Laminar Pipe Flow Tutorial
Dr. Zaib Ali
Problem Statement
Consider fluid flowing through a circular pipe of constant radius as illustrated below.
The figure is not to scale. The pipe diameter D = 0.2 m and length L = 3 m. Consider
the inlet velocity to be constant over the cross-section and equal to 1 m/s. The pressure
at the pipe outlet is 1 atm. Take density ρ = 1 kg/ m3 and coefficient of viscosity µ = 2 x
10 -3 kg/(m*s). These parameters have been chosen to get a desired Reynolds number of
100 and don't correspond to any real fluid.
We'll solve this problem numerically using ANSYS Fluent. We'll look at the
following results:
Velocity vectors
Velocity magnitude contours
Pressure contours
Velocity profile at the outlet
Mathematical Model
2D, Axisymmetric Assumption
Mathematical Model
Domain
Mathematical Model
Vector Form
Mathematical Model
Expanded Form
Mathematical Model
Boundary conditions
Numerical Solution Process
Numerical Solution Process
Flow Development
Equation 8.1 (Munson)
Simplified Mathematical Model
Analytical Solution
Equation 8.7 and 8.8 (Munson)
Drag Coefficient
Flow Over Airfoil
Dr. Zaib Ali
Problem Statement
Simulate inviscid flow over a NACA 0012 Airfoil at a 6 degree angle of attack.
• Determine the velocity and pressure fields around the airfoil
• Pressure coefficient variation over the airfoil
• Lift and drag coefficients
• Compare with the experimental results
Problem Setup
Airfoil coordinates: [Link]
Experimental Lift Coefficient Value: 0.6630 (Gregory & O'Reilly, NASA R&M 3726, Jan 1970.)
CD Nozzle and Supersonic Wedge
Dr. Zaib Ali
CD Nozzle
Consider air flowing at high-speed through a convergent-divergent nozzle having a
circular cross-sectional area, A, that varies with axial distance from the throat, x,
according to the formula
A = πr2 = 0.1 + x2; -0.5 < x < 0.5
where A is in square meters and x is in meters. The stagnation pressure po at the inlet
is 101,325 Pa. The stagnation temperature To at the inlet is 300 K. The static
pressure p at the exit is 3,738.9 Pa. We will calculate the Mach number, pressure and
temperature distribution in the nozzle using Ansys Fluent and compare the solution to
quasi-1D nozzle flow results. The Reynolds number for this high-speed flow is large.
So we expect viscous effects to be confined to a small region close to the wall. So it is
reasonable to model the flow as inviscid.
mach_1D.xy
Supersonic Wedge
A uniform supersonic stream encounters a wedge with a half-angle of 15 degrees as
shown in the figure below.
Using FLUENT, calculate the Mach Number, static and total pressure behind the
oblique shock that will be formed. Also, calculate the shock angle, pressure
coefficient along the wedge and drag coefficient. Compare the FLUENT results with
the corresponding analytical results.
Supersonic Wedge
Supersonic Wedge
Supersonic Wedge
Supersonic Wedge
Laminar Flow Over Cylinder
Turbulent Pipe Flow
Dr. Zaib Ali
Problem Statement
The inlet velocity is 1 m/s, the fluid exhausts into the ambient atmosphere and density
is 1 kg/m3. For µ = 2 x 10 -5 kg/(ms), the Reynolds no. based on the pipe diameter
and average velocity at the inlet is
At this Reynolds number, the flow is usually
completely turbulent.
We will use k-ε turbulence model with Enhanced
Wall Treatement
We'll look at are centerline velocity, skin friction
coefficient and the axial velocity profile at the
outlet.
Mesh size is 100x30
3D Transonic Flow over Wing
3D Transonic Flow over Wing
Flow over the Onera M6 wing is transonic and compressible. The wing flow experiences
supersonic conditions, a shock, and boundary layer separation.
Simulation using RANS and SA Turbulence Model
3D Transonic Flow over Wing
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Darrieus VAWT (Lift based)
The center of each blade is located 0.04m from
the center of the hub.
Consider that the turbine is already spinning
independently of the flow
Assume the airfoils are flat plates of dimension
0.1x2cm positioned on a pitch angle of 20deg,
i.e. the plates are placed such that when they
are at the upper-most part of its trajectory, they
form an angle of 20deg with the horizontal.
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
• To account for the rotation of the mesh, we
cannot simply create one single mesh.
Instead, we had to create sub regions or
Zones of meshing.
• The mesh created is "non-conformal“
• Creation of the interfaces between the
different zones of the mesh.
• Cell Zone Conditions:
• moving frame of reference (for steady
flow simulation)
• moving mesh/sliding mesh or (for
unsteady flow simulation)
• 6 DoF Solver
• Boundary conditions for blades: Also need
to specify the blade movement i.e. moving
wall.
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
• Set Interface Zones
• Set Zones Conditions
• Set remaining BCs i.e., inlet, outlet, moving
blades
3D Bifurcating Artery
3D Bifurcating Artery
The diameter of the artery at the inlet is around
6.3mm. The diameter of Outlet 1 is around
4.5mm and the diameter of Outlet 2 is around
3.0mm. The density of blood is 1060 kg/m^3.
Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, meaning the
coefficient of viscosity of blood is not a
constant, but is a function of velocity gradients.
This only has approximately a 10% effect on
the results, and so for simplicity we will model
the fluid with a constant viscosity here. The
pressure at the outlet is defined to be constant
(100 mmHg).
Boundary Conditions
Artery Wall: Wall
Inlet: v = 0.315 m/s. Re = 600.
Outlets: The systolic pressure of a healthy human is around 120 mmHg and the
diastolic pressure of a healthy human is around 80 mmHg. Thus taking the average
pressure of the two phases, we use 100 mmHg (around 13332 Pascal) as the static
pressure at the outlets.
3D Bifurcating Artery
Meshing: (1) Local mesh refinement using sphere of influence option (2)
Inflation layers creation
Unsteady Case: UDF based inlet velocity specification, Particle Tracking
Turbulent Forced Convection
Turbulent Forced Convection
Pipe Geometry:
Circular cross-section
Pipe radius = 2.94e-2 m
Pipe length = 6.045 m
Material Properties:
Coeff. of viscosity = 1.787e-5 kg/(m s)
Cp = 1005 J/(kg K)
Thermal conductivity = 0.0266 W/(m K)
Molecular weight = 28.97 g/mole
Inlet: Wall:
• u = 30.06 m/s • Heating between x = 1.83 m and x = 4.27 m
• v = 0 m/s • Wall heat flux = 5210.85 W/m2
• T = 298.15 K • Wall roughness: 0 (assume smooth)
• Wall thickness: 0 (assume negligible)
Outlet:
• Pressure = 97225.9 Pa Ambient conditions:
• Ambient pressure = 98338.2 Pa
