An , b are in AP.
11 Let d be the common difference, then
When a = 5 and d = ± , then one of these five numbers of
2 b = a + (n + 1) d [Q l = a + (n - 1) d ]
1
A.P. is - and the greatest number amongst them is 16. b-a
and d=
2 n +1
( b - a)
\ Ar = a + rd = a + r ×
Insertion of Arithmetic Mean n +1
a(n - r + 1) + rb
(AM) between Two Numbers Þ Ar = …(i)
n +1
Let A1 , A2 , . . . , An ; n arithmetic means are inserted Now, put a = x and b = 2y in Eq. (i), we get
between two numbers a and b such that a , A1 , A2 , . . . , An , x (n - r + 1) + 2ry
Ar = …(ii)
b form an AP. n +1
Here, total number of terms are ( n + 2) and common Again, put a = 2x and b = y in Eq. (i), we get
difference be d (say). 2x (n - r + 1) + ry
Ar = …(iii)
\ b = ( n + 2) th term = a + ( n + 2 - 1) d n +1
b- a From Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
Þ d= x (n - r + 1) + 2ry 2x (n - r + 1) + ry
n +1 =
n +1 n +1
æb - aö n a + b
\ A1 = a + d = a + ç ÷= Þ - x (n - r + 1) = - ry
è n + 1ø n +1 y n - r +1
Þ =
æ b - a ö ( n - 1) a + 2 b x r
and A2 = a + 2d = a + 2 ç ÷= y n +1
è n + 1ø n +1 Þ = -1
x r
æb - aö n +1 y
In general, Ar = a + r ç ÷ \ - =1
è n + 1ø r x
( n - r + 1) a + r b
= , " r = 1, 2 , ... , n Geometric Progression (GP)
n +1
(1 - 1 + 1)a + 1( b) A geometric progression (GP) is a sequence of numbers,
(i) If r = 1 and n = 1, then A1 = whose first term is non-zero and each of the term is
1+1 obtained by multiplying its just preceding term by a
a+b constant quantity. This constant quantity is called the
Þ A1 = = Mean common ratio of the GP.
2
30 JEE Main Mathematics

In other words, if a1 , a2 , a3 , ... , an are in GP, then 5

= {(10 - 1) + (100 - 1) + (1000 - 1) + . . . to n terms}
a2 a3 an 9
= =K= =r (say)
a1 a2 an - 1 5
= {10 + 100 + 1000 + . . . + n terms - (1 + 1 + . . . + n terms)}
9
r is known as common ratio of GP.
5 ì10(10 n - 1) ü
If a is the first term and r is the common ratio, then GP = í - ný
9 î 10 - 1 þ
can be written as a , ar , ar 2 , K , ar n - 1. ( a ¹ 0)
5
e.g. 2, 4 , 8, 16, . . . = {10 n + 1 - 10 - 9n}
81
The nth term of a GP (General Term)
Example 10. If a , b, c are pth, qth and rth terms of a GP,
Let a be the first term, r be the common ratio and l be the
last term of a GP, then nth term is given by then (q - r) log a + (r - p) log b + ( p - q) log c is equal to
Tn (a) p + q + r (b) 1
Tn = l = ar n - 1, where r = (c) -pqr (d) 0
Tn - 1
l Sol. (d) Let A and R be the first term and common ratio of the
The nth term from last is, Tn ¢ =
rn - 1 given GP. Then, a = AR p - 1
Þ log a = log A + ( p - 1) log R …(i)
The sum of n terms of a GP Similarly, log b = log A + (q - 1) log R …(ii)
Suppose there are n terms of a sequence, whose first and log c = log A + (r - 1) log R …(iii)
term is a, common ratio is r and last term is l, then sum Now, (q - r) log a + (r - p) log b + ( p - q) log c
of n terms is given by
= (q - r) {log A + ( p - 1) log R }
ì a(r n - 1) + (r - p) {log A + (q - 1) log R }
ï , when r > 1
ï r - 1n
+ ( p - q) {log A + (r - 1) log R }
ï a(1 - r ) = log A [q - r + r - p + p - q ]
Sn = í , when r < 1
+ log R [ p(q - r) + q(r - p) + r( p - q)
ï 1-r
ï na when r = 1 - (q - r) - (r - p) - ( p - q)]
ï = log A × 0 + log R × 0 = 0
î
If, terms are infinite, then sum of GP is, Example 11. Let an be the nth term of a GP of positive
a 100 100 200
S¥ =
1-r
, when|r| < 1 terms. If å a 2n + 1 = 200 and å a2n = 100, then å an is equal
n=1 n=1 n=1

Note to (JEE Main 2020)

• If a, b, c , d … are in GP, they are also in continued proportion (a) 300 (b) 175 (c) 225 (d) 150
a b c 1
i.e. = = =K= (say) Sol. (d) It is given that an is the nth term of a GP of positive
b c d r
terms, such that
• If first term of a GP of n terms is a and last term is l. Then, the 100
S a2n + 1 = 200
product of all the terms of the GP is (al )n / 2 . n =1

• If a, b, c are in AP, as well as in GP, then a = b = c . Þ a3 + a5 + a7 + K + a201 = 200

Þ ar + ar 4 + ar 6 + K + ar 200 = 200
2
Example 9. The sum of the series
[where a is the first term of GP and r is the common ratio]
5 + 55 + 555 + . . . to n terms is
Þ ar 2(1 + r 2 + r 4 + K + r198) = 200
1 5
(a) (10 n + 1) (b) (10 n + 1 - 9n - 10) æ1 - r 200 ö
80 81 Þ ar 2ç ÷ = 200 …(i)
5 5 è 1 - r2 ø
(c) (10 n - 1 - 8n - 1) (d) (10 n + 1 + 9n + 10) 100
81 81 and S a2n = 100 (given)
n =1
Sol. (b) 5 + 55 + 555 + . . . to n terms
Þ a2 + a4 + a6 + K + a200 = 100
= 5 {1 + 11 + 111 + . . . to n terms}
5 Þ ar + ar3 + ar5 + K + ar199 = 100
= {9 + 99 + 999 + . . . to n terms}
9 æ1 - r 200 ö
[multiply numerator and denominator by 9] Þ ar ç ÷ = 100 …(ii)
è 1 - r2 ø
Sequence and Series 31

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = [ x2 + x3 + x4 + ... ] - [y 2 + y3 + y 4 + .... ]

150 x2 y2
r = 2 and a = = - as| x| < 1and|y| < 1
2 200 - 1 1- x 1-y
200 a(r 200 - 1) x2(1 - y) - y 2(1 - x) ( x2 - y 2) - ( x2y - y 2x)
\ S an = Þ ( x - y) S = =
n =1 r -1 (1 - x)(1 - y) (1 - x)(1 - y)
150 (2 200 - 1) ( x - y) [( x + y) - xy ]
= ´ Þ ( x - y) S =
200
2 -1 2 -1 (1 - x) (1 - y)
= 150 x + y - xy
Þ S=
Hence, option (d) is correct. (1 - x) (1 - y)

Example 12. Let S be the sum of the first 9 terms of the Important Results Related to GP
2 3
series {x + ka} + {x + (k + 2) a} + {x + (k + 4) a} (i) If each term of a GP is multiplied (or divided) by a
4 non-zero constant C ( ¹ 0), then the resulting
+ {x + (k + 6) a} + ... where a ¹ 0 and x ¹1.
sequence is also a GP with same common ratio.
10
x - x + 45 a ( x - 1) (ii) If a , ar , ar 2, … and a ¢ , a ¢ r ¢ , a ¢ r ¢ 2, … are two GP’s,
If S = , then k is equal to
x -1 (JEE Main 2020) then the sequences aa¢, aa ¢ (rr ¢ ), aa ¢ (rr ¢ )2, … and
2
(a) -5 (b) 1 (c) - 3 (d) 3 a a ær ö a ær ö
, ç ÷, ç ÷ , … obtained by the products
Sol. (c) It is given that a¢ a ¢ è r ¢ ø a ¢ è r ¢ ø
S = {x + ka} + {x2 + (k + 2) a} and quotients of the corresponding terms of the
given GP’s are also GP’s with common ratios rr ¢ and
+ {x3 + (k + 4) a} + {x4 + (k + 6) a} + .....+ upto 9 terms r
respectively.
Þ S = {x + x2 + x3 + x4 + K+ x9} r¢
+ a{k + (k + 2) + (k + 4) } + .....+ (k + 16)} (iii) The reciprocals of the terms of a GP also form a GP.
x ( x9 - 1) æ9ö (iv) If a1 , a2 , a3 , … is a GP of positive terms (i.e., ai > 0,
= + aç ÷ {2k + (9 - 1)2}
x -1 è2ø " i ), then log a1 , log a2 , log a3 , K is an AP and the
converse is also true in this case.
x10 - x
= + 9a (k + 8) (v) The odd number of terms in a GP should be taken
x -1
x10 - x + 9a (k + 8) ( x - 1)
as …
= a a a
x -1 ar3 , ar 2, ar, a , , 2 , 3 , K where common ratio is
r r r
x10 - x + 45a ( x - 1)
= [given] r while the even number of terms in a GP should be
x -1
taken as …
So, on comparing, we get a a a
k + 8 = 5 Þk = -3 ar5 , ar3 , ar, , 3 , 5 , … where common ratio is r 2.
r r r
Hence, option (c) is correct.
(vi) If a1 , a2 , a3 , ... , an are in GP, then a1k , a2k , a3k , ... , ank
Example 13. If| x | < 1,|y | < 1and x ¹ y, then the sum to will also be in GP whose common ratio is r k.
infinity of the following series
(vii) If a1 , a2, a3 , ... , an are in AP, then a a1 , a a2 ,
( x + y) + ( x 2 + xy + y 2) + ( x3 + x 2y + xy 2 + y3)+ … is
a a3 , ... , a an will be in GP whose common ratio is a d .
(JEE Main 2020)
x + y + xy x + y - xy (viii) If a1 , a2 , a3 ,K and b1 , b 2 , b3 ,K are in GP, then the
(a) (b)
(1 + x) (1 + y) (1 - x) (1 - y) sequence(s) a1 ± b1 , a 2 ± b 2 , a 3 ± b3 ,…., will not be a
x + y + xy x + y - xy GP.
(c) (d)
(1 - x) (1 - y) (1 + x) (1 + y) (ix) In a GP, the product of two terms equidistant from
the beginning and end is a constant and is equal to
Sol. (b) Given series of infinite terms, if| x| < 1,|y| < 1and x ¹ y is
the product of first term and last term, i.e. if
S = ( x + y) + ( x2+ xy + y 2) + ( x3 + x2y + xy 2 + y3) +…
a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , K , an - 2, an - 1 , an are in GP, then
On multiplying ( x - y) both sides, we get a1an = a2an - 1 = a3 an - 2 = K
Þ ( x - y) S = ( x2 - y 2) + ( x3 - y3) + ( x4 - y 4) + ....
32 JEE Main Mathematics

1/ ( n + 1)
Example 14. Three numbers form an increasing GP. If the æ bö
Þ r=ç ÷
middle number is doubled, then the new numbers are in AP. èaø
The common ratio of the GP is (JEE Main 2014) 1/ ( n + 1)
æ bö
(a) 2 - 3 (b) 2 + 3 (c) 3 - 2 (d) 3 + 2 \ G1 = ar = a ç ÷
èaø
a
Sol. (b) Let the three numbers in GP be , a , ar. 2/ ( n + 1)
r æ bö
G2 = ar 2 = a ç ÷
Also, the numbers form an increasing GP. èaø
a k/ ( n + 1)
So, r > 1. Now, , 2a , ar in AP. æ bö
r In general, Gk = a ç ÷ , " k = 1, 2 , 3, ... , n
a
èaø
\ 4a = + ar 1/ (1 + 1) 1/ 2
r æ bö æ bö
If k = 1 and n = 1, then G1 = a ç ÷ =aç ÷ = ab
Þ r 2 - 4r + 1 = 0 Þ r = 2 + 3 [Q r ¹ 2 - 3 ] èaø èaø

Example 15. If ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d is divisible by ax 2 + c , Geometric Mean

then a , b, c , d are in
If we insert one geometric mean between two numbers a
(a) AP (b) GP and b, then
(c) HP (d) None of these
Geometric mean = ab.
Sol. (b) Since, ax3 + bx2 + cx + d is divisible by ax2 + c.
Therefore, when ax3 + bx2 + cx + d is divided by ax2 + c, the Important Points
remainder is zero. ● The product of n geometric means between a and b is
bc equal to the nth power of geometric mean of a and b
\ d- =0
a i. e. , G1 × G2×K × Gn = ( ab)n / 2 = G n
b d
Þ bc = ad Þ = 1
a c ● The product of n geometric means between a and is 1.
a
Þ a , b, c, d are in GP.
● The geometric mean of n positive numbers
Example 16. The sum of the first three terms of a GP is a1 , a2 , a3 , K , an is GM = ( a1 a2 a3 K an )1/ n .
S and their product is 27. Then all such S lie in (JEE Main 2020) ● If A and G be the AM and GM between two positive
(a) ( - ¥ , 9] (b) [ - 3, ¥) numbers, then the numbers are A ± A2 - G 2 .
(c) ( - ¥ , - 9] È [3, ¥) (d) ( - ¥ , - 3] È [9, ¥)
● If A and G are respectively AM and GM between two
a
Sol. (d) Let, the three terms of GP are , a, ar. positive numbers a and b, then the quadratic equation
r
a
having a , b as its roots is
As, it is given that´ a ´ ar = 27 Þ a = 3 x 2 - 2 Ax + G 2 = 0
r
a æ1 + r + r 2 ö
and S = + a + ar Þ S = 3 ç ÷ Example 17. If m is the AM of two distinct real numbers
r è r ø
l and n (l , n > 1) and G1, G2 and G3 are three geometric means
Þ 3r 2 + (3 - S) r + 3 = 0 [Q r ¹ 0 ] between l and n, then G14 + 2G24 + G34 equals (JEE Main 2015)
Q r ÎR
\ D ³ 0 Þ (3 - S) 2 - 4 (3) (3) ³ 0 (a) 4 l 2mn (b) 4 lm2n (c) 4 lmn 2 (d) 4 l 2m2n 2

Þ (3 - S - 6) (3 - S + 6) ³ 0 Sol. (b) Given, m is the AM of l and n

Þ ( S + 3) ( S - 9) ³ 0 \ l + n = 2m …(i)
Þ S Î ( -¥ , - 3] È [9, ¥) and G1, G 2, G3 are geometric means between l and n
\ l, G1, G 2, G3 , n are in GP.
Let r be the common ratio of this GP.
Insertion of Geometric Mean (GM) \ G1 = lr Þ G 2 = lr 2
between Two Numbers 1

Let G1 , G2 , . . . , Gn ; n geometric means are inserted 3 4 ænö 4

Þ G3 = lr Þ n = lr Þ r=ç ÷
between two numbers a and b such that èlø
a , A1 , A2 , . . . , An , b form a GP. Now, G14 + 2G 24 + G34 = (lr) 4 + 2(lr 2) 4 + (lr3) 4
Here, total number of terms are ( n + 2) and let common = l 4 ´ r 4(1 + 2r 4 + r 8) = l 4 ´ r 4(r 4 + 1) 2
ratio is r. 2
n æn + lö
n + 2-1 = l4 ´ ç
2 2
÷ = ln ´ 4m = 4 lm n
\ b = ( n + 2)th term = ar l è l ø
Sequence and Series 33

Relation among Arithmetic Mean Example 19. The sum of the series
and Geometric Mean 1 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 2 2 + 4 × 23 + . . . + 100 × 299 is
Let a and b be two real positive and unequal numbers (a) 100 × 2100 + 1 (b) 99 × 2100 + 1
and A, G , H are arithmetic, geometric and harmonic (c) 99 × 2 99 - 1 (d) 100 × 2100 - 1
mean respectively between them.
a+b Sol. (b) Let S = 1 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 2 2 + 4 × 23 + . . . + 100 × 2 99 …(i)
Then, A= , G = ab
2 It is an arithmetico-geometric series.
a+b On multiplying Eq. (i) by 2 and then subtracting, we get
Now, A-G = - ab
2 S = 1 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 2 2 + 4 × 23 + . . . + 100 × 2 99
2
a + b - 2 ab æ a - b ö 2S = 1× 2 + 2 × 2 2 + 3 × 23 + . . . + 99 × 2 99 + 100 × 2100
= =ç ÷ >0
2 è 2 ø - S = 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 23 + . . . + 2 99 - 100 × 2100
\ A-G > 0 [Q a and b are positive] 1 (2100 - 1 )
Þ A>G …(i) Þ -S = - 100 × 2100
2 -1
Example 18. The minimum value of 2 sin x + 2 cos x is Þ - S = 2100 - 1 - 100 × 2100
(JEE Main 2020) Þ - S = - 1 - 99 × 2100
1 1
-1 + 1-
(a) 2 -1 + 2
(b) 21 - 2
(c) 2 2 (d) 2 2 Þ S = 99 × 2100 + 1

Sol. (d) As 2 sinx and 2 cosx are positive quantities for "x Î R.
To Find nth Term by Difference Method
So, according to AM-GM inequality, we have
If T1 , T2 , ... , Tn are terms of any series and their
2 sin x + 2 cos x
³ 2 sin x × 2 cos x Þ (2 sin x + 2 cos x) ³ 2 ´ 2(sin x+ cos x)/ 2 difference ( T2 - T1 ), ( T3 - T2 ),( T4 - T3 ) , …, ( Tn - Tn - 1 )
2
are either in AP or in GP, then Tn and S n of series may
æp ö
Now, sin x + cos x = 2 sinç + x÷ Î [– 2 , 2 ] be found by the method of differences.
è4 ø
\The minimum value of 2 + 2 cos x is minimum value of
sin x Let S n = T1 + T2 + T3 + . . . + Tn
1
1+ (sin x + cos x )
1
1+ (– 2) 1-
1 Again, S n = T1 + T2 + . . . + Tn - 1 + Tn
2 2 and it is equal to 2 2 =2 2.
S n - S n = T1 + ( T2 - T1 ) + ( T3 - T2 ) + . . . + ( Tn - Tn -1 ) - Tn
Arithmetico-Geometric Þ Tn = T1 + ( T2 - T1 ) + ( T3 - T2 ) + . . . + ( Tn - Tn - 1 )
Progression (AGP) Þ Tn = T1 + t1 + t2 + t3 + . . . + tn - 1
A sequence whose each term is obtained by multiplying where t1 , t2 , . . . are terms of the new series.
corresponding terms of AP and GP is called an
arithmetico-geometric progression. Example 20. The sum of the infinite series
If a , ( a + d ), ( a + 2d ), K , [a + ( n - 1) d ] is an AP and 4 9 16
1+ + + + K ¥ is
1, r , r 2 , K , r n - 1 is a GP, then on multiplying 3 32 33
(a) 4/2 (b) 9/2 (c) 4/9
corresponding terms of AP and GP, a progression
(d) 1
a , ( a + d ) r , ( a + 2d ) r 2 , K , [a + ( n - 1) d ] r n - 1 is formed
which is called an arithmetico-geometric progression. Sol. (b) This is clearly not an arithmetico-geometric series,
since 1, 4, 9, 16, … are not in AP. However, their successive
Method of Solving AGP Series differences ( 4 - 1), (9 - 4), (16 - 9) , … are in AP.
4 9 16
Let AGP series Let S¥ = 1 + + 2 + 3 + K ¥
3 3 3
a + ( a + d )r + ( a + 2d )r 2 + . . . + { a + ( n - 1)d }r n - 1
1 1 4 9
S¥ = + 2 + 3 + K ¥
Types of problem can be solved by using the direct 3 3 3 3
method given below. On subtraction, we get
(i) The sum of n terms of arithmetico-geometric is 2 3 5 7
S¥ = 1 + + 2 + 3 + K ¥
a dr(1 - r n - 1 ) [a + ( n - 1) d ] r n 3 3 3 3
Sn = + - ,r ¹1
1-r (1 - r )2 1-r 1 2 1 3 5
Þ × S¥ = + 2 + 3 + K ¥
(ii) The sum of infinite terms of arithmetico-geometric 3 3 3 3 3
progression, é 1ù
a dr êëmultiplying both sides by 3 úû
S¥ = + , |r| < 1
1 - r (1 - r )2
34 JEE Main Mathematics

On subtracting the two series, we get Tn = (nth term of 3, 5, 7, . . .) ´ (nth term of1, 2, 3, . . .) 2
æ 4ö 2 2 2 = [3 + (n - 1)2][1 + (n - 1)1]2
ç ÷ × S¥ = 1 + + 2 + 3 + K ¥
è9ø 3 3 3 = (3 + 2n - 2)(n) 2 = (2n + 1)n 2 = 2n3 + n 2
2æ 1 1 ö 2 1
= 1 + ç1 + + 2 + K ¥ ÷ = 1 + ´ =2 Now, S = STn = 2Sn3 + Sn 2
3è 3 3 ø 3 æ 1ö
ç1 - ÷ é ì n(n + 1) ü ù
2
è 3ø
2 êQ Sn3 = í ý ú
æ 9ö 9 é n(n + 1) ù n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
ê î 2 þ ú
\ S ¥ = ç2 ´ ÷ = =2 ê +
è 4ø 2 ë 2 úû 6 ê 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) ú
ê Sn = ú
ë 6 û
Sum of n terms of Special Series n(n + 1) é n(n + 1) 2n + 1ù
= êë2 ´ +
2 2 3 úû
Sn, Sn 2 and Sn 3 n(n + 1) é 3n(n + 1) + 2n + 1ù
= êë úû
Generally, find the sum of n terms of any series, we use 2 3
S before the nth term of the series. n(n + 1)
= ´ (3n 2 + 3n + 2n + 1)
Sum of some special series is given below. 6
(i) Sum of n natural numbers n(n + 1)(3n 2 + 5n + 1)
=
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +K+ n 6
n( n + 1)
= Sn = Example 22. The sum of series
2
3 ´ 13 5 ´ (13 + 23) 7 ´ (13 + 23 + 33)
(ii) Sum of squares of n natural numbers 2
+ 2 2
+ + ....... + upto 10th
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 +2 12 + 2 2 + 32
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +K+ n
term, is (JEE Main 2019)
n( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
= Sn 2 = (a) 680 (b) 600 (c) 660 (d) 620
6
(iii) Sum of cubes of n natural numbers Sol. (c) Given series is
3 3
= 1 + 2 + 3 +K+ n3 3 3 ´ 13 5 ´ (13 + 23) 7 ´ (13 + 23 + 33)
+ + + ...
2
12 12 + 2 2 12 + 2 2 + 33
n 2( n + 1)2 é n ( n + 1) ù
= Sn3 = =ê ú = ( Sn )2 So, nth term
4 ë 2 û (3 + (n - 1)2)(13 + 23 + 33 ... + n3)
Tn =
Note 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + K + n 2
1 1 1 1 n 2
• + + +K+ = æ n (n + 1) ö
1× 2 2 × 3 3 × 4 n(n + 1) n + 1 (2n + 1) ´ ç ÷
è 2 ø
1 1 1 1 1 =
• + +K+ = - n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
1× 2 × 3 2 × 3 × 4 n(n + 1) (n + 2 ) 4 2(n + 1) (n + 2 ) 6
n(n + 1) (n + 2 ) é n
é n(n + 1) ù
2 n
2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) ù
• 1× 2 + 2 × 3 + K + n(n + 1) = 3
3 êQ r S= 1 r = ê 2 ú andr S= 1 r = ú
ë ë û 6 û
• 1× 2 × 3 × 4 + 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 + K + n(n + 1) (n + 2 ) (n + 3)
3n(n + 1) 3 2
1 So, Tn = = (n + n)
= n(n + 1) (n + 2 ) (n + 3) (n + 4) 2 2
5
Now, sum of the given series upto n terms
Example 21. The sum of the series 3
S n = STn = [ Sn 2 + Sn]
2
3 ´ 12 + 5 ´ 2 2 + 7 ´ 32 + . . . is
3 é n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) ù
= ê +
n(n + 1)(n 2 - 5n - 1) n(n + 1)(3n 2 + 5n + 1) 2ë 6 2 úû
(a) (b)
6 6 3 é10 ´ 11 ´ 21 10 ´ 11ù
\ S10 = ê +
(c)
n(n - 1)(3n 2 - 5n - 1)
(d) None of these 2ë 6 2 úû
6 3 3
= [(5 ´ 11 ´ 7) + (5 ´ 11)] = ´ 55 ( 7 + 1)
Sol. (b) Let given series is S = 3 ´ 12 + 5 ´ 2 2 + 7 ´ 3 2 + . . . 2 2
3
First, we will split the given series into two parts which are = ´ 55 ´ 8 = 3 ´ 55 ´ 4
2
3, 5, 7, … and12, 2 2, 3 2, . . . and find the nth term of each part
= 12 ´ 55 = 660
separately to find the nth term of the given series.
 Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems

General Term of AP 8. A carpenter was hired to build 192 window frames.

1. { an } and { bn } be two sequences given by The first day he made five frames and each day,
1 1 1 1 thereafter he made two more frames than he made
an = ( x) 2
n n
+ ( y) 2 and bn = ( x) 2
n n
- ( y) 2 for all the day before. How many days did it take him to
finish the job?
n Î N , then a1 a2 a3. . . an is equal to
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 14
x+ y x- y xy
(a) x - y (b) (c) (d)
bn bn bn 9. In a cricket tournament 16 school terms
participated. A sum of ` 8000 is to be awarded
2. If the roots of the equation
x 3 - 12 x 2 + 39 x - 28 = 0 are in AP, then their among themselves as prize money. If the last
common difference will be placed team is awarded ` 275 in prize money and
(a) ± 1 (b) ± 2 (c) ± 3 (d) ± 4 the award increases by the same amount for
successive finishing places, amount will the first
3. The interior angles of a polygon are in AP. If the
place team received is
smallest angle be 120° and the common difference
(a) ` 720 (b) ` 725 (c) ` 735 (d) ` 780
be 5, then the number of side is
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 6 10. If q1, q 2 , q 3, . . . , q n are in AP, whose common
1 1 1 difference is d, then sin d (sec q 1 sec q 2 + sec q 2 sec q 3
4. If , , be consecutive terms of an AP,
+ . . . + sec q n -1 sec q n ) is equal to
b- c c- a a- b
then ( b - c) 2 , ( c - a) 2 , ( a - b) 2 will be in (a) tan qn - tan q2 (b) tan qn + tan q1
(a) GP (b) AP (c) tan qn - tan q1 (d) None of these
(c) HP (d) None of these 11. If a1, a2 , a3 , . . . , a4001 are terms of an AP such that
5. A man arranges to pay off a debt of ` 3600 by 1 1 1
+ + ... + = 10 and
40 annual instalments which are in AP. When a1a2 a2 a3 a4000 a4001
30 of the instalments are paid, he dies leaving one-third a2 + a4000 = 50, then|a1 - a4001| is equal to
of the debt unpaid. The value of the 8th instalment is (a) 20 (b) 30
(a) ` 35 (b) ` 50 (c) 40 (d) None of these
(c) ` 65 (d) None of these 12. If a1, a2 , . . . , an are in AP with common difference d,
6. Given that n AM’s are inserted between two sets of then the sum of the series
numbers a , 2 b and 2 a , b where a , b Î R. Suppose sin d ( cosec a1 cosec a2 + cosec a2 cosec a3 + . . . +
further that mth mean between these sets of cosec an -1 cosec an ) is
numbers is same, then the ratio a : b is equal to (a) sec a1 - sec a n (b) cot a1 - cot a n
(a) (n - m + 1): m (b) (n - m + 1): n (c) tan a1 - tan a n (d) cosec a1 - cosec a n
(c) n : (n - m + 1) (d) m : (n - m + 1)
13. Let S1, S2 , . . . be squares such that for each n ³ 1,
7. A man saved ` 66000 in 20 yr. In each succeeding the length of a side of Sn equals the length of a
year after the first year he saved ` 200 more than diagonal of Sn + 1. If the length of a side of S1 is 10
what he saved in the previous year. How much did cm, then for which of the following values of n, the
he save in the first year? area of Sn less than 1 sq cm ?
(a) ` 1450 (b) ` 1400 (a) 7 (b) 6
(c) ` 1470 (d) ` 1480 (c) 9 (d) None of these
36 JEE Main Mathematics

14. If a, b, c are in AP, then 10 a x + 10 , 10 b x + 10 , 10 c x + 10 23. If the sum and product of the first three terms in
( x ¹ 0) are in an AP are 33 and 1155, respectively, then a value
(a) AP (b) GP only when x > 0 of its 11th term is (JEE Main 2019)
(c) GP for all x (d) GP only when x < 0 (a) 25 (b) –36 (c) –25 (d) –35
15. If 19th term of a non-zero AP is zero, then its
(49th term) : (29th term) is (JEE Main 2019) 24. If log 2 , log( 2 n - 1) and log ( 2 n + 3) are in AP, then n
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1 is equal to
2 2 2
16. If a , b , c are in AP, then which of the following is 5 3
(a) (b) log 2 5 (c) log3 5 (d)
2 2
also in AP ?
(a) sin A ,sin B,sin C (b) tan A , tan B, tan C 25. Given sum of the first n terms of an AP is 2 n + 3 n2 .
(c) cot A , cot B, cot C (d) None of these Another AP is formed with the same first term and
double of the common difference, the sum of n
17. Between 1 and 31 are inserted m arithmetic means
terms of the new AP is
so that the ratio of the 7th and ( m - 1)th means is
(a) n + 4n 2 (b) 6 n 2 - n
5:9, then the value of m is
(c) n 2 + 4n (d) 3 n + 2n 2
(a) 13 (b) 14 (c) 11 (d) 12
26. If the ratio of the sum of n terms of two AP’s be
Sum of n Terms in AP (7 n + 1) : ( 4 n + 27), then the ratio of their 11th
18. If a1, a2 , a3, . . . , a2 n are in AP, then the value of terms will be
a12 - a22 + a32 - a42 + K + a22 n - 1 - a22 n is equal to (a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 5 : 6
n n 27. If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-constant AP
(a) (a12 - a 22n ) (b) (a12 - a 22n )
2n - 1 2n + 1 are in GP, then the common ratio of this GP is
n (JEE Main 2016)
(c) (a12 + a 22n ) (d) None of these 8 4 7
2n - 1 (a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
5 3 4
19. If the sum of first 11 terms of an AP., a1, a2 , a3, . . .
28. If the first term of an AP is a and the sum of the
is 0 ( a1 ¹ 0), then the sum of the AP.,
first p terms is zero, then the sum of its next
a1, a3, a5 , . . . , a23 is ka1, where k is equal toMain 2020)
(JEE
q terms is
121 121 72 72 a ( p + q)q - a ( p + q)q
(a) - (b) (c) (d) - (a) (b)
10 10 5 5 p-1 p-1
20. If the first term of an AP is 3 and the sum of its a ( p - q)q
(c) (d) None of these
first 25 terms is equal to the sum of its next 15 p-1
terms, then the common difference of this AP is
(JEE Main 2020)
29. The sum of all two digit positive numbers which
1 1 1 1 when divided by 7 yield 2 or 5 as remainder is
(a) (b) (c) (d) (JEE Main 2019)
6 5 4 7
(a) 1256 (b) 1465 (c) 1356 (d) 1365
21. Let a1, a2 , ¼ , an be a given AP. Whose common
30. If a1, a2 , a3, . . . , a24 are in arithmetic progression
difference is an integer and Sn = a1 + a2 + ¼ + an .
and a1 + a5 + a10 + a15 + a20 + a24 = 225, then
If a1 = 1, an = 300 and 15 £ n £ 50, then the ordered
a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . + a23 + a24 is equal to
pair ( Sn - 4 , an - 4 ) is equal to (JEE Main 2020)
(a) 909 (b) 75 (c) 750 (d) 900
(a) (2490, 249) (b) (2480, 249)
(c) (2480, 248) (d) (2490, 248)
31. If a1, a2 , a3, . . . , an are in AP, where ai > 0 for all i,
1 then value of
22. If the 10th term of an AP is and its 20th term is 1 1 1
20 + + ... + is equal to
1 a1 + a2 a2 + a3 an - 1 + an
, then the sum of its first 200 terms is
10 n -1 n+1
(JEE Main 2020)
(a) (b)
(a) 50
1
(b) 100 a1 + a n a1 + a n
4 n -1 n+1
1 (c) (d)
(c) 50 (d) 100 a1 - a n a1 - a n
2
Sequence and Series 37

32. Let the sequence, a1, a2 , a3, . . , a2 n , form an AP, then 40. Let a, b, c, d and p be any non-zero distinct real
a12 - a22 + a32 - ... + a22 n - 1 - a22 n is equal to numbers such that ( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) p 2 - 2
n 2n ( ab + bc + cd) p + (b2 + c2 + d 2 ) = 0. Then,
(a) (a12 - a 22n) (b) (a 22n - a 12) (JEE Main 2020)
2n - 1 n -1
n (a) a , c, p are in AP (b) a , c, p are in GP
(c) (a 12 + a 22n) (d) None of these
n+1 (c) a , b, c, d are in GP (d) a , b, c, d are in AP

33. Let S1 be the sum of first 2 n terms of an arithmetic 41. If x, 2 y and 3z are in AP, where the distinct
progression. Let S2 be the sum of first 4 n terms of numbers x, y, z are in GP, then the common ratio of
the same arithmetic progression. If ( S2 - S1) is the GP is
1000, then the sum of the first 6 n terms of the 1 1
(a) 3 (b) (c) 2 (d)
arithmetic progression is equal to (JEE Main 2021) 3 2
(a) 1000 (b) 7000 42. The length of three unequal edges of a rectangular
(c) 5000 (d) 3000 solid block are in GP. The volume of the block is
34. Consider the following statements 216 cm 3 and the total surface area is 252 cm 2 .
I. If an denotes the nth term of an AP, then The length of the longest edge is
an + k + an - k (a) 12 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 3 cm
an = a a
2 43. Let a1, a2 , . . . . , a10 be a GP. If 3 = 25, then 9
a1 a5
II. In an AP, if the sum of m terms is equal to the
sum of n terms, then the sum of ( m + n) terms equals
(JEE Main 2019)
is always zero.
(a) 53 (b) 2(52) (c) 4(52) (d) 54
Which of the statement is given above is/are
correct?
44. If A is the arithmetic mean and G1, G2 be two
(a) Only I (b) Only II
geometric means between any two numbers, then
(c) Both I and II (d) None of these G12 G22
+ is equal to
G2 G1
35. The sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are divisible
(a) 2 A (b) A
by 2 or 5 is
(a) 3000 (b) 3050 (c) 3 A (d) None of these
(c) 4050 (d) None of these 45. If the pth and qth terms of a GP are q and p,
36. The sum of the integers from 1 to 100 which are not respectively, then ( p - q)th term is
1 1
divisible by 3 or 5 is
æ qp ö p - q æ qq ö p - q
(a) 2489 (b) 4735 (c) 2317 (d) 2632 (a) ç q ÷ (b) ç p ÷
èp ø èp ø
General Term of GP 1
æ pq ö p - q
37. If a , b, c are in GP and log a - log 2 b, log 2 b - log 3c (c) ç p ÷ (d) None of these
èq ø
and log 3c - log a are in AP, then a , b, c are the
length of the sides of a triangle which is 46. If a , b, c, d and p are different real numbers such
(a) acute angled (b) obtuse angled
that ( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) p 2 - 2 ( ab + bc + cd) p
(c) right angled (d) equilateral
+ ( b2 + c2 + d 2 ) £ 0, then a , b, c, d are in
38. If a and b are roots of the equation x 2 - 3x + a = 0
and g and d are roots of the equation (a) AP (b) GP
x 2 - 12 x + b = 0 and a, b, g, d form an increasing (c) HP (d) ab = cd
GP, then the values of a and b are respectively 47. If the roots of the cubic equation ax 2 + dx 2 + cx + d
(a) 2, 16 (b) 4, 8 are in GP, then
(c) 2, 32 (d) None of these (a) c3 a = b3 d (b) ca3 = bd3
3 3
39. If a be the AM between b and c and GM’s are G1 (c) a b = c d (d) ab3 = cd3
and G2 , then G13 + G23 is equal to 48. If x, y, z are in GP and a x = b y = cz , then
(a) abc (b) 2abc
(a) log a c = logb a (b) logb a = log c b
(c) 3abc (d) 4abc
(c) log c b = log a c (d) None of these
38 JEE Main Mathematics

49. In an increasing, geometric series, the sum of the 57. Let a 1, b1 are the roots of x 2 - 6 x + p = 0 and a 2 , b 2
second and the sixth term is
25
and the product of are the roots of x 2 - 54 x + q = 0. If a 1, b1, a 2 , b 2
2 form an increasing GP. Then, the value of ( q - p) is
the third and fifth term is 25. Then, the sum of 4th, (a) 500 (b) 520 (c) 540 (d) 560
6th and 8th terms is equal to (JEE Main 2021)
58. In a GP the sum of three numbers is 14, if 1 is
(a) 35 (b) 30 (c) 26 (d) 32 added to first two numbers and subtracted from
50. If a , b, c be in GP, then log a n , log bn , log cn will be third number the series becomes AP, then the
greatest number is
(a) AP (b) GP
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 24 (d) 16
(c) HP (d) None of these
59. Suppose a , b, c are in AP and a 2 , b2 , c2 are in GP. If
51. Let an be nth term of the GP of positive numbers. 3
100 100 a < b < c and a + b + c = , then the value of a is
2
Let å a2 n = a and å a2 n - 1 = b, such that a ¹ b ,
1 1 1 1 1 1
n =1 n =1 (a) (b) (c) - (d) -
2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2
then the common ratio is
a b a b 60. In a GP, first term is 1. If 4T2 + 5T3 is minimum,
(a) (b) (c) (d)
b a b a then its common ratio is
2 2 3 3
52. The product of three consecutive terms of a GP is (a) (b) - (c) (d) -
5 5 5 5
512. If 4 is added to each of the first and the second
of these terms, the three terms now form an AP. 61. Three numbers form a GP. If the 3rd term is
Then, the sum of the original three terms of the decreased by 64, then the three numbers thus
given GP is (JEE Main 2019) obtained will constitute an AP. If the second term
(a) 36 (b) 28 (c) 32 (d) 24 of this AP is decreased by 8, a GP will be formed
again, then the numbers will be
53. If three distinct numbers a, b and c are in GP and (a) 4, 20, 36 (b) 4, 12, 36
the equations ax 2 + 2 bx + c = 0 and (c) 4, 20, 100 (d) None of these
dx 2 + 2 ex + f = 0 have a common root, then which
one of the following statements is correct?
(JEE Main 2019)
62. If AM of two numbers is twice of their GM, then the
d e f ratio of greatest number to smallest number is
(a) d , e and f are in GP (b) , and are in AP (a) 7 - 4 3 (b) 7 + 4 3
a b c
d e f (c) 21 (d) 5
(c) d , e and f are in AP (d) , and are in GP
a b c 63. Let a, b and c be the 7th, 11th and 13th terms
54. Let a, b and c be in GP with common ratio r, where respectively of a non-constant AP. If these are
1 a
a ¹ 0 and 0 < r £ . If 3a, 7b and 15c are the first also the three consecutive terms of a GP, then
2 c
three terms of an AP, then the 4th term of this is equal to (JEE Main 2019)

AP is (JEE Main 2019) 7

(a) 2 (b)
2 7 13
(a) 5a (b) a (c) a (d) a
3 3 1
(c) 4 (d)
2
55. The value of common ratio for which three
successive terms of a GP are the sides of a triangle is 64. If x, y and z are in AP and tan - 1 x, tan - 1 y and
(a) r > 0 (b) r Î (0, 1) tan - 1 z are also in AP, then (JEE Main 2013)
æ 5 - 1 5 + 1ö
(c) r Î ç , ÷ (d) None of these (a) x = y = z (b) 2x = 3 y = 6z
è 2 2 ø (c) 6x = 3 y = 2z (d) 6x = 4 y = 3z
56. In the four numbers first three are in GP and last
Sum of n Terms in GP
three are in AP whose common difference is 6.
If the first and last numbers are same, then first 65. If a, b and c be three distinct real numbers in GP
number will be and a + b + c = xb, then x cannot be (JEE Main 2019)
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) -3
Sequence and Series 39

66. The sum of n terms of the series 75. The sum of

1.4 + 3.04 + 5.004 + 7.0004 +K is (x + 2)n - 1 + (x + 2)n - 2 (x + 1) + (x + 2)n - 3 (x + 1)2 +
4æ 1 ö 4æ 1 ö K + ( x + 1) n - 1 is equal to
(a) n 2 + ç1 + ÷ (b) n 2 + ç1 - n ÷
9è 10n ø 9è 10 ø (a) (x + 2) n-2
- (x + 1) n
(b) (x + 2)n - 1 - (x + 1)n - 1
4æ 1 ö (c) (x + 2)n - (x + 1)n (d) None of these
(c) n + ç1 - n ÷ (d) None of these
9è 10 ø 76. If S denotes the sum to infinite and Sn the sum of n
67. If the sum of the second, third and fourth terms of 1 1 1
terms of the series 1 + + + +L such that
a positive term GP is 3 and the sum of its sixth, 2 4 8
1
seventh and eighth terms is 243, then the sum of S - Sn < , then the least value of n is
the first 50 terms of this GP is (JEE Main 2020)
1000
1 49 1 50 (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
(a) (3 - 1) (b) (3 - 1) ¥
26
2 50
26
1 50
77. If sum of the series å r n = S, for|r|< 1, then sum
(c) (3 - 1) (d) (3 - 1) n= 0
13 13 ¥
¥
68. If f ( x + y) = f ( x) f ( y) and å f ( x) = 2, x, y Î N , where
of the series å r 2n
is
n= 0
x =1
S2 2S S2
N is the set of all natural numbers, then the value (a) S 2 (b) (c) (d)
2S + 1 S2 - 1 2S -1
f ( 4)
of is (JEE Main 2020) 78. The sum of the infinite series
f ( 2)
2 7 12 17 22
2 1 1 4 1+ + + + + + K is equal to
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3 32 33 34 35
3 9 3 9
9 15 13 11
69. (666K6) 2 + (888K8) is equal to (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4
n digits n digits
4 4 79. If 1 + cos a + cos2 a + . . . ¥ = 2 - 2 , then a , (0 < a < p)
(a) (10n - 1) (b) (10 2n - 1)
9 9 is
4 p p p 3p
(c) (10n - 1) 2 (d) None of these (a) (b) (c) (d)
9 8 6 4 4
70. If 1 + l + l2 + K + ln 80. An infinite GP has the first term ‘ x ’ and sum 5,
2 4 8 16
= (1 + l) (1 + l ) (1 + l ) (1 + l ) (1 + l ), then x belongs to
then the value of n is (where n Î N ) (a) x < -10 (b) -10 < x < 0
(a) 32 (b) 16 (c) 31 (d) 15 (c) 0 < x < 10 (d) x > 10
¥ ¥ ¥
71. If f ( x + y) = f ( x) × f ( y) for x, y Î N and f (1) = 2 , 81. If a = S x n , b = nS= 0 y n , c = nS= 0 ( xy) n , where
n=0
then the value of a for which
n |x|,|y|< 1 , then
S f ( a + k) = 16 ( 2 n - 1) is
k =1
(a) abc = a + b + c (b) ab + bc = ac + b
(c) ac + bc = ab + c (d) ab + ac = bc + a
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
72. The number 111...1 (91 times) is a/an Relation Among AM and GM
(a) even number (b) prime number 82. The minimum value of 4 x + 41 - x , x Î R is
(c) not prime (d) None of these (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 0
n n
73. The value of the sum å å r s
Srs 2 3 , where 83. If one GM, g and two AM’s, p and q are inserted
r =1 s =1
between two numbers a and b, then
Srs = 0, if r ¹ s and Srs = 1, if r = s, is ( 2 p - q)( p - 2 q) is equal to
(5n - 1) 6 n 5n6n 5 n (a) g 2 (b) - g 2 (c) 2 g (d) 3 g 2
(a) (b) (6 - 1) (c) (d) (5 - 1)
4 5 n+1 4
84. If a, b and c are in AP and p, p ¢ are the AM and GM
74. Let n ( > 1) be a positive integer, then the largest respectively between a and b, while q, q¢ are the AM
integer m such that ( nm + 1) divides and GM respectively between b and c, then
(1 + n + n2 + . . . + n127 ), is (a) p 2 + q 2 = p 2 + q ¢2 (b) pq = p¢ q¢
(a) 32 (b) 63 (c) 64 (d) 127 2 2
(c) p - q = p ¢ - q ¢ 2 2
(d) None of these
40 JEE Main Mathematics

85. The product of n positive numbers is unity. n (n + 1)(n + 2) n (n + 1)

(a) (b)
6 2
Their sum is
1 n 2 + 3n + 2
(a) a positive integer (b) equal to n + (c) (d) None of these
n 2
(c) divisible by n (d) never less than n 96. The sum of the series
86. If 2 p + 3q + 4 r = 15, then the maximum value of 1 2 3
2 4
+ 2 4
+ + … to n terms is
1+1 +1 1+2 +2 1 + 32 + 34
p 3q5 r7 is
54 × 35 55 × 77 n (n 2+ 1) n (n + 1)
(a) 2180 (b) (c) (d) 2285 (a) (b)
215 217 × 9 n2+ n+1 2 (n 2+ n + 1)
n (n 2- 1)
87. If a + 2 b + 3c = 12 , ( a , b, c Î R + ), then ab2 c3 is (c) (d) None of these
3 6 2 (n 2+ n + 1)
(a) ³ 2 (b) ³ 2
(c) £ 26 (d) None of these 97. Some identical balls are arranged in rows to form
an equilateral triangle. The first row consists of one
Arithmetico-Geometric Progression ball, the second row consists of two balls and so on.
4 7 10 If 99 more identical balls are added to the total
88. nth term of the series 1 + + + + … will be
5 52 53 number of balls used in forming the equilateral
3n + 1 3n - 1 3n - 2 3n + 2 triangle, then all these balls can be arranged in a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5n -1 5n 5n -1 5n -1 square whose each side contains exactly 2 balls less
89. The sum of the series 1 + 2 ´ 3 + 3 ´ 5 + 4 ´ 7 +. . . than number of balls each side of the triangle
contains. Then, the number of balls used to form
upto 11th term is [JEE Main 2019, 9 April Shift-II]
the equilateral triangle is (JEE Main 2019)
(a) 915 (b) 946 (c) 916 (d) 945
(a) 262 (b) 190
90. The sum of n terms of the infinite series (c) 225 (d) 157
1 × 32 + 2 × 5 2 + 3 × 7 2 + . . . ¥ is 98. The sum of the series 1 × 3 × 5 + 2 × 5 × 8 + 3 × 7 × 11 + . . .
n n
(a) (n + 1) (6n 2 + 14n + 7) (b) (n + 1) (2n + 1) (3n + 1) upto n terms is
6 6
n (n + 1) (9n 2+ 23n + 13) n (n - 1) (9n 2 + 23n + 12)
(c) 4n 3 + 4n 2+ n (d) None of these (a) (b)
6 6
3 5 7
91. 1 + + + . . . ¥ is equal to (n + 1) (9n 2 + 23n + 13) n (9n 2 + 23n + 13)
2 2 2 23 (c) (d)
6 6
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
99. The nth term of the series
92. If Tn denotes the nth term of the series 13 13 + 2 3 13 + 2 3 + 33
+ + + … will be
2 + 3 + 6 + 11 + 18 + . . . , then T50 is 1 1+3 1+3+5
(a) 49 2 - 1 (b) 49 2 n 2+ 2n + 1
(a) n 2+ 2n + 1 (b)
(c) 50 2 + 1 (d) 49 2 + 2 8
93. Sum of n terms of series 12 + 16 + 24 + 40 + . . . will be n 2+ 2n + 1 n 2- 2n + 1
(c) (d)
4 4
(a) 2 (2n - 1) + 8n (b) 2 (2n - 1) + 6n
(c) 3 (2 n- 1) + 8n (d) 4 (2n - 1) + 8n 100.For any odd integer n ³ 1,
n3 - ( n - 1) 3 + . . . + ( -1) n - 113 is equal to
Sum of n Terms of Special Series 1 1
(a) (n - 1)2 (2n - 1) (b) (n - 1)2 (2n - 1)
2 3 2 4
94. The sum of the series 1 + 3x + 6 x + 10 x + . . . ¥ will
1 1
be (c) (n + 1)2 (2n - 1) (d) (n + 1)2 (2n - 1)
1 1 1 1 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1 - x) 2 1-x (1 + x) 2 (1 - x) 3 101.The nth term of the series
1 + 2 + 5 + 12 + 25 + K is
95. Let Sn denote the sum of the cubes of the first n
1
natural numbers and sn denote the sum of the (a) (n - 1 ) (n - 2) (b) n (n - 1 ) (n - 2) + n
3
n
Sr (c) n (d) None of these
first n natural numbers. Then, å sr
is equal to
r =1
Sequence and Series 41

Only One Correct Option 9. The sixth term of an AP is equal to 2. The value of
1. Number of identical terms in the sequence 2, 5, 8, the common difference of the AP which makes the
11, ... upto 100 terms and 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ... upto 100 product T1 T4 T5 least, is given by
terms, are (a) 8/5 (b) 5/4
(a) 17 (b) 33 (c) 50 (d) 147 (c) 2/3 (d) None of these
-1 -1 -1
2. If positive numbers a , b , c are in AP, then the 10. After striking the floor, a certain ball rebounds
product of roots of the equation (4/5)th of height from which it has fallen. Then, the
total distance that it travels before coming to rest,
x 2 - kx + 2 b101 - a101 - c101 = 0, ( k Î R) is
if it is gently dropped from a height of 120 m is
(a) > 0 (b) < 0
(a) 1260 m (b) 600 m
(c) = 0 (d) None of these
(c) 1080 m (d) None of these
3. If a1, a2 , a3, . . . , a20 are AM’s between 13 and 67,
11. Concentric circles of radii 1, 2, 3, … , 100 cm are
then the maximum value of a1 a2 a3 . . . a20 is equal
drawn. The interior of the smallest circle is
to
coloured red and the angular regions are coloured
(a) (20) 20 (b) (40) 20 (c) (60) 20 (d) (80) 20
alternately green and red, so that no two adjacent
4. If the set of natural numbers is partitioned into regions are of the same colour. Then, the total area
subsets S1 = {1}, S2 = { 2 , 3), S3 = { 4, 5, 6 } and so on. of the green regions in sq cm is equal to
Then, the sum of the terms in S50 is (a) 1000p (b) 5050p
(a) 62525 (b) 25625 (c) 4950p (d) 5151p
(c) 62500 (d) None of these ¥ ¥
p
5. Jairam purchased a house in ` 15000 and paid
12. For 0 < q <
2
, if x = å cos2 n q , y = å sin 2 n q ,
n=0 n=0
` 5000 at once. Rest money he promised to pay in ¥

annual instalment of ` 1000 with 10% per annum

z= å cos2 n q sin 2 n q, then
n=0
interest. How much money is to be paid by Jairam?
(a) xyz = xz + y (b) xyz = xy + z
(a) ` 21555 (b) ` 20475
(c) xyz = x + y + z (d) xyz = yz + x
(c) ` 20500 (d) ` 20700
6. 150 workers were engaged to finish a piece of work 13. The sum of n terms of an AP is a n( n - 1). The sum
in a certain number of days. 4 workers dropped the of the squares of these terms is
second day, 4 more workers dropped the third day a2
(a) a 2n 2(n - 1) 2 (b) n (n - 1)(2n - 1)
and so on. It takes eight more days to finish the 6
work now. The number of days in which the work 2a 2 2a 2
(c) n (n - 1)(2n - 1) (d) n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
was completed is 3 3
(a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30 8 16 128
14. Let S = + + . . . + 18 , then
5 65 2 +1
7. If the sum of the roots of the equation
1088 545
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 be equal to the sum of the (a) S = (b) S =
545 1088
reciprocals of their squares, then bc2 , ca 2 , ab2 will
1056 545
be in (c) S = (d) S =
545 1056
(a) AP (b) GP
(c) HP (d) None of these 15. The sum of the infinite terms of the series
5 9 13
8. If p, q, r are in AP and are positive, the roots of the 2 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 + … is
3 +7 7 + 11 11 + 15 2
quadratic equation px 2 + qx + r = 0 are all real for
1 1 1 1
r p (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) -7 ³4 3 (b) -7 <4 3 18 36 54 72
p r
(c) All p and r (d) No p and r 16. Let x, y be positive real numbers and m, n positive
integers. The maximum value of the expression
42 JEE Main Mathematics

xm yn 24. If 32 sin 2 a-1, 14 and 34 - 2 sin 2 a are the first three

is (JEE Main 2019)
(1 + x 2 m ) (1 + y 2 n ) terms of an AP for some a, then the sixth term of
1 1 m+ n this AP is (JEE Main 2020)
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 4 6mn (a) 81 (b) 65
1 2 2 3 3 4 (c) 78 (d) 66
× × ×
2 2
17. The sum of 3 + 3 2 2 + 2 2 + … upto n 25. If the sum of the first 20 terms of the series
1 1 + 2 3 13 + 2 3 + 33
log x + log x + log x + … is 460, then x
terms is equal to (7 1 / 2 ) (7 1 / 3 ) (7 1 / 4 )
n -1 n is equal to (JEE Main 2020)
(a) (b)
n n+1 (a) 72 (b) 71/ 2 (c) e2 (d) 746/ 21
n+1 n+1
(c) (d) 26. The sum of all natural numbers ‘n’ such that
n+2 n
100 < n < 200 and HCF (91, n)>1 is
18. If the sum of first n terms of an AP is cn2 , then the (JEE Main 2019)
sum of squares of these n terms is (a) 3203 (b) 3303
n (4n 2 - 1) c 2 n (4n 2 + 1) c 2 (c) 3221 (d) 3121
(a) (b)
6 3 20
1
n (4n 2 - 1) c 2 n (4n 2 + 1) c 2
27. The sum å k 2 k is equal to (JEE Main 2019)
(c) (d) k=1
3 6
11 11
(a) 2 - (b) 1 -
19. The consecutive digits of a three digit number are 219 220
in GP. If the middle digit be increased by 2, then 3 21
(c) 2 - 17 (d) 2 - 20
they form an AP. If 792 is subtracted from this, 2 2
then we get the number constituting of same three 28. The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence
digits but in reverse order. Then, number is 0 .7 , 0 .77 , 0 .777 , ¼ , is (JEE Main 2013)
divisible by 7
(a) (179 - 10- 20 )
(a) 13 (b) 49 (c) 19 (d) 11 81
7
20. For an increasing AP a1, a2 , . . . , an , (b) (99 - 10- 20 )
9
if a1 + a3 + a5 = - 12 and a1a3a5 = 80, then which of 7
the following is/are true? (c) (179 + 10- 20 )
81
(a) a1 = - 10 (b) a 2 = - 1 7
(d) (99 + 10- 20 )
(c) a 3 = - 13 (d) a 5 = - 3 9
21. The sum of the first three terms of a GP is S and 29. Let the sum of the first n terms of a non-constant
their product is 27. Then all such S lie in n( n - 7)
AP a1, a2 , a3. . . . .be 50 n + A, where A is a
(JEE Main 2020) 2
(a) (- ¥ , 9] constant. If d is the common difference of this AP,
(b) [- 3, ¥ ) then the ordered pair ( d, a50 ) is equal to
(c) (- ¥ , - 9] È [3, ¥ ) (JEE Main 2019)
(d) (- ¥ , - 3] È [ 9, ¥ ) (a) (A, 50 + 46A) (b) (50, 50 + 45A)
22. If 210 + 2 9 × 31 + 2 8 × 32 + . . . . + 2 × 39 + 310 = S - 211, (c) (50, 50 + 46A) (d) (A, 50 + 45A)
10
then S is equal to (JEE Main 2020) 30. Let å f ( a + k) = 16 ( 210 - 1), where the function f
311 k=1
(a) + 210 (b) 311
2 satisfies f ( x + y) = f ( x) f ( y) for all natural numbers
(c) 2 × 311 (d) 311 - 212 x, y and f (1) = 2. Then, the natural number ‘a’ is
23. If 1 + (1 - 2 2 × 1) + (1 - 4 2 × 3) + (1 - 6 2 × 5) + (JEE Main 2019)
2
L + (1 - 20 × 19) = a - 220 b, then an ordered pair (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 3 (d) 16
(a , b) is equal to (JEE Main 2020)
(a) (11, 97) (b) (10, 103) 31. Let Sn = 1 + q + q2 + K + qn and
2 n
(c) (10, 97) (d) (11, 103) æ q + 1ö æ q + 1ö æ q + 1ö
Tn = 1 + ç ÷+ç ÷ +K+ ç ÷ , where q is
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
Sequence and Series 43

a real number and q ¹ 1. 15 (12 + 2 2 + . . . + 5 2 )

+ + . . . up to 15 terms is
If 101C1 + 101C2 × S1 + K + 101C101 × S100 = aT100 , then a 11 (JEE Main 2019)
is equal to (JEE Main 2019) (a) 7510 (b) 7820 (c) 7830 (d) 7520
100
(a) 2 (b) 202
(c) 200 (d) 299 Numerical Value Types Questions
3 3 3 3 3
1 +2 1 + 2 +3 æ1 1 1 ö
32. The sum of series 1 + + + ... log 2.5 ç + +
è 3 32 33
+ ... to ¥ ÷
ø
1+ 2 1+ 2 +3 36. The value of (0.16) is equal to
3 3 3
1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15 1 3 ...... . (JEE Main 2020)
+ - (1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15)
1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15 2
37. If m arithmetic means (AMs) and three geometric
is equal to (JEE Main 2019) means (GMs) are inserted between 3 and 243 such
(a) 620 (b) 660 (c) 1240 (d) 1860 that 4th AM is equal to 2nd GM, then m is equal to
(JEE Main 2020)
33. Let a1, a2 , a3, . . . be a GP such that a1 < 0,
9 20
38. The sum å (1 + 2 + 3 + K + k) is
a1 + a2 = 4 and a3 + a4 = 16. If å ai = 4l, then l is k= 1 (JEE Main 2020)
i =1

equal to (JEE Main 2020)

7
n( n + 1) ( 2 n + 1)
511
39. The sum, å 4
is equal to ....... .
(a) - 171 (b) 171 (c) (d) - 513 n=1 (JEE Main 2020)
3
34. If the sum of the first 40 terms of the series, 40. The number of terms common to the two APs 3, 7,
3 + 4 + 8 + 9 + 13 + 14 + 18 + 19 + . . . is (102)m, then 11, …, 407 and 2, 9, 16, ...., 709 is ..... .
(JEE Main 2020)
m is equal to (JEE Main 2020)
(a) 10 (b) 25 (c) 5 (d) 20 41. If the arithmetic mean and geometric mean of the
pth and qth terms of the sequence - 16, 8, - 4, 2,
35. The sum of the following series
............ satisfy the equation 4 x 2 - 9 x + 5 = 0, then
9 (12 + 2 2 + 32 ) 12 (12 + 2 2 + 32 + 4 2 )
1+6 + + p + q is equal to (JEE Main 2021)
7 9

Answers
Round I
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (b)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (b) 67. (b) 68. (d) 69. (b) 70. (c)
71. (b) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (c) 79. (d) 80. (c)
81. (c) 82. (b) 83. (b) 84. (c) 85. (d) 86. (c) 87. (c) 88. (c) 89. (b) 90. (a)
91. (d) 92. (d) 93. (d) 94. (d) 95. (a) 96. (b) 97. (b) 98. (a) 99. (c) 100. (d)
101. (b)

Round II
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. 4.0 37. 39 38. 1540 39. 504 40. 14
41. 10
 Solutions
Round I 40
5. Given, 3600 = [ 2a + (40 - 1) d ]
æ a a K an ö æ a1a 2 K a n - 1 ö 2
1. a1a 2 K a n = bn ç 1 2 ÷ = a nbn ç ÷
è bn ø è bn ø Þ 3600 = 20 (2a + 39 d )
é 1 1 ù Þ 180 = 2a + 39 d …(i)
n-1 n-1 æ a a K an - 1 ö
= ê (x) 2 - ( y) 2 úç 1 2 ÷ After 30 instalments one-third of the debt is unpaid.
ê úè bn ø 3600
ë û Hence, = 1200 is unpaid and 2400 is paid.
æ a1a 2 K a n - 2 ö x- y 3
= bn - 1 × a n - 1 ç ÷ =K= 30
è bn ø bn Now, 2400 = {2a + (30 - 1) d }
2
2. Since, the given equation is cubic, therefore we take \ 160 = 2a + 29 d …(ii)
three roots. On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Let the roots be a - d , a , a + d. a = 51, d = 2
Sum of three numbers in AP = 3a = 12 Now, the value of 8th instalment
Þ a = 4 is a root. = a + (8 - 1) d
\The given equation x 3 - 12x2 + 39x - 28 = 0 can be = 51 + 7.2 = ` 65
rewritten as m (2 b - a )
(x - 4) (x2 - 8x + 7 ) = 0 6. mth mean between a and 2 b is a + .
n+1
\ x = 1, 4, 7 or 7, 4, 1 m (b - 2 a )
and mth mean between 2 a and b is 2 a + ×
\ d = ±3 n+1
3. Let the number of sides of the polygon be n. Then, the According to the given condition,
sum of interior angles of the polygon m (2 b - a ) m (b - 2a )
p a+ =2a +
= (2n - 4) = (n - 2) p n+1 n+1
2 Þ m (2 b - a ) = a (n + 1 ) + m (b - 2 a )
Since, the angles are in AP and a = 120° , d = 5
n Þ a (n - m + 1 ) = bm
Therefore, S n = [2a + (n - 1 )d ] a m
2 Þ =
n b n -m + 1
Þ [2 ´ 120 + (n - 1)5 ] = (n - 2) 180
2 7. Here, n = 20,S n = 66000, d = 200
Þ n 2 - 25n + 144 = 0
Let first term is a.
Þ (n - 9) (n - 16) = 0 n
Þ n = 9, 16 Q Sn =[2a + (n - 1 )d ]
2
Take n = 16 20
\ 66000 = [2 ´ a + (20 - 1 )200]
T16 = a + 15d = 120°+15(5° ) = 195°, which is impossible, 2
an interior angle cannot be greater than 180°. Þ 6600 = 2a + 19 ´ 200
Hence, n =9 Þ 2a = 6600 - 3800
2 2 2
4. Now, we assume (b - c) , (c - a ) , (a - b) are in AP, then Þ 2a = 2800
we have Þ a = 1400
2 2 2 2
(c - a ) - (b - c) = (a - b) - (c - a ) Hence, he save in the first year is ` 1400.
Þ (b - a ) (2 c - a - b) = (c - b) (2 a - b - c) …(i) 8. Clearly, the series is 5, 7, 9, 11, …
1 1 1 It is an AP, where a = 5 and d = 2, S n = 192
Also, if , , are in AP, then
b - c c- a a - b n
1 1 1 1 Þ S n = [2a + (n - 1 )d ]
- = - 2
c- a b - c a - b c- a n
b + a -2 c c+ b -2 a Þ 192 = [2 ´ 5 + (n - 1 )2]
Þ = 2
(c - a ) (b - c) (a - b) (c - a ) n
Þ 192 = ´ 2(5 + n - 1 )
Þ (a - b) (b + a - 2 c) = (b - c) (c + b - 2 a ) 2
Þ (b - a ) (2 c - a - b) = (c - b) (2 a - b - c) Þ 192 = n (n + 4)
which is equal to Eq.(i), so our hypothesis is true. Þ 192 = n 2 + 4n
Sequence and Series 45

Þ n 2 + 4n - 192 = 0 1æ1 1 ö 4000

= ç - ÷= = 10 (given)
Þ 2
n + 16n - 12n - 192 = 0 d è a1 a 4001 ø a1a 4001
Þ n (n + 16) - 12(n + 16) = 0 Þ a1a 4001 = 400 …(i)
Þ (n + 16)(n - 12) = 0 a1 + a 4001 = a 2 + a 4000 = 50 …(ii)
Þ n = - 16, 12 \ (a1 - a 4001 )2 = (a1 + a 4001 )2 - 4a1a 4001
But n ¹ - 16 = (50)2 - 1600
Q Number of days are always positive. Þ |a1 - a 4001|= 30
\Required number of days = 12
12. Since, a1 , a 2, a3 ,... , a n are in AP.
9. Here, n = 16,S n = 8000 Þ d = a 2 - a1 = a3 - a 2 = . . . = a n - a n - 1
Since, we consider last place team as a first term, \ sin d (cosec a1cosec a 2 + ... + cosec a n - 1 cosec a n )
a = 275 sin (a 2 - a1 ) sin (a n - a n - 1 )
= + ... +
Let common difference be d. sin a1 sin a 2 sin a n - 1 sin a n
n (sin a 2 cos a1 - cos a 2 sin a1 )
Q S n = [2a + (n - 1 )d ] =
2 sin a1 sin a 2
16 (sin a n cos a n - 1 + cos a n sin a n - 1 )
\ 8000 = [2 ´ 275 + (16 - 1 )d ] +K+
2 sin a n - 1 sin a n
Þ 1000 = (550 + 15d )
= (cot a1 - cot a 2) + (cot a 2 - cot a3 )
Þ 15d = 450 + K + (cot a n - 1 - cot a n )
Þ d = 30 = cot a1 - cot a n
Now, T16 = 275 + (16 - 1 )30
13. Given, xn = xn + 1 2
= 275 + 450
= 725 \ x1 = x2 2 , x2 = x3 2 , ... , xn = xn + 1 2
x1
\The first place team will get the prize ` 725. On multiplying x1 = xn + 1 ( 2 )n Þ xn + 1 =
( 2 )n
10. Since, q1 , q2, q3 , . . . , qn are in AP. x1
Hence, xn =
Þ q2 - q1 = q3 - q2 = . . . = qn - qn - 1 = d …(i) ( 2 )n - 1
Now, taking only first term x12
sin d sin (q2 - q1 ) Area of S n = xn2 = n -1
<1
sin d sec q1 sec q2 = = 2
cos q1 cos q2 cos q1 cos q2
Þ 2n - 1 > x12 (Q x1 = 10)
[from Eq. (i)]
\ 2n - 1 > 100
sin q2 cos q1 - cos q2 sin q1
= But 27 > 100,28 > 100 etc.
cos q1 cos q2
sin q2 cos q1 cos q2 sin q1 \ n - 1 = 7, 8, 9, K Þ n = 8, 9, 10, K
= -
cos q1 cos q2 cos q1 cos q2 14. Since a , b, c are in AP.
= tan q2 - tan q1 \ 2b = a + c
Similarly, we can solve other terms which will be Þ 2 b x = (a + c) x for all x
tan q3 - tan q2, tan q4 - tan q3 , . . .
Þ 2 b x + 20 = (a + c) x + 20 for all x
\ sin d (sec q1 sec q2 + sec q2 sec q3
Þ 2 (b x + 10) = (ax + 10) + (cx + 10)
+ . . . + sec qn - 1 sec qn )
\ 102(b x + 10) = 10( a x + 10) + ( c x + 10)
= tan q2 - tan q1 + tan q3 - tan q2
Þ (10b x + 10 )2 = 10a x + 10 × 10c x + 10
+ . . . + tan qn - tan qn - 1
Þ 10a x + 10 , 10b x + 10 , 10c x + 10 are in GP for all x
= - tan q1 + tan qn = tan qn - tan q1
1 1 1 15. Let tn be the nth term of given AP. Then, we have t19 = 0
11. Now, + + ... +
a1a 2 a 2a3 a 4000a 4001 Þ a + (19 - 1)d = 0 [Q tn = a + (n - 1)d ]
1 æ a - a1 a3 - a 2 a - a 4000 ö Þ a + 18d = 0 …(i)
= ç 2 + + ... + 4001 ÷ t49 a + 48d - 18d + 48d
d è a1a 2 a 2a3 a 4000a 4001 ø Now, = = [using Eq. (i)]
t29 a + 28d - 18d + 28d
1æ1 1 1 1 1 1 ö
= ç - + - + ... + - ÷ 30d
d è a1 a 2 a 2 a3 a 4000 a 4001 ø = = 3 :1
10d
46 JEE Main Mathematics

16. Q a 2, b2, c2 are in AP. Þ a1 + 5d = 0 …(i)

Þ 2 2
sin B - sin A = sin C - sin B2 2 Now, it is given that
Þ sin C (sin B cos A - cos B sin A ) a1 + a3 + a5 + .... + a 23 = ka1
12
= sin A (sin C cos B - cos C sin B ) Þ [2a1 + (12 - 1) (2d )] = ka1
2
On dividing by sin A sin B sin C , we get é æ a öù
Þ 6 ê2a1 + 22ç - 1 ÷ ú = 5a1 [from Eq. (i)]
2 cot B = cot A + cot C ë è 5 øû
Þ cot A , cot B, cot C are in AP. é 10a1 - 22a1 ù 72
Þ 6ê úû = 5a1 Þ k = - 5
17. Let A1 , A2,... , Am be m arithmetic means between 1 ë 5
and 31. Hence, option (d) is correct.
Þ Then A1 , A2,... , Am 31 is an AP with common 20. Let the common difference of the AP having first term as
diffference. 3 is ‘d’, so according to the question
31 - 1 30 é b-aù S 25 = S 40 - S 25 Þ 2S 25 = S 40
d= = êëQ d = n + 1 úû
m+1 m+1 25
Þ 2´ [(2 ´ 3) + (25 - 1)d ]
\ A7 = 1 + 7d 2
7 ´ 30 m + 211 40
=1 + = = [(2 ´ 3) + (40 - 1)d ]
m+1 m+1 2
Þ 5 [6 + 24d ] = 4 [6 + 39d ]
and Am-1 = 1 + (m - 1)d
1
30 Þ 30 + 120d = 24 + 156d Þ 36d = 6 Þ d =
=1 + (m - 1) 6
m+1
Hence, option (a) is correct.
31m - 29
= 21. For the given AP.
m+1
n n
A7 5 Sn = [a1 + a n ] = [1 + 300] …(i)
Now, = (given) 2 2
Am-1 9
As, a1 = 1 and a n = 300
m ´ 211 5
= and 300 = 1 + (n – 1)d, where d is the common
31m - 29 9 difference of AP.
Þ 9m + 1899 = 155m - 145 299 23 ´ 13
Þ d= =
Þ 146m = 2044 n -1 n -1
Þ m = 14 Q d is an integer so n - 1 = 23, or 13
18. Q a1 , a 2, a3 , ... , a 2n are in AP. Þ n = 24 or 14
As it is given that, 15 £ n £ 50
\ a 2 - a1 = a3 - a 2 = K = d
So, n = 24 Þ d = 13
\ a12 - a 22 + a32 - a 42 + ... + a 22n - 1 - a 22n a n - 4 = { a + (n - 1) d }
= (a1 - a 2) (a1 + a 2) + (a3 - a 4 ) (a3 + a 4 ) a 20 = {1 + (20 - 1) ´ 13}
+ K + (a 2n - 1 - a 2n ) (a 2n - 1 + a n ) = 1 + 19 ´ 13
= (- d ) (a1 + a 2) + (- d ) (a3 + a 4 ) a 20 = 248
+ K + (- d ) (a 2n - 1 + a 2n ) 20
\ S n- 4 = S 20 = [1 + 248] = 10 ´ 249 = 2490
= (- d ) (a1 + a 2 + K + a 2n ) 2
é 2n ù 22. Let first term and common difference of an AP is ‘a’ and
= (- d ) ê (a1 + a 2n )ú
ë 2 û ‘d ’ respectively, then
1
æ a - a1 ö é a 2n - a1 ù a10 = a + 9d = (given) …(i)
= - ç 2n ÷ [n (a1 + a 2n )] êQ d = ú 20
è 2n - 1 ø ë 2n - 1 û
n 1
= (a12 - a 22n ) and a 20 = a + 19d = (given) …(ii)
2n - 1 10
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
19. Let the ‘d’ is the common difference of the AP
1 1 1 1
a1 , a 2, a3 ,..... (a1 ¹ 0), so sum of first eleven terms is 10d = - = Þd =
10 20 20 200
S11 = 0 [given] 1 9 1
11 and a= - =
Þ [2a1 + (11 - 1) d ] = 0 20 200 200
2
Sequence and Series 47

\ Sum of first 200 terms 27. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference.
200 é æ 1 ö 1 ù Then, we have a + d, a + 4d, a + 8 d in GP,
S 200 = ê ç2 ´ ÷ + (200 - 1)
2 ë è 200 ø 200 úû i.e. (a + 4d ) 2 = (a + d ) (a + 8 d )
1 201 1 Þ a + 16 d 2 + 8ad = a 2 + 8ad + ad + 8 d 2
2
= [2 + 200 - 1] = = 100
2 2 2 Þ 8 d 2 = a d Þ 8d = a [Q d ¹ 0]
23. Let first three terms of an AP as a - d, a, a + d. Now, common ratio,
a + 4d 8 d + 4d 12 d 4
So, 3a = 33 Þ a = 11 r= = = =
a+d 8d + d 9d 3
[given sum of three terms = 33
and product of terms = 1155] 28. Let the common difference be d.
Þ (11 - d )11 (11 + d ) = 1155 [given] Sum of first p terms = 0
Given, Sp = 0
Þ 112 - d 2 = 105
p
Þ 2
d = 121 - 105 = 16 Þ [2a + ( p - 1 )d ] = 0
2
Þ d = ±4 Þ 2a + ( p - 1 )d = 0
So the first three terms of the AP are either 7, 11, 15 2a
or 15, 11, 7. Þ d=- …(i)
p-1
So, the 11th term is either 7 + (10 ´ 4) = 47
\Required sum of next q terms Sum of first
or 15 + (10 ´ (-4)) = - 25
( p + q) terms - Sum of first p terms
24. Since, log 2 , log(2n - 1 ) and log (2n + 3) are in AP. = Sp + q - Sp
\ 2 log (2n - 1 ) = log 2 + log (2n + 3) p+ q
= [2a + ( p + q - 1 )d ] - 0
Þ (2n - 1 )2 = 2 (2n + 3) 2
Þ (2n - 5) (2n + 1 ) = 0 p+ q é æ -2 a ö ù
= ê2a + ( p + q - 1 ) ç ÷ ú [from Eq. (i)]
n
As 2 cannot be negative hence, 2 ë è p - 1øû
2n - 5 = 0 p+ q é1 p + q - 1ù
Þ 2n = 5 Þ n = log 2 5 = ´ 2a ê - ú
2 ë1 p-1 û
25. Here, T1 = S1 = 2 (1 ) + 3 (1 )2 = 5 é p - 1 - p - q + 1ù
= ( p + q) a ê ú
T2 = S 2 - S1 = 16 - 5 = 11[Q S 2 = 2(2) + 3 (2)2 = 16] ë p-1 û
T3 = S3 - S 2 = 33 - 16 = 17 - a ( p + q)q
=
[Q S3 = 2(3) + 3 (3)2 = 33 ] p-1
Hence, sequence is 5 , 11 , 17.
29. Clearly, the two-digit number which leaves remainder
\ a = 5 and d = 6
2 when divided by 7 is of the form N = 7k + 2
For new AP,
[by Division Algorithm]
A = 5 , D = 2 ´ 6 = 12 For, k = 2, N = 16
n k = 3, N = 23
\ S ¢n = [2 ´ 5 + (n - 1 )12]
2
M M
= 6 n2 - n k = 13, N = 93
26. Let S n and S¢ be the sums of n terms of two AP’s and T11 \12 such numbers are possible and these numbers
and T ¢11 be the respective 11th term, then forms an AP.
n 12 æ n ö
[2 a + (n - 1 ) d ] Now, S = [16 + 93] = 654 çQ S n = (a + l)÷
Sn 2 7n + 1 2 è 2 ø
= = (given)
S n ¢ n [2a ¢ + (n - 1 ) d ¢ ] 4 n + 27 Similarly, the two digit number which leaves
2 remainder 5 when divided by 7 is of the form
(n - 1 ) N = 7k + 5
a+ d
2 7n + 1
Þ = For k = 1, N = 12
(n - 1 )
a¢ + d ¢ 4 n + 27 k = 2, N = 19
2
M
Now, put n = 21, we get
k = 13, N = 96
a + 10 d T 148 4
= 11 = = \13 such numbers are possible and these numbers
a ¢ + 10 d ¢ T ¢11 111 3
also forms an AP.
48 JEE Main Mathematics

13 æ n ö Þ 2na + 2n [6n - 1] = 1000

Now, S¢ = [12 + 96] = 702 çQ S n = (a + l)÷
2 è 2 ø 1000
Þ 2a + (6n - 1) d =
Total sum = S + S ¢ = 654 + 702 = 1356 n
6n 1000
30. Given that, Now, S 6n = [2a + (6n - 1) d ] = 3n × = 3000
2 n
a1 + a5 + a10 + a15 + a 20 + a 24 = 225
34. Statement I Since, nth term of an AP is a n.
Þ (a1 + a 24 ) + (a5 + a 20 ) + (a10 + a15 ) = 225
an + k + an - k é a + bù
Þ 3(a1 + a 24 ) = 225 \ an = êëQ AM = 2 úû
2
Þ a1 + a 24 = 75 …(i)
Statement II Let a be the first term and d be the
[Q in an AP the sum of the terms equidistant from
the beginning and the end is same and is equal common difference of an AP.
to the sum of the first and last term] According to the given condition,

\
n
a1 + a 2 + ... + a 24 = (a + l ) =
24
(a1 + a 24 ) Sm = S n
2 2 m n
\ [2a + (m - 1 )d ] = [2a + (n - 1 )d ]
= 12 ´ 75 = 900 [from Eq. (i)] 2 2
31. Since, a1 , a 2, a3 ,... , a n are in AP. Þ (m - n )2a + (m2 - n 2 - m + n )d = 0
Then, a 2 - a1 = a3 - a 2 = ... = a n - a n - 1 = d Þ (m - n )[2a + (m + n - 1 )d ] = 0 …(i)
where d is the common difference of the given AP. m+ n
\ S(m + n) = [2a + (m + n - 1 )d ] = 0
Also, a n = a1 + (n - 1 ) d 2
m+ n
Then, by rationalizing each term = (0) [Q from Eq. (i)]
1 1 1 2
+ + ... + =0
a 2 + a1 a3 + a 2 a n + a n -1
35. The sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are divisible by
a 2 - a1 a3 - a 2 a n - a n -1
= + + ... + 2 or 5
a 2 - a1 a3 - a 2 a n - a n -1 = Sum of series divisible by 2+ Sum of series divisible
=
1
( a 2 - a1 + a3 - a 2 + ... + a n - a n - 1 ) by 5 - Sum of series divisible by 2 and 5
d = (2 + 4 + 6+ ...+100) + (5 + 10 + 15 + ... + 100)
1 a n + a1 - (10 + 20 + 30 + ... + 100)
= ( a n - a1 ) ´
d a n + a1 50 20
= {2 ´ 2 + (50 - 1 ) 2} + {2 ´ 5 + (20 - 1 ) 5}
2 2
1 æ a n - a1 ö 1 é (n - 1 ) d ù n -1 10
= ç ÷= ê ú= - { 10 ´ 2 + (10 - 1 ) 10}
d è a n + a1 ø d ë a n + a1 û a n + a1 2
= 25 (102) + 10 (105) - 5 (110)
32. Since, a1 , a 2, a3 ,... , a n form an AP.
= 2550 + 1050 - 550 = 3050
\ a 2 - a1 = a 4 - a3 = ... = a 2n - a 2n -1 = d
Let S = a12 - a 22 + a32 - a 42 + ... + a 22n - 1 - a 22n 36. Let S = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100
100
= (a1 - a 2) (a1 + a 2) + (a3 - a 4 ) (a3 + a 4 ) = (1 + 100) = 50 (101 ) = 5050
2
+ K + (a 2n - 1 - a 2n ) (a 2n - 1 + a 2n )
Let S1 = 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + ... + 99
é 2n ù
= - d (a1 + a 2 + ... + a 2n ) = - d ê (a1 + a 2n )ú …(i) = 3 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 33)
ë 2 û
33
Also, we know a 2n = a1 + (2n - 1 ) d = 3× (1 + 33) = 99 ´ 17 = 1683
2
a - a1 a - a 2n
Þ d = 2n Þ -d= 1 Let S 2 = 5 + 10 + 15 + ... + 100
2n - 1 2 n -1
= 5 (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 20)
On putting the value of d in Eq. (i), we get
20
n (a1 - a 2n ) (a1 + a 2n ) n = 5× (1 + 20) = 50 ´ 21 = 1050
S= = (a12 - a 22n ) 2
2n - 1 2n - 1
Let S3 = 15 + 30 + 45 + ... + 90
2n 4n
33. S 2n = [2a + (2n - 1) d ], S 4n = [2a + (4n - 1) d ] = 15 (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 6)
2 2
6
4n 2n = 15 × (1 + 6) = 45 ´ 7 = 315
Þ S 2 - S1 = [2a + (4n - 1) d ] - [2a + (2n - 1) d ] 2
2 2 \ Required sum = S - S1 - S 2 + S3
= 4an + (4n - 1) 2nd - 2na - (2n - 1) dn = 5050 - 1683 - 1050 + 315
= 2na + nd [8n - 2 - 2n + 1] = 2632
Sequence and Series 49

37. Since, a , b, c are in GP. Þ (ap - b)2 + (bp - c)2 + (cp - d )2 = 0

Þ b2 = ac Þ ap - b = 0 = bp - c = cp - d
b c d
and log a - log 2 b, log 2 b - log 3c and log 3c - log a are Þ p= = =
a b c
in AP.
Þ a , b, c, d are in GP.
Þ 2 (log 2 b - log 3c) = log a - log 2 b + log 3c - log a
\ b2 = ac and 2 b = 3c 41. Since, x, 2 y and 3z are in AP.

Þ b=
2a
and c =
4a \ 4 y = x + 3z …(i)
3 9 And x, y, z are in GP.
5a 10a \ y = rx and z = xr 2
Since, a+b= > c, b + c = >a,
3 9
On putting the values of y and z in Eq. (i), we get
13a
c+ a = >b 4xr = x + 3xr 2
9
Þ 3r 2 - 4r + 1 = 0
It implies that a , b, c form a triangle with a as the
greatest side. Þ (3r - 1 )(r - 1 ) = 0
1
Now, let us find the greatest ÐA of D ABC by using the Þ r = ,1
cosine formula. 3
4a 2 16a 2 1
+ - a2 \ r= [Q r ¹ 1]
2 2 2 3
b + c -a 29
cos A = = 9 81 =- <0
2 bc 4a 4a 48 42. Let the edges of rectangular block are
×
3 9 a , ar , ar 2 …(i)
\ The ÐA is obtuse. Now, volume = 216 cm3
38. Q a , b, g , d are in GP. a (ar )(ar 2) = 216 [Q volume of cuboid = l ´ b ´ h]
Let a = A, b = Ar, g = Ar 2, d = Ar3 Þ (ar )3 = 216
Q a and b are the roots of the equation x2 - 3x + a = 0, Þ ar = 6 cm …(ii)
then And total surface area = 252 cm2
a + b = 3 Þ A (1 + r ) = 3 … (i) 2[a (ar ) + ar (ar 2) + a (ar 2)] = 252
g and d are the roots of the equation x2 - 12x + b = 0, \From Eq. (ii),
then
2(6a + 36r + 36) = 252
g + d = 12
Þ 12(a + 6r + 6) = 252
Þ A r 2(1 + r ) = 12 … (ii)
Þ a + 6r = 15 …(iii)
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get æ6ö
Þ a + 6 ´ ç ÷ = 15 [Q from Eq. (ii)]
A = 1, r = 2 èaø
Þ a = 1, b = 2 , g = 4, d = 8 Þ a 2 - 15a + 36 = 0
\ a = ab = 1 ´ 2 = 2 Þ (a - 12)(a - 3) = 0
and b = gd = 4 ´ 8 = 32 Þ a = 3, 12
39. Q b, a , c are in AP. \From Eq. (iii),
\ 2a = b + c …(i) when a = 3, r = 2
and b, G1 , G2, c are in GP. 1
when a = 12, r =
\ G1 = br, G2 = br 2 and c = br3 , 2
where r be the common ratio of GP. On putting above values in Eq. (i), we get
Now, G13 + G32 = (br )3 + (br 2)3 Edges are 3, 6, 12 or 12, 6, 3.
2 Hence, the length of the longest edge is 12 cm.
æ cö æ cö
= b3 r3 + b3 r 6 = b3 ç ÷ + b3 ç ÷
è bø è bø 43. Let r be the common ratio of given GP, then we have the
2 2 following sequence
= b c + bc = bc(b + c) = 2abc
a1 , a 2 = a1r , a3 = a1r 2, ... , a10 = a1r 9
\ G13 + G32 = 2abc
Now, a3 = 25 a1
40. Given equation, Þ a1r 2 = 25 a1 Þ r 2 = 25
(a 2 + b2 + c2) p2 - 2 (ab + bc + cd ) p + (b2 + c2 + d 2) = 0 a 9 a1r 8
Þ (a 2p2 - 2apb + b2) + (b2p2 - 2bpc + c2) Consider, = = r 4 = (25)2 = 54
a5 a1r 4
+ (c2p2 - 2cpd + d 2) = 0
50 JEE Main Mathematics

44. Let A be the arithmetic mean between two numbers a

47. Let , a and a r be the roots of the equation
a and b. Again, let G1 and G2 be the two geometric mean r
between two numbers a and b. ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0.
a+b
\ A= and G1 = ar ,G2 = ar 2, a b
2 \ Sum of the roots, + a + ar = -
1 r a
1/3
æ bö 2+ 1 æ bö æ1 ö b
where r=ç ÷ =ç ÷ …(i) Þ a ç + 1 + r÷ = - …(i)
èaø èaø èr ø a
G12 G22 2 2
a r a r 2 4
\ + = 2
+ Sum of product of the roots taken two at a time,
G2 G1 ar ar a a c
× a + a × ar + ar × =
æ bö r r a
= a + ar3 = a + a ç ÷ [Q from Eq. (i)]
èaø
2æ 1 ö c
é a + bù Þ a ç + r + 1÷ = …(ii)
= a + b = 2A èr ø a
êëQ A = 2 úû
a d
Product of the roots, × a× a r = -
45. Let first term be A and common ratio be R. r a
Given, pth term, T p = q and qth term, Tq = p. 3 d
Þ a =- …(iii)
AR p - 1 = q and ARq - 1 = p …(i) a
AR p - 1 q On dividing Eqs. (ii) by (i), we get
\ =
ARq - 1 p æ1
a 2ç + r + 1÷
ö c
1 èr ø a
p-q q æ qö p- q =
Þ R = ÞR= ç ÷ æ1 ö b
p è pø a ç + 1 + r÷ -
èr ø a
On putting the value of R in Eq. (i), we get c
p -1 p -1 Þ a=- …(iv)
æ qö p-q æ pö p-q
b
A×ç ÷ = qÞ A = q×ç ÷ From Eqs. (iii) and (iv),
è pø è qø
3
Now, ( p + q)th term, T p + q = AR p + q - 1 æ cö d c3 d c3 d
ç- ÷ = - Þ - =- Þ =
p -1 p + q -1 è bø a b3 a b3 a
æ pö p - q æ q ö p-q
Þ c3 × a = d × b3
= q×ç ÷ ´ç ÷
è qø è pø
48. Given, x, y, z are in GP and a x = by = cz
p -1 p + q -1 p - q - p + 1 + p + q -1
1- +
p-q p-q p-q Since, x, y, z are in GP.
q q
= p + q -1 p -1
= p + q -1 - p + 1
- Þ y2 = xz …(i)
p-q p-q p-q
p p We have,
p 1 1
a x = by = cz = k (say); k > 0
qp-q æ q p ö p - q æ q p ö ( p - q)
= q
= ç q÷ = ç q÷ On taking log both sides, we get
èp ø èp ø
p p-q x log a = y log b = z log c = log k
log k log k log k
46. We have, Þ x= ,y= ,z=
log a log b log c
(a 2 + b2 + c2) p2 - 2(ab + bc + cd ) p + (b2 + c2 + d 2) £ 0 …(i)
On substituting the values of x, y and z in Eq. (i),
LHS = (a 2p2 - 2abp + b2) + (b2p2 - 2bcp + c2)
we get
+ (c2p2 - 2cdp + d 2) 2
æ log k ö log k log k
= (ap - b)2 + (bp - c)2 + (cp - d )2 ³ 0 …(ii) ç ÷ = ×
è log b ø log a log c
Since, the sum of squares of real number is
non-negative. (log k)2 (log k)2
Þ =
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (log b) 2
log a × log c

(ap - b)2 + (bp - c)2 + (cp - d )2 = 0 Þ (log b)2 = log a × log c

Þ ap - b = 0 = bp - c = cp - d log a log b
Þ =
b c d log b log c
Þ = = =p
a b c é log e x ù
\ logb a = log c b êQ log y = log y xú
\ a , b, c and d are in GP. ë e û
Sequence and Series 51

49. Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of GP. 8 æ2 ö
Þ 24 = + 8r + 4 Þ 20 = 4 ç + 2r ÷
25 r èr ø
Þ ar + ar5 =
2 2
Þ 5 = + 2r Þ 2r 2 - 5r + 2 = 0
Þ ar 2 ´ ar 4 = 25 r
Þ a 2r 6 = 25 Þ 2r 2 - 4r - r + 2 = 0
Þ ar3 = 5 Þ 2r (r - 2) - 1(r - 2) = 0
5 Þ (r - 2) (2r - 1) = 0
Þ a= 3
r 1
Þ r = 2,
5r 5r5 25 2
Þ + 3 =
r3 r 2 \ Three consecutive terms are
1 2 5 8
Þ +r = , 8, 8 (2) Þ 4, 8, 16
r2 2 2
Put r2 = t Sum of these terms = 4 + 8 + 16 = 28
t2 + 1 5
Þ = 53. Given, three distinct numbers a , b and c are in GP.
t 2
Þ 2t 2 - 5t + 2 = 0 \ b2 = ac …(i)
and the given quadratic equations
Þ 2t 2 - 4t - t + 2 = 0
ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 …(ii)
Þ (2t - 1) (t - 2) = 0
1 1 dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 …(iii)
Þ t = , 2 Þ r2 = , 2 For quadratic Eq. (ii),
2 2
Þ r= 2 the discriminant D = (2b)2 - 4ac
= ar3 + ar5 + ar7 = 4(b2 - ac) = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
= ar3 (1 + r 2 + r 4 ) Þ Quadratic Eq. (ii) have equal roots, and it is equal to
= 5 [1 + 2 + 4] = 35 b
x = - , and it is given that quadratic
a
50. If a , b, c are in GP, then b2 = ac Eqs. (ii) and (iii) have a common root, so
Taking log on both sides, we get 2
æ bö æ bö
2 log e b = log e a + log e c d ç - ÷ + 2e ç - ÷ + f = 0
è aø è aø
Þ 2n log e b = n log e a + n log e c
Þ db2 - 2eba + a 2f = 0
Þ 2 log e bn = log e a n + log e cn
Þ d (ac) - 2eab + a 2f = 0 [Q b2 = ac]
Þ log e a n , log e bn , log e cn be in AP.
Þ dc - 2eb + af = 0 [Q a ¹ 0]
51. Let r be the common ratio. Þ 2eb = dc + af
100
å a 2n Þ
e dc af
2 = 2+ 2
n =1 a 2 + a 4 + a 6 + K + a 200 b b b
\ =
100
a1 + a3 + a5 + K + a199 [dividing each term by b2]
å a 2n - 1
æ eö d f
n =1 Þ 2ç ÷ = + [Q b2 = ac]
3 5 199 è bø a c
a1 (r + r + r + K + r )
= =r d e f
a1 (1 + r 2 + r 4 + K + r198 ) So, , , are in AP.
a b c
a
Þ =r
b 54. It is given that, the terms a , b, c are in GP with
a 1
52. Let the three consecutive terms of a GP are , a and ar. common ratio r, where a ¹ 0 and 0 < r £ .
r 2
Now, according to the question, we have So, let, b = ar and c = ar 2
a Now, the terms 3a, 7b and 15c are the first three terms
× a × ar = 512 Þ a3 = 512
r of an AP, then
Þ a =8 ... (i) 2(7b) = 3a + 15 c
Also, after adding 4 to first two terms, we get Þ 14ar = 3a + 15ar 2 [as b = ar, c = ar 2]
2
8
+ 4, 8 + 4, 8r are in AP Þ 14r = 3 + 15r [as a ¹ 0]
r Þ 15r 2 - 14r + 3 = 0
8 Þ 15r 2 - 5r - 9r + 3 = 0
Þ 2 (12) = + 4 + 8r
r
52 JEE Main Mathematics

Þ 5r (3r - 1) - 3(3r - 1) = 0 1
Þ r=-
1 3 2
Þ (3r - 1) (5r - 3) = 0 Þ r = or
3 5 From Eq. (ii), we get
æ 1ù 1 éæ 1ö ù
as, r Î ç0, ú , so r = a ê ç - ÷ - 1ú = 6 Þ a = - 4
è 2û 3 ë è 2 ø û
Now, the common difference of AP = 7b - 3a On putting the value of a and r in Eq. (i), the required
æ7 ö 2a numbers are 8, - 4, 2 , 8.
= 7ar - 3a = a ç -3÷ = -
è3 ø 3 57. Given, a1 , b1 are the roots of the equation
æ -2 a ö x2 - 6 x + p = 0
So, 4th term of AP = 3a + 3 ç ÷=a
è 3 ø
Þ a1 + b1 = 6 …(i)
55. Let r be the common ratio. Þ a1 × b1 = p …(ii)
If r ³ 1, then ar 2 is the greatest term. and a 2, b 2 are the roots of the equation
\ ar 2 < a + ar x2 - 54x + q = 0
Þ r2 - r - 1 < 0 Þ a 2 + b 2 = 54 …(iii)
1± 1+4 Þ a2 × b2 = q …(iv)
Þ r=
2 Since, a1 , b1 , a 2, b 2 are in GP.
1± 5 \ a1 = a, b1 = ar, a 2 = ar 2, b 2 = ar3
Þ r= Now, a1 + b1 = 6
2
æ1 - 5 1 + 5 ö \ a + ar = 6 …(v)
Þ r Îç , ÷ and a 2 + b 2 = 54
è 2 2 ø
ar 2 + ar3 = 54 …(vi)
1
As r ³ 1, 1 £ r < ( 5 + 1) From Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get
2
r2 = 9 Þ r = ± 3
In case, 0 < r <1
Q a (1 + r ) = 6 = a (1 ± 3) = 6
a < ar + ar 2
a = - 3, 3 / 2
Þ r2 + r - 1 > 0
q - p = a 2r5 - a 2r = a 2r (r 4 - 1)
-1 ± 5 1
Þ r= Þ r < - ( 5 + 1) æ3ö
2
2 2 = ç ÷ (3) (81 - 1)
è2ø
1
or r > ( 5 - 1) 9
2 = ´ 3 ´ 80 = 540
4
5 -1
As 0 < r <1 Þ < r <1 a
2 58. Let three numbers in GP are , a , ar.
r
æ 5 -1 5 + 1ö
\ r Îç , ÷ From the given condition,
è 2 2 ø a
+ a + ar = 14
a r
56. Let the four numbers be , a , ar ,2ar - a …(i) æ1 ö
r Þ a ç + 1 + r ÷ = 14 …(i)
èr ø
where first three numbers are in GP and last three
a
in AP. and + 1, a + 1 and ar - 1 will be in AP, then
Given that, the common difference of AP is 6, so r
a a
ar - a = 6 …(ii) 2 (a + 1 ) = + 1 + ar - 1 = (1 + r 2) …(ii)
r r
a From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
and also given = 2ar - a
r a = 4 and r = 2
a So, required numbers are 2, 4, 8.
Þ = 2 (ar - a ) + a
r Hence, greatest number is 8.
a
Þ = 2 (6) + a [from Eq. (ii)] 59. Since, a , b, c are in AP.
r
\ b = a + d , c = a + 2d,
æaö
Þ ç ÷ - a = 12 where d is a common difference, d > 0
èrø
Again, since a 2, b2, c2 are in GP.
Þ a (1 - r ) = 12r \ a 2, (a + d )2 and (a + 2d )2 are in GP.
Þ - 6 = 12r [from Eq. (ii)] Þ (a + d )4 = a 2 (a + 2d )2
Sequence and Series 53

or (a + d )2 = ± a (a + 2d ) 62. Let the numbers be x and y.

Þ a 2 + d 2 + 2ad = ± (a 2 + 2ad ) According to the question,
On taking (+ ) sign, d = 0 (not possible as a < b < c) x+ y
= 2 xy
On taking (- ) sign, 2
2a 2 + 4ad + d 2 = 0 Þ x + y = 4 xy …(i)
2
æ1 ö æ1 ö Þ 2
(x + y) = 16xy
Þ 2a 2 + 4a ç - a ÷ + ç - a ÷ = 0
è2 ø è2 ø And we know that,
é 3 1ù (x - y)2 = (x + y)2 - 4xy
êëQ a + b + c = 2 Þ a + d = 2 úû
\ (x - y)2 = 16xy - 4xy = 12xy
Þ 4a 2 - 4a - 1 = 0 Þ x - y = 2 3xy …(ii)
1 1
\ a= ± On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 2
1 x = (2 + 3 ) xy
Here, d = -a >0
2 and y = (2 - 3 ) xy
1 x (2 + 3 ) xy
So, a< \Required ratio = =
2 y (2 - 3 ) xy
1 1
Hence, a= - (2 + 3 )2 = 7 + 4 3
2 2
63. Let A be the Ist term of AP and d be the common
60. Given, a = 1 and 4T2 + 5T3 is minimum. difference.
Let r be the common ratio of the GP, then \ 7th term = a = A + 6d [Q nth term = A + (n - 1)d]
\ 4T2 + 5T3 = 4 (ar ) + 5(ar 2) [Q a = 1] 11th term = b = A + 10d
Þ 4r + 5r 2 = f (r ) [say] …(i) 13th term = c = A + 12d
Þ r (4 + 5r ) = f (r ) Q a, b, c are also in GP
f (r ) = 0 \ b2 = ac
r (4 + 5r ) = 0 Þ r = 0, - 4 / 5 Þ ( A + 10 d )2 = ( A + 6 d ) ( A + 12 d )
Þ A 2 + 20 Ad + 100 d 2 = A 2 + 18 Ad + 72d 2
Þ 2 Ad + 28 d 2 = 0
f(r)
–2/5 Þ 2d ( A + 14 d ) = 0
.

–4/5 O Þ d = 0 or A + 14 d = 0
( –2, –4
) But d ¹ 0 [Q the series is non constant AP]
5 5
Þ A = - 14 d
We know that, if a > 0, quadratic expression \ a = A + 6 d = - 14 d + 6 d = - 8d
b and c = A + 12 d = - 14 d + 12 d = - 2d
ax2 + bx + c has least value at x = - .
2a a - 8d
Þ = =4
From the graph it is clear that, minima occurs of point c - 2d
æ -2 -4 ö 64. Since, x, y and z are in AP.
ç , ÷.
è 5 5 ø \ 2y = x + z
-2 Also, tan - 1 x, tan - 1 y and tan - 1 z are in AP.
\ r=
5
\ 2 tan - 1 y = tan - 1 x + tan - 1 z
2 2
61. Let a , ar , ar are in GP and a , ar , ar - 64 are in AP, æ 2y ö æ x+ zö
we get Þ tan -1 ç ÷ = tan - 1 ç ÷
è 1 - y2 ø è 1 - xz ø
a (r 2 - 2r + 1 ) = 64 …(i)
x+ z x+ z
Again, a , ar - 8, ar 2 - 64 are in GP. Þ =
1 - y2 1 - xz
\ (ar - 8)2 = a (ar 2 - 64)
Þ a (16r - 64) = 64 …(ii) Þ y2 = xz
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Since x, y and z are in AP as well as in GP.
r = 5 ,a = 4 \ x= y=z
Thus, required numbers are 4, 20, 100.
54 JEE Main Mathematics

65. Let b = ar and c = ar 2, where r is the common ratio. 68. Given functional relation f (x + y) = f (x) × f ( y)
Then, a + b + c = xb Þ f (x) = a x
Þ a + ar + ar 2 = xar ¥

Þ 1 + r + r 2 = xr … (i) [Q a ¹ 0] Since, å f (x) = 2, so,|a | < 1

x =1
1 + r + r2
Þ x= Þ a + a 2 + a3 + ¼ = 2
r
1 a 2
=1 + r + Þ = 2 Þ 3a = 2 Þ a=
r 1-a 3
2
1
We know that, r + ³ 2 (for r > 0) f (4) a 4 æ2ö 4
So, = = a2 = ç ÷ =
r f (2) a 2 è3ø 9
1
and r + £ - 2 (for r < 0) [using AM ³ GM] 69. (666 K 6) = 6 + 6 ´ 10 + 6 ´ 102 + K + 6 ´ 10n - 1
r n digits
1 1
\ 1 + r + ³ 3 or 1 + r + £ -1 = 6 (1 + 10 + 102 + K + 10n - 1 )
r r
Þ x ³ 3 or x £ -1 6 2
= (10n - 1 ) = (10n - 1 )
Þ x Î (- ¥ ,-1] È [3, ¥ ) 9 3
Hence, x cannot be 2. 8
Similarly, (888 K 8) = (10n - 1 )
Alternate Method n digits 9
From Eq. (i), we have 4 8
Hence, required sum = (10n - 1 )2 + (10n - 1 )
1 + r + r 2 = xr 9 9
Þ r 2 + (1 - x)r + 1 = 0 4
= (102n - 2 × 10n + 1 + 2 × 10n - 2)
For real solution of r , D ³ 0. 9
4
Þ (1 - x)2 - 4 ³ 0 = (102n - 1 )
9
Þ x2 - 2 x - 3 ³ 0
1 (1 - ln + 1 ) 1 - ln + 1
Þ (x - 3)(x + 1) ³ 0 70. LHS = =
1-l 1-l
Þ x Î (-¥ , - 1] È [3, ¥ )
and RHS = (1 + l ) (1 + l2) (1 + l4 ) (1 + l8 ) (1 + l16 )
\ x cannot be 2. (1 - l )(1 + l ) (1 + l2) (1 + l4 ) (1 + l8 ) (1 + l16 )
=
66. 1.4 + 3.04 + 5.004 + K (1 - l )
= (1 + 3 + 5 + ... ) + (0.4 + 0.04 + 0.004 + ... ) (1 - l2) (1 + l2) (1 + l4 ) (1 + l8 ) (1 + l16 )
=
n é4 4 ù 1-l
= [2 + (n - 1 ) × 2] + ê + + K upto n terms ú
2 ë 10 102 û (1 - l32)
=
é æ1ö ù
n
1-l
ê1 - ç ÷ ú
4 ê è 10 ø ú 1 - ln + 1 1 - l32
= n2 + \ =
10 ê 1 - 1 ú 1-l 1-l
ê 10 ú
ë û Þ 1 - ln + 1 = 1 - l32
4 æ 1 ö \ n + 1 = 32
= n 2 + ç1 - n ÷
9è 10 ø Þ n = 31

67. Let the first term and common ratio of the GP be ‘a’ and 71. Given f (x + y) = f (x) × f ( y), x, y Î N and f (1) = 2
‘r’ respectively, so according to the given information f (2) = f (1 + 1) = f (1) × f (1) = 4 = 22
2 3
ar + ar + ar = 3 …(i) f (3) = f (2 + 1) = f (2) × f (1) = 8 = 23
and ar5 + ar 6 + ar7 = 243 …(ii) f (4) = f (3 + 1) = f (3) × f (1) = 16 = 24
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get M M M M
\ r 4 = 81 Þ r = 3 [Q terms are positive]
f (n ) = f (n - 1 + 1) = f (n - 1) f (1) = 2n
\ 3a + 9a + 27a = 3 n
1 Now, å f (a + k) = f (a + 1) + f (a + 2)
Þ a + 3a + 9a = 1 Þ a = . k =1
13 + f (a + 3) + L + (a + n )
\ Sum of first 50 terms of the GP be = f (a ) f (1) + f (a ) f (2) + f (a ) f (3) + L + f (a ) f (n )
1 (350 – 1) 1 50
S50 = = (3 – 1) = f (a ) [ f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + L + f (n )]
13 3 – 1 26
Sequence and Series 55

= f (a ) [2 + 4 + 8 + L + 2n ] = f (a ) [2 + 22 + 23 + L + 2n ] 1 1 1
76. Given series = 1 + + + +L
2 4 8
é 2 (2 - 1) ù
n
n
= f (a ) ê ú = 2 f (a ) (2 - 1) …(i) 1
ë 1 û Here, a = 1, r =
2
n
1 é a ù
But å f (a + k) = 16 (2n - 1) …(ii) \ S= =2 êS ¥ = ú …(i)
k =1
1-
1 ë 1 - rû
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
é æ1ö ù
n
2 f (a ) (2n - 1) = 16(2n - 1) 1 ê1 - ç ÷ ú
êë è2ø ú é a (1 - r n ) ù
Þ 2 f (a ) (2n - 1) = 2 ´ 8 (2n - 1) Sn = û
and êQ S n = , r < 1ú
Þ 2 f (a )(2n - 1) = 2 f (3)(2n - 1) [Q f (3) = 8]
1
1- ë 1 - r û
2
Þ f (a ) = f (3)
æ 1ö
= 2 ç1 - n ÷ …(ii)
Þ a =3 è 2 ø
72. Let S = 1 + 10 + 102 + ... + 1090 It is given that,
1
S - Sn <
91 1000
1 × (10 - 1 )
= æ 1ö 1
10 - 1 Þ 2 - 2 ç1 - n ÷ < [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
è 2 ø 1000
(1013 )7 - 1 1013 - 1 2 1
= ´ Þ 2 -2 + n <
1013 - 1 10 - 1 2 1000
= [(1013 )6 + (1013 )5 + (1013 )4 + ... + 1] 1 1
<
´ (1012 + 1011 + ... + 1 ) 2n-1 1000
é 1 1 ù
\ It is the product of two integers and hence not Þ 2n - 1 > 1000 êëQ a < b Þ a > búû
prime.
n n Þ n - 1 ³ 10
73. å å Srs2r3s = 2 × 3 + 22 × 32 + 23 × 33 + ... + 2n × 3n Þ n ³ 11
r =1 s =1
So, the least value of n is 11.
6 (6n - 1 ) ¥
[as S rs = 0, if r ¹ s and S rs = 1, if r = s) = 77. Given, å rn = S
6 -1
n= 0
6 ù
= (6n - 1 )ú 2 1
5 û Þ 1 + r + r + ... ¥ = S Þ =S
1-r
74. Since, nm + 1 divides 1 + n + n 2 + K + n127 S -1
Þ 1 = S - rS Þ r =
1+ n+ n +K+ n 2 127 S
Therefore, is an integer. ¥
nm + 1 Now, å r 2n = 1 + r 2 + r 4 + ... ¥
n= 0
1 - n128 1
Þ ´ m is an integer. 1 1 S2
1-n n +1 = = =
1 - r2 æS -1ö
2
S - (S - 1 )2
2
(1 - n 64 )(1 + n 64 ) 1-ç ÷
Þ is an integer when largest è S ø
(1 - n )(nm + 1 )
S2 S2
m = 64 = =
(S - S + 1 ) (S + S - 1 ) (2 S - 1 )
75. Given, sum 2 7 12 17 22
ì 2 n - 1ü 78. s=1 + + + + 4 + 5 +K
n - 1ï æ x + 1ö æ x + 1ö æ x + 1ö ï 3 32 33 3 3
= (x + 2) í 1 + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + K + ç ÷ ý
è x + 2 ø è x + 2 ø è x + 2 ø
îï þï s 1 2
= + +
7
+ K... ¥
3 3 32 33
ì æ x + 1ö ü
n
ï1 - ç ÷ ï 2s 1 5 5
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + K... ¥
ï è x + 2ø ï 3 3 3 3
= (x + 2)n - 1 í ý
ï 1 - æç x + 1 ö÷ ï ì ü
ï è x + 2ø ï 2s 4 5 ï 1 / 3 ï 5 4 13
î þ = + í ý= + =
3 3 3 ï1 - 1ï 6 3 6
(x + 2)n - 1 {(x + 2)n - (x + 1 )n } × (x + 2) î 3þ
=
(x + 2)n 13
s=
= (x + 2)n - (x + 1 )n 4
56 JEE Main Mathematics

79. We have, 1 + cos a + cos 2 a + K ¥ = 2 - 2 1

=
æ a - 1ö æ b - 1ö
1 1-ç ÷ç ÷
Þ =2 - 2 è a øè b ø
1 - cos a
From Eqs. (vi) and (vii)
1 1
Þ 1 - cos a = =1 + c=
1
2- 2 2 ab - (a - 1) (b - 1)
1 3p ab
Þ cos a = - Þ a=
2 4 ab
Þ c=
a × b - { ab - a - b + 1}
80. As we know, sum of infinite terms of GP,
ab
ìï a Þ c=
, |r|< 1 ab - ab + a + b - 1
S¥ = í 1 - r
ïî ¥ , |r|³ 1 ab
Þ c=
x a + b -1
\ S¥ = =5 (thus|r|< 1 )
1-r Þ ca + cb - c = ab Þ ac + bc = ab + c
x
Þ 1-r = 82. We know, AM ³ GM
5 4
5-x 4x +
Þ r= exists only when|r|< 1 \ 4x ³ 4x ´ 4
5 2 4x
5-x
Þ -1 < <1 Þ
4 4
4x + x ³ 2 4 Þ 4x + x ³ 4
5
4 4
\ -10 < - x < 0 Þ 0 < x < 10
¥ 83. Since, g = ab. Also, a , p , q and b are in AP.
81. a=å x n
…(i) b-a
n=0 So, common difference d is .
3
¥
b - a 2a + b
b=å yn …(ii) \ p=a + d=a + =
n=0 3 3
¥ b - a a + 2b
q=b-d=b- =
c = å (xy)n …(iii) 3 3
n=0 Now, (2 p - q)( p - 2q)
From Eq. (i), (4a + 2b - a - 2b) (2a + b - 2a - 4 b)
¥ = ×
a=å xn = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + L + ¥ 3 3
n=0 = - ab = - g 2
1
= [Q|x | < 1] …(iv) 84. Since, a , b and c are in AP.
1-x
¥ \ 2b = a + c …(i)
b=å yn = 1 + y + y2 + y3 + L + ¥ Also, p is AM between a and b
n=0 \ 2p = a + b …(ii)
1 Also, p¢ is GM between a and b
= [Q | y | < 1] …(v)
1- y \ p¢ = ab …(iii)
1 Similarly, 2q = b + c and q¢ = bc …(iv)
From Eq. (iv), a =
1-x æ a + b ö
2
æ b + c ö
2
Now, p2 - q2 = ç ÷ -ç ÷
Þ a (1 - x) = 1 Þ a - ax = 1 è 2 ø è 2 ø
a -1 1
Þ x= …(vi) = [a 2 + b2 + 2ab - (b2 + c2 + 2bc)]
a 4
1 1
From Eq. (v), b = = [(a 2 - c2) + 2b(a - c)]
1- y 4
b -1 (a - c)
Þ y= …(vii) = (a + c + 2b)
b 4
¥ æ a - cö
=ç ÷ (2b + 2b) [Q from Eq. (i)]
Now, c=å (xy)n è 4 ø
n=0
æ a - cö
c = 1 + xy + (xy)2 + (xy)3 + L + ¥ =ç ÷ 4b = (a - c)b …(v)
è 4 ø
1
= [Q|x| < 1,| y| < 1 Þ|xy| < 1] and p¢2 - q¢2 = ( ab )2 - ( bc )2
1 - xy
Sequence and Series 57

= ab - bc = b(a - c) …(vi) 90. Given series is 1 × 32 + 2 × 52 + 3 × 72 + ... ¥

\From Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get This is an arithmetico-geometric series whose nth term
p 2 - q 2 = p ¢2 - q ¢2 is equal to
Tn = n (2n + 1 )2 = 4n3 + 4n 2 + n
85. Given that, x1x2x3 ... xn = 1 …(i) n n

We know that, AM ³ GM
\ Sn = å Tn = å (4n3 + 4n 2 + n )
1 1
æ x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn ö 1/ n n n
\ç ÷ ³ (x1x2x3 ... xn ) n
è n ø =4 å n3 + 4 å n2 + S n
1
1 1
= (1 )1/ n = 1 [from Eq. (i)] 2
én ù 4 n
Þ x1 + x2 + x3 + .... + xn ³ n = 4 ê (n + 1 )ú + n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) + (n + 1 )
ë2 û 6 2
\ x1 + x2 + x3 + . . . + xn é 4 1ù
can never be less than n. = n (n + 1 ) ê n 2 + n + (2n + 1 ) + ú
ë 6 2û
2 p 2 p 2 p 3q 3q 4r 4r n 2
+ + + + ... + + + ... + = (n + 1 ) (6n + 14n + 7 )
3 3 3 1 54 5 7 7 6
4244 3 14 4244 3
86. Since,
5 times 7 times 91. This progression is an arithmetico-geometric series.
15 a dr
\ S¥ = +
3 5
æ 2 p ö æ 3q ö æ 4r ö
7
1 - r (1 - r )2
³ 15 ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ [Q AM ³ GM]
è 3 ø è5ø è7ø 1 2
= +
233547 55 77 55 77 1 - 1 /2 (1 - 1 /2)2
Þ p3 q5 r7 £ 1 Þ p3 5 7
q r £ £ 2 2
33 55 77 23 32 47 217 9 = + = 4 + 8 = 12
1 /2 1 /4
87. Given that, a + 2b + 3c = 12
and a , b, c are positive real numbers. 92. Let S = 2 + 3 + 6 + 11 + 18 + . . . + Tn
Now, AM ³ GM or S = 2 + 3 + 6 + 11 + . . . + Tn
a + b + b + c+ c+ c 6 2 3 On subtracting, we get
Þ ³ ab c 0 = 2 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . - Tn
6
a + 2b + 3c 6 2 3 Þ Tn = 2 + [1 + 3 + 5 + . . . (n - 1 ) term]
Þ ³ ab c Þ ab2c3 £ 26
6 n -1
=2 + [2 + (n - 1 - 1 )2]
88. The given series is clearly an AG, the corresponding AP 2
is 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + ... having nth term = 3n - 2 . Tn = 2 + (n - 1 )2
1 1 \ T50 = 2 + (50 - 1 )2 = 492 + 2
and corresponding GP is 1 + + 2 + ... having nth term
5 5 93. Let S n = 12 + 16 + 24 + ... + Tn
1
= n -1 S n = 12 + 16 + ... + Tn
5
3n - 2 On subtraction
Hence, required nth term of the series is n - 1 .
5 0 = 12 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ... - Tn
4(2n - 1 - 1 )
89. Given series is Þ Tn = 12 + = 2n + 1 + 8
2 -1
1 + (2 ´ 3) + (3 ´ 5) + (4 ´ 7) + …upto 11 terms.
Now, the rth term of the series is a r = r (2r - 1) S n = STn = 22 + 23 + 24 + ... + 8n
\Sum of first 11-terms is 22(2n - 1 )
= + 8n = 4 (2n - 1 ) + 8n
11 11 11 11 2 -1
S11 = å r (2r - 1) = å (2r 2 - r ) = 2 å r 2 - å r 94. Let S = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x 3 + ... ¥
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
11 ´ (11 + 1)(2 ´ 11 + 1) 11 ´ (11 + 1) xS = x + 3x2 + 6x 3 + ... ¥
=2 -
6 2 On subtracting, we get
é n
n (n + 1 )(2 n + 1 ) n
n (n + 1) ù S (1 - x ) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x 3 + ... ¥
êQ å r 2 = and å r = ú
êë r = 1 6 r =1 2 úû x (1 - x ) S = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + ... ¥
æ 11 ´ 12 ´ 23 ö æ 11 ´ 12 ö Again on subtracting, we get
=ç ÷-ç ÷
è 3 ø è 2 ø S [(1 - x ) - x (1 - x )] = (1 + x + x2 + x 3 + ... ¥ )
= (11 ´ 4 ´ 23) - (11 ´ 6) 1 1
Þ S [(1 - x ) (1 - x )] = Þ S=
= 11(92 - 6) = 11 ´ 86 = 946 1-x (1 - x )3
58 JEE Main Mathematics

r 2(r + 1 )2 98. Let S n = 1 × 3 × 5 + 2 × 5 × 8 + 3 × 7 × 11 + . . . + nth term

n n
Sr
95. å sr
= å 4
r (r + 1 )
\ Tn = n (2n + 1 )(3n + 2)
r =1 r =1
2 \ S n = STn = Sn (2n + 1 )(3n + 2)
n
r (r + 1 ) 1 n = Sn (6n 2 + 7n + 2)
= å 2
=
2
å (r 2 + r )
= S(6n3 + 7n 2 + 2n )
r =1 r =1
1 é n (n + 1 )(2n + 1 ) n (n + 1 ) ù = 6Sn3 + 7Sn 2 + 2Sn
= +
2 ëê 6 2 ûú é n (n + 1 ) ù
2
7n (n + 1 )(2n + 1 ) n (n + 1 )
1 =6 ê úû + +2
= (n )(n + 1 ) (2n + 1 + 3) ë 2 6 2
12 n (n + 1 ) é 6n (n + 1 ) 7(2n + 1 ) ù
n (n + 1 )(n + 2) = êë + + 2ú
= 2 2 3 û
6
n (n + 1 ) é 18(n 2 + n ) + 28n + 14 + 12 ù
96. Given series is = ê ú
1 2 3 2 ë 6 û
+ + + ... + n terms
2
1+1 +1 4 2
1+2 +2 4
1 + 32 + 34 n (n + 1 ) æ 18n 2 + 46n + 26 ö
= ç ÷
Let Tn be the nth term of the series 2 è 6 ø
1 2 3
+ + +… n (n + 1 ) 2(9n 2 + 23n + 13)
2
1+1 +1 4 2
1+2 +2 4
1 + 32 + 34 = ´
2 6
n n
Then, Tn = = n (n + 1 )(9n 2 + 23n + 13)
2
1+ n + n 4
(1 + n 2)2 - n 2 =
6
n
= 2 13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
(n + n + 1 ) (n 2 - n + 1 ) 99. Let Sn = + + + ...
1 1+3 1+3+5
1é 1 1 ù
= -
2 êë n 2 - n + 1 n 2 + n + 1 úû \ Tn =
13 + 23 + 33 + . . . + n3
1 + 3 + . . . + (2n - 1 )
1é 1 1 ù
= ê - ú
2 ë 1 + (n - 1 )n 1 + n (n + 1 ) û Sn3
= [Q1 + 3 + . . . + (2n - 1 ) = n 2]
1 é1 1 ù n2
\ T1 = - [n (n + 1 ) / 2]2 (n + 1 )2 n 2 + 2n + 1
2 êë 1 1 + 1 × 2 úû = = =
1é 1 1 ù n2 4 4
T2 = ê -
2 ë 1 + 1 × 2 1 + 2 × 3 úû 100. Let S n = n3 - (n - 1 )3 + . . . + (-1 )n - 113
1é 1 1 ù Here, n is an odd integer.
T3 = ê -
2 ë 1 + 2 × 3 1 + 3 × 4 úû
S n = 13 - 23 + 33 - 43 + . . .+ n3
… … …
= [13 + 23 + 33 + . . . + (n - 1 )3 + n3 ]
… … …
1é 1 1 ù - 2 [23 + 43 + 63 + . . . + (n - 1 )3 ]
Tn = ê - ú é æ n - 1ö ù
3
2 ë 1 + (n - 1 )n 1 + n (n + 1 ) û
= Sn3 - 2 ´ 23 ê13 + 23 + 33 + . . . ç ÷ ú
êë è 2 ø ú
On adding all these equations, we get û
n
1é 1 ù n (n + 1 ) é æ n - 1 ö3 ù
å Tr = 2 ê1 - 1 + n (n + 1 ) ú = 2 (n 2 + n + 1 ) = Sn3 - 16 ê S ç ÷ ú
ë û
r =1
êë è 2 ø úû
97. Let there are n balls used to form the sides of equilateral 2 2
é n (n + 1 ) ù éæ n - 1ö æ n - 1 öù
triangle. =ê úû - 16 ê çè 2 ÷ø çè 2 + 1÷ø ú
According to the question, we have ë 2 ë û
n (n + 1) é æ n - 1 ö 2 æ n + 1 ö 2ù
+ 99 = (n - 2)2
2 16 êç ÷ ç ÷ ú
êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû
2
n 2(n + 1 )
Þ n 2 + n + 198 = 2 [n 2 - 4n + 4] = -
4 4
Þ n 2 - 9n - 190 = 0 Þ n 2 - 19n + 10n - 190 = 0
Þ (n - 19)(n + 10) = 0 Þ n = 19, - 10 (n + 1 )2 2
= [n - (n 2 + 1 - 2n )]
Þ n = 19 [Q number of balls n > 0] 4
Now, number of balls used to form an equilateral (n + 1 )2
n (n + 1) 19 ´ 20 = (2n - 1 )
triangle is = = 190. 4
2 2
Sequence and Series 59

101. Let nth term of the series is Tn and sum is S, then 3. Q13 , a1 , a 2, ... , a 20 , 67 are in AP.
S = 1 + 2 + 5 + 12 + 25 + 46 + 77 + K + Tn æ 13 + 67 ö
\a1 + a 2 + a3 + K + a 20 = 20 ç ÷ = 800
S = 1 + 2 + 5 + 12 + 25 + 46 + K + Tn - 1 + Tn è 2 ø
On subtraction, we get Also, AM > GM
0 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + 31 + K + (Tn - Tn - 1 ) - Tn a1 + a 2 + K + a 20
Þ ³ (a1a 2a3 K a 20 )1/ 20
\Tn = 1 + { 1 + 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + K + upto (n - 1 )} 20
Þ 40 ³ (a1 × a 2 × a3 K a 20 )1/ 20
Let (n - 1 )th term and S of the series 1 + 3 + 7 + 13 + K
Hence, maximum value of a1 × a 2 × a3 K a 20 is (40)20.
are tn - 1 and S¢ respectively, then
S ¢ = 1 + 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + K + tn - 1 4. From symmetry, we observe that S50 has 50 terms. First
S ¢ = 1 + 3 + 7 + 13 + K + tn - 2 + tn - 1 term of S1 , S 2, S3 , S 4 ,... , S50 are 1, 2, 4, 7, … , 50.
On subtraction, we get Let Tn be the first term of nth set. Then,
0 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + K + (tn - 1 - tn - 2) - tn - 1 S = T1 + T2 + T3 + ... + Tn
\ tn - 1 = 1 + 2 { 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + K upto (n - 2)} Þ S = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 11 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn
1 or S = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn
= 1 + 2 × (n - 2) (n - 1 ) = n 2 - 3n + 3
2 Therefore, on subtracting
Þ tn = (n + 1 )2 - 3 (n + 1 ) + 3 0 = 1 + [1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + (Tn - Tn - 1 )] - Tn
= n2 - n + 1 n (n - 1 )
or 0 =1+ - Tn
\ Tn = 1 + { 1 + 3 + 7 + ... upto (n - 1 )} 2
n -1
n (n - 1 )
=1 + å (n 2 - n + 1 ) Þ Tn = 1 +
2
1
n -1 n -1 n -1 Þ T50 = First term in S50 = 1226
=1 + å n2 - å n + å 1 Therefore, sum of the terms in S50
1 1 1
50
1 1 = [2 ´ 1226 + (50 - 1 ) ´ 1]
=1 + n (n - 1 ) (2n - 1 ) - n (n - 1 ) + (n - 1 ) 2
6 2
= 25 (2452 + 49) = 25 (2501 ) = 62525
1
= n (n - 1 ) (n - 2) + n
3 5. It will take 10 yr for Jairam to pay off ` 10000 in
1 10 yearly installments.
Hence, Tn = n (n - 1 ) (n - 2) + n
3 Q He pays 10% annual interest on remaining amount.
\ Money given in the first year
Round II 10000 ´ 10
= 1000 + = 1000 + 1000
1. Q Common terms are 5, 11, 17, … 100
\ Tn = 5 + (n - 1 ) 6 = 6n - 1 = ` 2000
100th term of the first sequence Money given in second year
= 2 + (100 - 1 ) 3 = 299 = 1000 + interest of (10000 - 1000)
and 100th term of the second sequence 9000 ´ 10
= 1000 + = 1000 + 900
= 3 + (100 - 1 ) 2 = 201 100
2
Now, 201 > 6n - 1 Þ n £ 33 = ` 1900
3
Similarly, money paid in third year = ` 1800 etc.
Þ n = 33 (Q n Î N )
-1 -1 -1
So, money given by Jairam in 10 yr will be ` 2000,
2. Q a , b , c are in AP.
` 1900, ` 1800, ` 1700, …
\ a , b, c are in HP.
Which is in arithmetic progression, whose first term
Now, for numbers a101 , b101 , c101
a = 2000 and d = -100
AM > GM
Total money given in 10 yr
101
a + c101 10
Þ > ( ac )101 > b101 [Q ac > b] = [2(2000) + (10 - 1 ) (-100)]
2 2
Þ 2b101 - a101 - c101 < 0 …(i) = ` 15500
Now, product of roots of given equation Therefore, total money given by Jairam
2b 101
-a 101 101
-c = 5000 + 15500
= <0 [from Eq. (i)]
1 = ` 20500
60 JEE Main Mathematics

2
6. Let the number of days be n. é p + rù
Þ êë 2 úû ³ 4 pr [from Eq. (i)]
Hence, a worker can do
æ 1 ö Þ p2 + r 2 - 14 pr ³ 0
ç ÷ th part of the work in a day.
è 150n ø 2
ærö ærö
Þ ç ÷ - 14 ç ÷ + 1 ³ 0 (Q p > 0)
According to the given condition, è pø è pø
1
[150 + 146 + 142 + ... + upto (n + 8)] ´ =1 ær ö
2
terms 150n Þ ç - 7÷ - 48 ³ 0
èp ø
n+8
Þ [300 + (n + 8 - 1 ) (- 4)] = 1 2
2 ær ö 2
Þ ç - 7÷ - (4 3 ) ³ 0
Þ (n + 8) (272 - 4n ) = 300n èp ø
Þ 4n 2 + 60n - 2176 = 0 r
Þ -7 ³4 3
Þ 2
n + 15n - 544 = 0 p
Þ n = 17, - 32 9. Q T6 = 2 Þ a + 5d = 2
We do not take negative value Now, let P = T1T4T5
\ n = 17 = a (a + 3d )(a + 4d )
Therefore, number of total days = (2 - 5d )(2 - 2d )(2 - d )
= 17 + 8 = 25 = 2(4 - 16d + 17d 2 - 5d3 )
2
7. Given equation is ax + bx + c = 0 and let the roots On differentiating w.r.t. d, we get
are a , b. dP
Now, = 2 (-16 + 34d - 15d 2)
b c dd
So, a + b = - and ab = .
a a dP
Put = 0 for maxima or minima
Now, a 2 + b 2 = (a + b)2 - 2 a b dd

b2 2c -16 + 34d - 15d 2 = 0

= 2- 2 8
a a Þ d = and
3 5
1 1 a2 + b2
Now, + 2= 2 2 d 2P
a 2
b a b Also, = 2 (34 - 30d )
dd 2
b2 2 c æ d 2P ö
-
2 b2 - 2 ac ç ÷ >0
= a 2a = è dd 2 ø d = 2/3
c c2
a2 Thus, P is least.
According to the given condition, Thus, the value of d = 2 /3 .
1 1 10. Initially the ball falls from a height of 120 m. After
a+b = 2 + 2
a b striking the floor, it rebounds and goes to a height of
2
b b - 2ac 4 4
Þ - = ´ (120) m. Now, it falls from a height of ´ (120) m
a c2 5 5
4 é4 ù
Þ - bc2 = ab2 - 2a 2c and after rebounding goes to a height of ê (120)ú m.
5 ë5 û
Hence, 2 a 2c = ab2 + bc2
This process is continued till the ball comes to rest.
Þ ab2, ca 2, bc2 or bc2, ca 2, ab2 be in AP.
Hence, the total distance travelled is
8. Since, p, q and r are positive and are in AP. é4 2 ù
æ4ö
p+ r 120 + 2 ê (120) + ç ÷ (120 + . . . ¥ )ú
\ q= …(i) êë 5 è5ø úû
2
Q The roots of the equation px2 + qx + r = 0 are real. é4 ù
ê 5 (120) ú
Þ q2 ³ 4 pr = 120 + 2 ê = 1080 m
4 ú
ê 1- ú
ë 5 û
Sequence and Series 61

16 n æ 8r ö
11. 100 14. S= å ç 4 ÷
è 4r + 1 ø
r =1
4
3 16 n æ 1 1 ö
2 G
1 G
=2 å ç 2 - ÷
è 2 r - 2 r + 1 2 r2 + 2 r + 1 ø
r =1
R
æ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ö
= 2 ç1 - + - + -K+ - ÷
è 5 5 13 13 481 545 ø
æ 1 ö 1088
= 2 ç1 - ÷=
è 545 ø 545
5 + (n - 1 )4
15. Q Tn =
p [(r22 - r12) + (r42 - r32) + ... + 2
(r100 - 2
r99 )] [3 + (n - 1 )4]2 [7 + (n - 1 )4]2

= p (r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + . . . + r100 ) 1ì 1 1 ü
= í - ý
[Q r2 - r1 = r4 - r3 = . . . = r100 - r99 = 1 ] 8 î (4n - 1 )2 (4n + 3)2þ

= p (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + r100 ) \ S n = T1 + T2 + K + Tn
= 5050p sq cm 1ì1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ü
= í 2 - 2 + 2 - 2 + 2 -K + 2
- 2ý
¥ 8 î3 7 7 11 11 (4n - 1 ) (4n + 3) þ
12. Since, x= å cos 2n q
1ì1 1 ü 1 æ1 ö 1
n=0
= í 2- 2ý
Þ S¥ = ç - 0÷ =
Þ 0
x = cos q + cos q + cos q + . . . ¥ 2 4 8 î3 (4n + 3) þ 8 è9 ø 72
which is an infinite GP with first term 1 and common xm yn 1
16. Consider, =
ratio cos 2 q such that 0 £ cos 2 q £ 1 (1 + x )(1 + y2n ) (xm + x-m )( yn + y- n )
2m

1
\ x= [sum of an infinite GP] By using AM ³ GM (because x, y Î R+ ), we get
1 - cos 2 q
(xm + x-m ) ³ 2 and ( yn + y- n ) ³ 2
1 1
Þ x= …(i) [Q if x > 0, then x +
³ 2]
sin 2 q x
1 1
1 Þ (xm + x-m )( yn + y- n ) ³ 4 Þ m £
Similarly, y = …(ii) (x + x-m )( yn + y- n ) 4
cos 2 q
1
1 \ Maximum value = .
and z= …(iii) 4
1 - cos q sin 2 q
2

On substituting respective values of x, y, z in the given 17. The general term is

n n+1
options, we get the option (b) is correct. ×
2 2 1 1 1
13. Since, S n = an (n - 1 ) Tn = 3 = = -
1 + 2 + 33 + K + n3
3
n (n + 1 ) n n + 1
Now, nth term of the series is 1 n
Tn = S n - S n - 1 \ Sn = 1 - =
n+1 n+1
Þ Tn = an (n - 1 ) - a (n - 1 )(n - 2)
18. S n = cn 2
Þ Tn = a (n - 1 )[n - (n - 2)] = 2a (n - 1 )
Again, let the sum of squares of n terms of the series is S n - 1 = c (n - 1 )2 = cn 2 + c - 2cn
S1 such that Tn = 2cn - c
n Tn2 = (2cn - c)2 = 4c2n 2 + c2 - 4c2n
S = T12 + T22 + T32 + ... + Tn2 = å Tr2
Sum = S Tn2
r =1
n 4c2 + n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 )
= + nc2 - 2c2n (n + 1 )
Þ S= å { 2a (r - 1 )}2 6
r =1
2c2 n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) + 3nc2 - 6c2 n (n + 1 )
n =
3
Þ S= å 4a 2(r - 1 )2
nc2 (4n 2 + 6n + 2 + 3 - 6n - 6) nc2 (4n 2 - 1 )
r =1 = =
3 3
é1 ù
Þ S = 4a 2 ê (n - 1 )n{2(n - 1 ) + 1 )}ú
ë6 û 19. Let the three-digit number be xyz. According to the
given condition, we have
2a 2
\ S= n (n - 1 )(2n - 1 ) y2 = xz …(i)
3 2( y + 2) = x + z …(ii)
62 JEE Main Mathematics

2
Þ 100x + 10 y + z - 792 = 100z + 10 y + x æ 10 ´ 11 ö æ 10 ´ 11 ´ 21 ö
Þ 11 - 8 ç ÷ +4ç ÷ = a - 220 b
Þ x- z =8 …(iii) è 2 ø è 6 ø
On squaring Eqs. (ii) and (iii) and subtracting, we have 10 ´ 11 æ 10 ´ 11 21 ö
4xz = 4( y + 2)2 - 64 Þ 11 - ´4 ç ´2 - ÷ = a - 220 b
2 è 2 3ø
Þ y2 = ( y + 2)2 - 16 [using Eq. (i)]
Þ 11 - (20 ´ 11)(110 - 7) = a - 220 b
Þ y=3
Þ x + z = 10 [using Eq. (ii)] Þ 11 - 220(103) = a - 220 b
Þ x = 9, z = 1 Þ a = 11 and b = 103
Hence, the number is 931 = 72 ´ 19. Þ (a , b ) = (11, 103)
20. a1 + a3 + a5 = - 12 Hence, option (d) is correct.
a + a + 2d + a + 4d = - 12(d > 0) 24. First three terms of an AP are given as
a + 2d = - 4 …(i) 32sin 2a - 1, 14, 34 - 2sin 2a
a1a3 a5 = 80
32sin 2a 34
a (a + 2d )(a + 4d ) = 80 \ 28 = + 2sin 2a
3 3
or a (-4)(-4 - 2d + 4d ) = 80 [from Eq. (i)]
or (-4 - 2d )(-4 + 2d ) = - 20 Þ d = ± 3 Let, 32sin 2a = x
Since, AP is increasing, so d = + 3; a = - 10. x 81
So, 28 = +
a1 = - 10; a 2 = - 7 ü 3 x
ï Þ x2 - 84x + 243 = 0
Hence, a3 = a + 2d = - 10 + 6 = - 4ý
a5 = a + 4d = - 10 + 8 = - 2ïþ
2
Þ x - 81x - 3x + 243 = 0
a Þ (x - 81)(x - 3) = 0 Þ x = 3, 81
21. Let the three terms of GP are , a , ar.
r Þ 32sin 2a = 31 or 34 Þ 2 sin 2 a = 1 or 4
a 1
As, it is given that ´ a ´ ar = 27 Þ a = 3 Þ sin 2 a = [Q sin 2 a Î [-1, 1]]
r 2
a æ 1 + r + r2 ö So, first three terms of given AP are 1, 14, 27
and S = + a + ar Þ S = 3 ç ÷
r è r ø \ Sixth term, a 6 = 1 + (6 - 1)13 = 1 + 65 = 66
2
Þ 3r + (3 - S ) r + 3 = 0 [Q r ¹ 0] 25. Given series is
Q r ÎR S = log(71/ 2 ) x + log(71/ 3 ) x + log(71/ 4 ) x + ..... + upto 20 terms
2
\ D ³ 0 Þ (3 - S ) - 4 (3) (3) ³ 0 Þ S = 2 log7 x + 3 log7 x + 4 log7 x + ....+ upto 20 terms
Þ (3 - S - 6) (3 - S + 6) ³ 0 Þ S = (2 + 3 + 4 + .... + 21) log7 x = 460 [given]
Þ (S + 3) (S - 9) ³ 0 Þ S Î (-¥ , - 3] È [9, ¥ ) æ 21 ´ 22 ö
Þ ç – 1÷ log7 x = 460
22. Let, l = 210 + 29 × 31 + 28 × 32 + …… + 2 × 39 + 310 …(i) è 2 ø

3 3 11 Þ (231 – 1) log7 x = 460

So, l = 29 × 31 + 28 × 32 + ¼¼ + 310 + …(ii)
2 2 Þ log7 x = 2 Þ x = 72
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 26. The natural numbers between 100 and 200 are 101, 102,
1 311 103, …, 199.
- l = 210 -
2 2 Since, 91 = 13 ´ 7, so the natural numbers between 100
and 200 whose HCF with 91 is more than 1 are the
Þ l = 311 - 211
numbers which are either divisible by 7 or 13.
Q l = 210 + 29 × 31 + 28 × 32 + ¼ +
So, the required sum of numbers between 100 and 200
2 × 39 + 310 = S - 211 [given]
= (sum of numbers divisible by 7)
\ 311 - 211 = S - 211
+ (sum of numbers divisible by 13)
Þ S = 311
- (sum of numbers divisible by 91)
23. Given series is 14 8
1 + (1 - 22 × 1) + (1 - 42 × 3) + (1 - 62 × 5) + ... = å (98 + 7r ) + å (91 + 13r ) - (182)
r =1 r =1
+ (1 - 202 × 19) = a - 220 b
10 æ 14 ´ 15 ö æ8 ´9ö
= (98 ´ 14) + 7ç ÷ + (91 ´ 8) +13 ç ÷ - (182)
Þ 1+ å [1 - (2n )2(2n - 1)] = a - 220 b è 2 ø è 2 ø
n =1
= 1372 + 735 + 728 + 468 - 182
10 10
Þ 1 + 10 - 8 å n3 + 4 å n 2 = a - 220 b = 3303 - 182 = 3121
n =1 n =1
Sequence and Series 63

20
æ1ö 1 2 3 4 20 1 n-7
27. Let S = å kçè 2k ÷ø ÞS = 2 + 22 + 23 + + ¼ + 20 …(i) Þ [2a1 + (n - 1)d ] = 50 + A
2 4
2 2 2
k =1
1 æ 7 ö n
æ1ö Þ [2a1 + nd - d ] = ç50 - A ÷ + A
On multiplying by ç ÷ both sides, we get 2 è 2 ø 2
è2ø
æ d ö nd æ 7 ö n
S 1 2 3 19 20 Þ ç a1 - ÷ + = ç50 - A ÷ + A
= + + + ¼ + 20 + 21 …(ii) è 2ø 2 è 2 ø 2
2 22 23 24 2 2
On comparing corresponding term, we get
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
d 7
S 1 1 1 1 20 d = A and a1 - = 50 - A
S - = + 2 + 3 + ¼ + 20 - 21 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
A 7
1æ 1 ö Þ a1 - = 50 - A [Q d = A]
ç1 - 20 ÷ 2 2
S 2è 2 ø 20
Þ = - 21 Þ a1 = 50 - 3 A
2 1 2
1-
2 é a (1 - r n ) ù So a50 = a1 + 49d
êQ sum of GP = , r < 1ú = (50 - 3 A ) + 49 A [Q d = A]
ë 1-r û
1 20 1 10 11 = 50 + 46 A
= 1 - 20 - 21 = 1 - 20 - 20 = 1 - 20
2 2 2 2 2 Therefore, (d , a50 ) = ( A , 50 + 46 A )
11 30. Given, f (x + y) = f (x) × f ( y)
Þ S = 2 - 19
2
Let f (x) = lx [where l > 0]
28. 0.7 + 0.77 + 0.777 + … + upto 20 terms Q f (1) = 2 (given)
7 77 777
= + + + ¼ + upto 20 terms \ l =2
10 102 103 10 10 æ 10 ö
é1 11 111 ù So, S f (a + k) = S la+ k = la ç S lk ÷
=7ê + + + ¼ + upto 20 terms ú k =1 k =1 è k=1 ø
ë 10 102 103 û
= 2a [21 + 22 + 23 + ......+210 ]
7é9 99 999 ù
= ê + + + ¼ + upto 20 terms ú é 2(210 - 1) ù
9 ë 10 100 1000 û = 2a ê ú
7 éæ 1ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö ë 2 -1 û
= ê çè1 - 10 ÷ø + çè1 - 102 ÷ø + çè1 - 103 ÷ø [by using formula of sum of n-terms of a GP having
9 ë first term ‘a’ and common ratio ‘r’, is
+¼+ upto 20 terms]
7 a (r n - 1) ù
= (1 + 1 +¼+ +¼+ upto 20 terms) Sn = , where r > 1ú
9 r -1 û
æ1 1 1 öù
-ç + + +¼+ upto 20 terms ÷ ú
è 10 102 103 øû Þ 2a+ 1 (210 - 1) = 16 (210 - 1) (given)
Þ 2a+ 1 = 16 = 24 Þ a + 1 = 4 Þ a = 3
é 1 ìï æ 1 ö üï ù
20
ê í1 - çè ÷ø ý ú 31. We have, S n = 1 + q + q2 + ¼ + qn
7ê 10 ïî 10 ïþ ú
= ê20 - ú æ q + 1ö æ q + 1ö æ q + 1ö
2 n
9 1 and Tn = 1 + ç ÷+ç ÷ + ¼+ ç ÷
ê 1- ú è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
ê 10 ú
ë û Also, we have
é a (1 - r n ) ù 101
êQ Sn = , where 1 > rú C1 + 101C 2S1 + 101C3S 2 + ¼ + 101C101S100 = aT100
êë 1- r úû
101 101 101
Þ C1 + C 2(1 + q) + C3 (1 + q + q2)
7é 1 ìï æ 1 ö üï ù
20
= ê20 - í1 - ç ÷ ý ú + ¼+ 101
C101 (1 + q + q2 + ¼ + q100)
9ê 9 ïî è 10 ø ï ú
ë þû
= a × T100
7 é 179 1 æ 1 ö 20 ù (1 - q2) 101 æ 1 - q3 ö
= ê + ç ÷ ú Þ 101
C1 + 101
C2 + C3 ç ÷
9 êë 9 9 è 10 ø úû 1-q è1-qø
7 æ 1 - q4 ö æ 1 - q101 ö
= (179 + 10- 20 ) + 101C 4 ç ÷ + ¼ + 101C101 ç ÷
81 è1-qø è 1-q ø
29. Given AP, is a1 , a 2, a3 ,… having sum of first n-terms æ 1 - rn ö
= a × T100 [Q for a GP, S n = a ç ÷, r ¹ 1 ]
=
n
[2a1 + (n - 1)d ] è1-r ø
2 1
[where, d is the common difference of AP] Þ [{101C1 + 101
C2 + ¼ + 101
C101 }
n (n - 7) 1-q
= 50n + A (given)
2 - {101C1q + 101
C 2q2 + ¼ + 101 C101 q101 }] = a × T100
64 JEE Main Mathematics

1 Þ ar 2 + ar3 = 16 Þ ar 2(1 + r ) = 16 …(ii)

Þ [(2101 - 1) - ((1 + q)101 - 1)] = aT100
(1 - q) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
[Q nC 0 + nC1 + ¼ + nC n = 2n] r 2 = 4 Þ r = ±2 …(iii)
101 101
2 - (q + 1) From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
Þ =a
1-q 4
a = > 0 (rejected), if r = 2 and a = - 4 < 0, if r = - 2
é q + 1 æ q + 1ö
2
æ q + 1ö ù
100 3
ê1 + +ç ÷ + ¼+ ç ÷ ú 9
è 2 ø è 2 ø ú
êë 2 û Now, å ai = a1 + a 2 + a3 + ...... + a 9
i =1
é æ q + 1ö ù
101
-4((-2)9 - 1) 4
ê 1-ç ÷ ú = = - (512 + 1)
2101
- (q + 1) 101
è 2 ø ú -2 - 1 3
Þ = a ê1 ×
1-q ê q+1 ú 4
1- = - (513) = 4l (given)
ê 2 ú 3
ë û
q+1 Þ l = - 171
[Q q ¹ 1 Þ q + 1 ¹ 2 Þ ¹1]
2 34. Given series of 40 terms is
a [2101 - (q + 1)101 ] 3 + 4 + 8 + 9 + 13 + 14 + 18 + 19 + ¼+ upto 40 terms
= Þ a = 2100
(1 - q) × 2100 = (3 + 8 + 13 + 18 + ¼ + upto 20 terms)
13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33 + (4 + 9 + 14 + 19 + ¼ + upto 20 terms)
32. Given series, S = 1 + + + ... + 20 20
1+2 1+2+3 = [(2 ´ 3) + (20 - 1)5] + [(2 ´ 4) + (20 - 1)5]
2 2
13 + 23 + 33 + K + 153 1
- (1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15) Q Sum of first n-terms of AP.
1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15 2 n
S n = [2a + (n - 1)d ]
= S1 - S 2 (let) 2
13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33 = 10[6 + (19 ´ 5)] + 10[8 + (19 ´ 5)]
where, S1 = 1 + + +K+
1+2 1+2+3 = 60 + 950 + 80 + 950 = 2040 = 102 m (given)
13 + 23 + 33 + K + 153 Þ m = 20
1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15
2 35. General term of the given series is
æ n (n + 1) ö
15 ç ÷ 3r (12 + 22 + K + r 2) 3r [r (r + 1) (2r + 1)]
15 3
1 + 23 + K + n3 è 2 ø Tr = =
= å = å 2r + 1 6(2r + 1)
n =1 1 + 2 + K + n n =1
n (n + 1 )
1 3
2 = (r + r 2)
é 2
n (n + 1) ù
n 2 n
æ n (n + 1) ö 15 15
êQ å r3 = ç ÷ and å r = ú 1
êë r = 1 è 2 ø r =1 2 úû
Now, required sum = å Tr = 2 å (r3 + r 2)
r =1 r =1
15 15
n (n + 1) 1 1 ïì é n (n + 1) ù n (n + 1) (2n + 1)ïü
2
= å = å (n 2
+ n) = íê + ý
2 2 2 îï ë ú
û
n =1 n =1 2 6 þï n = 15
1 é 15 ´ 16 ´ 31 15 ´ 16 ù
= + 1 ìï n (n + 1) é n 2 + n 2n + 1 ùüï
2 êë 6 2 úû = í ê + úý
2 ïî 2 ë 2 3 ûïþ
é n n (n + 1)(2n + 1) ù n = 15
êQ å r 2= ú 1 ì n (n + 1) (3n 2 + 7n + 2)ü
êë r = 1 6 úû = í ý
2î 2 6 þ n = 15
1
= [(5 ´ 8 ´ 31) + (15 ´ 8)]
2 1 15 ´ 16 (3 ´ 225 + 105 + 2)
= ´ ´ = 7820
= (5 ´ 4 ´ 31) + (15 ´ 4) = 620 + 60 = 680 2 2 6
æ1 1 1 ö
1 1 15 ´ 16 log 2. 5 ç + + + ... to ¥÷
and S 2 = (1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15) = ´ = 60 36. Since, (0.16) è3 3 2 3 3 ø
2 2 2
æ 1/3 ö æ1 ö
Therefore, S = S1 - S 2 = 680 - 60 = 620 log 2.5 çç ÷÷ log 2.5 ç ÷
è 1 - 1/3 ø è 2ø
= (0.16) = (0.16)
33. Let first term and common ratio of given GP a1 , a 2, a3 ,
log 2.5 ( 2) -1 log 22.5
… are a1 = a < 0 and ‘r’ respectively. 16 æ 100 ö
= =ç ÷
Now, a1 + a 2 = 4 (given) 100 è 16 ø
Þ a + ar = 4 Þ a (1 + r ) = 4 …(i) æ 10 ö
2 log 2.5 2
log 2.5 22
a3 + a 4 = 16 (given) =ç ÷ = (2.5) = 22 = 4
è4ø
Sequence and Series 65

37. The 4th AM out of m AMs inserted between 3 and 243 is 40. The terms, which are common in above A.P.s are also in
243 - 3 an AP have common difference = LCM { d1 , d2}
A4 = 3 + 4 …(i)
m+1 (where d1 and d2 are common differences of given two
and the 2nd GM out of three GMs inserted between 3 APs)
æ 1 ö2 and LCM {4, 7} = 28 = d (let)
ç æ 243 ö 3 +1÷ 1/ 2 Now, let mth term of first AP is first common term of
and 243 is G2 = 3 ç ç ÷ ÷ = 3(81) = 27
è 3 ø second AP, which is nth term of second AP.
è ø
So, 3 + (m - 1)4 = 2 + (n - 1)7
æ 240 ö
Q A4 = G 2 Þ 3 + 4 ç ÷ = 27 Þ 4m - 1 = 7n - 5 Þ 7n - 4m = 4
èm + 1ø So, m = 6 and n = 4
æ 240 ö
Þ 4 ç ÷ = 24 Þ m + 1 = 40 Þ m = 39 So, first term which is common, is 3 + (6 - 1)4 = 23
èm + 1ø Now, let there are p terms common to the two given
20 APs, so 23 + ( p - 1)28 £ 407
38. The sum å (1 + 2 + 3 + ¼ + k) Þ 28 p £ 412 Þ p £ 14 . 7
k =1
20
k(k + 1) 1 20 2 So, p = 14, therefore 14 terms are common to the two
= å 2
= å (k + k)
2 k =1
given APs.
k =1
41. Given, 4x2 - 9x + 5 = 0
1 é 20(20 + 1)(40 + 1) 20(20 + 1) ù
= ê + úû Þ (x - 1) (4x - 5) = 0
2ë 6 2
5
1
= [(10 ´ 7 ´ 41) + (10 ´ 21)] Þ AM = , GM = 1 [Q AM > GM ]
2 4
Again, for the series
= 5[287 + 21] = 5 ´ 308 = 1540
7 - 16, 8, - 4, 2 ......
n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
39. The sum, å 4 æ -1 ö
p -1
n =1 pth term t p = - 16 ç ÷
è 2 ø
1 7 1 7
= å
4 n =1
n (2n 2 + 3n + 1) = å (2n3 + 3n 2 + n )
4 n =1 æ -1 ö
q -1
qth term tq = - 16 ç ÷
è 2 ø
1é
2
æ 7 ´ (7 + 1) ö 7(7 + 1)(14 + 1) 7(7 + 1) ù
t p + tq
= ê2 ´ ç ÷ +3 + úû 5
4 êë è 2 ø 6 2 Now, AM = = and GM = t ptq = 1
2 2
1 p+ q-2
= [2 ´ (7 ´ 4)2 + (28 ´ 15) + (7 ´ 4)] æ 1ö
4 Þ 162 ç - ÷ =1
è 2ø
= (8 ´ 49) + (7 ´ 15) + 7 = 7 [56 + 15 + 1]
= 7(56 + 16) Þ (- 2)8 = (- 2)( p + q - 2)
= 7 ´ 72 = 504 Þ p + q = 10
 04
Complex Numbers

The equation x 2 + 9 = 0 or x 2 = - 9 has no solution in the set of real numbers. IN THIS CHAPTER ....
There can not be a real number x whose square is - 9, so we need to extend
Complex Numbers
the real number system to a larger system so that we remedy this solution.
Here, we will defined the system of complex number to solve the equation Equity of Complex Numbers
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where b2 - 4ac < 0. Representation of a Complex
Number in a Plane

Complex Numbers Algebra of Complex Numbers

The numbers of the form x + iy are known as complex numbers. Conjugate of a Complex Numbers

Here, x and y are real numbers and i = -1 is iota. Triangle Inequality

Square Root of a Complex
The complex number is usually denoted by z and its set is denoted by C.
Numbers
e.g. 7 + 2 i , 0 + i , 1 + 0i , C = { x + iy : x , y Î R , i = -1 }
Concept of Rotation
etc., are complex numbers. De-Moivre’s Theorem
Integral Powers of Iota (i) nth Roots of Unity
i = -1 is called the imaginary unit. Application of Complex Numbers
2 3 4 in Coordinate Geometry
Also, i = - 1 , i = - i, i = 1
Equation f a Circle
In general i 4n
= 1 , i 4n + 1 = - i, i 4n + 2 = - 1, i 4n + 3 = - i, for any integer n.
e.g. i1998 = i 4 ´ 499 + 2 = - 1
Note
• The sum of any four consecutive powers of i is zero. i .e. ,
in + in + 1 + in + 2
+ in + 3
=0
• - a = i a, when a is any real number, then, - a -b = i a i b = - ab
But - a - b = (- a)(- b ) = ab is wrong.
Complex Numbers 67

Example 1. The sequence S = i + 2 i 2 + 3 i3 + 4 i 4 + L upto Q Re( z) = 0

100 terms simplifies to, where i = -1 2 - 6 sin 2 q
\ = 0 Þ 2 = 6 sin 2 q
1 + 4 sin 2 q
(a) 50 (1 - i) (b) 25 i
1 1
(c) 25 (1 + i) (d) 100 (1 - i) Þ sin 2 q = Þ sin q = ±
3 3
Sol. (a) S = i + 2i 2 + 3i3 + L + 100i100 æ 1 ö -1 æ 1 ö
Þ q = sin - 1 ç ± ÷ = ± sin ç ÷
S × i = i 2 + 2i3 + L + 99i100 + 100i101 è 3 ø è 3ø
S (1 - i) = i + i 2 + i3 + L + i100 - 100 i101
S (1 - i) = (i + i 2 + i3 + i 4 ) + (i 5 + i6 + i7 + i 8)
Equality of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z 2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex
+ L + (i97 + i98 + i99 + i100) - 100i numbers, then these two numbers are equal, if
Þ S (1 - i) = 0 + 0 + L + 0 - 100i x1 = x2 and y1 = y2
[Q i n + i n + 1 + i n + 2 + i n + 3 = 0 ] i.e. Re( z1 ) = Re( z 2 )
-100i -100i (1 + i) and Im( z1 ) = Im( z 2 )
Þ S= =
1- i (1 - i) (1 + i) e.g. If z1 = 2 - iy and z 2 = x + 3 i are equal, then
Þ S = - 50 (i - 1) 2 - iy = x + 3 i
\ S = 50 (1 - i) Þ x = 2 and y = - 3
Two complex numbers cannot be compared i.e., no
Representation of Complex Numbers greater complex number can be find in two given complex
in the form x + iy numbers.
Let z = x + iy is a complex number, then x is called the
Example 3. The real values of x and y for which the
real part of z and is denoted by Re ( z ) and y is called the
imaginary part of z and is denoted by Im ( z ). following equality hold, are respectively
e.g. If z = 7 + 4i , then Re( z ) = 7 and Im ( z ) = 4 . ( x 4 + 2 xi ) - (3x 2 + iy) = (3 - 5 i ) + (1 + 2 iy)
A complex number z is said to be purely real, if Im( z ) = 0 (a) 2, 3 or -2 , 1 /3 (b) 1, 3 or -1 , 1 /3
and is said to be purely imaginary, if Re ( z ) = 0. (c) 2 , 1 /3 or -2 , 3 (d) None of these
The complex number 0 = 0 + i 0 is both purely real and Sol. (a) The given equality can be rewritten as
purely imaginary. ( x4 - 3x2) + i(2x - y) = 4 + i(2y - 5)
Every real number ‘a’ can be written as a + i 0. Therefore, Þ x4 - 3x2 = 4 and 2x - y = 2y - 5
every real number is considered as a complex number,
whose imaginary part is zero. Þ x4 - 3x2 - 4 = 0 and 2x - 3y + 5 = 0
Þ ( x2 - 4) ( x2 + 1) = 0
2 + 3i sin q
Example 2. A value of q for which is purely Þ x=±2 [Q x2 ¹ - 1]
1 - 2i sin q
1
imaginary, is (JEE Main 2016) \ At x = 2 , y = 3 and at x = - 2 , y =
3
p p æ 3ö -1 æ 1 ö
(a) (b) (c) sin -1ç ÷ (d) sin ç ÷ 3
3 6 è 4 ø è 3ø æ 1 ö x + iy
Example 4. Let ç -2 - i ÷ = (i = -1,
) where x and
2 + 3i sin q è 3 ø 27
Sol. (d) Let z = is purely imaginary.
1 - 2i sin q y are real numbers, then y - x equals (JEE Main 2019)
Then, we have Re( z) = 0 (a) 91 (b) 85 (c) – 85 (d) – 91
2 + 3i sin q 3 3
Now, consider z = x + iy æ 1 ö é –1 ù
1 - 2i sin q Sol. (a) We have, = ç - 2 - i ÷ = ê (6 + i) ú
27 è 3 ø ë3 û
(2 + 3i sin q) (1 + 2i sin q )
= x + iy 1
(1 - 2i sin q ) (1 + 2i sin q) Þ =- (216 + 108i + 18i 2 + i3)
27 27
2 + 4i sin q + 3i sin q + 6i 2 sin 2 q 1
= =- (198 + 107i)
12 - (2i sin q) 2 27
2 + 7i sin q - 6 sin 2 q [Q( a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab 2 and i 2 = - 1]
=
1 + 4 sin 2 q On equating real and imaginary part, we get
2
2 - 6 sin q 7 sin q x = - 198 and y = - 107
= +i Þ y - x = - 107 + 198 = 91
1 + 4 sin 2 q 1 + 4 sin 2 q
68 JEE Main Mathematics

Representation of a Complex Number Example 5. Let i = -1, define a sequence of a complex

in a Plane number by z1 = 0, z n + 1 = z n2 + i for n ³ 1. In the complex
Complex numbers can be represented as follows plane, how far from the origin is z111?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 110
Geometrical Representation of a
Complex Number Sol. (b) z1 = 0 , z n + 1 = z n2 + i,n ³ 1
The complex number z = x + iy may be represented z2 = z12 + i at n = 1
graphically by the point P, whose rectangular coordinates z2 = 0 + i Þ z2 = i
are ( x , y ) . Thus, each point in the plane is associated z3 = z 22 + i Þ z3 = i 2 + i = - 1 + i
with a complex number. z 4 = z32 + i Þ z 4 = ( -1 + i) 2 + i
In the figure, P defines z = x + iy. It is customary to = 1 +i 2 - 2i + i = - i
choose x-axis as real axis and y-axis as imaginary axis. z 5 = z 42 + i
Such a plane is called argand plane or argand Þ z 5 = ( -i) 2 + i = - 1 + i
diagram or complex plane or gaussian plane. M M M
Y Hence, z111 = - 1 + i
Imaginary axis
P(x, y) By above, it is clear that for odd suffix of z = - 1 + i
y \ Distance from origin =|z111|
q
X¢
O x
X
M ReaI axis = ( -1) 2 + (1) 2 = 2

Eulerian Form of a Complex Number

Y¢
We have, eiq = cos q + i sin q and e- iq = cos q - i sin q
These two are called Euler’s notations.
Distance of P from origin is OP = x 2 + y 2 . It is called the
Let z be any complex number such that|z| = r and
modulus of z and angle of OP with positive direction of arg( z ) = q. Then, z = x + iy = r (cos q + i sin q ) can be
x-axis is called argument of z. represented in exponential or Eulerian form as
\ tan q =
y æ yö
or q = tan-1 ç ÷ z = reiq = r (cos q + i sin q )
x èxø
5 5
æ 3 iö æ 3 iö
Trigonometrical or Polar Representation of Example 6. Let z = çç + ÷÷ + çç - ÷÷ . If R( z ) and
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø
a Complex Number I( z ) respectively denote the real and imaginary parts of z, then
Let z = x + iy is a complex number which is denoted by a (JEE Main 2019)
point P ( x , y ) in a complex plane, then (a) R( z) > 0 and I( z) > 0 (b) I( z) = 0
OP =|z| and Ð POX = q = arg ( z ) (c) R( z) < 0 and I( z) > 0 (d) R( z) = - 3
5 5
OM x æ 3 iö æ 3 iö
In DPOM , cos q = = Sol. (b) Given, z = ç + ÷ +ç - ÷
OP |z| Y è 2 2ø è 2 2ø
P(x, y)
Þ x =|z|cosq 3 i æ p pö
r Q Euler’s form of+ = ç cos + i sin ÷ = e i ( p/6 )
and sin q =
PM
=
y
q 2 2 è 6 6ø
OP |z| X¢ X
O M 3 i æ -p ö æ pö - ip /6
and - = cosç ÷ + i sinç - ÷ = e
Þ y =|z|sinq 2 2 è 6 ø è 6ø
\ z = x + iy i
5p
-i
5p

Þ z =|z|cos q + i|z|sin q
Y¢ So, z = ( eip/6 ) 5 + ( e-ip/6 ) 5 = e 6 + e 6
Þ z =|z|(cos q + i sin q ) æ 5p 5p ö æ 5p 5p ö
= ç cos + i sin ÷ + ç cos - i sin ÷
è 6 6 ø è 6 6 ø
Þ z = r (cos q + i sin q )
æ yö [Q eiq = cos q + i sin q]
where, r =|z|and q = tan-1 ç ÷ 5p
èxø = 2 cos
6
This form of z is known as polar form. p
\ I( z) = 0 and R( z) = -2 cos = - 3 < 0
In general, polar form is 6
z = r [cos( 2 np + q ) + i sin ( 2 np + q )] é 5p æ pö pù
êQ cos 6 = cosçè p - 6 ÷ø = - cos 6 ú
where, r =|z|, q = arg ( z ) and n Î N . ë û
Complex Numbers 69

Þ (1 + i ) (3 - i ) x - 2 i (3 - i ) + (2 - 3 i ) (3 + i ) y + i (3 + i ) = 10 i
Algebra of Complex Numbers
Þ ( 4 + 2 i) x - 6 i - 2 + (9 - 7i ) y + 3 i - 1 = 10 i
Addition of Complex Numbers Þ ( 4x - 2 + 9y - 1) + i (2x - 6 - 7y + 3) = 10 i
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z 2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex Þ ( 4x + 9y - 3) + i(2x - 7y - 3) = 10 i
numbers, then On equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get
z1 + z 2 = x1 + iy1 + x2 + iy2 4x + 9y = 3 …(i)
= ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 ) and 2x - 7y = 13 …(ii)
Þ Re( z1 + z 2 ) = Re( z1 ) + Re( z 2 ) On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
and Im( z1 + z 2 ) = Im( z1 ) + Im( z 2 ) x = 3, y = -1

Properties of Addition of Complex Numbers Example 8. Let z Î C with Im ( z ) = 10 and it satisfies

(a) z1 + z 2 = z 2 + z1 (commutative law) 2z - n
= 2i - 1 for some natural number n, then
(b) z1 + ( z 2 + z3 )= ( z1 + z 2 ) + z3 (associative law) 2z + n (JEE Main 2019)
(c) z + 0 = 0 + z (where, 0 = 0 + i 0) (a) n = 20 and Re( z) = - 10 (b) n = 40 and Re( z) = 10
(additive identity law) (c) n = 40 and Re( z) = - 10 (d) n = 20 and Re( z) = 10

Subtraction of Complex Numbers Sol. (c) Let z = x + 10i, as Im( z) = 10 given.

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z 2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex Since, z satisfies,
2z - n
numbers, then = 2i - 1, n Î N,
2z + n
z1 - z 2 = ( x1 + iy1 ) - ( x2 + iy2 )
Put z = x + 10i, we get
= ( x1 - x2 ) + i ( y1 - y2 )
\ (2x + 20i - n) = (2i - 1) (2x + 20i + n)
Þ Re( z1 - z 2 ) = Re( z1 ) - Re( z 2 )
Þ (2x - n) + 20i = ( -2x - n - 40) + ( 4x + 2n - 20)i
and Im ( z1 - z 2 ) = Im ( z1 ) - Im ( z 2 ) On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
Multiplication of Complex Numbers 2x - n = - 2x - n - 40 and 20 = 4x + 2n - 20
Þ 4x = - 40 and 4x + 2n = 40
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z 2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex
Þ x = - 10 and - 40 + 2n = 40
numbers, then
Þ n = 40
z1 × z 2 = ( x1 + iy1 ) ( x2 + iy2 )
So, n = 40 and x = Re ( z) = - 10
= ( x1x2 - y1 y2 ) + i( x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
Þ z1 × z 2 = [ Re ( z1 ) Re( z 2 ) - Im ( z1 ) Im ( z 2 )] Division of Complex Numbers
+ i [Re( z1 )Im ( z 2 ) + Re( z 2 )Im ( z1 )] Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z 2 = x2 + iy2 ( ¹ 0) are two complex
numbers, then
Properties of Multiplication of
z1 x1 + iy1
Complex Numbers =
z 2 x2 + iy2
(a) z1 × z 2 = z 2 × z1 (commutative law)
1
(b) ( z1 × z 2 ) z3 = z1( z 2 × z3 ) (associative law) = 2 [( x1x2 + y1 y2 ) + i ( x2 y1 - x1 y2 )]
x2 + y22
(c) If z1 × z 2 = 1 = z 2 × z1 ,then z1 and z 2 are multiplicative z1
inverse of each other. e.g. The value of , where z1 = 2 + 3 i and z 2 = 1 + 2 i , is
z2
(d) (i) z1( z 2 + z3 ) = z1 × z 2 + z1 × z3 (left distribution law)
1 1 - 2i
(ii) ( z 2 + z3 )z1 = z 2 × z1 + z3 × z1 (right distribution law) \ z 2-1 = =
1 + 2 i (1 + 2 i ) (1 - 2 i )
Example 7. The real values of x and y, if 1 - 2i 1 2
= = - i
(1 + i ) x - 2 i (2 - 3 i )y + i 1+ 4 5 5
+ = i , are respectively
(3 + i ) (3 - i ) z1
Thus, = z1 × z 2-1
(a) 3, - 1 (b) 3, 1 z2
(c) -3 , 1 (d) -3 , - 1 æ1 2 ö
(1 + i ) x - 2 i (2 - 3 i )y + i
= (2 + 3 i ) ç - i÷
Sol. (a) + =i è5 5 ø
(3 + i ) (3 - i )
æ 2 6ö æ 4 3ö 8 1
Þ {(1 + i ) x - 2 i } (3 - i ) + {(2 - 3 i ) y + i } (3 + i ) = ç + ÷ + i ç- + ÷ = - i
è 5 5ø è 5 5ø 5 5
= i (3 + i ) (3 - i )
70 JEE Main Mathematics

Alternate Solution Properties of Conjugate of

Here, x1 = 2 , y1 = 3, x2 = 1 and y2 = 2 Complex Numbers
z1 1
\ = {( x1x2 + y1 y2 ) + i( x2 y1 - x1 y2 )} If z , z1 and z 2 are complex numbers, then
z 2 x2 + y2
(i) ( z ) = z
1
= {( 2 ´ 1 + 3 ´ 2) + i ( 3 ´ 1 - 2 ´ 2)} (ii) z + z = 2 Re( z )
12 + 22
(iii) z - z = [2 Im ( z )]
1
= {( 6 + 2) + i ( 3 - 4)} (iv) z = z Þ z is purely real.
5
(v) z = - z Þ z is purely imaginary.
8 1
= - i (vi) zz = {Re( z )} 2 + {Im ( z )} 2 =|z|2
5 5
(vii) z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2
1+ a
Example 9. If a = cos q + i sin q, then is equal to (viii) z1 - z 2 = z1 - z 2
1- a
q q (ix) z1z 2 = z1 × z 2
(a) i cot (b) i tan
2 2 æz ö z
q q (x) ç 1 ÷ = 1 , z 2 ¹ 0
(c) i cos (d) i cosec è z2 ø z2
2 2
(xi) z n = ( z )n
Sol. (a) Given, a = cos q + i sin q
1 + a 1 + cos q + i sin q Example 10. If w = a + ib, where b ¹ 0 and z ¹ 1, satisfies
Now, =
1 - a 1 - cos q - i sin q æ w - wz ö
(1 + cos q) + i sin q (1 - cos q) + i sin q the condition that ç ÷ is purely real, then the set of
= ´ è 1- z ø
(1 - cos q) - i sin q (1 - cos q) + i sin q
values of z is
sin 2 q + 2i sin q - sin 2 q (a) | z| = 1 , z ¹ 2 (b) | z| = 1and z ¹ 1
=
1 + cos2 q - 2 cos q + sin 2 q (c) z = z (d) None of these
q q w - wz
i 4 sin × cos Sol. (b) Let z1 = be purely real.
= 2 2 1- z
q w - wz w - wz
4 sin 2 Þ z1 = z1 Þ =
2 1- z 1- z
q Þ w - wz - wz + wz × z = w - zw - wz + wz × z
= i cot
2 Þ (w - w ) + (w - w)| z|2 = 0
(w - w )(1 - | z|2 ) = 0
Conjugate of a Complex Number Þ | z |2 = 1 [as w - w ¹ 0, since b ¹ 0]
Let z = x + iy is a complex number, then conjugate of z is \ | z | = 1as z ¹ 1
denoted by z and is equal to x - iy.
Y Example 11. If x + iy = (1 + i )(1 + 2i ) . . . (1 + ni ), then the
P(z) value of x 2 + y 2 is equal to
(a) 2.5 … (1 + n 2) (b) 2.4 … (1 + n 2)
q
X¢ X (c) 2.5 … (1 - n 2) (d) None of these
O -q
Sol. (a) Given, x + iy = (1 + i )(1 + 2i ) . . . (1 + ni ) …(i)
Q(z) \Conjugate of above complex number is
x - iy = (1 - i )(1 - 2i ) . . . (1 - ni ) …(ii)
Y¢
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Thus, z = x - iy
x2 - (iy) 2 = (12 - i 2)[1 - (2i ) 2 ] . . . [12 - (ni ) 2 ]
Geometrically, the conjugate of z is the reflection (image)
Þ x2 + y 2 = (1 + 1)(1 + 4) . . . (1 + n 2)
of point z in the real axis.
e.g., If z = 3 + 4i , then z = 3 - 4i = 2 × 5 . . . (1 + n 2)
Complex Numbers 71

Modulus of a Complex Number Example 12. Find the locus of a complex number
Let z = x + iy is a complex number, then modulus of a z - 5i
z = x + iy, which satisfy the equation = 1.
complex number z is denoted by|z| . z + 5i
Y
x P(x, y) (a) X-axis (b) Y-axis
(c) origin (d) None of these
(0, y)
y2

y
Sol. (a) Put z = x + iy in the given equation.
+
Öx 2

x + iy - 5i
\ =1
q x + iy + 5i
X¢ X
O (x, 0) x + i(y - 5)
Y¢ Þ =1
x + i(y + 5)
\ |z| = x 2 + y 2 = { Re ( z )} 2 + {Im ( z )} 2 x + i(y - 5) z1 | z1|
Þ =1 Q =
e.g. If z = 4 + 3 i is a complex number, then x + i(y + 5) z2 | z2 |

|z| = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5 \ x2 + (y - 5) 2 = x2 + (y + 5) 2

In geometrical representation, the modulus of a complex Þ x2 + (y - 5) 2 = x2 + (y + 5) 2

number is equal to the distance between origin and point Þ x + y - 10y + 25 = x2 + y 2 + 25 + 10y
2 2

P. i.e. OP = x 2 + y 2 Þ 20y = 0 Þ y = 0
Hence, it lies on X-axis.
Properties of Modulus of Complex Numbers z -a
(i)|z| ³ 0 Þ|z| = 0, iff z = 0 and|z| > 0, iff z ¹ 0 Example 13. If (a ÎR) is a purely imaginary number
z +a
(ii) -|z| £ Re( z ) £|z| and -|z| £ Im( z ) £|z| and| z| = 2, then a value of a is (JEE Main 2019)
(iii)|z| =|z| =| - z| =|- z| 1
(iv) zz =|z| 2 (a) 2 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2
(v)|z1z 2| =|z1||z 2| z-a
In general,|z1z 2z3K z n | =|z1||z 2||z3|...|z n | Sol. (d) Since, the complex number ( a ÎR) is purely
z+a
z |z | z-a z-a
(vi) 1 = 1 , ( z 2 ¹ 0) imaginary number, therefore + =0 [Q a ÎR]
z 2 |z 2| z+a z+a
(vii)|z1 ± z 2| £|z1| +|z 2| Þ zz - az + az - a 2 + zz - az + az - a 2 = 0
In general,|z1 ± z 2 ± z3 ± K ± z n | Þ 2 z
2
- 2 a 2 = 0 [Q zz = z ]
2

£|z1| +|z 2| +|z3| + K +|z n | 2

Þ a2 = z =4 [| z | = 2, given]
(viii)|z1 ± z 2| ³||z1| -|z 2||
Þ a=±2
(ix)|z n | =|z|n
(x)||z1| -|z 2|| £|z1 + z 2| £|z1| +|z 2| Argument/Amplitude of
Thus,|z1|+|z 2|is the greatest possible value of|z1 + z 2|
and||z1| -|z 2||is the least possible value of|z1 + z 2| .
Complex Numbers
(xi)|z1 ± z 2|2 = ( z1 ± z 2 ) ( z1 ± z 2 ) Let z = x + iy be a non-zero Y
2 2 complex number and can be
=|z1| +|z 2| ± ( z1z 2 + z1z 2 ) represented in the form
N P(x, y) = (r, q)
=|z1|2 +|z 2|2 ± Re( z1z 2 ) z = r(cos q + i sin q ) where, r is
y2

the modulus and q is the

+
Öx 2

=|z1|2 +|z 2|2 ± 2|z1||z 2|cos(q 1 - q 2 ) y(= r sin q)

argument of z.
r=

(xii) z1z 2 + z1z 2 = 2|z1||z 2| cos (q 1 - q 2 ) q

From the figure, let z be X¢ X
where, q 1 = arg ( z1 ) and q 2 = arg( z 2 ) O x(= r cos q) M
represented by a line OP
z inclined at an angle q with the
(xiii)|z1 + z 2|2 =|z1|2 +|z 2|2 Û 1 is purely imaginary. Y¢
z2 positive direction of x-axis or
(xiv)|z1 + z 2|2 +|z1 - z 2|2 = 2 {|z1|2 +|z 2|2 } the angle measured in the counter clockwise direction
and the distance of the point from O in the direction q is
(xv)|az1 - bz 2|2 +|bz1 + az 2|2 r, i.e., z . Then, in right angled DOPM, right angled at M,
= ( a 2 + b 2 ) (|z1|2 +|z 2|2 ), where a , b Î R we have
y æ yö æ yö
Note If z is unimodular, then| z| = 1. Now, if f( z) is a unimodular, tan q = Þ q = tan-1 ç ÷ or arg ( z ) = tan-1 ç ÷
then it always be expressed as f( z) = cos q + i sin q, q Î R. x èxø èxø
72 JEE Main Mathematics

Principal Value of Argument = r [ - cos q + i sin q ]

The value of q of the argument which satisfies the = - r (cos q - i sin q )
inequality - p < q £ p is called the principal value of the = -w
argument. 3 + i sin q
Example 15. If , q Î [0, 2 p], is a real number,
Principal values of the argument are q , p - q , - p + q , - q 4 - i cos q
according as the complex number lies on the Ist, IInd, then an argument of sin q + i cos q is (JEE Main 2020)
IIIrd or IVth quadrant.
æ 4ö æ3ö
Y
(arg z = q)
(a) p - tan -1ç ÷ (b) - tan -1ç ÷
(arg z = p – q) è3ø è 4ø
x<0
æ 4ö æ3ö
y>0 x>0 (c) tan -1ç ÷ (d) p - tan -1ç ÷
y>0 è3ø è 4ø
q q
X¢ X Sol. (a) Given complex expression
q q x>0
x<0 3 + i sin q 3 + i sin q 4 + i cos q
y<0 y<0 , q Î[0 , 2p ] = ´
4 - i cos q 4 - i cos q 4 + i cos q
[on rationalization]
(arg z = –p + q) (arg z = -q) (12 - sin q cos q) + i( 4 sin q + 3 cos q)
Y¢ =
16 + cos2 q
Note Argument of 0 is not defined. 3 + i sin q
Q is a real number, so 4 sin q + 3 cos q = 0 …(i)
Properties of Argument of Complex Numbers 4 - i cos q
Now, argument of sin q + i cos q lies in either quadrant
If z1 , z 2 and z3 are three complex numbers, then
second or fourth because according to Eq. (i) sin q and cos q
(i) arg ( z1z 2 ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z 2 ) + 2kp ( k = 0 or 1 or - 1) are opposite in sign, so either,
In general, arg ( z1z 2z3K z n ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z 2 ) cos q ½
arg(sin q + i cos q) = p - tan -1½ [for second quadrant]
+ arg ( z3 ) + K + arg ( z n ) + 2kp ½ sin q ½
æ 4ö æ cos q 4ö
( k = 0 or 1 or - 1) = p - tan -1ç ÷ ç from Eq. (i) =- ÷
è3ø è sin q 3ø
æ z1 ö
(ii) arg ç ÷ = arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z 2 ) + 2kp ( k = 0 or 1 or - 1) cos q ½ æ 4ö
è z2 ø or, arg(sin q + i cos q) = - tan -1½ = - tan -1ç ÷
½ sin q ½ è3ø
æzö
(iii) arg ç ÷ = 2 arg ( z ) + 2kp ( k = 0 or 1 or - 1)
èzø Triangle Inequality
n
(iv) arg ( z ) = n arg ( z ) + 2kp ( k = 0 or 1 or - 1) In any triangle, sum of any two sides is greater than the
æz ö æz ö third side and difference of any two sides is less than the
(v) If arg ç 2 ÷ = q , then arg ç 1 ÷ = 2kp - q, where k Î I third side.
è z1 ø è z2 ø
(i) z1 ± z 2 £ z1 + z 2
(vi) arg ( z ) = - arg ( z )
(ii) z1 ± z 2 ³ z1 - z 2
(vii) If arg ( z ) = 0 Þ z is real.
(iii) In general,
(viii) arg ( z1z 2 ) = arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z 2 ) z1 + z 2 + . . . + z n £ z1 + z 2 + z3 + . . . + z n
p
(ix)|z1 + z 2| =|z1 - z 2| Þ arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z 2 ) =
2 Example 16. If|z1 - 1| < 1,|z 2 - 2| < 2,|z3 - 3| < 3,
(x)|z1 + z 2| =|z1| +|z 2| Þ arg ( z1 ) = arg ( z 2 ) then|z1 + z 2 + z3|
(a) is less than 6
(xi) If|z1| £ 1,|z 2| £ 1, then
(b) is more than 3
(a) |z1 - z 2|2 £ (|z1| -|z 2|)2 + [arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z 2 )]2 (c) is less than 12
(b) |z1 + z 2|2 ³ (|z1| +|z 2|)2 - [arg ( z1 ) - arg ( z 2 )]2 (d) lies between 6 and 12
Sol. (c) Q |z1 - 1| < 1;|z 2 - 2| < 2 and|z3 - 3 | < 3
Example 14. Let z and w be two non-zero complex numbers
\ |z1 + z 2 + z3| = |( z1 - 1) + ( z 2 - 2) + ( z3 - 3) + 6|
such that| z | = |w| and arg( z ) + arg(w) = p. Then, z is equal to
Þ|z1 + z 2 + z3| £ |( z1 - 1)| + |( z 2 - 2)| + |( z3 - 3) + 6|
(a) w (b) - w (c) - w (d) w
Þ|z1 + z 2 + z3| £ |z1 - 1| + |z 2 - 2| + |z3 - 3| + 6
Sol. (c) Let| z | = |w| = r and arg(w) = q Þ|z1 + z 2 + z3| £ 1 + 2 + 3 + 6
Also, arg( z) + arg(w) = p Þ arg( z) = p - q \ |z1 + z 2 + z3| £ 12
Now, z = r [cos( p - q ) + i sin( p - q )] Hence,|z1 + z 2 + z3| is less than 12.
Complex Numbers 73

On solving the equations x2 + y 2 = 14 and x2 - y 2 = 4, we get

Square Root of a Complex Number
x2 = 9 and y 2 = 5
Let a + ib is a complex number such that a + ib = x + iy ,
\ x = ± 3 and y = ± 5
where x and y are real numbers.
Since, xy > 0 , it follows that x and y are of the same sign.
Now, a + ib = x + iy Þ ( x + iy )2 = a + ib
\ x = 3, y = 5 or x = - 3, y = - 5
Þ ( x 2 - y 2 ) + 2 ixy = a + ib
So, ( 4 + 3 -20 )1/ 2 = ( 4 + 6 i 5)1/ 2
2 2
Þ x -y =a …(i) = ± (3 + 5 i ) …(i)
and 2xy = b …(ii) \ ( 4 - 3 - 20 ) 1/ 2
= ± (3 - 5 i ) …(ii)
Now, ( x + y 2 )2 = ( x 2 - y 2 )2 + 4 x 2 y 2
2
1/ 2 1/ 2
Hence, ( 4 + 3 -20 ) + ( 4 - 3 -20 ) =±6
Þ ( x 2 + y 2 )2 = a 2 + b2 [on adding Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
Þ ( x 2 + y 2 ) = a 2 + b2 [Q x 2 + y 2 > 0] …(iii) Alternate Solution
Here, x = 4, y = 6 5
On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
\ ( 4 + 3 -20 )1 / 2 + ( 4 - 3 -20 )1/ 2
æ1ö
x 2 = ç ÷ ( a 2 + b2 + a )
è 2ø = 2 { 4 2 + (6 5) 2 + 4}
æ1ö = 2 ( 16 + 180 + 4)
and y 2 = ç ÷ ( a 2 + b2 - a )
è 2ø
= 2 (14 + 4) = 36 = ± 6
æ1ö
Þ x = ± ç ÷ [ a 2 + b2 + a ]
è 2ø
Concept of Rotation
æ1ö Let z1, z 2 and z3 be the vertices of a DABC described in
and y = ± ç ÷ [ a 2 + b2 - a ]
è 2ø anti-clockwise sense. Draw OP and OQ parallel and equal
If b is positive, then the sign of x and y from Eq. (ii) will to AB and AC, respectively. Then, point P is z 2 - z1 and Q
be same i.e., is z3 - z1. If OP is rotated through Ða in anti-clockwise
é æ1ö ù sense it coincides with OQ.
æ1ö
a + ib = ± ê ç ÷ ( a 2 + b2 + a ) + i ç ÷ ( a 2 + b2 - a ) ú z - z1 ia
z3 - z1 OQ
êë è 2 ø è 2ø CA ia
úû Then, = (cos a + i sin a ) = e = 3 e
z 2 - z1 OP BA z 2 - z1
If b is negative, then the sign of x and y will be opposite,
i.e., Y
C(z3)
é æ1ö æ1ö ù
a + ib = ± ê ç ÷ ( a 2 + b2 + a ) - i 2 2
ç ÷ ( a + b - a)ú
êë è 2 ø è 2ø úû
B(z2)
Q(z3 – z1)
Note If x, y Î R, then A(z1)
2 2
• x + iy + x - iy = 2 ( x + y + x)
a P(z2 – z1)
• x + iy - x - iy = i 2 ( x2 + y2 - x) X
O

Example 17. The value of é OQ CA ù

êQ DOPQ and DABC are congruent, \ =
( 4 + 3 - 20 )1/ 2 + ( 4 - 3 - 20 )1/ 2 is ë OP BA úû
(a) ± 6 (b) 0 (c) ± 5 (d) ± 3 æ z - z1 ö
or amp ç 3 ÷ =a
Sol. (a) We may write, è z 2 - z1 ø
( 4 + 3 -20 ) = ( 4 + 6 i 5)
Example 18. If z1, z 2 and z3 are vertices of an isosceles
Let ( 4 + 3 -20 )1/ 2 = ( x + iy)
triangle and right angled at z 2, then
Then, ( 4 + 6 i 5)1/ 2 = ( x + iy)
(a) z12 + z 22 + z32 = 2 z 2 ( z1 + z3)
Þ 4 + 6 i 5 = ( x2 - y 2) + (2xy) i
(b) z12 + 2 z 22 + z32 = 2 z 2 ( z1 + z3)
Þ x2 - y 2 = 4 and 2xy = 6 5
\ x2 + y 2 = ( x2 - y 2) 2 + 4x2y 2 (c) 2 z12 + z 22 + z32 = 2 z 2 ( z1 + z3)

= (16 + 180) = 196 = 14 (d) z12 + z 22 + 2 z32 = 2 z 2 ( z1 + z3)

74 JEE Main Mathematics

3
Sol. (b) If z1, z 2 and z3 are vertices of an isosceles triangle and é æ 2 2p 2 2 2p ö æ 2p 2p ö ù
right angled at z 2 i.e. |z3 - z 2| = |z1 - z 2| ê çè sin 9 - i cos 9 ÷ø + çè sin 9 + i cos 9 ÷ø ú
=ê ú
z3 - z 2 |z3 - z 2 | i p/ 2 ê 2p 2p ú
i.e. = e 1 + sin - i cos
z1 - z 2 |z1 - z 2 | êë 9 9 úû
z3
Þ z3 - z 2 = i ( z1 - z 2) C éæ 2p 2p ö ì 2p 2p üù
3

Þ z32 + z 22 - 2 z 2z3 = - ( z12 + z 22 - 2 z1z 2) ê çè sin 9 + i cos 9 ÷ø × íî sin 9 - i cos 9 + 1ýþ ú

=ê ú
Þ z12 + 2z 22 + z32 = 2 z1z 2 + 2 z 2z3 ê 2p 2p ú
Bz 1 + sin - i cos
Þ z12 + 2 z 22 + z32 = 2z 2 ( z1 + z3) 2 z1A êë 9 9 úû
3 3
æ 2p 2p ö æ 2 2p 2p ö
= ç sin + i cos ÷ = ç - i sin + i cos ÷
è 9 ø è 9 ø
De-Moivre’s Theorem 9
3
9
3
é 2p 2p ù é æ 2p ö æ 2p ö ù
A simple formula for calculating powers of complex = i3 ê cos - i sin = - i ê cos ç - ÷ + i sinç - ÷
numbers in the form of cos q and sin q is known as ë 9 9 úû ë è 9 ø è 9 ø úû
de-Moivre’s theorem. If n is a rational number, then é 2p 2p ù
= - i ê cos - i sin
(cos q + i sin q )n = cos n q + i sin n q ë 3 3 úû
[according the De-Movier’s theorem]
Applications of De-Moivre’s Theorem é æ 1ö 3 ù 3 i 1
(i) If z = (cos q 1 + i sin q 1 ) (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 ) = - iê ç - ÷ - i ú=- + = - ( 3 - i)
ë è 2 ø 2 û 2 2 2
...(cos q n + i sin q n )
8
Then, z = cos(q 1 + q 2 + K + q n ) æ p pö
ç1 + sin + i cos ÷
+ i sin(q 1 + q 2 + K + q n ) Example 20. The expression ç 8 8 ÷ is equal to
(ii) If z = r (cos q + i sin q ) and n is a positive integer, ç1 + sin p - i cos p ÷
then è 8 8ø
é æ 2kp + q ö æ 2kp + q ö ù (a) 1 (b) - 1 (c) i (d) - i
( z )1/ n = r1/ n ê cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ú 8
ë è n ø è n øû æ p pö
ç1 + sin + i cos ÷
where, k = 0, 1, 2 , 3, K ,( n - 1) Sol. (b) ç 8 8
p p÷
(iii) (cos q - i sin q )n = cos nq - i sin nq ç 1 + sin - i cos ÷
è 8 8ø
1 8
(iv) = (cos q + i sin q )-1 = cos q - i sin q éæ p pö
2
æ 2 p 2 p ö
ù
cos q + i sin q ê çè cos + sin ÷ + i ç cos - sin ÷ú
16 16 ø è 16 16 ø ú
(v) (sin q ± i cos q )n ¹ sin nq ± i cos nq =ê 2
êæ p pö æ p p öú
n ê çè cos + sin ÷ - i ç cos2 - sin 2 ÷ ú
é æp ö æp öù ë 16 16 ø è 16 16 øû
(vi) (sin q + i cos q )n = ê cos ç - q ÷ + i sin ç - q ÷ ú
ë è 2 ø è 2 øû éæ p pö æ p p öù
8

é ê çè cos 16 + sin 16 ÷ø + i çè cos 16 - sin 16 ÷ø ú

æ np öù é æ np öù =ê ú
= ê cos ç - nq ÷ ú + i ê sin ç - nq ÷ ú
ë è 2 øû ë è 2 øû ê cos p + sin p - i æç cos p - sin p ö÷ ú
n êë 16 16 è 16 16 ø úû
(vii) (cos q + i sin f ) ¹ cos nq ± i sin nf 8
é p p ù
Note ê cos 16 (1 + i) + sin 16 (1 - i) ú
=ê ú
• 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 • -1 = cos p + i sin p p p
p p p p ê cos (1 - i) + sin (1 + i) ú
• i = cos + i sin • - i = cos - i sin ë 16 16 û
2 2 2 2 8
é p æ1 - i ö p ù
3 8 ê cos +ç ÷ sin ú
æ 2p 2p ö æ1 + i ö ê 16 è1 + i ø 16 ú
ç1 + sin + i cos ÷ =ç ÷
Example 19. The value of ç 9 9 ÷ is è1 - i ø ê p æ1 + i ö p ú
ç1 + sin 2 p - i cos 2 p ÷ ê cos 16 + çè 1 - i ÷ø sin 16 ú
ë û
è 9 9 ø 8
é p p ù
(JEE Main 2020)
ê cos 16 - i sin 16 ú
1 1 1 1 = i8 ê
(a) - ( 3 - i) (b) - (1 - i 3) (c) ( 3 - i) (d) (1 - i 3) p p ú
2 2 2 2 ê cos + i sin ú
3
ë 16 16 û
æ 2p 2p ö é 8p 8p ù
ç1 + sin + i cos ÷ cos - i sin
9 9 4 2 ê 16 16 ú = - 1
Sol. (a) Given expression, ç = (i ) ê
2p 2p ÷ 8p 8p ú
ç 1 + sin - i cos ÷ ê cos + i sin ú
è 9 9 ø ë 16 16 û
Complex Numbers 75

= 24 + 9 a – 24 [Q1 + a + a 2 = 0 ]
Cube Roots of Unity Þ 9 a = a + ba [given]
Let x = 3 1 Þ x 3 - 1 = 0 Þ ( x - 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) = 0 \ a = 0 and b = 9
-1 + i 3 -1 - i 3 \ a+ b =9
Therefore, x = 1, ,
2 2
If second root be represented by w , then third root will Example 22. If z 2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is a complex
be w2. number, then find the value of
\ Cube roots of unity are 1, w , w2; 1 is a real root of unity æ 1ö
2
æ 2 1ö æ 3 1ö
2
æ 6 1ö
2 2
çz + ÷ + çz + 2 ÷ + çz + 3 ÷ + ... çz + 6 ÷
and other two i.e., w and w2 are conjugate complex of each è zø è z ø è z ø è z ø
other. (a) 5 (b) 12 (c) –12 (d) 5

Properties of Cube Roots of Unity Sol. (b) \ z 2 + z + 1 = 0

3 3r
(i) w = 1 or w =1 -1 ± 12 - 4(1) - 1 ± 3i
z= =
(ii) w3 r + 1 = w, w3 r + 2 = w2 2(1) 2

(iii) 1 + wr + w2r = 0, if r is not a multiple of 3 - 1 + 3i

Þ z = w , w2, where w =
2
= 3, if r is multiple of 3
- 1 - 3i
(iv) Each complex cube root of unity is square of other and w2 =
2
and also reciprocal of each other. 2 2 2 2
æ 1ö æ 2 1ö æ 3 1ö æ 4 1ö
(v) If a is any positive number, then a1/ 3 has roots \ çz + ÷ + çz + 2 ÷ + çz + 3 ÷ + çz + 4 ÷
è zø è z ø è z ø è z ø
a1/ 3 (1), a1/ 3 ( w), a1/ 3 ( w2 ) and if a is any negative 2 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö
number, then a1/ 3 has roots - a
1/ 3
,- a
1/ 3
w, + ç z 5 + 5 ÷ + ç z6 + 6 ÷
è z ø è z ø
1/ 3
- a w2. Put z = w , we get
2 2 2 2
Y æ 1ö æ 2 1ö æ 3 1ö æ 4 1 ö
(vi) The cube roots of unity when çw + ÷ + çw + 2 ÷ + çw + 3 ÷ + çw + 4 ÷
represented on complex plane w 1 è wø è w ø è w ø è w ø
2 2
lie on vertices of an equilateral æ 1ö æ 1ö
X¢ + ç w5 + 5 ÷ + ç w6 + 6 ÷
triangle inscribed in a unit –1 O 1
X è w ø è w ø
circle having centre at origin.
= ( w + w2) 2 + ( w2 + w) 2 + (1 + 1) 2 + ( w + w2) 2
One vertex being on positive w2 –1
real axis. + ( w2 + w) 2 + (1 + 1) 2
Y¢
= ( - 1) 2 + ( - 1) 2 + 4 + ( - 1) 2 + ( - 1) 2 + 4 (Q1 + w + w2 = 0 )
Important Relations
= 1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 4 = 12
(i) x 2 + xy + y 2 = ( x - yw)( x - yw2 )
Similarly, for putting z = w2, we get the result 12
(ii) x 2 - xy + y 2 = ( x + yw)( x + yw2 )
(iii) x 3 + y3 = ( x + y )( x + yw)( x + yw2 ) Application of Complex Numbers in
3 3
(iv) x - y = ( x - y )( x - yw)( x - yw ) 2
Coordinate Geometry
Example 21. If a and b are real numbers such that Distance between Two Points
-1 + i 3 Distance between two points P ( z1 ) and Q( z 2 ) is
(2 + a ) 4 = a + ba , where a = , then a + b is equal to
2 Q(z2)
(JEE Main 2020) P(z1)
(a) 24 (b) 33 (c) 9 (d) 57
PQ =|z 2 - z1|
Sol. (c) It is given that, (2 + a) 4 = a + ba, where a, b Î R
Section Formula
–1 + i 3
and a = × Let R( z ) divides a join of P ( z1 ) and Q( z 2 ) in the ratio m : n.
2
(i) If R( z )divides the line segment PQ internally, then
–1 + i 3
\a= is non-real complex root of unity and we n
2 m
Q(z2)
know that a3 = 1 and 1 + a + a 2 = 0 , so P(z1) R(z)
(2 + a) 4 = 16 + 32 a + 24 a 2 + 8 a3 + a 4 mz 2 + nz1
z=
= 16 + 8 a + 24( a + a 2) + 8 + a [Q a3 = 1] m+n
76 JEE Main Mathematics

(ii) If R( z )divides the line segment PQ externally, then (iii) If a 1 and a 2 are slopes of two lines in a complex
n plane, then
m
R(z) (a) lines will be parallel, if a 1 = a 2.
Q(z2)
P(z1) (b) lines will be perpendicular, if a 1 + a 2 = 0.
mz 2 - nz1 (iv) Slope of a line PQ joining two points P ( z1 ) and
z=
m-n z - z2
Q ( z2 ) = 1 .
Note z1 - z 2
• Distance of a point P ( z) from the origin =| z| . (v) Length of perpendicular from a point P ( z1 ) to the
z + z2 line
• If R ( z) is a mid-point of PQ, then z = 1 .
2 |az1 + az1 + b| |az1 + az1 + b|
az + az + b = 0 = =
C(z3) |a| +|a | 2|a |
A(z1) B(z2)
(vi) The coordinates of centroid of a DABC whose vertex
• Three points will be collinear, if for A ( z1 ), B( z2 ), C ( z3 ), then z + z 2 + z3
are A( z1 ), B( z 2 ) and C( z3 ), is G( z ) = 1
AB + BC = AC 3
i .e. | z1 - z2| + | z2 - z3| = | z1 - z3|
(vii) The triangle whose vertices are z1 , z 2 and z3 is
equilateral iff
Equation of Perpendicular Bisector 1 1 1
P(z1) + + =0
z1 - z 2 z 2 - z3 z3 - z1

R(z)
or z12 + z 22 + z32 = z1z 2 + z 2z3 + z3 z1
é ( z - z3 )( z1 - z 4 ) ù
(viii) If arg ê 2 ú = ± p , 0 (or purely real),
ë ( z1 - z3 )( z 2 - z 4 ) û
then the points z1 , z 2 , z3 and z 4 are concyclic.
Q(z2) æ z - z1 ö
(ix) arg ç ÷ = 0 Þ Locus of z is a straight line
If P ( z1 ) and Q( z 2 ) are two fixed points and R( z ) is an è z - z2 ø
equidistant point from P and Q. Then, passing through z1 and z 2.
|z - z1| =|z - z 2| Þ|z - z1|2 =|z - z 2|2
Þ ( z - z1 )( z - z1 ) = ( z - z 2 )( z - z 2 ) Equation of a Circle
Þ z( z1 - z 2 ) + z ( z1 - z 2 ) =|z1|2 -|z 2|2 A circle is the locus of all those points which
Hence, R( z )lies on perpendicular bisector of P ( z1 ) and Q( z 2 ). are equidistant from the given fixed point. This fixed
point is called the centre and the fixed distance is called
Equation of Straight Line radius.
(i) Parametric form Equation of line joining points (i) Equation of a circle whose radius is r and centre is
P ( z1 ) and Q( z 2 ) is z = tz1 + (1 - t )z 2 , where t Î R . C( z 0 ), is|z - z 0| = r. If the centre of circle lies on the
(ii) Non-parametric form Equation of line joining origin, then equation of circle is|z| = r .
points P ( z1 ) and Q( z 2 ) is P(z)
z z 1 r
z1 z1 1 = 0
C(z0)
z2 z2 1

Þ z( z1 - z2 ) - z ( z1 - z2 ) + z1 z2 - z2 z1 = 0
(iii) General equation General equation of straight (ii) The general equation of a circle is
line is az + az + b = 0, where a is a complex number zz + az + az + b = 0, where a Î C and b Î R . Centre
and b is a real number. of circle is at - a and radius is |a|2 - b.
Some Important Results (iii) If P ( z1 ) and Q( z 2 ) are the vertices of diameter of a
(i) Three points z1 , z 2 and z3 will be collinear, if circle, then equation of circle is
z1 z1 1 ( z - z1 )( z - z2 ) + ( z - z2 ) ( z - z1 ) = 0
z2 z2 1 = 0 R(z)
z3 z3 1
a P(z1) Q(z2)
(ii) Slope of line az + az + b = 0 is - .
a
Complex Numbers 77

Nature of Circle Þ ( x - 2) 2 + y 2 = 4[( x - 3) 2 + y 2 ]

The general equation of circle z z + az + a z + b = 0 Þ x2 + 4 - 4x + y 2 = 4( x2 + 9 - 6x + y 2)
represents a Þ 3x2 + 3y 2 - 20 x + 32 = 0
2
(i) real circle, if a > b 20 32
2
Þ x2 + y 2 - x+ =0
(ii) point circle, if a = b 3 3
2 Standard equation of circle is x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 .
(iii) an imaginary circle, if a < b
-10 32
\ g = , f = 0, c =
3 3
Position of a Point with respect to Circle
æ10 ö
Let the general equation of circle is z z + az + a z + b = 0 \ Certre of circle = ( - g , - f ) = ç ,0÷
è3 ø
whose centre z 0 and radius a.
2
There are following position with respect to circle are æ10 ö 32 100 32
\ Radius = g 2 + f 2 - c = ç ÷ + (0) 2 - = -
given below. è3ø 3 9 3
(i) If the point ( z 0 ) lies inside the circle, then z - z 0 < a. 100 - 96 4 2
= = =
(ii) If the point ( z 0 ) lies on the circle, then z - z 0 = a. 9 9 3
(iii) If the point ( z 0 ) lies outside the circle, then
Example 24. Let z1 and z 2 be two complex numbers
z - z 0 > a.
satisfying| z1| = 9 and| z 2 - 3 - 4i | = 4. Then, the minimum
z -2 value of| z1 - z 2 | is
Example 23. If = 2 represents a circle, then centre (JEE Main 2019)
z -3 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 0
and radius are Sol. (d) Clearly| z1| = 9, represents a circle having centre C1(0 , 0)
æ10 ö 2 æ - 10 ö 2 and radius r1 = 9.
(a) ç ,0÷, (b) ç ,0÷,
è3 ø 3 è 3 ø 3
and| z 2 - 3 - 4i| = 4 represents a circle having centre C 2(3, 4)
æ10 ö 2 and radius r2 = 4.
(c) ç , 1÷ , (d) None of these
è3 ø 3 The minimum value of| z1 - z 2| is equals to minimum
Sol. (a) Let z = x + iy distance between circles| z1| = 9
x + iy - 2 and| z 2 - 3 - 4i| = 4.
\ Given equation becomes, =2
x + iy - 3 Q C1C 2 = (3 - 0) 2 + ( 4 - 0) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
Þ ( x - 2) + iy = 2 ( x - 3) + iy and |r1 - r2| = |9 - 4| = 5 Þ C1C 2 =|r1 - r2|
\ Circles touches each other internally.
Þ ( x - 2) 2 + y 2 = 2 ( x - 3) 2 + y 2
Hence,| z1 - z 2|min = 0
 Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems
Algebraic Operations and 9. The square root of 7 + 24 i are
Square Root of Complex Number (a) ± (3 + 4 i ) (b) ± (3 - 4 i )
1. Number of integral values of n for which the (c) ± (4 + 3 i ) (d) ± (4 - 3 i )
quantity ( n + i) 4 , where i 2 = - 1 is an integer, is q + ir p + iq 1 + iz
10. Given z = , then = , if
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 1+ p 1+ r 1 - iz
2 n
(1 + i) 2 n (a) p 2 + q 2 + r 2 = 1 (b) p 2 + q 2 + r 2 = 2
2. The complex number 2n
+ , n Î I, (c) p 2 + q 2 - r 2 = 1 (d) None of these
(1 + i) 2n
is equal to 11. If 3 + i = ( a + ib) ( c + id), then
(a) 0 (b) 2 æ bö ædö
tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ has the value
(c) {1 + (-1)n } × i n (d) None of these èaø ècø
3. The imaginary part of p p
(a) + 2 np , n Ï I (b) np + ,n ÎI
1/ 2 1/ 2 3 6
(3 + 2 -54 ) - (3 - 2 - 54 ) can be p p
(JEE Main 2020) (c) np - , n Î I (d) 2np - , n Î I
3 3
(a) - 6 (b) - 2 6 (c) 6 (d) 6
1 12. The value of x 4 + 9 x 3 + 35 x 2 - x + 4 for
4. Real part of is
1 - cos q + i sin q x = - 5 + 2 -4 is
1 1 1 (a) 0 (b) –160
(a) - (b) (c) tan q / 2 (d) 2 (c) 160 (d) –164
2 2 2
5. If Re ( z2 ) = 0,|z|= 2, then 13. Given that the equation z2 + ( p + iq) z + r + is = 0,
(a) z = + 2 ± i 2 (b) z = + 3 ± i 3 where p, q, r and s are real and non-zero roots, then
(c) z = + 3 ± i 2 (d) None of these (a) pqr = r 2 + p 2s (b) prs = q 2 + r 2p
2 2
6. There is only one way to choose real numbers M (c) qrs = p + s q (d) pqs = s 2 + q 2r
and N such that when the polynomial
5 x 4 + 4 x 3 + 3x 2 + Mx + N is divided by the
Conjugate, Modulus and Argument of
polynomial x 2 + 1 , the remainder is 0. If M and N Complex Number
assume these unique values, then M - N is 4
14. If½z - ½ = 2, then the maximum value of|z|is
(a) -6 (b) -2 (c) 6 (d) 2 ½ z½
7. If x = a + ib is a complex number such that equal to
x 2 = 3 + 4 i and x 3 = 2 + 11 i, where i = -1, then (a) 3+1 (b) 5+1 (c) 2 (d) 2 + 2
( a + b) is equal to 2 2
15. If|z - 1|= |z| + 1, then z lies on
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (a) the real axis (b) the imaginary axis
2 2 1 + iz
2 (c) a circle (d) an ellipse
8. If z (1 + a) = b + ic and a + b + c = 1, then is
1 - iz
16. If the four complex numbers z, z, z - 2 Re( z) and
equal to z - 2 Re( z) represent the vertices of a square of side
a + ib b - ic
(a) (b) 4 units in the argand plane, then|z|is equal to
1+ c 1+ a (JEE Main 2020)
a + ic
(c) (d) None of these (a) 4 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 4
1+ b
Complex Numbers 79

z-1 (a) equal to one (b) greater than one

17. If is a purely imaginary number ( z ¹ - 1), then
z+1 (c) zero (d) less than one
the value of|z|is 27. arg ( z) is equal to
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –2 (a) p - arg (z) (b) 2p - arg (z)
18. The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2 x and (c) p + arg (z) (d) 2p + arg (z)
cos x - i sin 2 x are conjugate to each other for 28. If arg ( z - 1) = arg ( z + 3i), then x - 1 : y is equal to
æ 1ö
(a) x = np (b) x = ç n + ÷ p (a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 3
è 2ø
(c) x = 0 (d) No value of x 29. z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that
|z1 |= |z 2 |and arg ( z1) + arg ( z 2) = p, then z1 is
z1
19. If = 1 and arg ( z1z2 ) = 0, then equal to
z2
(a) 2z2 (b) z2
(a) z1 = z2 (b)|z2|2 = z1z2 (c) -z2 (d) None of these
(c) z1z2 = 1 (d) None of these 7-z
30. If f ( z) = , where z = 1 + 2 i, then| f ( z)|is
20. If z + 2 |z + 1|+ i = 0, then z equals 1 - z2
1 | z|
(a) 2 + i (b) - 2 + i (c) - +i (d) - 2 - i (a) (b) | z |
2 2
21. The complex numbers z1 and z2 are such that z1 ¹ z2 (c) 2| z | (d) None of these
-1
and|z1|= |z2|. If z1 has positive real part 31. If tan (a + i b) = x + iy, then x is equal to
æ z + z2 ö 1 æ 2a ö 1 æ 2a ö
and z2 has negative imaginary part, then ç 1 ÷ (a) tan -1 ç ÷ (b) tan -1 ç ÷
è z1 - z2 ø 2 2 2
è1 - a - b ø 2 2 2
è1 + a + b ø
may be æ 2a ö
(c) tan -1 ç ÷ (d) None of these
(a) zero (b) real and positive è1 - a 2 - b 2ø
(c) real and negative (d) purely imaginary
32. If z1, z2 and z3 are complex numbers such that
22. Let a complex number z,|z|¹ 1, satisfy
1 1 1
æ |z|+ 11 ö |z1|= |z2|= |z3|= + + = 1 , then|z1 + z2 + z3|is
log 1 ç 2÷
£ 2. Then, the largest value of|z| z1 z2 z3
2 è (|z|- 1) ø
(a) equal to 1 (b) less than 1
is equal to (JEE Main 2021) (c) greater than 3 (d) equal to 3
(a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 5 z-1
33. If|z|= 1 and w = (where, z ¹ - 1) , then Re ( w) is
23. If|z - 2 |= min {|z - 1|,|z - 5 |} , where z is a z+ 1
1
complex number, then (a) 0 (b) -
3 7 |z + 1|2
(a) Re (z ) = (b) Re (z ) =
2 2 z 1 2
(c) × (d)
ì 3 7ü z + 1 |z + 1|2 |z + 1|2
(c) Re (z ) Î í , ý (d) None of these
î 2 2þ
34. If z1, z2 and z3, z4 are two pairs of conjugate complex
24. If for the complex numbers z1 and z2 æz ö æ z2 ö
|1 - z1z2|2 - |z1 - z2|2 = k (1 - |z1|2 ) (1 - |z2|2 ), then k numbers, then arg ç 1 ÷ + arg ç ÷ is equal to
è z4 ø è z3 ø
is equal to
p 3p
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) 4 (a) 0 (b) (c) (d) p
2 2
z-a
25. The region of the complex plane for which =1 (1 + i) 2 2
z+a 35. If a > 0 and z = , has magnitude , then z
a-i 5
[Re( a) ¹ 0 ], is
is equal to (JEE Main 2019)
(a) X-axis (b) Y -axis
(c) the straight line x = a (d) None of these 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 1
(a) - i (b) - - i (c) - + i (d) - - i
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
26. If|ak|< 1, l k ³ 0 for k = 1, 2, K, n and
l1 + l 2 + K + l n = 1, then the value of
|l1a1 + l 2 a2 + K + l n an |is
80 JEE Main Mathematics

36. If z and w are two non-zero complex numbers such 45. Let z be a complex number satisfying|z - 5 i|£ 1
p such that amp(z) is minimum. Then, z is equal to
that|zw|= 1 and arg ( z) - arg ( w) = , then zw is
2 2 6 24 i 24 2 6 i
(a) + (b) +
equal to 5 5 5 5
(a) 1 (b) -i (c) i (d) -1 2 6 24 i
(c) - (d) None of these
5 5
37. If z and w are two complex numbers such that
p
|zw|= 1 and arg( z) - arg( w) = , then De-Moivre’s Theorem
2 (JEE Main 2019)
4 (cos 75° + i sin 75° )
1-i 46. The value of is
(a) zw = - i (b) zw = 0. 4 (cos 30° + i sin 30° )
2
-1 + i 2 2 10 10
(c) zw = i (d) zw = (a) (1 + i ) (b) (1 - i ) (c) (1 - i ) (d) (1 + i )
2 10 10 2 2

38. If in polar form z1 = (1, a ), z 2 = (1, b), z3 = (1, g ) and 47. If (cos q + i sin q) (cos 2 q + i sin 2 q) K
z1 + z 2 + z3 = 0, then z1-1 + z-21 + z3-1 is equal to (cos nq + i sin nq ) = 1, then the value of q is
2mp 4mp mp
(a) 1 (b) 0 (a) 4mp (b) (c) (d)
n (n + 1) n (n + 1) n (n + 1)
(c) –1 (d) None of these
(1 + nz) æç1 + ö÷
c n
39. The maximum distance from the origin of 48. 1 - c2 = nc - 1 and z = eiq, then
2n è zø
coordinates to the point z satisfying the equation
1 is equal to
z+ = a is
z (a) 1 - c cos q (b) 1 + 2 c cos q
1 1 (c) 1 + c cos q (d) 1 - 2 c cos q
(a) ( a 2 + 1 + a ) (b) ( a 2 + 2 + a )
2 2 49. The real part of (1 - cos q + 2 i sin q) -1 is
1
(c) ( a 2 + 4 + a ) (d) None of these 1 1
2 (a) (b)
3 + 5 cos q 5 - 3 cos q
1 1
Triangle Inequality (c) (d)
3 - 5 cos q 5 + 3 cos q
40. For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying|z1|= 12 1+ a
and|z2 - 3 - 4 i |= 5, the minimum value of|z1 - z2| 50. If a = cos q + i sin q, then is equal to
1- a
is q q q
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 7 (d) 17 (a) cot (b) cot q (c) i cot (d) i tan
2 2 2
41. If z is a complex number, then the minimum value 3
51. If x + iy = , then x 2 + y 2 is equal to
of|z|+ |z - 1|is 2 + cos q + i sin q
(a) 1 (b) 0 (a) 3x - 4 (b) 4x - 3
1 (c) 4x + 3 (d) None of these
(c) (d) None of these
2 ra ra
52. If zr = cos 2
+ i sin 2 , where r = 1, 2 , 3, K, n, then
42. If z and w are two complex numbers such that n n
|z|£ 1 ,|w|£ 1 and|z + i w|= |z - i w|= 2, then lim z1 z 2 z3 K zn is equal to
n®¥
æ aö æ aö
z equals (a) cos a + i sin a (b) cos ç ÷ - i sin ç ÷
è2ø è2ø
(a) 1 or i (b) i or - i (c) 1 or - 1 (d) i or - 1
3
(c) eia/ 2 (d) eia
43. The maximum value of|z|where z satisfies the 6
æ 2 pk 2 pk ö
condition z +
2
= 2 , is 53. The value of å çsin
è 7
- i cos
7 ø
÷ is
z k=1

(a) 3 -1 (b) 3+1 (a) - 1 (b) 0 (c) - i (d) i

(c) 3 (d) 2+ 3
54. The imaginary part of
44. If|z1 - 1|< 1 ,|z 2 - 2 |< 2,|z3 - 3|< 3, then ( z - 1)(cos a - i sin a ) + ( z - 1) -1 ´ (cos a + i sin a ) is
|z1 + z 2 + z3 | zero, if
(a) is less than 6 (b) is more than 3 (a) |z - 1| = 2 (b) arg (z - 1) = 2 a
(c) is less than 12 (d) lies between 6 and 12 (c) arg (z - 1) = a (d) |z | = 1
Complex Numbers 81

55. If a = cos a + i sin a , b = cos b + i sin b, 64. If x = a + b, y = aa + bb and z = ab + ba, where a and
b c a b are complex cube roots of unity, then xyz is equal to
c = cos g + i sin g and + + = 1, then 2
c a b (a) a + b 2 (b) a 3 + b 3 (c) a 3 b 3 (d) a 3 - b 3
cos (b - g ) + cos ( g - a ) + cos (a - b) is equal to 65. If i = -1, then
3 3
(a) (b) - (c) 0 (d) 1 æ 1 3ö
334
æ1 3ö
365
2 2 4 + 5 ç- + i ÷ -3ç + i ÷ is equal to
è 2 2 ø è2 2 ø
56. If cos a + cos b + cos g = sin a + sin b + sin g = 0, then
(a) 1 - i 3 (b) -1 + i 3 (c) 4 3i (d) -i 3
cos 3 a + cos 3 b + cos 3 g is equal to
(a) 0 (b) cos (a + b + g ) 66. If w is a complex cube root of unity, then for positive
(c) 3 cos (a + b + g ) (d) 3 sin (a + b + g ) integral value of n, the product of w × w2 × w3. . . . . wn
1/ 4
57. The values of (16) are will be
(a) ±2 , ± 2 i (b) ±4 , ± 4 i 1-i 3 1-i 3
(a) (b) -
(c) ±1, ± i (d) None of these 2 2
2p ö (c) 1 (d) Both (b) and (c)
58. If a = cos æç æ 2 p ö , then the quadratic
÷ + i sin ç ÷
è 7 ø è 7 ø 67. If 1, w and w2 are the cube roots of unity, then
equation whose roots are a = a + a 2 + a 4 and 1 wn w2 n
b = a 3 + a 5 + a 6 , is D = wn w2 n 1 is equal to
(a) x 2 - x + 2 = 0 (b) x 2 + x - 2 = 0 w2 n 1 wn
(c) x 2 - x - 2 = 0 (d) x 2 + x + 2 = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) w (d) w2
Cube Roots of Unity 68. If a ¹ 1 is any nth root of unity, then
2p 2p
59. Let wn = cos æç ö÷ + i sin æç ö÷, i 2 = - 1, then S = 1 + 3 a + 5 a 2 + . . . upto n terms, is equal to
è n ø è n ø 2n 2n n n
(a) (b) - (c) (d) -
( x + yw3 + zw 23) (x + yw 23 + zw3) is equal to 1-a 1-a 1-a 1-a
(a) 0 69. Common roots of the equations
(b) x2+ y2+ z2 z3 + 2 z2 + 2 z + 1 = 0 and z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 are
(c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - yz - zx - x y (a) w , w 2 (b) w , w 3
(d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + yz + zx + x y
(c) w 2, w 3 (d) None of these
30
æ -1 + i 3 ö
60. The value of ç ÷ is 70. The value of the expression
è 1- i ø (JEE Main 2020) 1 × ( 2 - w) ( 2 - w2 ) + 2 × (3 - w) (3 - w2 ) + …
15 15 15 5
(a) -2 (b) 2 i (c) -2 i (d) 6 + ( n - 1) × ( n - w) ( n - w2 ),
61. If a , b and g are the cube roots of a positive number where w is an imaginary cube root of unity, is
1 1
p, then for any real x, y and z, the expression (a) (n - 1) n (n 2 + 3n + 4) (b) (n - 1) n (n 2 + 3n + 4)
2 4
æ ax + by + gz ö 1 1
ç ÷ is equal to (c) (n + 1) n (n 2 + 3n + 4) (d) (n + 1) n (n 2 + 3n + 4)
è bx + gy + az ø 2 4
-1 - 3 i -1 + 3 i 71. The value of the expression
(a) (b)
2 æç1 + ö÷ æç1 + 2 ö÷ + 3 æç 2 + ö÷ æç 2 + 2 ö÷
2 2 1 1 1 1
1+ 3i 1- 3i è wø è w ø è wø è w ø
(c) (d)
+ 4 æç3 + ö÷ æç3 + 2 ö÷ + . . . + ( n + 1) æç n + ö÷
2 2 1 1 1
è w ø è w ø è wø
62. If i = -1, then
æ n + 1 ö,
æ 1
334 365 ç ÷
3ö æ 1 3ö è w2 ø
4 + 5 ç- + i ÷ + 3 ç- + i ÷ is equal to
è 2 2 ø è 2 2 ø where w is an imaginary cube root of unity, is
(a) 1 - i 3 (b) -1 + i 3 n (n 2 + 2) n (n 2 - 2)
(a) (b)
(c) i 3 (d) -i 3 3 3
n 2(n + 1)2
63. -1 - 1 - -1 - . . . ¥ is equal to (c) +n (d) None of these
4
2
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) w (d) - w
82 JEE Main Mathematics

72. If 1, a1, a2 , …, an - 1 are n roots of unity, then the 80. The locus of the points z which satisfy the condition
value of (1 - a1) (1 - a2 ) (1 - a3) . . . (1 - an - 1) is æ z - 1ö p
arg ç ÷ = , is
equal to è z + 1ø 3
(a) 3 (b) 1/2
(a) a straight line (b) a circle
(c) n (d) 0
2
(c) a parabola (d) None of these
5
73. If x 2 - x + 1 = 0, then the value of å æç x n + n ö÷ is
1
è 81. Let z be a complex number and a be a real
n=1 x ø
parameter such that z2 + ax + a 2 = 0, then
(a) 8 (b) 10 (a) locus of z is a pair of straight lines
(c) 12 (d) None of these (b) locus of z is a circle
5p
Applications in Geometry (c) arg (z ) = ±
3
æ z-1 ö (d) |z | = - 2|a|
74. If Im ç ÷ = - 4, then locus of z is
è 2z + 1ø 82. If z1, z 2 , z3 and z4 are the affixes of four points in
(a) an ellipse (b) a parabola the argand plane and z is the affix of a point, such
(c) a straight line (d) a circle that|z - z1|= |z - z2|= |z - z3|= |z - z4|, then
z1, z 2 , z3 and z4 are
75. In the argand plane the complex number z = 4 - 3 i
(a) concyclic
is turned in the clockwise sense through 180° and (b) vertices of a parallelogram
stretched three times. The complex number
(c) vertices of a rhombus
represented by the new number is
(d) in a straight line
(a) 12 + 9i (b) 12 - 9i
(c) -12 - 9i (d) - 12 + 9i 83. The points represented by the complex numbers
5
76. If the complex numbers z1 and z2 and the origin 1 + i, -2 + 3 i and i on the argand diagram are
3
form an equilateral triangle, then z 12 + z 22 is equal to
(a) vertices of an equilateral triangle
(a) z1z 2 (b) z1z 2 (b) vertices of an isosceles triangle
(c) z 2z1 (d) |z1| 2 = |z 2| 2 (c) collinear
77. If the equation a|z|2 + az + az + d = 0 represents a (d) None of the above

circle where a, d are real constants then which of 84. If the area of the triangle on the complex plane
the following condition is correct? (JEE Main 2021) formed by the points z, z + iz and iz is 200, then the
2
(a) |a| - ad ¹ 0 value of |3z|must be equal to
(b) |a|2 - ad > 0 and a Î R - {0} (a) 20 (b) 40 (c) 60 (d) 80
(c) |a|2 - ad ³ 0 and a Î R 85. Let z1, z2 and z3 be three vertices of an equilateral
(d) a = 0, a , d Î R+ 1
triangle circumscribing the circle|z |= .
78. Let z1 and z 2 be the non-real roots of the equation 2
3z 2 + 3z + b = 0. If the origin together with the 1 3
If z1 = +i and z1, z2 , z3 are in anti-clockwise
points represented by z1 and z 2 form an equilateral 2 2
triangle, then the value of b is sense, then z2 is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) 1 + i 3 (b) 1 - i 3 (c) 1 (d) -1
(c) 3 (d) None of these 86. If the points z1, z 2 and z3 are the vertices of an
79. A complex number z is said to be unimodular, if equilateral triangle in the complex plane, then the
|z|= 1. Suppose z1 and z2 are complex numbers such value of z 12 + z 22 + z 32 is equal to
z1 z 2 z3
z - 2 z2 (a) + + (b) z1z 2 + z 2z 3 + z 3 z 1
that 1 is unimodular and z2 is not z 2 z3 z1
2 - z1z2
z1 z 2 z 3
unimodular. Then, the point z1 lies on a
(JEE Main 2015)
(c) z1z 2 - z 2z 3 - z 3 z1 (d) - - -
z 2 z3 z1
(a) straight line parallel to X-axis
87. If the complex numbers iz, z and z + iz represent the
(b) straight line parallel to Y -axis
three vertices of a triangle, then the area of the
(c) circle of radius 2
triangle is (JEE Main 2021)
(d) circle of radius 2
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) |z| 2 (c) (d) |z + iz|2
2 2 2
Complex Numbers 83

88. The area of the triangle whose vertices are 94. If z is a complex number satisfying
represented by the complex numbers 0, z, zei a , |z|2 + 2 ( z+ z) + 3 i ( z - z) + 4 = 0, then complex
(0 < a < p) is equal to number z + 3 + 2 i will lie on
1 1 (a) circle with centre (1 - 5i ), radius 4
(a) |z| 2 cos a (b) |z| 2 sin a
2 2 (b) circle with centre (1 + 5i ), radius 4
1 1
(c) |z| 2 sin a cos a (d) |z| 2 (c) circle with centre (1 + 5i ), radius 3
2 2
(d) circle with centre (1 - 5i ), radius 3
89. If A and B be two complex numbers satisfying æ z-1 ö
A B 95. If Re ç ÷ = 1, where z = x + iy, then the point
+ = 1. Then, the two points represented by A è 2z + i ø
B A
( x, y) lies on a (JEE Main 2020)
and B and the origin form the vertices of
2
(a) an equilateral triangle (a) straight line whose slope is - .
3
(b) an isosceles triangle which is not equilateral
(c) an isosceles triangle which is not right angled æ 1 3ö
(b) circle whose centre is at ç - , - ÷ .
(d) a right angled triangle è 2 2ø
3
90. Let the lines ( 2 - i) z = ( 2 + i) z and (c) straight line whose slope is .
2
( 2 + i) z + ( i - 2) z - 4 i = 0, (here i 2 = -1) be normal to
5
a circle C. If the line iz + z + 1 + i = 0 is tangent to (d) circle whose diameter is .
2
this circle C, then its radius is (JEE Main 2021)
3 3 1 96. A point z moves on the curve|z - 4 - 3 i |= 2 in an
(a) (b) 3 2 (c) (d)
2 2 2 2 2 argand plane. The maximum and minimum values
91. The equation zz + ( 2 - 3 i) z + ( 2 + 3 i) z + 4 = 0 of|z| are
represents a circle of radius (a) 2, 1 (b) 6, 5
(c) 4, 3 (d) 7, 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
z+i 97. Let z1, z 2 and z 3 be the affixes of the vertices of a
92. When is purely imaginary, the locus described
z+2 triangle having the circumcentre at the origin. If z
by the point z in the argand diagram is a is the affix of it’s orthocentre, then z is equal to
5 5 z1 + z 2 + z 3 z1 + z 2 + z 3
(a) circle of radius (b) circle of radius (a) (b)
2 4 3 2
(c) straight line (d) parabola (c) z1 + z2 + z3 (d) None of these
93. The equation of a circle whose radius and centre æ|z|2 - |z|+ 1 ö
98. If log ç ÷ < 2, then the locus of z is
are r and z0 respectively, is 3
è 2 + | z| ø
2
(a) zz - zz0 - zz0 + z0z0 = r
(a) | z | = 5 (b) | z |< 5
(b) zz + zz0 - zz0 + z0z0 = r 2
(c) | z | > 5 (d) None of these
(c) zz - zz0 + zz0 - z0z0 = r 2
(d) None of the above

ROUND II Mixed Bag

Only One Correct Option (a) | z1 | >
1
(b) | z1 | <
1
(c) | z1 | >
1
(d) | z | <
1
3 4 4 3
1. If|z - iRe ( z)|= |z - Im ( z)|(where i = -1), then z
lies on 3. The point of intersection of the curves
(a) Re (z ) = 2 3p p
arg ( z - 3 i) = and arg ( 2 z + 1 - 2 i) = ,
(b) Im (z ) = 2 4 4
(c) Re (z ) + Im (z ) = 0 (where i = -1) is
1 1
(d) None of the above (a) (3 + 9 i ) (b) (3 - 9 i )
4 4
2. If z1 is a root of the equation 1
a0n zn + a1zn - 1 + . . . + an - 1z + an = 3, where|ai |< 2 (c) ( 3 + 2 i ) (d) No point
2
for i = 0, 1, . . . , n. Then,
84 JEE Main Mathematics

4. The complex number z satisfies the condition 13. If z1 = a + ib and z 2 = c + id are complex numbers
½z - 25½ = 24 . The maximum distance from the such that|z 1|= |z 2|= 1 and Re( z1z 2 ) = 0, then the
½ z½ pair of complex numbers w1 = a + ic and w2 = b + id
origin of coordinates to the point z is satisfies
(a) 25 (b) 30 (a) |w1| = 2 (b) |w2| = 3
(c) 32 (d) None of these (c) Re|w1 w2| = 0 (d) None of these

5. The trigonometric form of z = (1 - i cot 8) 3 14. The real value of q for which the expression
1 + i cos q
(where i = -1) is is a real number, is
æ 3pö æ 3pö 1 - 2 i cos q
i ç 24 - ÷ -i ç 24 - ÷
è 2ø è 2ø
3
(a) cosec 8 × e 3
(b) cosec 8 × e p p
(a) 2np + , n ÎI (b) 2np - , n ÎI
æ pö
i ç36 - ÷
æ pö
-i ç 24 - ÷
3 3
(c) cosec 3 8 × e è 2ø
(d) cosec 2 8 × e è 2ø p p
(c) 2np ± , n Î I (d) 2np ± , n Î I
2 4
6. If the cube roots of unity are 1, w and w2 , then the
15. If|z1|= |z 2|= 1 and amp z1 + amp z 2 = 0, then
roots of the equation ( x - 1) 3 + 8 = 0, are
(a) -1, 1 + 2 w , 1 + 2 w 2 (b) -1, 1 - 2 w , 1 - 2 w 2 (a) z1z 2 = 1 (b) z1 + z 2 = 0
(c) -1, - 1, - 1 (d) -1, - 1 + 2 w , - 1 - 2 w 2 (c) z1 = - z 2 (d) None of these
7. If x = 91/ 391/ 9 91/ 27 . . . ¥, y = 41/ 34 -1/ 9 41/ 27 . . . ¥ and 16. If|z1 |= 15 and|z 2 - 3 - 4 i |= 5, then
¥
(a) | z1 - z 2| min = 15
z= å (1 + i) - r , then arg ( x + yz) is equal to
(b) | z1 - z 2| min = 10
r =1
(c) | z1 - z 2| max = 20
æ 2ö
(a) 0 (b) p - tan -1 ç ÷ (d) | z1 - z 2|max = 25
è 3 ø
æ 2ö
17. The region represented by
æ 2 ö
(c) - tan -1 ç ÷ (d) - tan -1 ç ÷ {z = x + iy Î C :|z|- Re ( z) £ 1} is also given by the
è 3 ø è 3ø
inequality (JEE Main 2020)
8. If z1 and z 2 be complex numbers such that z1 ¹ z 2 (a) y2 ³ 2(x + 1)
æ 1ö
(b) y2 £ 2ç x + ÷
and|z1 |= |z 2 |. If z1 has positive real part and z 2 è 2ø
has negative imaginary part, then 1
(c) y2 £ x + (d) y2 ³ x + 1
[( z1 + z 2 )/( z1 - z 2 )] may be 2
(a) purely imaginary (b) real and positive 18. The equation|z - i|= |z - 1|, i = -1, represents
(c) real and negative (d) None of these
(JEE Main 2019)
9. If|z1 |= |z 2 |, arg ( z1/ z 2 ) = p, then z1 + z 2 is equal to (a) a circle of radius
1
2
(a) 0 (b) purely imaginary
(b) line passing through the origin with slope 1
(c) purely real (d) None of these
(c) a circle of radius 1
10. If|z|< 2 - 1, then|z 2 + 2 z cos a |is (d) line passing through the origin with slope - 1
(a) less than 1 (b) 2 + 1 19. Let z1 and z2 be two non-real complex cube roots of
(c) 2 - 1 (d) None of these unity and| z - z1|2 + | z - z2|2 = l be the equation of
11. If A ( z1), B ( z 2 ) and C ( z3) are the vertices of the a circle with z1, z2 as ends of a diameter, then the
value of l is
DABC such that
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 2
( z1 - z 2 )/( z3 - z 2 ) = (1/ 2 ) - ( i /1 / 2) , then DABC is
(a) equilateral (b) right angled ìa + i ü
20. All the points in the set S = í : a Î Rý ( i = -1)
(c) isosceles (d) obtuse angled îa - i þ
12. If z1, z 2 and z3 are the vertices of an equilateral lie on a (JEE Main 2019)
DABC such that|z1 - i |= |z2 - i |= |z3 - i |, then (a) circle whose radius is 2
|z1 + z2 + z3 |is equal to (b) straight line whose slope is -1
1 (c) circle whose radius is 1
(a) 3 3 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d)
3 3 (d) straight line whose slope is 1
Complex Numbers 85

21. Let z1 and z2 be any two non-zero complex numbers 29. A function f is defined by f ( z) = ( 4 + i) z2 + az + g
3z1 2z for all complex numbers z, where a and g are
such that 3|z1|= 4|z2 |. If z = + 2 , then
2 z2 3z1 complex numbers. If f (1) and f ( i) are both real,
(JEE Main 2019) then the smallest possible value of|a |+ |g |equals
1 17 5 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2 2
(a) |z| = (b) |z| =
2 2 2
30. Let z be a complex number such that|z|+ z = 3 + i
(c) Re(z) = 0 (d) None of these
(where i = - 1). Then,|z|is equal to
22. The complex number w satisfying the equation (JEE Main 2019)
w3 = 8 i and lying in the second quadrant of the 34 5 41 5
complex plane is (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 4 4
3 1
(a) - 3 + i (b) - + i 31. Let z = x + iy be a non-zero complex number such
2 2
(c) - 2 3 + i (d) - 3 + 2 i that z2 = i|z|2 , where i = -1, then z lies on the
(JEE Main 2020)
23. If z and w are two complex numbers simultaneously (a) line y = - x (b) imaginary axis
satisfying the equations, z3 + w5 = 0 and z2 × w 4 = 1 , (c) line y = x (d) real axis
then æ p ö
32. If zn = cos ç ÷
(a) z and w both are purely real è ( 2 n + 1) ( 2 n + 3) ø
(b) z is purely real and w is purely imaginary æ p ö
(c) w is purely real and z is purely imaginary
+ i sin ç ÷,
è ( 2 n + 1) ( 2 n + 3) ø
(d) z and w both are imaginary
z-i then lim ( z1 × z2 × z3 L zn ) is equal to
24. Let z be a complex number such that = 1 and n®¥
z + 2i p p p p
5 (a) cos + i sin (b) cos + i sin
|z|= . Then, the value of|z + 3i|is 3 3 6 6
2 (JEE Main 2020) 5p 5p 3p 3p
(c) cos + i sin (d) cos + i sin
7 15 6 6 2 2
(a) 10 (b) (c) (d) 2 3
2 4 33. If z = e2 p i / 3, then 1 + z + 3z2 + 2 z3 + 2 z4 + 3z5 is
25. If z1 and z1 represents adjacent vertices of a regular equal to
polygon of n sides with centre at the origin and (a) - 3ep i/3 (b) 3epi /3
Im ( z1) (c) 3e2 pi/3 (d) -3e2p i/3
= 2 - 1 , then the value of n is
Re ( z1)
34. sin -1 æç ( z - 1) ö÷, where z is non-real, can be the
1
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 24 èi ø
angle of a triangle, if
26. The least value of|z|where z is complex number
(a) Re (z ) = 1, Im (z ) = 2 (b) Re(z ) = 1, 0 < Im|z | < 1
which satisfies the inequality (c) Re(z ) + Im (z ) = 0 (d) None of these
æ (|z|+ 3)(|z|- 1) ö
exp ç log e 2 ÷ ³ log 2|5 7 + 9i| 35. If z be a complex number satisfying
è ||z|+ 1| ø | Re( z)|+|Im( z)|= 4, then|z|cannot be
(JEE Main 2020)
i = -1, is equal to (JEE Main 2021)
17
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 8 (a) 10 (b) 7 (c) (d) 8
2
27. If|z + 4 |£ 3, then greatest and least values of|z + 1 |
36. If z1, z2 , z3 and z4 are the vertices of a square in that
are
order, then which of the following does not hold good?
(a) 4, 1 (b) 6, 0 (c) 6, 1 (d) 4, 0
z1 - z2
(a) is a purely imaginary
28. If z1, z2 are complex numbers such that z3 - z2
Re( z1) = |z1 - 1| , Re( z2 ) = |z2 - 1| and z - z3
(b) 1 is a purely imaginary
p z2 - z4
arg( z1 - z2 ) = , then Im( z1 + z2 ) is equal to
6 z - z2
(JEE Main 2020) (c) 1 is a purely imaginary
3 1 2 z3 - z4
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 3
2 3 3 (d) None of the above
86 JEE Main Mathematics

3 i z2
37. If z = + ( i = -1), then (1 + iz + z5 + iz8 ) 9 is 42. If z ¹ 1 and is real, then the point represented
2 2 z-1
equal to (JEE Main 2019) by the complex number z lies
(a) 1 (b) (-1 + 2i )9 (c) -1 (d) 0 (a) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through
the origin
38. If 1, a 1, a 2 , a 3, a 4 are the roots of z5 - 1 = 0, then
(b) on a circle with centre at the origin
w - a1 w-a2 w-a3 w-a4
the value of . . . is (c) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing
w2 - a 1 w2 - a 2 w2 - a 3 w2 - a 4 through the origin
(where w is imaginary cube root of unity) (d) on the imaginary axis
(a) 1 (b) w
(c) w2 (d) None of these Numerical Type Questions
m/ 2 n/ 3
39. If z is a complex number such that|z|³ 2, then the æ1 + i ö æ1 + i ö
43. If ç ÷ =ç ÷ = 1, ( m, n Î N ), then the
1 è1 - i ø è i - 1ø
minimum value of z +
2 (JEE Main 2014)
greatest common divisor of the least values of m
5 and n is ......... . (JEE Main 2020)
(a) is equal to
2 ( -1 + i 3) 21 (1 + i 3) 21
(b) lies in the interval (1, 2) 44. Let i = -1. If + = k and
(1 - i) 24 (1 + i) 24
5
(c) is strictly greater than n = [|k|] be the greatest integral part of|k|. Then,
2
n+ 5 n+ 5
(d)
3
is strictly greater than but less than
5
å j = 0 ( j + 5) 2 - å j = 0 ( j + 5) is equal to
2 2 (JEE Main 2021)

z = max {|z - 1 |,|z + 1 |}, then

40. If|| 45. Suppose A be a complex number and n Î N , such
1 that A n = ( A + 1) n = 1, then the least value of n is
(a) |z + z| = (b) z + z = 1 (c) |z + z| = 1 (d) z Î f
2 46. Let z be those complex number which satisfy
41. If z is a complex number of unit modulus and |z + 5|£ 4 and z(1 + i) + z(1 - i) ³ -10, i = -1. If the
æ1 + zö maximum value of|z + 1|2 is a + b 2, then the
argument q, then arg ç ÷ is equal to
è1 + z ø (JEE Main 2013)
value of (a + b) is (JEE Main 2021)

p 47. If a + ib, b ¸ 0 is a root of z5 = 1, then the value of

(a) -q (b) -q (c) q (d) p - q
2 4a (b 4 - a 4 ) is

Answers
Round I
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (c)
51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (c)
61. (a) 62. (c) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (a) 74. (d) 75. (d) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (b)
81. (a) 82. (a) 83. (c) 84. (c) 85. (d) 86. (b) 87. (b) 88. (b) 89. (a) 90. (c)
91. (b) 92. (a) 93. (a) 94. (c) 95. (d) 96. (d) 97. (c) 98. (b)

Round II
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (4) 44. (310) 45. (6) 46. (48) 47. (1)

Solutions
 Solutions
Round I Þ x2 - y 2 = 0
1. (n + i )4 = (n 2 - 1 + 2ni )2 Þ x=± y
Þ x= y …(i)
= (n 2 - 1)2 - 4n 2 + 4n (n 2 - 1) i
and x=-y …(ii)
For integral solution, imaginary part must be zero.
Again,| z | = 2
\ 4n (n 2 - 1) = 0 Þ | z |2 = 4
n = 0 or n = ± 1 Þ x2 + y 2 = 4 …(iii)
Hence, number of integral solution is 3. From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
2n (1 + i )2n y2 + y 2 = 4 Þ 2 y2 = 4
2. Here, 2n
+
(1 + i ) 2n Þ y2 = 2 Þ y = ± 2
2n (1 + i 2 + 2i )n Therefore, from Eq. (i), we get
= 2 n
+
(1 + i + 2i ) 2n x=± 2
n n n
2 (2i ) 1 i \ z=± 2±i 2
= + n = n + i n = 2n + i n
(2i )n 2 i i On putting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (iii),
in ì 1 ü we get
= + in = in í + 1ý or i n {(-1)n + 1}
(-1)n î (- 1 ) n
þ (- y)2 + y2 = 4 Þ 2 y2 = 4

3. Given, (3 + 2 -54 )1/ 2 - (3 - 2 -54 )1/ 2 Þ y2 = 2 Þ y = ± 2

From Eq. (ii), x=+ 2
= (3 + 2 ´ 3 6 i )1/ 2 - (3 - 2 ´ 3 6 i )1/ 2
\ z = x + iy, z = + 2 ± i 2
= (9 - 6 + 2 ´ 3 6 i )1/ 2 - (9 - 6 - 2 ´ 3 6 i )1/ 2
2
2 2
= (3 + ( 6 i ) + 2 ´ 3 ´ 6 i ) 1/ 2 6. x + 1 = 0 Þ x = ± i
2 2
- (3 + ( 6 i ) - 2 ´ 3 ´ 6 i ) 1/ 2
Q x2 + 1 is root of P (x) = 5x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + Mx + N
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
= [(3 + 6 i ) ] - [(3 - 6 i ) ] Hence, x = i and -i are roots of P (x).
= ± (3 + 6 i ) m (3 - 6 i ) = ± 2 6 i Þ P (i ) = 0 and P (- i ) = 0
\ Imaginary part of (3 + 2 -54 )1/ 2 - (3 - 2 -54 )1/ 2 Þ 5(i ) + 4i3 + 3i 2 + Mi + N = 0
4

= Im (±2 6i ) = ± 2 6 and 5 (- i ) + 4 (- i )3 + 3 (i )2 + M (- i ) + N = 0
4

So, from the option -2 6 is correct. Þ 5 - 4i - 3 + Mi + N = 0

Hence, option (b) is correct. and 5 + 4i - 3 - Mi + N = 0
1 Þ (2 + N ) + i (M - 4) = 0
4. Let z =
1 - cos q + i sin q and (2 + N ) + i (4 - M ) = 0
1 On comparing real and imaginary parts to zero, we get
=
2 sin 2(q / 2) + 2i sin(q / 2) cos(q / 2) N = - 2, M = 4
1 1 and N = - 2, M = 4
=
2i sin(q / 2) [cos(q / 2) - i sin(q / 2)] Hence, M and N are unique.
cos(q / 2) + i sin(q / 2) 1 1 And M - N = 4 - (-2) = 6
= = + cot(q / 2)
2i sin(q / 2) 2 2i 7. Given, x = a + ib
1 1
= - i × cot q / 2 On squaring both sides,
2 2
1 x2 = (a 2 - b2 + 2iab)
\ Real part of z is . Þ 3 + 4i = a 2 - b2 + 2iab
2
On comparing
5. Let z = x + iy
a 2 - b2 = 3 and 2ab = 4
Þ z 2 = (x + iy)2
Þ a 2 - b2 = 3 and ab = 2
Þ z 2 = x2 + i 2 y2 + 2ixy 4
Now, a2 - 2 = 3
Þ z 2 = (x2 - y2) + i (2xy) a
Þ Re (z 2) = x2 - y2 Þ a 4 - 3a 2 - 4 = 0
Given, (z 2) = 0 Þ (a - 4) (a 2 + 1) = 0
2
88 JEE Main Mathematics

Þ a 2 = 4 or a2 = -1 [rejected] \ The condition is

\ a=±2 p(1 + p + r ) + q2 = (1 + r )(1 + p - r )
If a = 2, then b = 1 Þ p + p2 + pr + q2 = 1 + p - r + r + pr - r 2
If a = -2, then b = -1 Þ p2 + q 2 + r 2 = 1
3 3 3
x = a - ib + 3iab (a + ib)
11. Q 3 + i = (a + ib) (c + id )
When, a = 2, b = 1
= (ac - bd ) + i (ad + bc)
Then, x3 = 8 - i + 6i (2 + i )
Here, ac - bd = 3 and ad + bc = 1
Þ x3 = 8 - i + 12i - 6
æ bö æ dö æ bc + ad ö
\ x3 = 2 + 11 i Now, tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷
èaø è cø è ac - bd ø
Hence, a = 2, b = 1 satisfy it.
æ 1 ö
\ a + b =2 + 1=3 = tan -1 ç ÷
è 3ø
(b + ic)
1+ i p
1 + iz 1+ a 1 + a - c + ib = np + , n Î I
8. = = 6
1 - iz 1 - i (b + ic) 1 + a + c - ib
1+ a 12. Since, x = - 5 + 4i Þ x + 5 = 4i
(1 + a - c + ib) (1 + a + c + ib) On squaring both sides, we get
=
(1 + a + c)2 + b2 x2 + 10x + 25 = - 16
a 2 + a + iab + ib Þ x2 + 10x + 41 = 0 …(i)
= 4 3 2
1 + a + ac + c Let E = x + 9x + 35x - x + 4
(a + 1 )(a + ib ) = x2[(x2 + 10x + 41 ) - x - 6] - x + 4
=
(a + 1 )(1 + c ) = x2(0) - x 3 - 6x2 - x + 4 [Q from Eq. (i)]
a + ib = - x 3 - 6 x2 - x + 4
=
1+ c = - x (x2 + 6x + 1 ) + 4
= - x (x2 + 10x + 41 - 4x - 40) + 4
9. Let (x + iy)2 = 7 + 24 i
= 4x2 + 40x + 4 [Q from Eq. (i)]
Þ x2 - y2 = 7 and 2xy = 24
= 4(x2 + 10x + 41 - 40)
Now, (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 - y2)2 + 4x2y2
= 4(0) - 160 [Q from Eq. (i)]
= 72 + 242 = 625
2 2
= - 160
Þ x + y = 25
13. Given that, z 2 + ( p + iq) z + r + i s = 0 …(i)
Þ x=±4
Let z = a (where a is real) be a root of Eq. (i), then
and y=±3
a 2 + ( p + iq) a + r + i s = 0
Hence, square root of 7 + 24 i = ± (4 + 3 i ).
q + ir Þ a 2 + pa + r + i (qa + s) = 0
10. We have, z = On equating real and imaginary parts, we get
1+ p
a 2 + pa + r = 0 …(ii)
- r + iq -s
\ iz = and qa + s = 0 Þ a =
1+ p q
By componendo and dividendo, we get On putting the value of a in Eq. (ii), we get
1 + iz 1 + p - r + iq æ -s ö
2
æ -s ö
= ç ÷ + pç ÷ + r =0
1 - iz 1 + p + r - iq èqø èqø
p + iq 1 + iz Þ s2 - pqs + q2r = 0 Þ pqs = s2 + q2r
\ = ,
1+ r 1 - iz
½æ 4 ö 4½ 4 4 4
14. |z| = ½ ç z - ÷ + ½Þ| z | < z - + Þ| z | £ 2 +
p + iq 1 + p - r + iq ½è zø z½ z | z| | z|
if =
1+ r 1 + p + r - iq 2
| z | - 2| z | - 4
Þ p(1 + p + r ) + q2 + i{ q(1 + p + r ) - pq} Þ £0
| z|
= (1 + r )(1 + p - r ) + iq(1 + r )
Since,| z | > 0
Þ p(1 + p + r ) + q2 = (1 + r )(1 + p - r )
| z |2 - 2| z | - 4 £ 0
and q(1 + p + r ) - pq = q(1 + r )
Þ [| z | - ( 5 + 1 )][| z | - (1 - 5 )] £ 0
[this is obviously true]
Þ 1 - 5 £| z| £ 5 + 1
Complex Numbers 89

15. Using the relation, if z1

19. Let z1 = r1 (cos q1 + i sin q1 ) then =1
|z1 + z2| = |z1 |+ |z2| z2
Then, arg (z1 ) = arg (z2) Þ |z1| = |z1|Þ|z1| = |z2| = r1
Since, | z 2 + (- 1 )| = |z 2| + |- 1| Now, arg (z1z2) = 0 Þ arg(z1 ) + arg (z2) = 0
Then, arg (z 2) = arg (- 1 ) Þ arg (z2) = - q1
Þ 2 arg (z ) = p [Q arg (- 1 ) = p ] Therefore, z2 = r1 [cos (- q1 ) + i sin (- q1 )]
p = r1 (cos q1 - i sin q1 ) = z1
Þ arg (z ) =
2 Þ z2 = (z1 ) = z1 Þ|z2|2 = z1z2
Þ z lies on Y -axis (imaginary axis).
20. z + 2|z + 1|+ i = 0
16. It is given that the z, z, z - 2 Re(z ) and z - 2 Re(z ) are Þ (x + iy) + 2|x + iy + 1|+ i = 0
vertices of a square of side 4 units, so
Þ (x + iy) + 2|(x + 1) + iy|+ i = 0
|z - z| = 4 …(i)
Þ (x + iy) + 2 (x + 1)2 + y2 + i = 0
Now, let z = x + iy, so z = x - iy and Re(z ) = x
Now, from Eq. (i), we have Þ x + 2(x + 1)2 + 2 y2 + i ( y + 1) = 0
2| y| = 4 Þ | y| = 2 On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
and|z - (z - 2 Re(z ))| = 4 Þ 2|x| = 4 Þ|x| = 2 x + 2(x + 1)2 + 2 y2 = 0 and y + 1 = 0
\ |z | = x2 + y2 = 4 + 4 = 2 2 Þ x2 = 2x2 + 2 + 4x + 2 y2 and y = -1
17. Let z = x + iy Q x2 = 2x2 + 4x + 2(-1)2 + 2
z - 1 x + iy - 1 (x - 1 ) + iy (x + 1 ) - iy Þ x2 + 2 + 4 x + 2 = 0
= = ´
z + 1 x + iy + 1 (x + 1 ) + iy (x + 1 ) - iy Þ x2 + 4 x + 4 = 0
(x - 1 )(x + 1 ) - iy(x - 1 ) + iy(x + 1 ) - i 2 y2 \ (x + 2)2 = 0 Þ x = -2
= Hence, x = - 2 and y = - 1
(x + 1 )2 - i 2 y2
x2 - 1 + iy(x + 1 - x + 1 ) + y2 \ z = -2 - i
=
(x + 1 )2 + y2 21. |z1| = |z2|
2 2
z - 1 (x + y - 1 ) i (2 y) Re (z1 ) > 0, Im(z2) < 0
Þ = +
z + 1 (x + 1 ) + y
2 2
(x + 1 )2 + y2 æ z + z2 ö 1 æ z1 + z2 z1 + z2 ö
Re ç 1 ÷= ç + ÷
z -1 è z1 - z2 ø 2 è z1 - z2 z1 - z2 ø
Q is purely imaginary.
z+1 1 æ (z1 + z2) (z1 - z2) + (z1 + z2) (z1 - z2) ö
= ç ÷
æ z - 1ö 2è (z1 - z2) (z1 - z2) ø
\ Re ç ÷ =0
è z + 1ø æ z1z1 - z1z2 + z2z1 - z2z2 + z1z1 ö
ç ÷
2
x + y -1 2 1 + z z - z2z1 - z2z2
Þ =0 = ç 1 2 ÷
(x + 1 )2 + y2 2ç |(z1 - z2)|2 ÷
ç ÷
è ø
Þ x2 + y 2 - 1 = 0
Þ x2 + y2 = 1 1 æ 2|z1|2- 2|z2|2 ö
= ç ÷ =0
2 è |z1 - z2|2 ø
Þ | z 2| = 1 Þ| z | = 1
18. (sin x + i cos 2x) = (cos x - i sin 2x) æ z + z2 ö
Þ ç 1 ÷ is purely imaginary.
è z1 - z2 ø
Þ sin x + i cos 2x = cos x + i sin 2x
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get æ |z|+11 ö
22. log 1 ç ÷ £2
sin x = cos x and cos 2x = sin 2x 2
è (|z|-1)2 ø
Þ tan x = 1 and tan 2x = 1 |z|+11 1
Þ ³
p p (|z|-1)2 2
Þ x= and 2x =
4 4 Þ 2|z|+22 ³ (|z|-1)2
p p
\ x= and x = Þ 2|z|+22 ³ |z|2+1 - 2|z|
4 8 2
Þ |z| -4|z|-21 £ 0
Q We got two different values of x, hence conjugate
Þ |z|£ 7
sin x + i cos 2x is not conjugate of (cos x - i sin 2x).
\Largest value of|z|is 7.
Þ No value of x.
90 JEE Main Mathematics

23. |z - 2| = min {|z - 1|,|z - 5|} 28. We have, arg (z - 1 ) = arg (z + 3i )

i.e. |z - 2| = |z - 1|, where|z - 1| < |z - 5| On putting z = x + iy,
3 Þ arg (x + iy - 1 ) = arg (x + iy + 3i )
Þ Re (z ) = , which satisfy|z - 1| < |z - 5|
2 Þ arg [(x - 1 ) + iy] = arg [x + i ( y + 3)]
y y+3
Also, |z - 2| = |z - 5|, where|z - 5| < |z - 1| Þ tan -1 = tan -1
x-1 x
7
Þ Re (z ) = , which satisfy|z - 5| < |z - 1| y y+3
2 Þ = Þ xy = (x - 1 )( y + 3)
x-1 x
24. We have,|1 - z1z2|2 - |z1 - z2|2
Þ xy = xy + 3x - y - 3
= (1 - z1z2)(1 - z1z2) - (z1 - z2) (z1 - z2)
Þ 0 = 3(x - 1 ) - y
(Q zz = |z 2|) x-1 1
= (1 - z1z2) (1 - z1z2) - (z1 - z2) (z1 - z2) Þ y = 3(x - 1 ) Þ =
y 3
(Q z1 - z2 = z1 - z2 and 1 = 1)
Þ (x - 1 ) : y = 1 : 3
= (1 - z1z2) (1 - z1z2) - (z1 - z2)
29. Let z1 = r1 (cos q1 + i sin q1 )
(z1 - z2) [Q (z1 ) = z1 ]
and z2 = r2 (cos q2 + i sin q2)
= 1 - z1z2 - z1z2 + z1z1z2z2 - z1z1 + z1z2 + z1z2 - z2z2
Since, | z2| = | z1 |
= 1 + |z1|2|z2|2- |z1|2 - |z2|2
\ r2 = r1
= (1 - |z1|2 ) (1 - |z22|)
Also, arg (z1 ) + arg (z2) = p
\ k =1
\ arg (z2) = p - arg (z1 )
z-a Þ arg (z2) = p - q1
25. We have, =1
z+a \ z2 = r1 {cos (p - q1 ) + i sin (p - q1 )}
Þ |z - a| = |z + a| Þ |z - a|2 = |z + a|2 = r1 (- cos q1 + i sin q1 )
Þ (z - a ) (z - a ) = (z + a ) (z + a ) = - r1 (cos q1 - i sin q1 ) = - z1
Þ (z - a ) (z - a ) = (z + a ) (z + a ) [Q (a ) = a ] Þ z1 = - z2
7 -z
Þ zz - za - az + aa = zz + za + a z + aa 30. Given, f (z ) = and z = 1 + 2i
1 - z2
Þ za + za + az + az = 0
7 - (1 + 2i )
Þ (a + a ) (z + z ) = 0 \ f (z ) =
1 - (1 + 2i )2
Þ z + z =0 [Q a + a = 2 Re(a ) ¹ 0] 6 - 2i 6 - 2i
= =
Þ 2 Re(z ) = 0 1 - (1 - 4 + 4i ) 4 - 4i
Þ 2x = 0 6 - 2i 1+ i 6 + 4i + 2
Þ x=0 = ´ =
4(1 - i ) (1 + i ) 4(12 - i 2)
Þ Y -axis
8 + 4i 1
= = (2 + i )
26. We have,|l1a1 + l 2a 2 + K + l na n | 4(2) 2
£ |l1a1| + |l 2a 2| + ... + |l na n| 4+1 5
| f (z )| = =
= |l1||a1| + K + |l n ||a n | 2 2
= l1|a1 | + K + l n |a n | < l1 + K + l n [Q each l k ³ 0] | z|
= (Q z = 1 + 2i , given Þ|z | = 5 )
2
[Q|a k| < 1 and so l k|a k|< l k for all k = 1, 2 ,..., n]
Hence, |l1a1 + l 2a 2 + K + l na n | < 1 31. We have, tan -1 (a + ib) = x + iy
Þ a + ib = tan (x + iy) …(i)
27. Let z = x + iy
Taking conjugate, we get
æ yö (a - ib ) = tan (x - iy)
\ arg (z ) = tan -1 ç ÷ …(ii)
è xø \ tan 2x = tan [(x + iy) + (x - iy)]
æ yö y (a + i b ) + (a - i b )
Then, arg (z ) = tan -1 ç - ÷ = 2p - tan -1 Þ tan 2x =
è xø x 1 - (a + i b ) (a - i b )
= 2p - arg (z ) 2a
=
1 - (a 2 + b 2)
Since, in argument of a conjugate of a complex, the real
axis is unaltered but imaginary axis be changed, hence 1 æ 2a ö
\ x = tan -1 ç ÷
it is given by 2p - arg (z ). 2 è 1 - a2 - b2 ø
Complex Numbers 91

32. |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1 p

36. Since, arg (z ) - arg (w) =
2 2
Now, |z1| = 1 Þ |z1| = 1
p
Þ z1z1 = 1 Þ - arg (z ) + arg (w) = -
2
Similarly, z2z2 = 1 and z3 z3 = 1 p
½ Þ arg (z ) + arg (w) = -
Again, ½1 + 1 + 1 ½
½= 1 2
½z1 z2 z3½ p
Þ arg (zw) = - …(i)
Þ |z1 + z2 + z3| = 1 2
Þ |z1 + z2 + z3| = 1 Also given,|zw| = i = | zw| …(ii)
Þ |z1 + z2 + z3| = 1 [Q|z| = |z|] \From Eq. (i) and (ii), we get
z -1 zw =| zw|ei arg ( zw )
33. Since, |z| = 1 and w = p
z+1 -i æ pö æ pö
=1 e = cos ç - ÷ + i sin
2
ç- ÷
1+ w è 2ø è 2ø
Þ z - 1 = wz + w Þ z=
1-w p
= 0 - i sin = - i
½1 + w ½ 2
|z| = ½ ½
½1 - w ½ 37. It is given that, there are two complex numbers z and w,
such that| z w| = 1
Þ ½1 + w ½
½ ½= 1 [Q|z| = 1] and arg (z ) - arg (w) = p / 2
½1 - w ½
\ |z || w| = 1 [Q| z1 z2| = | z1 || z2|]
Þ |1 + w| = |1 - w| p
and arg (z ) = + arg (w)
On squaring both sides, we get 2
1 + |w|2 + 2|w|Re(w) = 1 + |w|2 - 2|w|Re(w) 1
Let|z| = r, then | w| = …(i)
r
Q | z1 ± z2|2 = | z1|2+ | z2|2 ± 2| z1|| z2|Re (z1z2) p
and let arg (w) = q, then arg (z ) = +q … (ii)
Þ 4|w|Re(w) = 0 2
i ( p / 2 + q)
\ Re(w) = 0 So, we can assume z = re …(iii)
34. We have, z2 = z1 and z4 = z3 [Q if z = x + iy is a complex number, then it can be
written as z = reiq where, r =|z |and q = arg (z )]
Therefore, z1z2 =|z1 |2 and z3 z4 =|z3 |2 1
and w = ei q …(iv)
æz ö æz ö æzz ö r
Now, arg ç 1 ÷ + arg ç 2 ÷ = arg ç 1 2 ÷
è z4 ø è z3 ø è z4z3 ø 1
Now, z × w = re- i( p / 2 + q ) × eiq = ei( - p / 2 - q + q )
æ½z ½2ö r
æ |z |2 ö
= arg ç 1 2 ÷ = arg ç½ 1½ ÷ = 0 =e - i( p / 2)
=-i [Q e- i q = cos q - i sin q]
è|z3 | ø ç½z3½ ÷
è ø 1
and z w = re i( p / 2 + q ) × e- iq
[Q argument of positive real number is zero] r
(1 + i )2 = ei( p / 2 + q - q ) = e i ( p / 2) = i
35. The given complex number z = 38. Given, z1 = (1, a ) = cos a + i sin a = eia
a-i
z2 = (1, b ) = cos b + i sin b = eib
(1 - 1 + 2i ) (a + i )
= [Q i 2 = - 1] and z3 = (1, g ) = cos g + i sin g = eig
a2 + 1
Also, z1 + z2 + z3 = 0
2i (a + i ) -2 + 2ai
= = \ (cos a + cos b + cos g ) + i (sin a + sin b + sin g ) = 0
a2 + 1 a2 + 1
Þ cos a + cos b + cos g = 0
Q z = 2 /5 [given]
and sin a + sin b + sin g = 0 …(i)
2
4 + 4a 2 2 2 1 1 1
Þ = Þ = Let E = + + = e-ia + e-ib + e-ig
(a 2 + 1)2 5 1 + a2 5 z1 z2 z3
4 2 = (cos a + cos b + cos g ) - i (sin a + sin b + sin g )
Þ = Þ a 2 + 1 = 10
1 + a2 5 = 0 - i0 = 0 [Q from Eq. (i)]
Þ a2 = 9 Þ a = 3 [Q a > 0] 39. Let z = r (cos q + i sin q)
2
-2 + 6 i 1 3 1 3 1 1
So, z = =- + i Þ z=- - i Given that, z + =a Þ z+ = a2
10 5 5 5 5 z z
[Q if z = x + iy, then z = x - iy] 1
Þ r 2 + 2 + 2 cos 2 q = a 2 …(i)
r
92 JEE Main Mathematics

On differentiating w.r.t. q, we get 2± 4+8

dr 2 dr \ |z| £ £1 ± 3
2r - - 4 sin 2 q = 0 2
dq r3 dq Hence, maximum value of|z|is 1 + 3.
dr æ 2ö
Þ ç2r - 3 ÷ = 4 sin 2 q 44. Since, | z1 - 1| < 4
dq è r ø
dr Þ | z1 | - |1| < 1 [Q by triangle inequality]
For maximum or minimum, put = 0, we get Þ | z1 | < 2 …(i)
dq
p Similarly, | z3 - 2| < 2
Þ q = 0,
2 Þ | z2 | < 4 …(ii)
p and | z3 - 3| < 3 …(iii)
\ r is maximum for q = ,therefore from Eq. (i), we get
2 On adding Eq. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
1 1 | z1 | + | z2| +| z3 | < 2 + 4 + 6
r + 2 - 2 = a2 Þ r - = a
2
r r Þ | z1 | + | z2| + | z3 | < 12 …(iv)
a+ a2 + 4 By using triangular inequality
Þ r 2 - ar - 1 = 0 Þ r =
2 | z1 + z2 + z3 | £ | z1 | + | z2 + | z3 |
40. Given, | z1 | = 12 …(i) Þ | z1 + z2 + z3 | < 12 [Q from Eq. (iv)]

and | z2 - 3 - 4 i | = 5 45. We have, OC = 5 and CA = 1

Þ | z2 - (3 + 4i )| = 5 Y
Now,| z2 - (3 + 4i )| ³ | z2| - |3 + 4 i |
[Q| z1 - z2| ³ | z1 | -|z2|] 1 A(z)
Þ 5 ³ | z2 | - 3 + 4 2 2 C(0, 5)

Þ 5 ³ | z2| - 25
q
Þ 5 ³ | z2 | - 5 X
O
Þ 10 ³| z2| …(ii)
Now, | z1 - z2| ³ | z1 | - | z2|
[Q| z1 - z2| ³ | z1 | - | z2|] Clearly, the point z is such that amplitude of z is
minimum to the point of contact of the circle and the
³ 12 - 10 [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
tangent drawn from the origin O.
| z1 - z2| ³ 2
Let q = ÐAOC. Then, ÐAOC = 90° - q
Hence, the minimum value of| z1 - z2|is 2.
1
41. We know that, |- z | = |z | From figure, sin ÐAOC =
5
and |z1 + z2| £ |z1 | + |z2| 1
Þ sin (90° - q) =
Now, |z | + |z - 1| = |z | + |1 - z | 5
³ |z + (1 - z )| = |1| = 1
1
Hence, minimum value of|z | + | z - 1|is 1. Þ cos q =
5
42. We have, 2 = | z + i w| £ | z | + | w| 24
[Q| z1 + z2| £ | z1 | + | z2|] and sin q =
5
\ | z | + | w| ³ 2 …(i)
Now, OA = OC 2 - CA 2 = 52 - 12 = 24
But it is given that| z | £ 1 and| w| £ 1
Hence, | z | + | w| £ 2 …(ii) Now, the coordinates of A are ( 24 cos q, 24 sin q)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get æ 24 24 ö
i.e. ç , ÷
| z | = | w| = 1 è 5 5ø
Also, | z + i w| = | z - i w |
2 6 24
Þ | z - (- i w)| = | z - i w | Hence, z= +i
5 5
i.e. z = z , Q|z| = |z|and|z| = 1
4 (cos 75° + i sin 75° )
\ |z|= 1 46.
0.4 (cos 30° + i sin 30° )
Þ z = ±1
= 10 (cos 75° + i sin 75° ) (cos 30° - i sin 30° )
2 2
43. z + = 2 Þ |z| - £ 2 Þ|z|2 - 2|z| - 2 £ 0
z |z| = 10 e75i × e-30i = 10 e45i
This is a quadratic equation in|z|. 10
= 10 (cos 45° + i sin 45° ) = (1 + i )
2
Complex Numbers 93

47. (cos q + i sin q) (cos 2 q + i sin 2 q) 3 3 (2 + cos q - i sin q)

51. x + iy = =
…(cos nq + i sin nq) = 1 2 + cos q + i sin q (2 + cos q)2 + sin 2 q
Þ cos (q + 2 q + 3 q + K + nq) 6 + 3 cos q - 3 i sin q
=
+ i sin (q + 2 q + 3 q + K + nq) = 1 4 + cos 2 q + 4 cos q + sin 2 q
ì n (n + 1 ) ü ì n (n + 1 ) ü é 6 + 3 cos q ù é - 3 sin q ù
Þ cos í qý + i sin í qý = 1 =ê ú + i ê 5 + 4 cos q ú
î 2 þ î 2 þ ë 5 + 4 cos q û ë û
On comparing the coefficients of real and imaginary
parts both sides, we get On equating the real and imaginary parts both sides,
we get
ì n (n + 1 ) ü ì n (n + 1 ) ü
cos í qý = 1 and sin í qý = 0 3 (2 + cos q) - 3 sin q
î 2 þ î 2 þ x= , y=
5 + 4 cos q 5 + 4 cos q
n (n + 1 )
Þ q = 2mp 9
2 \ x2 + y2 = (4 + cos 2 q + 4 cos q + sin 2 q)
4mp (5 + 4 cos q)2
Þ q= , where m Î I
n (n + 1 ) 9 æ 6 + 3 cos q ö
= =4ç ÷ - 3 = 4x - 3
5 + 4 cos q è 5 + 4 cos q ø
48. Here, 1 - c2 = nc - 1
ra ra
Þ 1 - c2 = n 2c2 - 2nc + 1 52. We have, zr = cos + i sin 2
n2 n
c 1
\ = …(i) where r = 1, 2, 3, ... , n
2n 1 + n 2
a a
c æ nö 1 ì 2 æ 1 öü \ z1 = cos 2 + i sin 2 ;
or (1 + nz ) ç1 + ÷ = í1 + n + n ç z + ÷ ý n n
2n è z ø 1 + n2 î è z øþ
2a 2a
1 2 z2 = cos 2 + i sin 2
= { 1 + n + n (2 cos q )} n n
1 + n2
M M M
(1 + n 2) + 2n cos q na na
= zn = cos 2 + i sin 2
1 + n2 n n
æ 2n ö
=1 + ç ÷ cos q \ lim (z1z2z3 K zn )
è 1 + n2 ø n ®¥

æ a aöæ 2a 2 aö
= 1 + c cos q [using Eq. (i)] = lim ç cos 2 + i sin 2 ÷ ç cos 2 + i sin 2 ÷ …
n ®¥è n n ø è n n ø
49. We have, {(1 - cos q) + i × 2 sin q} -1 na na ö
æ
q q qö
-1 ç cos 2 + i sin 2 ÷
æ è n n ø
= ç2 sin 2 + i × 4 sin cos ÷
è 2 2 2ø é ìa ü
qö
-1
q qö
-1 = lim ê cos í 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + K + n )ý
æ æ n ®¥ë î n þ
= ç2 sin ÷ çsin + i × 2 cos ÷
è 2ø è 2 2ø
ìa üù
q q + i sin í 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + K + n )ý ú
-1 - i × 2 cos sin în þû
æ qö 1 2 2
= ç2 sin ÷ × ´ a + a +
è 2ø q q q q é n (n 1 ) n (n 1 ) ù
sin + i × 2 cos sin - i × 2 cos = lim ê cos + i sin úû
2 2 2 2 n ®¥ë 2n 2 2n 2
q q q q ia
sin - i × 2 cos sin - i × 2 cos a a
= 2 2 = 2 2 = cos + i sin = e 2
qæ q qö qæ qö 2 2
2 sin çsin 2 + 4 cos 2 ÷ 2 sin ç1 + 3 cos 2 ÷ 2p 2p
2è 2 2ø 2è 2ø 53. Let z = cos + i sin , then by using De-Moivre’s
It’s real part 7 7
q theorem
sin 2 pk 2 pk
2 1 \ z k = cos + i sin …(i)
= = 7 7
qæ 2 qö æ qö
2 sin ç1 + 3 cos ÷ 2 ç1 + 3 cos 2 ÷ 6
2è 2ø è 2ø æ 2 pk 2 pk ö
Let S = å çsin - i cos ÷
1 1 è 7 7 ø
= = k =1
2 + 3 (cos q + 1 ) 5 + 3 cos q 6
é æ 2 pk 2 pk ö ù
-i q æqö
-i ç ÷ i
q q = å ê (- i ) çè cos 7 + i sin 7 ÷ø ú
ë û
è 2ø 2 cos k =1
1+ a e 2 (1 + eiq ) e + e 2 2 q
50. = = = = i cot 6
æ 2 pk 2 pk ö
q
1-a - iq
e2 iq
(1 - e ) e
æqö
-i ç ÷
è 2ø
i
-e 2
q
-2 i sin 2 = (- i ) å ç cos
è 7
+ i sin
7 ø
÷
2 k =1
94 JEE Main Mathematics

6
and c = cos g + i sin g
= (- i ) å zk [from Eq. (i)]
Therefore, a + b + c = (cos a + cos b + cos g )
k =1

= (- i ) (z + z 2 + z3 + K + z 6 ) + i (sin a + sin b + sin g )

It is a GP of which the first term is z, number of terms = 0 + i0 = 0 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
is 6 and the common ratio is If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c 3 = 3abc
2p 2p Þ (cos a + i sin a )3 + (cos b + i sin b )3 + (cos g + i sin g )3
z = cos + i sin ¹1
7 7
= 3 (cos a + i sin a ) (cos b + i sin b ) (cos g + i sin g )
z (1 - z 6 ) z - z7
\ S = (- i ) = (- i ) Þ (cos 3 a + i sin 3 a ) + (cos 3 b + i sin 3 b )
1-z 1-z
é 7 æ + (cos 3g + i sin 3g )
2p ö ù
7
2p
z -1 êQ z = ç cos + i sin ÷ ú = 3 [cos (a + b + g ) + i sin (a + b + g )]
= (- i ) =i ê è 7 7ø ú
1-z
êë = cos 2p + i sin 2p = 1úû Þ cos 3 a + cos 3 b + cos 3g = 3 cos (a + b + g )
57. We have, (16)1/ 4 = (24 )1/ 4 = 2(1 )1/ 4 = 2(cos 0 + i sin 0)1/ 4
54. Let z - 1 = r (cos q + i sin q) = reiq
1 1
1 = 2{cos (2kp + 0) + i sin (2kp + 0)}
\Given expression = re iq × e -ia + × e ia 4 4
reiq
1 -i ( q - a ) k = 0, 1, 2, 3
= rei( q - a ) +
e
r = 2 ´ 1, 2 ´ i , 2 ´ - 1, 2 ´ - i = ± 2 , ± 2 i
Since, imaginary part of given expression is zero, æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
we have 58. We have, a = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
è 7ø è 7ø
1 7
r sin (q - a ) - sin (q - a ) = 0 é æ 2p ö æ 2p ö ù
r Þ a7 = ê cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ ú
ë è 7 ø è 7 øû
r2 - 1 = 0 Þ r2 = 1
= cos 2p + i sin 2p = 1 …(i)
Þ r = 1 Þ |z - 1| = 1 Let S = a + b = (a + a 2 + a 4 ) + (a3 + a5 + a 6 )
or sin (q - a ) = 0 Þ q - a = 0 (Q a = a + a 2 + a 4 , b = a3 + a5 + a 6 )
Þ q=a a (1 - a 6 )
Þ S = a + a 2 + a3 + a 4 + a5 + a 6 =
Þ arg (z - 1 ) = a 1-a
55. We have, a = cos a + i sin a, a - a7 a - 1
Þ S= = = -1 …(ii)
1-a 1-a
b = cos b + i sin b
Let P = ab = (a + a 2 + a 4 ) (a3 + a5 + a 6 )
and c = cos g + i sin g
= a 4 + a 6 + a7 + a5 + a7 + a 8 + a7 + a 9 + a10
b cos b + i sin b cos g - i sin g = a 4 + a 6 + 1 + a5 + 1 + a + 1 + a 2 + a3
Now, = ´
c cos g + i sin g cos g - i sin g [from Eq. (i)]
= cos b cos g + sin b sin g = 3 + (a + a 2 + a3 + a 4 + a5 + a 6 ) = 3 + S
+ i [sin b cos g - sin g cos b ] =3 -1 =2 [from Eq. (ii)]
b Required equation is, x2 - Sx + P = 0
Þ = cos ( b - g ) + i sin (b - g ) …(i)
c Þ x2 + x + 2 = 0
c
Similarly, = cos (g - a ) + i sin (g - a ) æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
…(ii) 59. We have, wn = cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
a è nø è nø
a 2p 2p
and = cos (a - b ) + i sin (a - b ) …(iii) Þ w 3 = cos + i sin
b 3 3
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 1 i 3
cos ( b - g ) + cos (g - a ) + cos (a - b ) =- + =w
2 2
+ i [sin ( b - g ) + sin (g - a ) + sin (a - b )] = 1 2p 2p ö
2
æ
On equating real parts to both sides, we get an w23 = ç cos + i sin ÷
è 3 3 ø
cos ( b - g ) + cos (g - a ) + cos (a - b ) = 1 4p 4p 1 i 3
= cos + i sin =- - = w2
56. We have, cos a + cos b + cos g = 0 …(i) 3 3 2 2
and sin a + sin b + sin g = 0 …(ii) \ (x + yw 3 + zw 32 ) (x + yw 32 + zw 3 )
Let a = cos a + i sin a , = (x + yw + zw2) (x + yw2 + zw)
b = cos b + i sin b = x2 + y2 + z 2 - xy - yz - zx
Complex Numbers 95

30 30
æ –1 + i 3 ö æ (–1 + i 3 )(1 + i ) ö On putting n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,... , n , we get
60. ç ÷ =ç ÷ = (1 + i )30
è 1-i ø è 2 ø S1 = w1 = w, S 2 = w3 = 1,
3 S3 = w6 = 1,... , S7 = w28 = w
é –1 + i 3 æ -1 + i 3 ö
êQ is cube root of unity, soç ÷ =1 \ We always get 1 and w.
ë 2 è 2 ø
1 wn w2n
æ –1 + i 3 ö
30 ù
Þç ÷ = 1ú 67. D = wn w2n 1
è 2 ø ú w 2n
wn
û 1
\ (1 + i )30 = [(1 + i )2]15 = (1 - 1 + 2i )15 = 215 i15 = 1 (w3 n - 1 ) - wn (w2n - w2n ) + w2n (wn - w4n )
= 215 i3 = –215 i = (1 - 1 ) - 0 + w2n [wn - (w3 )n wn ] [Q w3 n = 1]
61. Since, a , b and g be the cube roots of a positive =0 + 0 + 0 =0
number p. 68. S = 1 + 3 a + 5 a 2 + K + (2 n - 1 ) a n - 1 …(i)
\ a = p1/3 , b = wp1/3 , g = w2p1/3 2 3 n
Þ aS = a + 3 a + 5 a + K + (2 n - 1 ) a …(ii)
a x + by + gz x + wy + w2z 1 -1 - i 3
Hence, = = = w2 = On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
bx + gy + az wx + w2y + z w 2
(1 - a ) S = 1 + 2 a + 2 a 2 + K + 2 a n - 1 - (2 n - 1 ) a n
62. Given, i = -1
= 2 (1 + a + a 2 + K + a n - 1 ) - 1 - (2 n - 1 ) a n
334 365
æ 1 i 3ö æ 1 i 3ö 2 (1 - a n )
To find 4 + 5 ç - + ÷ + 3 ç- + ÷ . = - 2 n = -2 n [Q a n = 1]
è 2 2 ø è 2 2 ø 1-a
1 i 3 -2 n
Let w = - + Þ 4 + 5 w334 + 3 w365 Þ S=
2 2 (1 - a )
= 4 + 5 w3 ´ 111 + 1 + 3 w3 ´ 121 + 2
= 4 + 5w + 3w2 69. The given equation z3 + 2z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0 can be rewritten
= 1 + 2w + (3 + 3w + 3w2) as (z + 1 ) (z 2 + z + 1 ) = 0.
=1 + 2w [Q 1 + w + w2 = 0] Its roots are -1, w and w2.
æ 1 i 3ö
= 1 + 2 ç- + ÷=i 3 Let f (z ) = z1985 + z100 + 1
è 2 2 ø
Put z = - 1, w and w2 respectively, we have
63. Let x = -1 - -1 - -1 - . . . ¥ f (-1 ) = (-1 )1985 + (-1 )100 + 1 ¹ 0
Then, x = -1 - x or x2 = - 1 - x Therefore, -1 is not a root of the equation f (z ) = 0.
or x2 + x + 1 = 0 Again, f (w ) = w1985 + w100 + 1
-1 ± 1 - 4 × 1 × 1 -1 ± -3 = (w3 )661 w2 + (w3 )33 w + 1
\ x= =
2 ×1 2 = w2 + w + 1 = 0
-1 ± 3 i 2 Therefore, w is a root of the equation f (z ) = 0.
= = w or w
2 Similarly, f (w2) = 0
64. x = a + b, y = aa + bb and z = ab + ba Hence, w and w2 are the common roots.
2 2
Now, xyz = (a + b) (aw + bw ) (aw + bw), 70. rth term of the given series
where a = w and b = w2
= r [(r + 1 ) - w] [(r + 1 ) - w2]
\ xyz = (a + b) (a 2 + abw2 + abw + b2)
= (a + b) (a 2 - ab + b2) = a3 + b3 = r [(r + 1 )2 - (w + w2) (r + 1 ) + w3 ]

æ 1 i 3ö
334
æ1 i 3 ö
365 = r [(r + 1 )2 - (-1 ) (r + 1 ) + 1]
65. 4 + 5 ç - + ÷ -3 ç + ÷
è 2 2 ø è2 2 ø = r (r 2 + 3r + 3) = r3 + 3r 2 + 3r
Thus, sum of the given series
Þ 4 + 5 (w)334 - 3 (- w2)365 Þ 4 + 5w + 3w
( n - 1)
1
Þ
2
{8 - 5 + 5i 3 - 3 + 3i 3 } = å (r3 + 3r 2 + 3r )
r =1
1
Þ {8i 3 } = 4 3i 1 1 1
2 = (n - 1 )2n 2 + 3 × (n - 1 ) (n ) (2n - 1 ) + 3 × (n - 1 ) n
4 6 2
66. We have, w1 × w2 × w3 × K × wn
1
n( n + 1 ) = (n - 1 ) n (n 2 + 3n + 4 )
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n 4
=w = w 2 = Sn (say)
96 JEE Main Mathematics

æ 1ö æ 1ö 75. We have,
71. tn = (n + 1) ç n + ÷ ç n + 2 ÷
è wø è w ø z =4 -3i
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1ö
= n3 + n 2 ç 2 + + 1÷ + n ç1 + 2 + ÷ + 1 \ |z| = 42 + (- 3)2 = 5
èw w ø è w wø
3 2 2 2
= n + n (w + w + 1) + n(w + w + 1) + 1 Let z1 be the new complex number obtained by rotating z
3 in the clockwise sense through 180°, therefore
=n +1
n n z1 = - 4 + 3 i
\ Sn = å tr = å (r3 + 1) Therefore, required complex number is
r =1 r =1
3 (- 4 + 3 i ) = - 12 + 9 i
n (n + 1)2
2
= +n 76. Let OA and OB be the sides of an equilateral D OAB and
4
let OA and OB represent the complex numbers
72. Q 1, a1 , a 2, ... , a n - 1 are n roots of unity. z1 and z2, respectively.
xn -1 Y B
\ = (x - a1 ) (x - a 2).... (x - a n - 1 )
x-1
p/3
Þ x n - 1 + x n - 2 + ...+ x2 + x + 1
z2 z2 – z1
= (x - a1 ) (x - a 2)... (x - a n - 1 )
Put x = 1
p/3 p/3
\ (1 - a1 ) (1 - a 2)... (1 - a n - 1 ) = 1 + 1 + ... n times = n X
O z1 A(z1)
73. Since, x2 - x + 1 = 0 (given)
Solving for x, we have From the equilateral D OAB,
x = - w and x = - w 2 AB = z2 - z1
æ z2 - z1 ö p
Case I x= -w \ arg ç ÷ = arg (z2 - z1 ) - arg z2 =
5 2 è z2 ø 3
ì 1 ü
S = å í (- w)n + ý æz ö p
n = 1î (- w)n þ and arg ç 2 ÷ = arg (z2) - arg (z1 ) =
5 è z1 ø 3
Þ S= å (wn + w2n )2
z2 - z1 z
r =1 Also, = 1 = 2 , since triangle is equilateral.
z2 z1
Þ S = (-1 )2 + (-1 )2 + 22 + (-1 )2 + (-1 )2
z - z1 z
S =8 Thus, the complex numbers 2 and 2 have same
z2 z1
Case II x = - w2 modulus and same argument, which implies that the
2
numbers are equal, that is
ïì æ 1 ö ïü
6 n
S= å íï (-w2)n + çè -w2 ÷ø ýï z2 - z1 z2
=
n =1 î þ z2 z1
5
Þ S= å ( w2n + wn )2 = 8 Þ z1z2 - z12 = z22
n =1 Þ z12 + z22 = z1z2
74. Let z = x + iy 77. azz + az + az + d = 0 ® Circle
z -1 x + iy - 1 2
\ = -a a d
2z + 1 2x + 2iy + 1 Centre = =r= -
a a a
{(x - 1 ) (2x + 1 ) + 2 y2 )} + iy (3)
= So,|a|2 - ad > 0 and a Î R - {0}.
(2x + 1 )2 + 4 y2
78. z1 + z2 = - 1
æ z -1 ö
According to the question, Im ç ÷ = -4 b
è 2z + 1 ø and z1z2 =
3
3y
\ = -4 As z1 and z2 origin form an equilateral triangle, we
(2x + 1 )2 + 4 y2 have
Þ 3 y = - 4 {(4x2 + 4x + 1 ) + 4 y2 } z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3 z1
Þ 16x2 + 16 y2 + 16x + 3 y + 4 = 0 Þ z12 + z22 + 0 = z1z2 + 0 + 0
This equation represents a circle. Þ (z1 + z2)2 = 3z1z2
Hence, locus of z is a circle. Þ 1=b
Complex Numbers 97

79. Central idea If z is unimodular, then|z| = 1. æ 5ö æ -10 ö

= 1 ç3 - ÷ + 1(2) + 1 ç ÷
Also, use property of modulus i.e. z z =|z| . 2 è 3ø è 3 ø

Given, z2 is not unimodular i.e.|z2| ¹ 1 4 10

= +2-
3 3
z - 2 z2 z - 2 z2
and 1 is unimodular Þ 1 =1 4 + 6 - 10
2 - z1z2 2 - z1z2 = =0
3
Þ |z1 - 2z2|2 = |2 - z1z2|2 Hence, area of triangle is zero, therefore points are
Þ (z1 - 2z2)(z1 - 2z2) = (2 - z1z2)(2 - z1z2) [Q zz = |z|2 ] collinear.
Þ |z1|2 + 4|z2|2 - 2z1z2 - 2z1z2
84. Let z = x + iy
= 4 + |z1|2|z2|2- 2z1z2 - 2z1z2
Then, z + iz = (x + iy) + i (x + iy) = (x - y) + i (x + y)
Þ (|z2|2 - 1)(|z1|2 - 4) = 0 [Q |z2| ¹ 1]
and iz = i (x + iy) = - y + ix
\ |z1| = 2
If triangle be the area of the triangle formed by z , z + iz
Let z1 = x + iy Þ x2 + y2 = (2)2
and iz, then
\ Point z1 lies on a circle of radius 2. x y 1
1
80. Let z = x + iy D = | x - y x+ y 1 |
2
z - 1 x + iy - 1 (x2 + y2 - 1 ) + 2 iy -y x 1
\ = =
z + 1 x + iy + 1 (x + 1 )2 + y2 Applying R2 ® R2 - (R1 + R3 ),
æ z - 1ö -1 2y
\ arg ç ÷ = tan x y 1
è z + 1ø x2 + y2 - 1 1 1
2y p then D= 0 0 -1 = (x2 + y2)
Þ tan -1 2 = (given) 2
-y x 1
2
x + y2 - 1 3
2y p 1
Þ = tan = 3 = |z |2 = 200 (given)
x2 + y2 - 1 3 2
2 2 2 Þ |z|2 = 400 Þ |z | = 20
Þ x + y -1 = y
3 \ |3z | = 3|z | = 60
2
Þ x2 + y2 - y-1 =0 85. If z1 , z2, z3 are vertices of
equilateral triangle
3
1
which is an equation of a circle. circumscribing the circle |z| = i.e. z1, therefore to
2
81. z 2 + ax + a 2 = 0 Þ z = aw, aw2 2p
obtain z2 rotated through angle in anti-clockwise
(where w is a non-real root of unity) 3
Þ Locus of z is a pair of straight lines direction.
z1
and arg (z ) = arg (a ) + arg (w)
or arg (z ) = arg (a ) + arg (w2)
2p z2
Þ arg (z ) = ±
3 |z|=1/2
Also, |z | = |a || w| or |z| = |a||w2|
Þ |z| = |a| z3

82. We have, |z - z1 | = |z - z2| = |z - z3 | = |z - z4 | æ1 3 ö i 2p/3

i.e. z2 = z1 × ei 2p/3 = ç + i ÷e
Therefore, the point having affix z is equidistant from è2 2 ø
the four points having affixes z1 , z2, z3 and z4. Thus, z is
= ei p/3 × ei 2p/3 = ei p = cos p + i sin p
the affix of either the centre of a circle or the point of = -1
intersection of diagonals of a square (or rectangle).
Therefore, z1 , z2, z3 and z4 are either concyclic or 86. A(z1)
vertices of a square (or rectangle). Hence,
z1 , z2, z3 and z4 are concyclic.
p/3
5
83. Let z1 = 1 + i , z2 = - 2 + 3 i and z3 = 0 + i.
3
p/3 p/3
x1 y1 1 1 1 1
Then, x2 y2 1 = -2 3 1 B(z2) C(z3)
5
x3 y3 1 0 1 \ AC = AB eip/ 3
3
98 JEE Main Mathematics

p Þ | A | =| B| B
By rotating in clockwise sense
3
Hence, | A | =| B| =| A - B| |B| |A – B|
Þ (z3 - z1 ) = (z2 - z1 ) eip/ 3 …(i) All sides are equal.
Also, (z1 - z2) = (z3 - z2) eip/ 3 …(ii) Hence, it is an equilateral triangle. O A
|A|
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get 90. (2 - i )z = (2 + i )z
z3 - z1 z2 - z1 Þ (2 - i )(x + iy) = (2 + i )(x - iy)
=
z1 - z2 z3 - z2 Þ 2x - ix + 2 iy + y = 2x + ix - 2iy + y
Þ z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3 z1 Þ 2 ix - 4iy = 0
87. Given z , iz and z + iz be the vertices of a triangle, then L1 : x - 2 y = 0
let z = x + iy Þ (2 + i )z + (i - 2)z - 4i = 0
\ iz = - y + ix, z + iz = (x - y) + i (x + y) Þ (2 + i )(x + iy) + (i - 2)(x - iy) - 4i = 0
x y 1 Þ 2x + ix + 2iy - y + ix - 2x + y + 2iy - 4i = 0
1 Þ 2 ix + 4iy - 4 i = 0
Hence, required area = -y x 1
2 L2 : x + 2 y - 2 = 0
x- y x+ y 1
1
x y 1 Solve L1 and L 2 4 y = 2 , y =
1 2
= -y x 1
2 \ x=1
0 0 -1
æ 1ö
[Q R3 ® R3 - (R1 + R2)] Centre ç1, ÷
è 2ø
é 1 2 ù L3 : iz + z + 1 + i = 0
= ê - (x + y2)ú
ë 2 û
Þ i (x + iy) + x - iy + 1 + i = 0
1
= |z |2 [Q z = x + iy,|z|2 = x2 + y2] Þ ix - y + x - iy + 1 + i = 0
2
Þ (x - y + 1) + i (x - y + 1) = 0
88. Vertices of the triangle are 0 = 0 + i0, z = x + iy æ 1ö
Radius = distance from ç1, ÷ to x - y + 1 = 0
and zeia = (x + iy) (cos a + i sin a ) è 2ø
= (x cos a - y sin a ) + i ( y cos a + x sin a ) 1
1- +1
2 3
\ Area of triangle \ r= =
2 2 2
0 0 1
1 91. Let z = x + iy, therefore given equation becomes
= x y 1
2 (x + iy) (x - iy) + (2 - 3 i ) (x + iy)
(x cos a - y sin a ) ( y cos a + x sin a ) 1
+ (2 + 3 i ) (x - iy) + 4 = 0
1
= [xy cos a + x2 sin a - xy cos a + y2 sin a ] Þ x2 + y2 + 2x + 3 y - 3 ix + 2 iy + 2x - 2 iy
2
+ 3 ix + 3 y + 4 = 0
1 1
= (x2 + y2) sin a = |z|2 sin a 2
[Q|z| = x + y ] 2
Þ x + y2 + 4x + 6 y + 4 = 0
2
2 2
Therefore, given equation represents a circle with radius
A B
89. + =1 = 22 + 32 - 4 = 4 + 9 - 4 = 9 = 3
B A
A 2 + B2 = AB 92. Let z = x + iy
B2 | B2 | z + i x + iy + i x + i ( y + 1 )
Þ =B- AÞ = | B - A| ...(i) \ = =
A | A| z + 2 x + iy + 2 (x + 2) + iy
| A - B|
Þ ½ ½=
A B A [x + i ( y + 1 )] ´ [(x + 2) - iy]
Þ =1 - =
B A ½B½ | A| [(x + 2) + iy] ´ [(x + 2) - iy]
| A 2| é x2 + 2x + y2 + y ù é ( y + 1 ) (x + 2) - xy ù
Þ =| A - B| ...(ii) =ê +iê
| B| 2 2 ú ú
ë (x + 2 ) + y û ë (x + 2)2 + y2 û
Þ | A - B| =| B - A |
Since, it is purely imaginary, therefore real part must
| A 2| | B2| be equal to zero.
Þ = [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
| B| | A |
x2 + y2 + 2x + y
3 3 \ =0
Þ | A | =| B | (x + 2)2 + y2
Complex Numbers 99

Þ x2 + y 2 + 2 x + y = 0
It represents the equation of circle and its radius B
(4, 3)
1 5 z C
= 1+ -0 = A
4 2
Therefore, locus of z in argand diagram is a circle of
5 O P
radius .
2
93. Equation of circle whose centre is z0 and radius is r, is \ Least or minimum value of| z | = OA
2
|z - z0| = r 2 = OC - AC = 5 - 2 = 3
Þ (z - z0 ) (z - z0 ) = r 2 [Q OC = OP 2 + CP 2 = 42 + 32 = 25 = 5]
Þ (z - z0 ) (z - z0 ) = r 2 Greatest or maximum value of z
Þ zz - zz0 - zz0 + z0z0 = r 2 OB = OC + CB = 5 + 2 = 7
94. Given equation of circle, Alternate Method
|z |2 + z (2 + 3i ) + z (2 - 3i ) + 4 = 0 Given,| z - 4 - 3i | = 2
Centre = (- 2 + 3i ), radius = 13 - 4 = 3 and | z - (4 + 3i )| ³ || z | - |4 + 3i ||
\ |z + (2 - 3i )| = 3 …(i) \ 2 ³ || z | - 5|
Let w = z + 3 + 2i = z + 2 - 3i + 1 + 5i Þ || z | - 5| £ 2 Þ - 2 £ | z | - 5 £ 2
\ w - 1 - 5i = z + 2 - 3i Þ 3 £ | z | £ 7.
Þ |w - 1 - 5i| = |z + 2 - 3i| = 3 or |w - 1 - 5i| = 3 \Maximum or minimum value of| z |is 7 and 3,
respectively.
So, w lies on a circle whose centre is (1 + 5i ) and radius
is 3. 97. Let O is orthocentre, G is centroid and C is
z -1 (x - 1) + iy circumcentre, then
95. For z = x + iy, =
2z + i 2x + (2 y + 1)i O(z) 2 G 1 C(0)
[(x - 1) + iy][2x - i (2 y + 1)]
= (on rationalization) z1 + z2 + z3
(2x)2 + (2 y + 1)2
3
æ z - 1 ö 2x(x - 1) + y(2 y + 1) z1 + z2 + z3 2 ´ 0 + 1(z )
\ Reç ÷= = Þ z = z1 + z2 + z3
è 2z + i ø 4x2 + (2 y + 1)2 3 3
Now, it is given that æ|z|2 - |z| + 1 ö
98. log ç ÷ <2
è 2 + |z| ø
3
æ z -1 ö
Re ç ÷ =1
è 2z + i ø |z|2 - |z| + 1
Þ < ( 3 )2
2x(x - 1) + y(2 y + 1) 2 + |z|
Þ =1
4x2 + (2 y + 1)2
Þ |z|2 - |z| + 1 < 3 (2 + |z|)
2 2 2 2
Þ 2x - 2x + 2 y + y = 4x + 4 y + 4 y + 1 Þ |z|2 - 4|z| - 5 < 0
Þ 2x2 + 2 y2 + 2x + 3 y + 1 = 0, is a circle Þ (|z| + 1 ) (|z| - 5) < 0
æ 1 3ö 1 9 1 Þ -1 < |z| < 5 Þ |z| < 5 as|z| > 0
whose centre is ç - , - ÷ and radius is + -
è 2 4ø 4 16 2 \ Locus of z is|z| < 5.
5 5
= , so diameter is .
4 2 Round II
96. Let z = x + iy 1. |z - i Re (z )| = |z - Im (z )|

Given, |z - 4 - 3 i |= 2 If z = x + iy,
Þ | x + iy - 4 - 3 i | = 2 then|x + iy - ix| = |x + iy - y|
Þ |(x - 4) + i ( y - 3)| = 2 x2 + ( y - x)2 = (x - y)2 + y2
Þ (x - 4)2 + ( y - 3)2 = 2 Þ x2 = y 2
or (x - 4)2 + ( y - 3)2 = 4 \ x=± y
which is an equation of circle having centre (4, 3)and Þ Re (z ) = ± Im (z )
radius 2. Þ Re (z ) + Im (z ) = 0
Thus, z lies on the boundary of the circle. and Re (z ) - Im (z ) = 0
100 JEE Main Mathematics

2. a 0z n + a1z n - 1 + a 2z n - 2 + . . . + a n - 1z + a n = 3 \ |z | - 1 ³ 0 and |z | - 25 £ 0
n
Þ|3| = | a 0z + a1z n -1
+ . . . + a n - 1z + a n | Hence, 1 £ | z | £ 25 Þ 1 £ | z - 0| £ 25
Þ 3 £ | a 0 || z | + | a1 || z |n - 1 + . . . + | a n - 1 || z | + | a n |
n 5. z = (1 - i cot 8)3
Þ 3 < 2 (| z |n + | z |n - 1 + . . . + | z | + 1 ) = cosec3 8 (sin 8 - i cos 8)3
3 3
Þ 1 + | z | + | z |2 + . . . + | z |n > ì æp ö æp öü
2 = cosec3 8 í cos ç - 8÷ - i sin ç - 8÷ý
î è 2 ø è 2 øþ
If| z | ³ 1, the inequality is clearly satisfied. For| z | < 1,
ì æ 3p ö æ 3p öü
we must have. = cosec3 8 í cos ç - 24÷ - i sin ç - 24÷ý
1 - | z |n + 1 3 î è 2 ø è 2 øþ
> æ3 p ö æ 3pö
1 -| z| 2 -i ç
è 2
- 24 ÷
ø
i ç 24 -
è
÷
2ø
Þ 2 - 2| z |n + 1 > 3 - 3| z | = cosec3 8 × e = cosec3 8 × e
Þ 2| z |n + 1 < 3| z | - 1 6. Given that, (x - 1 )3 + 8 = 0
1
Þ 3| z | - 1 > 0 Þ| z | > Þ (x - 1 )3 = (- 2 )3
3 3
Since, z1 is a root of given equation, æ x - 1ö æ x - 1ö 1/3
Þ ç ÷ =1Þç ÷ = (1 )
1 è -2 ø è -2 ø
\ | z1 | >
3 æ x - 1ö 2
\ Cube roots of ç ÷ are 1, w and w .
3p è -2 ø
3. Q arg (z - 3 i ) = arg (x + iy - 3 i ) =
4
Þ Cube roots of (x - 1 ) are - 2 , - 2 w and - 2 w2
é 3p ù
Þ x < 0, y - 3 > 0 êQ is in IInd quadrantú Þ Cube roots of x are - 1, 1 - 2 w and 1 - 2 w2.
ë 4 û
1 1 1 1/3
y-3 3p + + , + ...
= tan = -1 7. x = 93 9 27 = 91 - 1/3 = 91/ 2 = 3
x 4
1 1 1 1/3
- + + ...
Þ y= -x+ 3 …(i) y = 43 9 27 = 41 + 1/3 = 41/ 4 = 2
"x < 0 and y>3 ¥
1 1 1
and arg (2z + 1 - 2 i ) = arg [(2x + 1 ) + i (2 y - 2)] =
p z= å (1 + i )-r = + +
1 + i (1 + i )2 (1 + i )3
+ ...
r =1
4
Þ 2x + 1 > 0, 2 y - 2 > 0 1
é p ù 1+ i 1
êëQ 4 is in Ist quadrantúû = = = -i
1 i
1-
2y - 2 p 1+ i
\ = tan = 1
2x + 1 4 Let a = x + yz = 3 - 2i (fourth quadrant). Then,
Þ 2 y - 2 = 2x + 1 æ 2ö
3 -1 arg a = - tan -1 ç ÷
Þ y=x+ , "x> , y>1 …(ii) è 3 ø
2 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 8. Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c - id , where a > 0 and d > 0.
Y Then,| z1 | = | z2|
(0, 3) Þ a 2 + b2 = c2 + d 2 …(i)
z + z2 (a + ib) + (c - id )
Now, 1 =
z1 - z2 (a + ib) - (c - id )
[(a + c) + i (b - d )][(a - c) - i (b + d )]
=
–1/2
X [(a - c) + i (b + d )][(a - c) - i (b + d )]

It is clear from the graph that there is no point of (a 2 + b2) - (c2 + d 2) - 2(ad + bc)i
=
intersection. a 2 + c2 - 2ac + b2 + d 2 + 2bd
25½ ½ 25½ ½ 25½ - (ad + bc )i
4. ½z - ³ ½|z | - ½ Þ 24 ³ ½|z| - ½ = [using Eq. (i)]
½ z½ ½ |z|½ ½ |z|½ a 2 + b2 - ac + bd

Þ -24 £ |z| -
25
£ 24 Þ -24|z| £ |z|2 - 25 £ 24|z| Hence, (z1 + z2)/(z1 - z2) is purely imaginary. However, if
|z| ad + bc = 0, then (z1 + z2)/(z1 - z2) will be equal to zero.
\ |z |2 + 24|z | - 25 ³ 0 and |z |2 - 24|z | - 25 £ 0 According to the conditions of the equation, we can have
ad + bc = 0.
Þ (|z | + 25)(|z | - 1 ) ³ 0 and (|z | - 25)(|z | + 1 ) £ 0
Complex Numbers 101

æ z1 ö Re|w1 w2| = (ab + cd )

9. We have, arg ç ÷=p
è z2 ø = (bl ) b + c (- lc) = l(b2 - c2) = 0
Þ arg (z1 ) - arg (z2) = p 1 + i cos q (1 + i cos q)(1 + 2 i cos q)
14. We have, =
Þ arg (z1 ) = arg (z2) + p 1 - 2 i cos q (1 - 2 i cos q)(1 + 2 i cos q)
Let arg (z2) = q. Then, arg (z1 ) = p + q (1 - 2 cos 2 q) + i 3 cos q
\ z1 = | z1 |[cos (p + q) + i sin (p + q)] =
1 + 4 cos 2 q
= | z1 |(- cos q - i sin q)
(1 + i cos q)
and z2 = | z2|(cos q + i sin q) Thus, is a real number, if cos q = 0
(1 - 2 i cos q)
= | z1 |(cos q + i sin q) [Q| z1 | = | z2|] p
= - z1 Þ q = 2 np ±
2
Þ z1 + z2 = 0
where, n is an integer.
10. | z 2 + 2z cos a | £ | z 2| + |2z cos a |
15. Let z2 = (cos q2 + i sin q2)
= | z |2 + 2| z ||cos a | £ | z |2 + 2| z |
Also, arg (z1 ) + arg (z2) = 0
< ( 2 - 1 )2 + 2 ( 2 - 1 ) = 1
Þ arg (z1 ) = - arg (z2) = - q2
11. C (z3)
\ z1 = [cos (- q2) + i sin (- q2)]
= [cos q2 - i sin q2]
1
Þ z1 = z2 Þ z1 =
z2
Þ z1z2 = 1
B (z2) A (z1)
z1 - z2 1 i 16. | z2 – 3 – 4i | = 5
= - = e ip/ 4
z3 - z2 2 2 B
p
ÐCBA = A
| z1 | = 15
4
Also, | z1 - z2| = | z3 - z2| O
Hence, DABC is isosceles.
C
12. Given that,
| z1 - i | = | z2 - i | = | z3 - i | We have, | z1 | = 15,| z2 - 3 - 4i | = 5
Hence, z1 , z2 and z3 lie on the circle whose centre is i. Minimum value of| z1 - z2|is
Also, given that the triangle is equilateral. Hence, AB = OB - OA = 15 - 10 = 5 Maximum value of| z1 - z2|
centroid and cirucmcentre coincides. is
z1 + z2 + z3 CA = OA + OC = 10 + 15 = 25
\ =i
3 17. It is given for a complex number z = x + iy Î C, such that
Þ | z1 + z2 + z3 | = 3 |z | - Re(z ) £ 1 Þ x2 + y2 £ 1 + x
13. We have, z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id
On squaring both sides, we get
\ |z1|2 = a 2 + b2 = 1 æ 1ö
x2 + y2 £ 1 + x2 + 2x Þ y2 £ 2 ç x + ÷
and |z2|2 = c2 + d 2 = 1 …(i) è 2ø
Also, Re(z1 z2) = 0 18. Let the complex number z = x + iy
Þ ac + bd = 0
Also given,| z - i | = | z - 1|
a d
Þ =- =l …(ii) Þ | x + iy - i | = | x + iy - 1|
b c
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Þ x2 + ( y - 1)2 = (x - 1)2 + y2
b2l2 + b2 = c2 + l2c2 [Q| z | = (Re(z ))2 + (Im(z ))2 ]
Þ b2 = c2 and a 2 = d 2 On squaring both sides, we get
Now, 2 2
|w1| = a + c = a + b = 1 2 2
x2 + y2 - 2 y + 1 = x2 + y2 - 2x + 1
Þ y = x, which represents a line through the origin
and |w2| = b2 + d 2 = a 2 + b2 = 1
with slope 1.
102 JEE Main Mathematics

19. Given, z1 and z2 are non-real complex cube roots of æ p pö

22. Given, w3 = 8i = 8 ç cos + i sin ÷
unity. è 2 2ø
\ z1 = w, z2 = w2 é æ pö æ p öù
= 8 ê cos ç2rp + ÷ + i sin ç2rp + ÷ ú
As we know that, equation of circle when z1 and z2 ë è 2ø è 2 øû
are end parts of diameter is pö pö
æ æ
|z - z1 |2 + |z - z2 |2 = |z1 - z2|2 ç 2rp + ÷ ç 2rp + ÷
Þ w = 2 cos ç 2 ÷ + i sin ç 2 ÷,
\ l = |z1 - z2 |2 ç 3 ÷ ç 3 ÷
è ø è ø
Þ l = |w - w2|2
2 r = 0, 1, 2
-1 i 3 1 i 3
Þ l= - + - For w to be in second quadrant, r = 1
2 2 2 2
é 5p 5p ù
\ l =3 \ w = 2 ê cos + i sin =- 3+i
ë 6 6 úû
a+ i (a + i )2 (a 2 - 1) + (2a )i
20. Let x + iy = Þ x + iy = 2 = 23. Given, z3 + w5 = 0 and z 2 w 4 = 1
a-i a +1 a2 + 1
1
a 2 - 1 æ 2a ö Þ z3 = - w5 and z 2 =
= +ç ÷ i w4
a2 + 1 è a2 + 1 ø
1
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get Þ |z |3 = |w|5 and|z |2 =
|w |4
a2 - 1 2a
x= 2 and y = 2 Þ |z |6 = |w |10 …(i)
a +1 a +1
1
2 2 and |z |6 = …(ii)
æ a2 - 1 ö æ 2a ö |w |12
Now, x2 + y2 = ç 2 ÷ +ç 2 ÷
è a + 1ø è a + 1ø
From Eq. (i) and (ii), we get
a 4 + 1 - 2a 2 + 4a 2 (a 2 + 1)2 1
= = 2 =1 |w |10 = Þ |w |22 = 1
(a 2 + 1)2 (a + 1)2 |w |12
Þ x2 + y2 = 1 Þ |w | = 1 and|z | = 1
ìa+ i ü Þ ww = 1 and z × z = 1 …(iii)
So, S = í ; a Î Rý lies on a circle with radius 1.
î a - i þ Also, z 6 = w10 and z 6 w12 = 1
3|z1| = 4|z2| 1
21. Given, z 6 = 12
w
|z1| 4
Þ = [Qz2 ¹ 0 Þ|z2| ¹ 0] 1
|z2| 3 \ w10 = 12
w
z1 z1 iq z z Þ w10 × w12 = 1
\ = e and 2 = 2 e-iq
z2 z2 z1 z1 Þ w10 × w10 × w 2 = 1 Þ w 2 = 1
iq
[Q z =|z|(cos q + i sin q) = |z| e ] Þ w = 1 or - 1 Þ w = 1, - 1
z1 4 iq z 3 If w = 1, then z3 + w5 = 0 and z 2 w 4 = 1
Þ = e and 2 = e-iq
z2 3 z1 4
Þ z3 + 1 = 0 and z 2 = 1 Þ z = - 1
3 z1 2 z2 1 -iq
Þ = 2eiq and = e If w = - 1, then z3 + w5 = 0 and z 2 w 4 = 1
2 z2 3 z1 2
Þ z - 1 = 0 and z 2 = 1
3

On adding these two, we get

Þ z =1
3 z1 2 z2 1
z= + = 2eiq + e-iq Hence, z and w both are purely real.
2 z2 3 z1 2
1 1 24. It is given for complex number z,
= 2 cos q + 2i sin q + cos q - i sin q
2 2 z-i
=1 … (i)
[Q e± iq = (cos q ± i sin q)] z + 2i
5 3
= cos q + i sin q 5
2 2 and | z| = … (ii)
2
2 2
æ5ö æ3ö 34 17 From Eq. (i), | z - i | = | z + 2i |
Þ |z| = ç ÷ + ç ÷ = =
è2ø è2ø 4 2
Þ Locus of z is a straight line and it is perpendicular
Note that z is neither purely imaginary and nor purely bisector of line joining points (0, - 2) and (0, 1), so locus
real. 1
of z is y = - , where z = x + iy.
2
Complex Numbers 103

5 28. Let the complex numbers

From Eq. (ii), x2 + y 2 =
2 z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2
2 2
æ - 1ö æ5ö Now, it is given that
Þ x2 + ç ÷ =ç ÷
è 2 ø è2ø Re (z1 ) = |z1 - 1| Þ x12 = (x1 - 1)2 + y12
Þ
1
x2 + =
25 Þ y12 + 1 = 2x1 …(i)
4 4 and Re(z2) =|z2 - 1| Þ x22 = (x2 - 1)2 + y22
Þ x2 = 6 Þ y22 + 1 = 2x2 …(ii)
Now,| z + 3i |= | x + ( y + 3) i |= x2 + ( y + 3)2 p y1 - y2 1
and arg (z1 - z2) = Þ = …(iii)
2 6 x1 - x2 3
æ 1 ö 2
= 6 + ç - + 3÷ (Q x = 6 and y = - 1 / 2) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
è 2 ø
25 24 + 25 49 7 y12 - y22 = 2(x1 - x2)
= 6+ = = = y1 - y2 1
4 4 4 2 Þ ( y1 + y2) = 2 Þ ( y1 + y2) = 2
x1 - x2 3
25. If z1 and z1 are adjacent vertices of a regular polygon of n
Þ y1 + y2 = 2 3 Þ Im (z1 + z2) = 2 3
sides with centre at origin and
Hence, option (d) is correct.
Im (z1 )
= 2 - 1 = tan [arg (z1 )].
Re (z1 ) 29. Let a = a + ib and g = c + id,
where a , b, c, d Î R. We have to minimise
A z1=r1ei q
a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2
q Now, f (z ) = (4 + i ) z 2 + z (a + ib) + (c + id )
O q
f (1) = (4 + i ) + (a + ib) + (c + id ) is real.
B z1=r1e–i q or (4 + a + c) + i (1 + b + d ) is real.
Þ b + d + 1 =0 …(i)
If z1 = r1 ei q , then tan q = 2 - 1 = tan (p /8)
f (i ) = - (4 + i ) + i (a + ib) + (c + id ) is real.
q = p /8
= (- 4 - b + c) + i (a + d - 1) is real.
Now, rotation of z1 by 2q i.e. p /4 gives adjacent vertex
Þ a + d =1 …(ii)
2p
of polygon. i.e. there will be = 8 sides in polygon. Hence, there is no restriction on ‘c’.
p
Let c = 0
4
Hence, |a| + |g| = a 2 + b2 + d2
æ (|z|+ 3)(|z|- 1) ö
26. expç ln 2÷ ³ log 2|5 7 + 9 i| = 4 + 2ab + |d| ³ 4 + 2ab > 2
è ||z|+ 1| ø
(|z|+ 3 )(|z|-1 )
with equality if d = 0, a = 1 and b = - 1 .
Þ 2 (|z|+ 1 )
³ log (16) 30. We have,|z | + z = 3 + i
2
(|z|+ 3 )(|z|-1 ) By inspection it is clearly that imaginary part is 1.
(|z|+ 1 )
Þ 2 ³ 23 \ z = x + i for some x Î R
(|z|+ 3)(|z|-1) Þ |x + i | + x + i = 3 + i
Þ ³3
(|z|+ 1)
Þ x2 + 1 = 3 - x
Þ (|z|+ 3) (|z|- 1) ³ 3 (|z|+ 1)
Þ x 2 + 1 = 9 - 6 x + x2
Þ (|z|2+2|z|-3 ³ 3|z|+3) 4
Þ 6x = 8 Þ x =
Þ |z|2 - |z|-6 ³ 0 3
Þ (|z|-3)(|z|+2) ³ 0 Þ|z|-3 ³ 0 4
Þ z= +i
3
Þ |z|³ 3 Þ |z|min = 3
16 25 5
27. Q |z + 4| £ 3 Þ |z | = +1= Þ |z | =
9 9 3
|z + 1| = |z + 4 - 3|
31. For z = x + iy, z 2 = i | z |2
Þ ||z + 4| - |3 || £ | z + 4 - 3 | £ |z + 4| + |- 3 |
[using triangle inequality] Þ x2 - y2 + 2i xy = ix2 + iy2
Þ |z + 4 | - 3 | £ |z + 1| £ 3 + 3 Þ x2 - y2 = i (x - y)2
Þ 3 - 3 £ |z + 1| £ 6 Þ (x - y) (x + y) = i (x - y)2
0 £ |z + 1| £ 6 Þ x = y or x + y = i (x - y)
\ Greatest and least values are 6 and 0, respectively. So, the z lies on the line, y = x.
104 JEE Main Mathematics

æ p p ö æ1 ö
32. zn = cos ç + i sin ÷ 34. Q sin -1 ç (z - 1)÷ is only defined in [-1, 1]
è (2 n + 1 ) (2 n + 3 ) (2 n + 1 ) (2 n + 3 ) ø èi ø

z1 × z2 × z3 K zn which is possible, when Re (z - 1) = 0.

æ p p p ö i.e. x-1 =0
Þ cos ç + +L+ ÷
è 3 ×5 5 × 7 (2n + 1) (2n + 3) ø Þ x=1
Þ Re (z ) = 1
æ p p p ö
+ i sin ç + + L+ ÷ Im (z )
è 3 ×5 5 × 7 (2n + 1) (2n + 3) ø Also, i.e. y satisfy the condition of principal
i
é p ì æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 öü æ 1 1 öù branch i.e. 0 < y < 1. (for angle of D)
Þ cos ê í ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ý + L + ç - ÷
ë î
2 è 3 5 ø è 5 7 ø þ è 2 n + 1 2 n + 3 ø úû Hence, sin -1 ç
æ z - 1ö
÷ is only defined when Re (z ) = 1
è i ø
é p ìæ1 1ö æ1 1 ö æ 1 1 öü ù
+ i sin ê í ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ + L + ç - ÷ý and 0 < Im (z ) < 1.
ë 2 îè3 5ø è5 7ø è 2n + 1 2n + 3 øþ úû
35. Let a complex number, z = x + iy, then|x| + | y| = 4
é p æ1 1 öù é p æ1 1 öù
= cos ê ç - ÷ ú + i sin ê ç - ÷ú Y
ë 2 è 3 2 n + 3 ø û ë 2 è 3 2 n + 3øû (0, 4)
Now, lim z1 × z2 L zn x+y=4
n® ¥

é (–4, 0)
æp p ö æp p öù X¢ X
= lim ê cos ç - ÷ + i sin ç - ÷ú O (4, 0)
n® ¥
ë è 6 2(2n + 3) ø è 6 2(2n + 3) ø û
p p
= cos + i sin
6 6 (0, –4)
2pi/3 Y¢
33. Given, z=e
So, maximum value of|z | = 4 and minimum value of
\ 1 + z + 3z 2 + 2z3 + 2z 4 + 3z5 |z | = perpendicular distance of line
= 1 + e2pi/3 + 3(e2pi/3 )2 + 2(e2pi/3 )3 |-4|
x + y = 4 from origin = =2 2
4 2
+ 2 (e2pi/3 ) + 3(e2pi/3 )5
\ |z |Î [2 2 , 4] = [ 8 , 16 ]
æ æ 2p ö æ 2p ö ö
= 1 + ç cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ ÷
è è 3 ø è 3 øø So,|z |cannot be 7.
é æ 4p ö æ 4p ö ù z - z2 p
+ 3 ê cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ ú 36. 1 is purely imaginary, as ÐB = .
è 3 ø è 3 øû z3 - z2 2
ë
C B
+ 2 [cos 2p + i sin 2p ] z3 z2
é 8p æ 8p ö ù
+ 2 ê cos + i sin ç ÷ ú
ë 3 è 3 øû
z4 z1
é æ 10p ö æ 10p ö ù D A
+ 3 ê cos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷
ë è 3 ø è 3 ø úû z1 - z3
is purely imaginary as diagonals intersects at
= 1 + [cos 120° + i sin 120° ] + 3 [cos 240° z2 - z4
+ i sin 240° ] + 2 [cos 360° + i sin 360° ] right angle.
z1 - z2
+ 2 [cos 480° + i sin 480° ] is not purely imaginary as AB and CD are
z3 - z4
+ 3 [cos 600° + i sin 600° ]
parallel.
é 1 3 ù é 1 3 ù
=1 + ê- + iú + 3 ê- - iú 3 æ1ö
ë 2 2 û ë 2 2 û 37. Given, z = + ç ÷i
2 è2ø
+ 2 [1 + 0] + 2 [cos 120° + i sin 120° ] p
p p i
+ 3 [cos 120° - i sin 120° ] = cos + i sin = e 6
6 6
é 1 3 ù é 1 3 ù 9
= 3 - 2 - 3i + 2 ê - + iú + 3 ê - - iú æ i
p
i
5p 8p
i ö
ë 2 2 û ë 2 2 û so, (1 + iz + z5 + iz 8 )9 = ç1 + ie 6 + e 6 + ie 6 ÷
ç ÷
æ 5ö 3 3 3 3 è ø
= 1 - 3i + ç - ÷ - i=- - i
è 2ø 2 2 2 æ i
p
i
p
i
5p
i
p 4p
i ö
9
é p
i ù
é1 ù = ç1 + e 2 × e 6 + e 6 + e 2 × e 3 ÷ êQ i = e 2 ú
3 ç ÷ êë úû
= -3 ê + i ú = - 3epi/3 è ø
ë 2 2 û
Complex Numbers 105

2p 5p 11 p ö 9
æ i i i 40. |z | = max {|z - 1 |,|z + 1 |}
= ç1 + e 3 + e 6 + e 6 ÷
ç ÷ Case I |z - 1| > |z + 1| …(i)
è ø
é æ 2p 2p ö æ 5p 5p ö Þ |z | = |z - 1|
= ê1 + ç cos + i sin ÷ + ç cos + i sin ÷ 1
ë è 3 3 ø è 6 6 ø Þ z = , perpendicular bisector of origin and (1, 0).
9 2
æ 11p 11p ö ù
+ ç cos + i sin ÷ 1
è 6 6 ø úû But, when z =
2
9
æ 1 i 3 3 1 3 iö
= ç1 - + - + i+ - ÷
è 2 2 2 2 2 2ø O 1 /2 1
9 9
æ1 3i ö æ p pö 1
=ç + ÷ = ç cos + i sin ÷ |z - 1| =
è2 2 ø è 3 3ø 2
= cos 3p + i sin 3p [Q for any natural number ‘n’ 3
and |z + 1| =
(cos q + i sin q)n = cos(nq) + i sin(nq)] 2
= -1 \Case I does not hold.
38. We have, z5 - 1 = (z - 1) (z - a1 ) .... (z - a 4 ) …(i) Case II |z - 1| < |z + 1| …(ii)
Putting z = w in Eq. (i), we get Þ |z| = |z + 1|
(w - 1)(w - a1 )(w - a 2)(w - a3 ) 1
Þ z = - , perpendicular bisector of origin and (- 1, 0).
(w - a 4 ) = w5 - 1 2
Now, putting z = w2 in Eq. (i), we get 1
But when z = -
(w2 - 1) (w2 - a1 ) (w2 - a 2) 2
(w2 - a3 ) (w2 - a 4 ) = w10 - 1
–1 –1/2 O
(w - 1) (w - a1 ) (w - a 2) (w - a3 ) (w - a 4 ) w5 - 1
\ 2 =
(w - 1) (w2 - a1 ) (w2 - a 2) (w2 - a3 ) (w2 - a 4 ) w10 - 1 3
|z - 1| =
(w - a1 )(w - a 2)(w - a3 )(w - a 4 ) 2
Þ
(w2 - a1 )(w2 - a 2)(w2 - a3 )(w2 - a 4 ) and |z + 1 | =
1
(w2 - 1)2 2
= = (w + 1)2 = w4 = w \ Case II does not hold.
(w - 1)2
Þ z Îf
39. |z|³ 2 is the region on or outside circle whose centre is
41. Given,| z | = 1, arg z = q\z = eiq
(0, 0) and radius is 2.
1
1 But z=
Minimum z + is distance of z, which lie on the circle z
2
æ -1 ö æ ö
|z |= 2 from ç , 0÷ . ç1 + z÷
è 2 ø \ arg ç ÷ = arg (z ) = q
ç1 + 1 ÷
1 æ 1 ö è zø
\Minimum z + = Distance of ç - , 0÷ from (-2, 0)
2 è 2 ø
z2
2 42. Since, (z ¹ 1 ) is purely real.
æ 1ö 3 z -1
= ç -2 + ÷ + 0 =
è 2ø 2
z2 z2
Hence, =
Geometrically z -1 z - 1
2
1 æ -1 ö 3 Þ z 2(z - 1 ) = z 2(z - 1 )
Min z + = AD = ç + 2÷ + 0 =
2 è 2 ø 2 Þ z 2z - z 2 = z 2z - z 2
Y Þ zzz - z 2 = z 2zz - z 2
z | z |2 - z 2 = z | z |2 - z 2
Þ z | z |2 - z | z |2 = z 2 - z 2
D A
X¢ X Þ | z |2 (z - z ) = (z - z )(z + z )
(0, 0) (2, 0)
(–2, 0)
(
– 1, 0
2 ) Þ 2
| z | (z - z ) - (z - z )(z + z ) = 0
Þ (z - z ){| z |2 - (z + z )} = 0
Y¢
106 JEE Main Mathematics

Either (z - z ) = 0 or {| z |2 - (z + z )} = 0 Þ a 2 + b2 = 1 ...(i)
Now, z = z Þ Locus of z is real axis and | A + 1| = 1
and {| z |2 - (z + z )} = 0 Þ (a + 1)2 + b2 = 1 ...(ii)
Þ zz - (z + z ) = 0 Þ 2
(a + 1) - a = 0 2

Locus of z is a circle passing through origin. [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
Alternate Method Þ a 2 + 1 + 2a - a 2 = 0
Put z = x + iy, then 1
z2 (x + iy)2 (x2 - y2) + i (2xy) a=-
= = 2
z - 1 (x + iy) - 1 (x - 1 ) + iy 3 3
From Eq. (i), b2 = Þ b = ±
(x2 - y2) + i (2xy) (x - 1 ) - iy 4 2
= ´
(x - 1 ) + iy (x - 1 ) - iy -1 ± i 3
Hence, A= Þ A = w, w2
z2 2
Since, (z ¹ 1 ) is purely real, hence its imaginary
z -1 Q ( A )n = ( A + 1)n Þ wn = (1 + w)n = (- w2)n
part should be equal to zero. Which is true when n must be even or divisible by 3.
2 2
Þ (x - y )(- y) + (2xy)(x - 1 ) = 0 For minimum value of n ¢ , n must be 6.
Þ y(x2 - y2 + 2x - 2x2) = 0 46. Given, |z + 5| £ 4
Þ y(x2 + y2 - 2x) = 0 Þ (x + 5)2 + y2 £ 16 …(i)
Þ Either y = 0 Þ x2 + y2 - 2x = 0 Also, z (1 + i ) + z (1 - i ) ³ -10
Now, y = 0 Þ Locus of z is real axis and x2 + y2 - 2x = 0. Þ x - y ³ -5 [Q z = x + iy] …(ii)
Locus of z is a circle pasing through origin. From Eqs. (i) and (ii) Locus of z is the shaded region in
Locus of z is either real axis or a circle passing through the diagram.
origin. Y

43. It is given that,

m/ 2 n/3 x–y=5
æ1 + i ö æ1 + i ö B
ç ÷ =ç ÷ = 1, (m, n Î N ) 0)
è1 - i ø è i - 1ø ,
–5 Q(–1, 0)
m/ 2 n/3 A(
Þ i = 1 = (- i ) X¢
O
X
So, the least values of ‘m’ and ‘n’ are 8 and 12
respectively. P
\ GCD {8, 12} = 4 Y¢
|z + 1|represents distance of ‘z’ from Q(-1, 0). Clearly ‘p’
Hence, answer is 4.00.
21 21
is the required position of ‘z’ when|z + 1|is maximum.
æ i 2p ö æ ip ö \ P º (-5 - 2 2 , - 2 2 )
ç2e 3 ÷ ç2e 3 ÷