See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/347514098

The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Project Management Research: A

Review

Article  in  International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence · June 2021

DOI: 10.9781/ijimai.2020.12.003

CITATIONS READS
4 5,520

3 authors:

Jesus Gil Ruiz Javier Martínez

Universidad Internacional de La Rioja University of Vigo
2 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS    102 PUBLICATIONS   917 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Ruben Gonzalez Crespo

Universidad Internacional de La Rioja
338 PUBLICATIONS   2,553 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Slate slabs classification using Machine Learning and Artifitial Vision View project

RICE-2017 - International Conference on Research in Intelligent and Computing in Engineering View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Ruben Gonzalez Crespo on 20 December 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Project
Management Research: A Review
Jesús Gil Ruiz1*, Javier Martínez Torres2, Rubén González Crespo3
1
School of Doctorate Programs, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, La Rioja (Spain)
2
Department of Applied Mathematics I, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo (Spain)
3
School of Engineering and Technology, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, La Rioja
(Spain)

Received 11 May 2020 | Accepted 7 October 2020 | Published 18 December 2020

Abstract Keywords
The field of artificial intelligence is currently experiencing relentless growth, with innumerable models emerging Artificial Intelligence,
in the research and development phases across various fields, including science, finance, and engineering. In Decision Support
this work, the authors review a large number of learning techniques aimed at project management. The analysis Systems, Evolutionary
is largely focused on hybrid systems, which present computational models of blended learning techniques. At Diffuse Hybrid Neuronal
present, these models are at a very early stage and major efforts in terms of development is required within Network, Project
the scientific community. In addition, we provide a classification of all the areas within project management Management, Project
and the learning techniques that are used in each, presenting a brief study of the different artificial intelligence Success, Critical.
techniques used today and the areas of project management in which agents are being applied. This work
should serve as a starting point for researchers who wish to work in the exciting world of artificial intelligence DOI:10.9781/ijimai.2020.12.003
in relation to project leadership and management.

I. Introduction [142] and all areas of the project must be tightly controlled, including
in terms of the information systems [66].

I N recent decades, projects have tended to increase in complexity

to the point where they have become mega projects such as, for
example, the particle accelerator (CERN) or the photovoltaic plants
In fact, the current methodologies are largely insufficient since the
project manager is generally left to deal with the decision making,
who, based on his or her professional experience, must make “intuitive”
(BEN BAN solar) with the power of almost two nuclear reactors (1.8 decisions based on previous cases when facing a problem with infinite
GW). Meanwhile, the attendant industrial growth has resulted in a variables and possibilities. Here, it is virtually impossible to face all
greater degree of competence when addressing these projects in terms the issues and challenges that today’s projects entail. In fact, there are
of their control and development, which has become a necessity since a number of diverse reasons why projects tend to fail. However, after
the projects often involve extremely tight profit margins. Adopting more than ten years working on projects and learning about other
certain project management methodologies (e.g., PMI, [130], IPMA, professionals’ experiences, we would highlight the following:
and PRINCE) allows us to manage the start and the evolution of a
project in the most optimal way possible, controlling and responding • Unassembled objectives or objectives that are not clearly defined.
to any problems that arise during the project, facilitating their • There is no communication protocol.
completion and approval before any further risks arise. However, these • Lack of definition of roles and responsibilities.
methodologies are arguably not sufficient since the processes must be • Expectation management.
clearly structured with complete and clear control of the project in
• Scope Corruption.
all the relevant areas. The aim must be to improve the experience of
the project manager when dealing with the various adverse situations • Ignore Project Risks.
that will likely be encountered in the development of the project • Lack of involvement of participants.
while simultaneously preventing errors due to a lack of planning or • Absence of formal planning.
management, such as in portfolio management [41]. While the desired • Estimated errors / unrealistic.
project management methodology (PMP) practices are currently being
• Absence of methodologies, templates and documentation.
implemented – which allow for the best possible management of a
project – as noted above, the processes must be clearly structured • Lack of resources.
• Absence of evidence or little focus on quality.
• Little formalized modification process.
* Corresponding author.
• Lack of training.
E-mail address: [email protected]
• Little or no address support.

Please cite this article in press as:

-1-
J. Gil Ruiz, J. Martínez Torres, R. González Crespo. The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Project Management Research: A review, International
Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, (2020), http://dx.doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2020.12.003
 International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence

While all these points can be improved with a clear PMP, they will The objective of this document is to review the new proposals
always depend on the human factor, and many of them are difficult related to AI to improve the success of the project and to ascertain
to deal with, even for an experienced project manager. In view of this, the applications and uses that AI has in the broad field of project
artificial intelligence (AI) can play an important role in a variety of areas. management, from the development phase of the business [91] to its
start-up [154] and onto its operation [125] [165] and maintenance [95]
[106] [156].
A. Individual Techniques
Machine Learning- Autonomus Artificial
We begin by outlining each of the techniques used in the field of
Integration Chatbots Bases Project Intelligence Project project management.
& Automation Assistant Management Management

1983 2016 2023-2035 2035-2050 1. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

Neural networks attempt to simulate [162] the way the human brain
Fig. 1.Evolution of AI in project management [100].
works as closely as possible, and are currently used in a number of
Fig. 1 shows the evolution that has taken place in the last 37 years, fields, including medicine, engineering, and construction management
and what is expected in the future. [120]. The neural network conforms to data patterns and offers better
results. This is achieved through learning the network [165] and
Integration, Automation, and Chatbot Assistants comparing the results of the neural network with the data of other
The first phase involved the integration of task automation software projects until the performance of the neural network is optimized.
such as Microsoft Project and Primavera (Oracle), which first appeared Neural networks have the following advantages [109]:
in 1983. In recent years, chatbot assistants are being used for meetings • The storage of information throughout the network.
and management equipment recaps and reminders, etc. While in
• The ability to work with incomplete knowledge.
everyday life, we have been surrounded by chatbots for several years,
the area is still in its infancy in the world of project management. • Fault tolerance.
• The ability to carry out machine learning.
Project Management Based on Machine Learning
• A parallel-processing capacity.
The third stage began with the purest concept of AI. In the area of
project management, machine learning [132] has been implemented These advantages make its implementation in computational
to allow for predictive and corrective analysis aimed at providing models highly interesting in all fields of research, text analytics [119],
the project manager with data for decision making in terms of, for and project management [76].
example, how to plan and manage project resources within certain 2. Neural Networks of High Order (HONNS)
parameters and restrictions or how to deal with problems and risks in
order to achieve project success based on the history of past projects. HONNs were originally proposed in the 1960s to perform nonlinear
In less than ten years, AI could work with the lessons learned from discrimination but were discarded due to the enormous amount
the project history and could suggest new project schedules, adapting of higher-order terms [43]. Beginning in the mid-1990s, several
[87] to the real time according to the performance of the resources researchers relied on HONNs rather than ONNs to resolve specific
and the progress of the project. An AI system could even alert the classification problems [79]. In a high-order neuronal, the neuron
project manager about any possible risks and opportunities through outputs are fed back to the same neuron or to neurons in the previous
the use of real-time project data analysis. A new vision will be created layers, as shown in Fig. 2. The signals are transmitted in forward and
when it comes to directing projects by minimizing the risks involved backward directions. High-order artificial neural networks are mainly
in decision making. An AI system may be capable of making decisions based on the Hopfield model.
for itself, which will herald the new era of AI [19], one that will mark
the fourth phase of the evolution of project management. u1 wi1
The objective of this work is to review the new proposals emerging un win
in the field of AI in the various areas, and to ascertain which xi xi
techniques could be the most effective for ensuring the success of Σ ∫
the projects. We also look at all the applications and uses [112] of z1
wi1
AI in the broad field of project management, from the commercial -a
zn
development phase to the construction and commissioning phase, wiN
including its application in the areas of operation and maintenance.
Numerous international studies have recently emerged in relation to Z(x) Πtanh(*)
optimization techniques such as neural networks [27], support vector
machines [8], evolutionary algorithms [61], and hybrid systems [32] Fig. 2. Neural Network of high order [135].
[2]. Given their relevance to PMP, these techniques will improve the
experience of the project manager when facing the various adverse 3. Hopfield Neural Network (HNN)
situations that will be encountered in the development of the project, The HNN [146] is a form of high-order artificial neural network
and will help to prevent the errors resulting from a lack of planning with a single layer of fully connected neurons (i.e., all neurons are also
or management. connected to each other, as shown in Fig. 3) and provides a method to
resolve combinatorial optimization problems. A HNN is guaranteed
II. Summary of Machine Learning Techniques to converge to a local minimum if a problem can be described as
an energy function with a minimum corresponding to the optimal
A project has traditionally been classified as successful if it has solution [60] [122].
complied with the following restrictions: scope, budget, and schedule.

-2-
 Article in Press

u1 w1 the organizational models that are obtained by describing the business

Neurona 1
x1 architecture through business modelling activities.
xi
ui xi
u2 w2
x2 Σ w12
redi C1 C2
u3 w3 w11x1 w23
x3 w12 w31
w13x3
w12x2 w41
C3
Fig. 3. Topology of Hopfield networks, here with 3 neurons as an example [102]. C5
w45
4. Fuzzy Logic (FL)
FL was initially proposed as a tool to describe uncertainty and w54 C4 w34
inaccuracy [163]. Since it mimics the higher-order mode in which the
human brain makes decisions in the face of uncertainty or vagueness,
FL provides an effective way for automated systems to describe highly
Fig. 5. Diffuse cognitive map topology [143].
complex [48], poorly defined, or difficult to analyze subjects. In general,
FL is composed of a fuzzifier, a rule base, an inference engine, and a
defuzzifier [145] as shown in Fig. 4. The FL approach involves a number 6. Genetic Algorithms (GAs)
of issues that have yet to be overcome [57], such as the configuration GAs present adaptive methods that can be used to resolve search
of the membership function, the determination of the composition and optimization problems and are based on the genetic process of
operator, and the acquisition of fuzzy rules that are specific [152] to living organisms. Over the generations, populations evolve in nature
the application. While FL parameters can be determined using the according to the principles of natural selection and the survival of the
experience and knowledge of experts, determining these parameters fittest, as postulated by Darwin (1859). The power of GAs lies in the
in the absence of such experts remains difficult, especially in terms of fact that they present a robust technique and can successfully handle
complex issues. a wide variety of problems in different areas, including those where
other methods encounter difficulties. While a GA is not guaranteed
to find the optimal solution for a specific problem, empirical evidence
Rules
suggests that solutions of an acceptable level can be identified in a
timely manner when compared with other combinatorial optimization
Fuzzifier Defuzzifier algorithms. The wide application of GAs is related to the problems for
which there are no specialized techniques. In fact, these algorithms are
Input Output used in countless applications, including in the fields of engineering
[13], planning, games, and image processing [97]. Fig. 6 shows the
Intelligence
working architecture of GAs.
Fig. 4. Architecture of fuzzy logic systems [153]. Gene Chromosome
Initial 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
5. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (DCMs) population
DCMs present an extension of cognitive maps and constitute Chromosome Fitness
Evaluation Function RMSE
a fuzzy graphical structure (as shown in Fig. 5) used to represent Fitness Design
causal reasoning [96]. Their application is recommended for domains
where the concepts and relationships are fundamentally fuzzy, such 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Selection
as politics, history, and strategic planning (projects) [51]. In the
diagram shown in Fig. 5, each node represents a fuzzy set or an event Parents 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
that occurs to some degree. Here, it should be clarified that nodes are Crossover
causal concepts and can model events, actions, values, objectives, or Children 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
processes. Using this technique also provides the benefits of visual
modelling, simulation, and prediction. Scenario analysis contributes to Mutation
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
the identification of different alternatives to reach a future state [124].
No Yes Bit Inversion
This presents a flexible strategic planning method that is frequently
Final 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
used in technology management. While DCMs have been used for Generation?
scenario analysis, there is a lack of methodologies and tools that allow Final Solution
for a fully effective quantitative analysis of the generated scenarios. In
Fig. 6. Genetic Algorithms Diagram [70].
the area of information technology management [104], the simulation
of software development projects and risk analysis in ERP maintenance In general, the application of GAs to the planning of multiple
stand out. While the use of DCMs has been proposed for the integration projects that are to be executed simultaneously has yielded good
of strategic planning in relation to information systems and processes results. In certain studies, a method based on penalties has been
[136], the possible project options are neither represented nor analyzed. adopted [58] since it is difficult to obtain wholly correct solutions due
Furthermore, despite the DCM applications for the selection of to the complexity of the problem of optimization. While the identified
information technology projects, the technique has not been linked to solutions have, on the whole, been good, it is important to highlight

-3-
 International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence

that, in some cases, the solutions lay outside of the algorithms, since the 9. Bootstrap Technique (BT)
best solutions do not always meet all the restrictions of the problem. The bootstrap method is a statistical technique used to estimate
7. Fast-Messy Genetic Algorithm (FmGA) quantities across a specific population by averaging estimates from
multiple small data samples [50]. Importantly, the samples are
The fmGA [64] can efficiently identify optimal solutions to
constructed by drawing observations from a large data sample one
problems with a large number of permutations. This type of algorithm
at a time before returning them to the data sample after they have
is known for its flexibility due to its capacity for being combined with
been chosen. This allows a given observation to be included in a
other methodologies to obtain better results [160]. The difference
small sample more than once. This sampling approach is known
between this and other genetic algorithms is based on the possibility
as “replacement sampling.” The bootstrap method can be used to
of modifying building blocks [86] to identify the best partial solutions,
estimate the size of a given population. This is achieved by repeatedly
which help us to focus on a faster global solution [65]. Fig. 7 shows the
taking small samples, calculating the statistics, and then extracting
working architecture of Messy GA.
the average. The bootstrap technique is a widely applicable and
extremely powerful [159] statistical tool that can be used to quantify
Messy GA
the uncertainty associated with a given estimator or statistical
learning method (e.g., ascertaining the probability that a project will
Tournament selection Tournament selection with shuffling be successful). This is achieved by training the model with a sample
without shuffling and evaluating the capacity of the model in relation to the samples not
included in the main sample. A useful feature of the bootstrap method
Population Population [17] is that the sample resulting from the estimates often forms a
Population size size halved Population
size halved
does not change at every size does Gaussian distribution. This technique is used in a wide variety of
at every
other not change
generation sectors, including the fields of medicine, financial management [154]
generation
[111][142], and project management [68]. An example for risk analysis
is shown in Fig. 9.
Juxtapositional
phase Phase 2: Non.parametric
Phase 1: Risk Phase 3:
Data Collection Bootstrap technique Interval Risk
Start End Risk Observation Start Calculate interval
data (original risk score
samples) Apply non-parametric
Bootstrap technique
(B=mi) Determine the
Fig. 7. Messy GA Architecture [99]. final risk ranking

The algorithm is used in many applications, especially in relation Calculate confidence

i=i+1 interval for the
to the resource management area of project management and civil criterio of risk analysis
engineering [45].
No Interval numbers
8. Support Vector Machine (SVM) stabilized?
Yes
SVM presents a new form of learning, one that is more powerful than End
that using traditional learning tools. The technique can also be used to
resolve data regression and categorization problems. Much like neural Fig. 9. Proposed approach for risk analysis [67].
networks, SVM requires training and testing using a training dataset.
The SVM functions allow for the better handling of unknown data and 10. K-Grouping Means
the technique generally has certain advantages over neural networks,
often successfully applied to cost [10] and project management [158]. K-means presents an easy approach to creating groups of data
Within the area of classification, SVM belongs to the category of linear from random datasets [84]. K-means grouping that incorporates
classifiers since it induces linear or hyperplane separators (as shown heuristics such as Lloyd’s algorithm is easy to implement, even
in Fig. 8), either in the original space of the input examples [20] – in terms of large datasets, and has thus been widely used in many
either separable or quasi-separable (noise) – or in a transformed space areas, such as market segmentation, computer vision, geostatistics,
(characteristic space). astronomy, and data mining in agriculture. The method is also used
for the pre-processing in other algorithms, including in terms of
identifying an initial configuration. While the main problem is that
it cannot guarantee optimal convergence, it remains widely used
due to its simplicity. Many algorithms can identify specific domains.
K-means generally converges in practical applications [55], especially
in pattern recognition problems. K-means clustering is also widely
and commonly used due to its simplicity, while it does have certain
inherent drawbacks, including having a fixed configuration for the
optimal solution and being fairly time consuming.
11. Other Relevant Optimization Techniques
(a) (b) In the broad area of AI techniques, a number of well-known
techniques are used, including the artificial bee colony algorithm [5],
Fig. 8. Separation hyperplanes in a two-dimensional space of a set of separable particle swarm optimization (PSO), and differential evolution (DE)
examples from two classes: (a) example of separation hyperplane, (b) other [81]. There also exist various simple [128] or multi-objective Bayesian
examples of separation hyperplanes among the possible infinities [18].
optimization algorithms [101].

-4-
 Article in Press

B. Hybrid Techniques classifiers focus on more complex samples to obtain an increasingly

Here, we describe each of the hybrid techniques used in project faster solution. A number of interesting studies on this technique are
management. These hybrid systems are the future of AI and automated currently available [126] [103].
project management. 4. Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems (FRBS) and Genetic Fuzzy Systems
1. Neuro-Fuzzy (FNN) (GFS)
The various logic and neural networks have special computational FRBSspresent an extension of classical rule-based systems (hybrid
properties [4] that make them suitable for certain cases. For example, systems, as shown in Fig. 11) [75] given that they deal with “IF-THEN”
while neural networks offer advantages such as learning, adaptation, rules, the antecedents and consequents of which are made up of fuzzy
fault tolerance, parallelism, and generalization, they are not good logical statements, rather than classical ones. They have demonstrated
at explaining how they have reached their decisions. In contrast, their capacity for modelling, classification, and data mining problems
fuzzy systems – which reason using inaccurate information through in a large number of applications, which makes them highly useful for
an inference mechanism under linguistic uncertainty – are good project management and control. A GFS is essentially a fuzzy system
at explaining their decisions but cannot automatically acquire the driven by a learning process based on evolutionary algorithms, which
rules they use to make them. Meanwhile, neuro-diffuse systems includes FL + GA, genetic programming, and evolution strategies,
[53] combine the learning capacity of RNAs with the linguistic among other evolutionary algorithms [42].
interpretation power of diffuse inference systems. They are used in a
multitude of applications and fields [137] [85], including mechanical DESIGN PROCESS
engineering [155], image processing [74], electrical and electronic
Genetic Algorithm based
systems [129], forecasting and prediction [49], and risk identification Learning Process
in project management.
2. Neural-Network-Adding Bootstrap Knowledge Base
A bootstrap that adds neural networks presents a combination Data Base + Rule Base
of multiple artificial neural network classifiers [151]. This method
uses more than one ANN-based classifier, meaning the final decision
is made from each classifier through a voting system. The model
output is obtained as a linear combination of the experts’ output and Input Interface Fuzzy Rule- Output Interface
based system
the combined weights are calculated based on the input. Bierman
proposed a new method to aggregate multiple models using boot Environment Computation with Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems Environment
replicas of training data, which is known as “packaging”. It has been
shown that the generalizability of the model can be significantly Fig. 11. FRBS Structure [71].
improved through this approach. The “bagging” idea is used to build
The central aspect of using a GA [40] for the machine learning
robust neural network models, or BAGNET models.
of an FRBS is that the process can be analyzed as an optimization
Rather than select a single neural network model, a BAGNET model problem. This technique is frequently used in weather forecasts [46],
combines several neural network models to improve the precision and the forecasting of renewable energy resources [144] (solar [90], wind
robustness, as shown in Fig. 10 . The overall output of a BAGNET [108]), military projects [52], and project management [12].
model presents a weighted combination of the outputs of individual
neural networks. This approach has demonstrated a comparatively 5. Evolutionary Fuzzy Support Vector Machines Inference Model
good performance. (EFSIM).
The inference model of evolutionary diffuse support vector
machines (EFSIM) presents a hybrid technique [35] that incorporates
three different AI techniques: FL, SVM, and fmGA, as shown in
Fig. 12. In this hybrid system, the FL deals with any vagueness and
approximate reasoning, the SVM acts as a supervisory learning tool
to handle diffuse input–output mapping, and the fmGA functions to
optimize the FL and SVM parameters. Interesting research on this
technique has been conducted in relation to project management [33].
Σ
6. Evolutionary Fuzzy Neural Inference Model (EFNIM)
EFNIM presents a resolution technique for hybrid systems [27]
(composed of GA, FL, and NN, as shown in Fig. 13) that is used to
resolve all types of problems. The complementary combination of its
three elements maximizes the positive merits of each and helps to
compensate for their inherent individual weaknesses. The GA is used
for global optimization, the FL deals with uncertainties and handles
Fig. 10. Bagnet diagram [166]. approximate inferences, and the NN is used in the input–output
mapping. Traditionally, the system has been used to resolve civil
3. Neural Networks of Adaptive Reinforcement engineering problems [30] and presents a hybrid system that has great
potential for assisting managers in implementing efficient long-term
The main difference between this method and the above method
strategies and in taking the correct action for achieving the ultimate
is that adaptive reinforcement neural networks [147] use weights
success of the project [94].
that are readjusted in each iteration, affording less importance to
the solutions that have not been correctly classified. As a result, the

-5-
 International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence

fmGA parameters
Search

(Control Flow)
MFs SVM parameters Defuzzification
(C, y) parameter
Yes
Optimal
Training SVM training Fitness Termination
Fuzzification Defuzzification Predition
Data model Evaluation criteria model

No
Control Flow

Fig. 12. Architecture of EFSIM [31].

GA Optimization III. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Project

(Control Flow)
Management
Membership Parameters Defuzzification
Functions and topology of NNs parameter In the next section, we provide a brief description of the main
Input Fuzzification Inference Defuzzification Output studies that are being carried out in the field of AI in relation to project
Patterns Engine (NNs) Patterns
management. The table 1 is also provided, which presents the main
Fig. 13. EFNIM Architecture [26].
authors working in each field along with the optimization techniques
used in each study.
7. Evolutionary Diffuse Hybrid Neuronal Network (EFHNN) A. Tenders
The EFHNN mechanism is a fusion of HNN, FL, GA, and HNN. The Tenders and technical offers that comprise the first phase of the
advantage this system has over EFNIM is that the former is capable of project, wherein the initial estimates and designs are proposed in
handling deeper problems due to the large number of HNN models. order to ascertain how much the project will cost as well as its scope.
While the area is perhaps underexplored, there exist a number of
Input interesting studies [38] on bidding strategies to support the decision
Patterns making or AI models optimized to predict the project award price.
Desired Outputs
In one study, the proposed model was used to analyze the data on
Fuzzy Hybrid bridge construction projects taken from the database of the Taiwan
Neural Network Membership
(FHNN) Functions of FL Public Construction Commission. The bid evaluation model and the
Fuzzifier
cost probability curve model can be used as a strategic tool to quantify
the project risks and to calculate the bids and tenders for construction
projects. Another study [148] focused on machine learning and AI in
Parameters Global
Inference Engine and topology of HNN
Optimization terms of their impact on personal selling and sales management, with
Hybrid Neural Network (GA) the impact discussed in relation to a small area of sales and research
practice based on the seven steps of the sales process. From this, the
implications for theory and practice can be derived.
(Control Flow)
Defuzzifier
Defuzzification B. Project Health
parameter
A number of studies exist that focus on project management in
relation to health. The studies are fairly diverse and include research
Predited Outputs
[73] on achieving strategic control over the project’s cash flows in order
to develop appropriate strategies that apply factors such as the task
Fig. 14. EFHNN Architecture [29].
execution time, the construction rate, and the demand for resources
As noted, the proposed EFHNN for project management for cash-flow control. There are also a number of studies that analyze
incorporates four AI approaches: NN, HONN, FL, and GA, as shown in the project risks, with a model proposed [94] for risk analysis using
Fig. 14. Here, the NN and HONN are composed of the inference engine, the unrestricted automatic causality of data from various software
that is, the proposed HNN, the FL masters the fuzzifier and defuzzifier projects. Here, it was demonstrated that the proposed model discovers
layers, and the GA optimizes the HNN and FL. Currently, there exist a the causalities according to expert knowledge. For the prediction
small number of works that focus on this system in relation to project of the timeframes in the management of construction projects [82],
management in the field of civil engineering [32]. researchers have proposed the application of AI instruments within
the construction schedule [14]. In this study, an original optimization
8. Other Relevant Optimization Techniques dispersion search algorithm was presented, which takes into account
Within the broad area of hybrid optimization techniques, there both the technological and the organizational constraints.
are a number that are worth mentioning. This includes firefly colony C. Human Resources
algorithm-based support vector regression (SAFCA‐SVR) [37] and
the fuzzy AHP and regression-based model [38]. Within the category Within the field of project management, human resource
of hybrid systems based on neural networks, there are a number management is crucial since the projects depend on having the best
of interesting examples, including multi-layer perceptron (MLP) possible human capital. One study [116] provided a new approach to
combined with radial basis function network (RBFN) [77], diffuse the evaluation and classification of candidates during the recruitment
object-oriented neural systems (OO-EFNIS) [92], wavelet-bootstrap- process, which involves estimating their emotional intelligence using
ANN (WBANN) [150], and neural networks combined with GA [113]. the data from social networks. Elsewhere, in [82], the focus was on
efficient classification algorithms to predict employee performance

-6-
 Article in Press

TABLE I. Main Studies of each Research Area

Optimization Techniques Optimization Techniques

Category Investigation Category Investigation
Used Used
Engineering & Design
Tenders
[6] (ANN)
Predicting project award Planning [105] (GA)+(TS)
[36] (NN)+(CBR)
price [118] (GA)
Sales Prediction [148] (SVM), (NN) Stakeholder Management [33] (EFSIM)

Project [80] (MA)

Estimating
[107] (ANN)+(FL)
[28] (EFNIM)
Project data analytics (ANN)+(GA)
[7] (Bootstrap) [134]
(GA), (PSO), (SA), (AIS),
Project risk modeling, [72] (BN), (BNCC) [164]
(HS)
mitigation and management [34] (GA)+(SVM) Design automation and [9]
(ANN)
optimization [83]
(ANN)
Project mitigation and [115]
[93] (ANN)+(CBR) (ANN)+(GA)
recovery plans [131]
(PNN)
Project execution discovery [11] (GA)+(CPM) (ANN), (GA), (BN), (SVM),
and modeling [94] (GA)+(FL)+(NN)=(EFNIM) Generative design [110]
(HS)
Real time predictive [69] (GA) Continuous improvement [117] (WOA)
analytics [32] (EFHNN)
Evolving skills [25] (wSVM)+(FL) +(fmGA)
Agile Project Management [44] (CNN)
Operations
Automated report Back office/ automation/
[45] (GA) [157] (MLR), (ANN), (SVM), (HS)
generation Facilities management
Human Resources
[156] (ANN)+(FL)+(GA)
Predictive maintenance
Candidate identification and [106] (ANN)+(FL)+(GA)+(CBR)
[116] (DT), (SVM) and (BN).
screening
Operating project analytics [16] (ANN)+(FL)+(GA)
Performance management [82] (DT) Autonomous systems [121] (ANN)+(FL)+(GA)+(PSO)
Retention management [78] (DT) Supply Chain
HR analytics [140] (ANN) Supply Chain [161] (ANN)
Information Technology Construction
(ANN)+(BLN)+(SOM) Construction management [76] (ANN)
Cybersecurity prediction [149]
(ANN), (FL), (DT), (KNN),
and analytics [133] [89] (CBR)+(GA)
(SVM)
Construction cost estimation [88] (ANN)+(CBR)+(MRA)
Knowledge management [21] (ANN)+(FL)+(GA) [139] (MLP)+(GPA)

Design recognition library [114] (GA) Construction risk

[68] (Bootstrap)
management
Innovation support and Construction contract
[141] (ANN)+(FL)+(GA) [39] (CBR)
prioritization management
Logistics Construction safety [127] (ANN)
Automated Logistical Truck [1] (CBR)+(FL)
[3] (RNN), (CNN) Project portfolio selection
Services [138] (HNN)+(PSO)
Object Detection and Onsite supervisory
(ACO), (AG) (ANN), (AS). [23] (ANN)+(CBR)
Classification Avoidance and [15] manpower/
(AIS)- (FNN) [22] (ANN)+(CBR)
Navigation Management

and on the mining that is commonly used in many areas and has been within a local area network. Elsewhere, a study on cybersecurity and
carried out by applying decision tree and classification algorithms for the optimization in smart “autonomous” buildings [124] explored the
predicting employee performance. opportunities and challenges related to cybersecurity in Internet of
Things (EIoT) environments in terms of the energy in smart buildings.
D. Information Technology Here, the proposed model can make decisions based on the data from
Information technology is a new area within project management neural networks that are designed with a circuit feedback loop with
but is one that is as important as all the other processes. A study was the ability to learn over time, which allows for learning from defined
carried out [149] in relation to an implementation model for computer datasets and making smart decisions.
and network security purposes. Here, the aim was to use the model
to combat malicious user activity. A smart hybrid system based on E. Engineering and Design
Bayesian learning networks and self-organizing maps was created AI methods have been used for the optimization of hybrid energy
and used to classify the networks and the host-based data collected systems [164] and models (evolutionary diffuse SVM) for estimating

-7-
 International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence

the construction costs. It is essential to monitor the project costs and in terms of the status of the customers or the project stakeholders.
to identify any potential problems. Such a system can be used to apply AI algorithms for psychological
and emotional analysis to evaluate both team performance and
F. Operations customer satisfaction. Looking to the future of 25 years from now, it
Operation and maintenance are also important aspects of industrial is likely that there will exist an AI capable of managing the entire
projects, and numerous studies show how AI affects future predictive project, albeit with some form of human supervision.
maintenance. Here, one study [156] discusses the impact of AI on The slow progress of AI in the field of project management is
predictive maintenance, which is an important aspect of advanced largely due to the lack of investment from private companies, which
production systems. means progress is only been made in the universities and the public
G. Supply Chain research organizations. In the future, AI will make all the decisions
and will manage the resources in an optimal and timely manner, while
A two-stage methodology has been applied to an industrial survey
the project manager will take the role of data scientist, working as part
dataset to investigate the relationships between key factors in a supply
of a team with the AI to interpret the data and the decision making.
chain model [161]. The advantage of this model is that it frees the
Overall then, project managers will continue to play a crucial role
researcher from making subjective decisions during the analysis in
when the AI is fully developed.
terms of, for example, specifying the acceptable initial route models
required for standard analysis.
Acknowledgments
H. Logistics
Researchers have conducted a general analysis of the AI I wish to thank my thesis tutors for the great help they provided.
techniques applied throughout the world to address transportation I also thank my family, especially my father, Francisco Gil Moreno, a
issues, primarily in terms of traffic management, traffic safety, successful businessman, without whom I could not have got where I
public transportation, and urban mobility [3]. Further studies on the am today, may he rest in peace.
management of warehouses using AI have also been conducted [15],
while DHL also proposed an interesting approach in [62]. References
I. Construction [1] H. R. Abbasianjahromi and H. Rajaie, “Application of fuzzy cbr and
Neural networks are regarded as a promising management tool that modm approaches in the project portfolio selection in construction
can enhance the current automation efforts in project management [76], companies,” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology - Transactions of
the construction phase, and the engineering phase [63]. Studies on AI Civil Engineering, vol. 37, no. C1, pp. 143–155, 2013.
[2] A. Y. Abdelaziz, M. Z. Kamh, S. F. Mekhamer, and M. A. L. Badr, “A
have also been carried out to identify the security risks in construction,
hybrid HNN-QP approach for dynamic economic dispatch problem,”
with a focus on the management of the portfolio of projects using AI Electric Power Systems Research., vol. 78, no. 10, pp. 1784–1788, 2008,
while taking into account the factors that generate risk in industrial doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2008.03.011.
projects and the historical records of the company [1]. [3] R. Abduljabbar, H. Dia, S. Liyanage, and S. A. Bagloee, “Applications
of artificial intelligence in transport: An overview,” Sustainability
(Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 1. 2019, doi: 10.3390/su11010189.
IV. Conclusions
[4] A. Abraham, “Adaptation of Fuzzy Inference System Using Neural
The possibility of project success is a field of research in which Learning, in Fuzzy Systems Engineering: Theory and Practice, Studies in
Fuzziness and Soft Computing,” Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing,
researchers are working intensively. Here, the initial approaches were vol. 181, no. 3, 2005.
based on statistical models that have not responded to the needs of [5] B. Akay and D. Karaboga, “Artificial bee colony algorithm for large-scale
project management. In the field of AI, researchers have identified problems and engineering design optimization,” Journal of Intelligent
the algorithms and tools that can best deal with the various project Manufacturing, vol. 23, pp. 1001–1014, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s10845-010-
variables and complex environments, with specific algorithms devised 0393-4.
to address specific problems in the project. The main conclusions [6] F. Amer and M. Golparvar-Fard, “Formalizing Construction Sequencing
drawn from the reviewed works include that AI tools are more precise Knowledge and Mining Company-Specific Best Practices from Past
than traditional tools, while, at present, they remain somewhat Project Schedules,” in Computing in Civil Engineering 2019: Visualization,
complementary to the traditional approaches. Information Modeling, and Simulation - Selected Papers from the ASCE
International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering 2019, 2019,
AI tools are highly useful to the project manager in terms of pp. 215–223, doi: 10.1061/9780784482421.028.
controlling and monitoring the project; however, many of the [7] L. Angelis and I. Stamelos, “A simulation tool for efficient analogy based
reviewed models involve weaknesses and limitations, which indicates cost estimation,” Empirical Software Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 35–68,
that project managers should continue to use their experience when 2000, doi: 10.1023/A:1009897800559.
making evaluations according to the results. The trend of merging [8] D. Anguita, A. Ghio, N. Greco, L. Oneto, and S. Ridella, “Model selection
different AI tools continues to hold sway, wherein the strengths of for support vector machines: Advantages and disadvantages of the
one tool can compensate for the weaknesses of another. Indeed, this Machine Learning Theory,” in Proceedings of the International Joint
Conference on Neural Networks, 2010, doi: 10.1109/IJCNN.2010.5596450.
approach is returning the best results, and this is where the future lies.
[9] O. Arslan and O. Yetik, “ANN based optimization of supercritical ORC-
In this work, we studied the available AI techniques and the possible Binary geothermal power plant: Simav case study,” in Applied Thermal
applications in the field of project management. In future work, a Engineering, 2011, vol. 31, no. 17–18, pp. 3922–3928, doi: 10.1016/j.
hybrid computational model that could fully ascertain the potential applthermaleng.2011.07.041.
of AI in the field of project management will be proposed. The hope [10] L. Auria and R. A. Moro, “support vector machine as a Technique of
is that the management of autonomous projects will only require the Solvency analysis,” DIW Berlin, vol. 811, 2008. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1424949.
partial supervision of a human project manager. [11] R. F. Aziz, S. M. Hafez, and Y. R. Abuel-Magd, “Smart optimization for
mega construction projects using artificial intelligence,” Alexandria Eng.
However, an autonomous project management system will also
J., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 591–606, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2014.05.003.
need to consider and fully control the project environment, including [12] R. Bhattacharyya, P. Kumar, and S. Kar, “Fuzzy R&D portfolio selection of

-8-
 Article in Press

interdependent projects,” Computers and Mathematics with Applications, fuzzy support vector machine inference model,” Journal of Civil
vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 3857–3870, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2011.09.036.T. Engineering and Management, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 881–892, Oct. 2015, doi:
[13] Bhoskar, O. K. Kulkarni, N. K. Kulkarni, S. L. Patekar, G. M. Kakandikar, 10.3846/13923730.2014.893922.
and V. M. Nandedkar, “Genetic Algorithm and its Applications to [32] T. M. Cheng and R. Z. Yan, “Integrating messy genetic algorithms and
Mechanical Engineering: A Review,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, simulation to optimize resource utilization,” Computer-Aided Civil
2015, vol. 2, no. 4–5, pp. 2624–2630, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.219. and Infrastructure Engineering, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 401–415, 2009, doi:
[14] W. Boejko, Z. Hejducki, and M. Wodecki, “Applying metaheuristic 10.1111/j.1467-8667.2008.00588.x..
strategies in construction projects management,” Journal of Civil [33] J. S. Chou, M. Y. Cheng, and Y. W. Wu, “Improving classification accuracy
Engineering and Management, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 621–630, Oct. 2012, doi: of project dispute resolution using hybrid artificial intelligence and
10.3846/13923730.2012.719837. support vector machine models,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol.
[15] E. Bottani, R. Montanari, M. Rinaldi, and G. Vignali, “Intelligent 40, no. 6, pp. 2263–2274, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2012.10.036.
algorithms for warehouse management,” Intelligent Systems Reference [34] J. S. Chou, M. Y. Cheng, Y. W. Wu, and A. D. Pham, “Optimizing parameters
Library, vol. 87, pp. 645–667, 2015, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-17906-3_25. of support vector machine using fast messy genetic algorithm for dispute
[16] G. Braswell, “Artificial Intelligence Comes of Age in Oil and Gas,” classification,” Expert Syst. Appl., 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.12.035.
Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol. 65, no. 01, pp. 50–57, 2013, doi: [35] J. S. Chou, M. Y. Cheng, Y. W. Wu, and A. D. Pham, “Optimizing
10.2118/0113-0050-jpt. parameters of support vector machine using fast messy genetic algorithm
[17] S. T. Buckland, A. C. Davison, and D. V. Hinkley, “Bootstrap Methods for dispute classification,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 41, no.
and Their Application,” Biometrics, vol. 52, no. 2, p. 795, 1998, doi: 8, pp. 3955–3964, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.12.035.
10.2307/3109789. [36] J. S. Chou and A. D. Pham, “Smart Artificial Firefly Colony Algorithm-
[18] E. Carmona, “Tutorial sobre Maquinas de Vectores Soporte (SVM).” Based Support Vector Regression for Enhanced Forecasting in Civil
2016. UNED, Consultada en http://www. ia. uned. es/~ ejcarmona/ Engineering,” Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, vol.
publicaciones/[2013-Carmona]%20SVM.pdf (fecha de consulta 01-07- 30, no. 9, pp. 715–732, 2015, doi: 10.1111/mice.12121.
2017). [37] J. S. Chou and A. D. Pham, “Smart Artificial Firefly Colony Algorithm-
[19] A. Castillo, J.M, Cortes, C, Gonzalez, J., & Benito, “Prospecting The Future Based Support Vector Regression for Enhanced Forecasting in Civil
with AI,” Internacional Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Engineering,” Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng., 2015, doi: 10.1111/
Multimedia, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1–53, 2009. mice.12121.
[20] C. Chapell and V. Vapnik, “Model selection for Support Vector Machines,” [38] J. S. Chou, A. D. Pham, and H. Wang, “Bidding strategy to support
in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2000, pp. 230– decision-making by integrating fuzzy AHP and regression-based
236, doi:10.5555/3009657.3009690 simulation,” Automation in Construction, vol. 35, pp. 517–527, 2013, doi:
[21] [1] S. S. Chaudhry, M. W. Varano, and L. Xu, “Systems research, genetic 10.1016/j.autcon.2013.06.007.
algorithms and information systems,” Systems Research and Behavioral [39] D. K. Chua and P. K. Loh, “CB-Contract: Case-Based Reasoning Approach
Science, 2000, doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1743(200003/04)17:2<149::aid- to Construction Contract Strategy Formulation,” Journal of Computing
sres290>3.3.co;2-h. in Civil Engineering, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 339–350, 2006, doi: 10.1061/
[22] J. H. Chen and S. C. Hsu, “Hybrid ANN-CBR model for disputed change (asce)0887-3801(2006)20:5(339).
orders in construction projects,” Automation in Construction, 2007, doi: [40] O. Cordón, “A historical review of evolutionary learning methods for
10.1016/j.autcon.2007.03.003. Mamdani-type fuzzy rule-based systems: Designing interpretable genetic
[23] J. H. Chen, L. R. Yang, W. H. Chen, and C. K. Chang, “Case-based allocation fuzzy systems,” International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, vol. 52,
of onsite supervisory manpower for construction projects,” Construction no. 6. pp. 894–913, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ijar.2011.03.004.
Management and Economics, 2008, doi: 10.1080/01446190802014778. [41] F. Costantino, G. Di Gravio, and F. Nonino, “Project selection in project
[24] M. Y. Cheng, J. S. Chou, A. F. V. Roy, and Y. W. Wu, “High-performance portfolio management: An artificial neural network model based on
Concrete Compressive Strength Prediction using Time-Weighted critical success factors,” International Journal of Project Management,
Evolutionary Fuzzy Support Vector Machines Inference Model,” vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 1744–1754, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.07.003.
Automation in Construction, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2012.07.004.. [42] E. Cox, Fuzzy Modeling and Genetic Algorithms for Data Mining and
[25] M. Y. Cheng, N. D. Hoang, A. F. V. Roy, and Y. W. Wu, “A novel time- Exploration. 2005. Doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-194275-5.X5000-2.
depended evolutionary fuzzy SVM inference model for estimating [43] A. L. A. Dalhoum and M. Al-Rawi, “High-Order Neural Networks are
construction project at completion,” Engineering Applications of Equivalent to Ordinary Neural Networks,” Modern Applied Science, vol.
Artificial Intelligence, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 744–752, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j. 13, no. 2, p. 228, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.5539/mas.v13n2p228.
engappai.2011.09.022. [44] H. K. Dam, T. Tran, J. Grundy, A. Ghose, and Y. Kamei, “Towards effective
[26] M. Y. Cheng, L. C. Lien, H. C. Tsai, and P. H. Chen, “Artificial intelligence AI-powered agile project management,” in Proceedings - 2019 IEEE/ACM
approaches to dynamic project success assessment taxonomic,” Life 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and
Science Journal, vol. 9, pp. 5156–5163, 2012. Emerging Results, ICSE-NIER 2019, 2019, pp. 41–44, doi: 10.1109/ICSE-
[27] M. Y. Cheng, H. C. Tsai, and W. S. Hsieh, “Web-based conceptual cost NIER.2019.00019.
estimates for construction projects using Evolutionary Fuzzy Neural [45] R. Day, J. Zydallis, G. Lamont, and R. Pachter, “Analysis of fine granularity
Inference Model,” Automation in Construction, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 164–172, and building block sizes in the parallel fast messy GA,” in Proceedings of
2009, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2008.07.001. the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC 2002, 2002, vol. 1,
[28] M. Y. Cheng, H. C. Tsai, and C. L. Liu, “Artificial intelligence approaches pp. 127–132, doi: 10.1109/CEC.2002.1006221.
to achieve strategic control over project cash flows,” Automation [46] J. J. G. De la Rosa, A. A. Pérez, J. C. Palomares Salas, J. G. Ramiro Leo, and
in Construction, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 386–393, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j. A. M. Muñoz, “A novel inference method for local wind conditions using
autcon.2008.10.005. genetic fuzzy systems,” Renewable Energy, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1747–1753,
[29] M. Y. Cheng, H. C. Tsai, and E. Sudjono, “Evaluating subcontractor 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2010.12.017.
performance using evolutionary fuzzy hybrid neural network,” [47] N. Dong, M. Fischer, D. Ge, and R. E. Levitt, “Automated look-ahead
International Journal of Project Management, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 349–356, schedule generation and optimization for the finishing phase of complex
2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.03.005. construction projects,” CIFE Technical Report, Stanford University, no.
[30] M. Y. Cheng, H. C. Tsai, and E. Sudjono, “Evolutionary fuzzy hybrid June, p. 1 online resource., 2012.
neural network for conceptual cost estimates in construction projects,” [48] S. Ebrahimnejad, S. M. Mousavi, and H. Seyrafianpour, “Risk identification
in 2009 26th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics and assessment for build-operate-transfer projects: A fuzzy multi
in Construction, ISARC 2009, 2009, pp. 512–519, doi: 10.22260/ attribute decision making model,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol.
isarc2009/0040. 37, no. 1, pp. 575–586, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2009.05.037.
[31] M. Y. Cheng, D. K. Wibowo, D. Prayogo, and A. F. V. Roy, “Predicting [49] T. Efendigil, S. Önüt, and C. Kahraman, “A decision support system for
productivity loss caused by change orders using the evolutionary demand forecasting with artificial neural networks and neuro-fuzzy

-9-
 International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence

models: A comparative analysis,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 63–65, 1997, doi: 10.1162/artl.1997.3.63.
36, no. 3 PART 2, pp. 6697–6707, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2008.08.058. [71] F. Herrera, “Genetic fuzzy systems: Taxonomy, current research trends
[50] B. Efron and R. Tibshirani, “Bootstrap methods for standard errors, and prospects,” Evolutionary Intelligence, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 27–46, 2008,
confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy,” Statistical doi: 10.1007/s12065-007-0001-5.
Science, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 54–75, 1986, doi: 10.1214/ss/1177013815. [72] X. Hu, B. Xia, M. Skitmore, and Q. Chen, “The application of case-
[51] C. Egbu and S. Suresh, “Knowledge Mapping Techniques Within The based reasoning in construction management research: An overview,”
Construction Industry:An Exploratory Study,” CIB W102-Information Automation in Construction, vol. 72. pp. 65–74, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.
Knowl. Manag. Build., pp. 48–57, 2008. autcon.2016.08.023.
[52] C. Egbu and S. Suresh, “Knowledge Mapping Techniques Within The [73] Y. Hu, X. Zhang, E. W. T. Ngai, R. Cai, and M. Liu, “Software project risk
Construction Industry:An Exploratory Study,” CIB W102-Information analysis using Bayesian networks with causality constraints,” Decision
and knowledge management in Buildings, pp. 48–57, 2008. Support Systems, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 439–449, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.
[53] A. O. Esogbue and J. A. Murrell, “Fuzzy adaptive controller using dss.2012.11.001.
reinforcement learning neural networks,” in 1993 IEEE International [74] S. V. Ioannou, A. T. Raouzaiou, V. A. Tzouvaras, T. P. Mailis, K. C.
Conference on Fuzzy Systems, 1993, pp. 178–183, doi: 10.1109/ Karpouzis, and S. D. Kollias, “Emotion recognition through facial
fuzzy.1993.327494. expression analysis based on a neurofuzzy network,” Neural Networks,
[54] W. H. Estler H.C, “Heuristic Search-Based Planning for Graph vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 423–435, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2005.03.004.
Transformation Systems,” ICAPS Workshop on Knowledge Engineering [75] H. Ishibuchi, “Genetic fuzzy systems: evolutionary tuning and learning
for Planning and Scheduling, p. 54, 2011. of fuzzy knowledge bases,” Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 141, no. 1, pp.
[55] A. M. Fahim, A. M. Salem, F. A. Torkey, and M. A. Ramadan, “Efficient 161–162, 2004, doi: 10.1016/s0165-0114(03)00262-8.
enhanced k-means clustering algorithm,” Journal of Zhejiang University: [76] M. Jain and K. K. Pathak, “Applications of artificial neural network in
Science, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 1626–1633, 2006, doi: 10.1631/jzus.2006.A1626. construction engineering and management - A review,” International
[56] E. Faliagka et al., “On-line consistent ranking on e-recruitment: Seeking Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences,
the truth behind a well-formed CV,” Artificial Intelligence Review, vol. 42, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 134–142, 2014.
no. 3, pp. 515–528, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10462-013-9414-y. [77] H. R. Jantan, A. A. Hamdan, and Z. Othman, “Human Talent Forecasting
[57] M. Fazzolari, R. Alcala, Y. Nojima, H. Ishibuchi, and F. Herrera, “A review using Data Mining Classification Techniques,” International Journal
of the application of multiobjective evolutionary fuzzy systems: Current of Technology Diffusion, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 29–41, 2011, doi: 10.4018/
status and further directions,” IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. jtd.2010100103.
21, no. 1, pp. 45–65, 2013, doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2012.2201338. [78] H. Jantan, “Human Talent Prediction in HRM using C4 . 5 Classification
[58] C. M. Fonseca and P. J. Fleming, “Genetic Algorithms for Multiobjective Algorithm,” International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering,
Optimization: Formulation, Discussion and Generalization,” Icga, vol. 93, vol. 02, no. 08, pp. 2526–2534, 2010.
no. July, pp. 416–423, 1993, doi: citeulike-article-id:2361311. [79] C. D. Jeffries, “Tracking, code recognition, and memory management
[59] A. Fukunaga, G. Rabideau, S. Chien, and D. Yan, “Towards an application with high-order neural networks”,Applications and Science of Artificial
framework for automated planning and scheduling,” in IEEE Aerospace Neural Networks, 1995, vol. 2492, pp. 964–973, doi: 10.1117/12.205207.
Applications Conference Proceedings, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 375–386, doi: [80] L. Jin, C. Zhang, X. Shao, and G. Tian, “Mathematical modeling and a
10.1109/aero.1997.574426. memetic algorithm for the integration of process planning and scheduling
[60] T. Ganesan, P. Vasant, and I. Elamvazuthi, “Hopfield neural networks considering uncertain processing times,” Proceedings of the Institution of
approach for design optimization of hybrid power systems with multiple Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, vol.
renewable energy sources in a fuzzy environment,” Journal of Intelligent 230, no. 7, pp. 1272–1283, 2016, doi: 10.1177/0954405415625916.
and Fuzzy Systems, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 2143–2154, 2014, doi: 10.3233/IFS- [81] V. Kachitvichyanukul, “Comparison of Three Evolutionary Algorithms:
130889. GA, PSO, and DE,” Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, vol.
[61] B. S. Garcia, R., Perez, I., Villavicencio, N., Piñero, P., “Experiences by 11, no. 3, pp. 215–223, 2012, doi: 10.7232/iems.2012.11.3.215.
using genetic algorithms in project scheduling,” Revista Cubana de [82] V. Kalaivani and M. M. Elamparithi, “An Efficient Classification
Ciencias Informáticas, vol. 10, pp. 71–86, 2016. Algorithms for Employee Performance Prediction,” International Journal
[62] L. Kota, “Artificial Intelligence in Logistics,” Advanced Logistic Systems of Research in Advent Technology, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 27–32, 2014.
- Theory and Practice, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 47–60, 2019, doi: 10.32971/ [83] S. A. Kalogirou, “Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms for
als.2019.004. the optimisation of solar thermal systems,” in Artificial Intelligence in
[63] Y. M. Goh and D. K. H. Chua, “Case-Based Reasoning Approach to Energy and Renewable Energy Systems, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.,
Construction Safety Hazard Identification: Adaptation and Utilization,” 2006, pp. 131–162.
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. [84] T. Kanungo, D. M. Mount, N. S. Netanyahu, C. D. Piatko, R. Silverman,
170–178, 2010, doi: 10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000116. and A. Y. Wu, “An efficient k-means clustering algorithms: Analysis
[64] D. Goldberg and K. Deb, “Rapid, accurate optimization of difficult and implementation,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
problems using messy genetic algorithms,” proceedings of the fifth Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 881–892, 2002, doi: 10.1109/
international conference on genetic algorithms, pp. 56–64, 1993. TPAMI.2002.1017616.
[65] D. GOLDBERG, “Messy Genetic Algorithms: Motivation, Analysis, and [85] S. Kar, S. Das, and P. K. Ghosh, “Applications of neuro fuzzy systems: A
First Results,” Complex Systems, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 493–530, 1989. brief review and future outline,” Applied Soft Computing Journal, vol. 15.
[66] F. Hartman and R. A. Ashrafi, “Project Management in the Information pp. 243–259, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2013.10.014.
Systems and Information Technologies Industries,” Project Management [86] H. Kargupta, “SEARCH, polynomial complexity, and the fast messy
Journal, 2002, doi: 10.1177/875697280203300303. genetic algorithm,” Urbana, vol. 51, no. 95008, p. 188, 1996.
[67] H. Hashemi, S. M. Mousavi, and S. M. H. Mojtahedi, “Bootstrap technique [87] N. A. Kartam, R. E. Levitt, and D. E. Wilkins, “Extending Artificial
for risk analysis with interval numbers in bridge construction projects,” Intelligence Techniques for Hierarchical Planning,” Journal of Computing
J. Constr. Eng. Manag., 2011, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000344. in Civil Engineering, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 464–477, 1991, doi: 10.1061/
[68] H. Hashemi, S. M. Mousavi, R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, and Y. Gholipour, (asce)0887-3801(1991)5:4(464).
“Compromise Ranking Approach with Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for [88] G. H. Kim, S. H. An, and K. I. Kang, “Comparison of construction cost
Risk Assessment in Port Management Projects,” Journal of Management estimating models based on regression analysis, neural networks,
in Engineering, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 334–344, 2013, doi: 10.1061/(asce) and case-based reasoning,” Build. Environ., 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.
me.1943-5479.0000167. buildenv.2004.02.013.
[69] T. Hegazy, “Optimization of construction time - Cost trade-off analysis [89] G. H. Kim, S. H. An, and K. I. Kang, “Comparison of construction cost
using genetic algorithms,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 26, estimating models based on regression analysis, neural networks, and
no. 6, pp. 685–697, 1999, doi: 10.1139/l99-031. case-based reasoning,” Building and Environment, vol. 39, no. 10, pp.
[70] D. Heiss-Czedik, “An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms.,” Artificial Life, 1235–1242, 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.02.013.

- 10 -
 Article in Press

[90] O. Kisi, “Modeling solar radiation of Mediterranean region in Turkey by Energy Reviews, vol. 31. pp. 101–112, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.036.
using fuzzy genetic approach,” Energy, vol. 64, pp. 429–436, 2014, doi: [111] J. G. MacKinnon, “Bootstrap methods in econometrics,” in
10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.009. Economic Record, 2006, vol. 82, no. SPEC. ISS. 1, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-
[91] M. Klumpp, “Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics 4932.2006.00328.x.
systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements,” International [112] D. Magaña Martínez and J. C. Fernandez-Rodriguez, “Artificial Intelligence
Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 224–242, Applied to Project Success: A Literature Review,” International Journal of
2018, doi: 10.1080/13675567.2017.1384451. Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 3, no. 5, p. 77, 2015,
[92] C. H. Ko and M. Y. Cheng, “Hybrid use of AI techniques in developing doi: 10.9781/ijimai.2015.3510.
construction management tools,” Automation in Construction, vol. 12, [113] R. Mahajan and G. Kaur, “Neural Networks using Genetic Algorithms,”
no. 3, pp. 271–281, May 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0926-5805(02)00091-2. International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 77, no. 14, pp. 6–11,
[93] C.-H. Ko and M.-Y. Cheng, “Dynamic Prediction of Project Success Sep. 2013, doi: 10.5120/13549-1153.
Using Artificial Intelligence,” Journal of Construction Engineering and [114] M. G. Marchetta and R. Q. Forradellas, “An artificial intelligence planning
Management, vol. 133, no. 4, pp. 316–324, 2007, doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733- approach to manufacturing feature recognition,” CAD Computer Aided
9364(2007)133:4(316). Design, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 248–256, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.cad.2009.11.007.
[94] C. H. Ko, M. Y. Cheng, and T. K. Wu, “Evaluating sub-contractors [115] A. Mellit, S. a Kalogirou, and M. Drif, “Application of neural networks and
performance using EFNIM,” Automation in Construction, vol. 16, no. 4, genetic algorithms for sizing of photovoltaic systems,” Renewable Energy,
pp. 525–530, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2006.09.005. vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2881–2893, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2010.04.017.
[95] K. A. H. Kobbacy, “Application of Artificial Intelligence in maintenance [116] V. M. Menon and H. A. Rahulnath, “A novel approach to evaluate
modelling and management,” in IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC- and rank candidates in a recruitment process by estimating emotional
PapersOnline), 2012, doi: 10.3182/20121122-2-ES-4026.00046. intelligence through social media data,” in 2016 International Conference
[96] K. A. H. Kobbacy, “Application of Artificial Intelligence in maintenance on Next Generation Intelligent Systems, ICNGIS 2016, 2017, doi: 10.1109/
modelling and management,” in IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC- ICNGIS.2016.7854061.
PapersOnline), 2012, vol. 45, no. 31, pp. 54–59, doi: 10.3182/20121122-2- [117] S. Mirjalili and A. Lewis, “The Whale Optimization Algorithm,” Advances
ES-4026.00046. in Engineering Software, vol. 95, pp. 51–67, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.
[97] M. Kumar, M. Husain, N. Upreti, and D. Gupta, “Genetic Algorithm: advengsoft.2016.01.008.
Review and Application,” SSRN Electronic Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 451– [118] J. R. Montoya-Torres, E. Gutierrez-Franco, and C. Pirachicán-Mayorga,
454, 2020, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3529843. “Project scheduling with limited resources using a genetic algorithm,”
[98] H. K. Kwan, “High-order feedbackward neural networks,” 1991, pp. 49– International Journal of Project Management, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 619–628,
51, doi: 10.1109/ciccas.1991.184277. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.10.003.
[99] H. Kwasnicka and M. Przewozniczek, “Multi population pattern [119] A. Moreno and T. Redondo, “Text Analytics: the convergence of Big
searching algorithm: A new evolutionary method based on the idea of Data and Artificial Intelligence,” International Journal of Interactive
messy genetic algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput., 2011, doi: 10.1109/ Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 57, 2016, doi:
TEVC.2010.2102038. 10.9781/ijimai.2016.369.
[100] M. Lahmann, “AI will transform project management. Are you ready?,” [120] O. Moselhi, T. Hegazy, and P. Fazio, “Neural Networks as Tools
Pwc Switzerland, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.pwc.ch/en/ in Construction,” Journal of Construction Engineering and
insights/risk/transformation-assurance-ai-will-transform-project- Management, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 606–625, 1991, doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-
management-are-you-ready.html. 9364(1991)117:4(606).
[101] M. Laumanns and J. Ocenasek, “Bayesian optimization algorithms for [121] G. P. Moustris, S. C. Hiridis, K. M. Deliparaschos, and K. M. Konstantinidis,
multi-objective optimization,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science “Evolution of autonomous and semi-autonomous robotic surgical
(including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture systems: A review of the literature,” International Journal of Medical
Notes in Bioinformatics), 2002, vol. 2439, pp. 298–307, doi: 10.1007/3-540- Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 7, no. 4. pp. 375–392, 2011,
45712-7_29. doi: 10.1002/rcs.408.
[102] G. G. Lendaris, K. Mathia, and R. Saeks, “Linear Hopfield networks and [122] K. N. Mutter, Z. M. Jafri, and A. A. Aziz, “Hopfield Neural Network (HNN)
constrained optimization,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Improvement for color image recognition using multi-bitplane and multi-
Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 114–118, 1999, doi: connect architecture,” in Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualisation:
10.1109/3477.740171. New Advances, CGIV 2007, 2007, pp. 403–407, doi: 10.1109/CGIV.2007.24.
[103] F. L. Lewis and D. Vrabie, “Reinforcement learning and adaptive dynamic [123] M. Mylrea and N. G. Gourisetti, “Cybersecurity and optimization in
programming for feedback control,” IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, smart ‘autonomous’ buildings,” in Autonomy and Artificial Intelligence:
vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 32–50, 2009, doi: 10.1109/MCAS.2009.933854. A Threat or Savior?, 2017, pp. 263–294.
[104] M. Y. Leyva Vázquez, K. Pérez Teruel, A. Febles Estrada, and J. Gulín [124] G. Napoles, “Algoritmo para mejorar la convergencia en Mapas
González, “Mapas cognitivos difusos para la selección de proyectos de Cognitivos Difusos Sigmoidales,” Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de
tecnologías de la información,” Contaduría y Administración, vol. 58, no. Las Villas Facultad de Matemática, Física y Computación., 2014.
4, pp. 95–117, 2013, doi: 10.1016/s0186-1042(13)71235-x. [125] D. Nau, S. Gupta, and W. Regli, “Manufacturing-Operation Planning
[105] X. Li, L. Gao, and W. Li, “Application of game theory based hybrid Versus AI Planning,” in AAAI Spring Symposium on Integrated Planning
algorithm for multi-objective integrated process planning and Applications, 1995.
scheduling,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 288– [126] M. Obayashi, T. Nishida, T. Kuremoto, K. Kobayashi, and L. B. Feng, “A
297, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.07.019. reinforcement learning system embedded agent with neural network-
[106] Z. Li, Y. Wang, and K. S. Wang, “Intelligent predictive maintenance for based multi-valued pattern memory structure,” in ICCAS 2010 -
fault diagnosis and prognosis in machine centers: Industry 4.0 scenario,” International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, 2010, pp.
Advances in Manufacturing, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 377–387, 2017, doi: 10.1007/ 176–181, doi: 10.1109/iccas.2010.5669888.
s40436-017-0203-8. [127] D. A. Patel and K. N. Jha, “Neural Network Model for the Prediction of
[107] R. . Lozada, “Redes neuronales y logica difusa aplicado a un sistema Safe Work Behavior in Construction Projects,” Journal of Construction
climatológico,” Universidad nacional de San Agustin, 2017. Engineering and Management, vol. 141, no. 1, p. 04014066, 2015, doi:
[108] P. C. K. Luk, K. C. Low, and A. Sayiah, “GA-based fuzzy logic control of a 10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000922.
solar power plant using distributed collector fields,” Renewable Energy, [128] M. Pelikan, D. E. Goldberg, and E. Cantú-Paz, “BOA : The Bayesian
vol. 16, no. 1–4, pp. 765–768, 1999, doi: 10.1016/s0960-1481(98)00275-4. Optimization Algorithm 1 Introduction,” Proceedings of the genetic and
[109] M. M. Mijwil, “Artificial Neural Networks Advantages and Disadvantages,” evolutionary computation conference GECCO-99, vol. 1, pp. 525–532,
Linkedin, no. March, 2018. 1999.
[110] V. Machairas, A. Tsangrassoulis, and K. Axarli, “Algorithms for [129] T. Pfeufer and M. Ayoubi, “Application of a hybrid neuro-fuzzy system to
optimization of building design: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable the fault diagnosis of an automotive electromechanical actuator,” Fuzzy

- 11 -
 International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence

Sets and Systems, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 351–360, 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0165- hybrid approach,” Journal of Hydrology, vol. 394, no. 3–4, pp. 458–470,
0114(97)00022-5. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.10.001.
[130] PMI, PMBOK Guide | Project Management Institute. 2017. [151] M. K. Tiwari and C. Chatterjee, “Uncertainty assessment and ensemble
[131] S. M. Pourkiaei, M. H. Ahmadi, and S. M. Hasheminejad, “Modeling flood forecasting using bootstrap based artificial neural networks
and experimental verification of a 25W fabricated PEM fuel cell by (BANNs),” Journal of Hydrology, vol. 382, no. 1–4, pp. 20–33, 2010, doi:
parametric and GMDH-type neural network,” Mech. Ind., 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.013.
10.1051/meca/2015050. [152] A. Tsakonas and B. Gabrys, “A fuzzy evolutionary framework for
[132] R. Prieto, “Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Management of Large combining ensembles,” Applied Soft Computing Journal, vol. 13, no. 4,
Complex Projects,” PM World Journal, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1–20, 2019. pp. 1800–1812, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2012.12.027.
[133] A. Rehman and T. Saba, “Evaluation of artificial intelligent techniques to [153] TutorialPoint.com, “Artificial Intelligence - Fuzzy Logic Systems.”
secure information in enterprises,” Artificial Intelligence Review, vol. 42, [Online]. Available: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_
no. 4, pp. 1029–1044, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10462-012-9372-9. intelligence/artificial_intelligence_fuzzy_logic_systems.htm.
[134] C. Renzi, F. Leali, M. Cavazzuti, and A. O. Andrisano, “A review on [154] H. Umit, “Digital business strategies in blockchain ecosystems :
artificial intelligence applications to the optimal design of dedicated transformational design and future of global business (E-book),”
and reconfigurable manufacturing systems,” International Journal of Contributions to Management Science, pp. 569–599, 2000.
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 72, no. 1–4, pp. 403–418, 2014, [155] N. T. T. Vu, N. P. Tran, and N. H. Nguyen, “Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference
doi: 10.1007/s00170-014-5674-1. system based path planning for excavator arm,” Journal of Robotics, vol.
[135] L. Ricalde, B. Cruz, and E. Sánchez, “Control neuronal recurrente de 2018, 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/2571243.
alto orden para turbinas de viento con generador síncrono de imán [156] K. Wang and Y. Wang, “How AI Affects the Future Predictive
permanente,” Computación y Sistemas, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 133–143, 2010. Maintenance: A Primer of Deep Learning,” in Lecture Notes in Electrical
[136] L. Rodriguez-Repiso, R. Setchi, and J. L. Salmeron, “Modelling IT projects Engineering, 2018, doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-5768-7_1.
success with Fuzzy Cognitive Maps,” Expert Systems with Applications, [157] Z. Wang and R. S. Srinivasan, “A review of artificial intelligence based
vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 543–559, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2006.01.032. building energy use prediction: Contrasting the capabilities of single
[137] L. Rutkowski, K. Cpałka, R. Nowicki, A. Pokropińska, and R. Scherer, and ensemble prediction models,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy
“Neuro-fuzzy systems,” in Computational Complexity: Theory, Reviews. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.079.
Techniques, and Applications, vol. 9781461418, 2012, pp. 2069–2081. [158] M. Wauters and M. Vanhoucke, “Support Vector Machine Regression
[138] A. N. Sadigh, H. Mokhtari, M. Iranpoor, and S. M. T. Fatemi Ghomi, for project control forecasting,” Automation in Construction, vol. 47, pp.
“Cardinality constrained portfolio optimization using a hybrid approach 92–106, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2014.07.014.
based on particle swarm optimization and hopfield neural network,” [159] R. Wehrens, H. Putter, and L. M. C. Buydens, “The bootstrap: A tutorial,”
Advanced Science Letters, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 11–20, 2012, doi: 10.1166/ Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, vol. 54, no. 1, pp.
asl.2012.3666. 35–52, 2000, doi: 10.1016/S0169-7439(00)00102-7.
[139] E. L. O. Savaş Bayram, Mehmet Emin Öcal, “Analysis of Cost and [160] G. C. Whitley, D., Beveridge, J.R, GuerraSalcedo C., “Messy Genetic
Schedule Variances in Construction Works with Artificial Intelligence Algorithms for Subset Feature Selection,” Department of Computer
Approaches: The Case of Turkey,” in International Students’ Conference Science, pp. 568--575, 1997.
of Civil Engineering, ISCCE, 2012, pp. 10–11. [161] T. C. Wong, K. M. Y. Law, H. K. Yau, and S. C. Ngan, “Analyzing supply
[140] T. Schmitt, P. Caillou, and M. Sebag, “Matching Jobs and Resumes: chain operation models with the PC-algorithm and the neural network,”
a Deep Collaborative Filtering Task,” 2018, vol. 41, pp. 124–109, doi: Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 7526–7534, 2011, doi:
10.29007/17rz. 10.1016/j.eswa.2010.12.115.
[141] S. G. Selivanov, S. N. Poezjalova, and O. A. Gavrilova, “The Use of [162] J. A. Yacim and D. G. B. Boshoff, “Impact of artificial neural networks
Artificial Intelligence Methods of Technological Preparation of Engine- training algorithms on accurate prediction of property values,” Journal of
Building Production,” American Journal of Industrial Engineering, vol. 2, Real Estate Research, 2018.
no. 1, pp. 10–14, 2014, doi: 10.12691/AJIE-2-1-3.R. [163] L. A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy sets,” Information and Control, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 338–
[142] R. Sonmez, “Parametric Range Estimating of Building Costs Using 353, 1965, doi: 10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X.
Regression Models and Bootstrap,” Journal of Construction Engineering [164] S. M. Zahraee, M. Khalaji Assadi, and R. Saidur, “Application of
and Management, vol. 134, no. 12, pp. 1011–1016, 2008, doi: 10.1061/ Artificial Intelligence Methods for Hybrid Energy System Optimization,”
(asce)0733-9364(2008)134:12(1011). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 66. pp. 617–630, 2016,
[143] C. D. Stylios and P. P. Groumpos, “Modeling Complex Systems Using doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.028.
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and [165] G. Zhang, B. Eddy Patuwo, and M. Y. Hu, “Forecasting with artificial neural
Cybernetics Part A:Systems and Humans., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 155–162, networks: The state of the art,” International Journal of Forecasting, vol.
2004, doi: 10.1109/TSMCA.2003.818878. 14, no. 1, pp. 35–62, 1998, doi: 10.1016/S0169-2070(97)00044-7.
[144] L. Suganthi, S. Iniyan, and A. A. Samuel, “Applications of fuzzy logic [166] J. Zhang, “Developing robust non-linear models through bootstrap
in renewable energy systems - A review,” Renewable and Sustainable aggregated neural networks,” Neurocomputing, vol. 25, no. 1–3, pp. 93–
Energy Reviews, vol. 48. pp. 585–607, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.037. 113, 1999, doi: 10.1016/S0925-2312(99)00054-5.
[145] M. Sugeno and T. Yasukawa, “A Fuzzy-Logic-Based Approach to
Qualitative Modeling,” IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 1, no. 1,
pp. 7–31, 1993, doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.1993.390281.
[146] H. K. Sulehria and Y. Zhang, “Hopfield Neural Networks — A Survey,”
Engineering, pp. 125–130, 2007.
[147] R. S. Sutton and A. G. Barto, “Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction,”
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1054–1054, Sep.
1998, doi: 10.1109/tnn.1998.712192.
[148] N. Syam and A. Sharma, “Waiting for a sales renaissance in the fourth
industrial revolution: Machine learning and artificial intelligence in sales
research and practice,” Ind. Mark. Manag., vol. 69, pp. 135–146, 2018, doi:
10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.12.019.
[149] J. L. Thames, R. Abler, and A. Saad, “Hybrid intelligent systems for
network security,” in Proceedings of the Annual Southeast Conference,
2006, vol. 2006, pp. 286–289, doi: 10.1145/1185448.1185513.
[150] M. K. Tiwari and C. Chatterjee, “Development of an accurate and reliable
hourly flood forecasting model using wavelet-bootstrap-ANN (WBANN)

- 12 -
 Article in Press

Jesús Gil Ruiz

Jesús Gil Ruiz is a PhD Candidate in computer science and
is also an industrial engineer, civil engineer, and industrial
organization engineer. He received an Msc Executive
MBA, an Msc in Financial Management and Cost Control,
and an Msc In Project, Construction, and Maintenance
of Infrastructures and Facilities of Rail Lines from the
University of Barcelona. Artificial Intelligence Program
Applied to Strategic Management by MIT Management Executive Education
and Business Analytics Program by Wharton Executive Education (University
of Pennsylvania). He is a project manager in the renewable energy and oil and
gas sectors, working in prestigious, internationally renowned companies such as
TSK, Técnicas Reunidas, ABENGOA, and SENER Engineering and Systems.
He has also participated in projects of great international importance, including
BenBan Solar, the world’s largest solar plant as of 2019 (1,800 MW), and
Cauchari Solar (330MW), one of the largest photovoltaic plants built in Latin
America in 2018. He is also an assistant professor at the University of La Rioja,
where he works in the field of mathematics. He is also a trainer, lecturer, and
speaker at Inicitivas Empresariales (an international company in Barcelona),
working in the areas of project management, high-speed rail engineering and
renewable energies.

Javier Martínez Torres

Dr. Javier Martínez Torres is a Mathematician and
Engineering PhD from the University of Vigo. He is
currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Vigo
and has participated in more than 20 research projects
as principal investigator. He has published more than 50
papers in JCR indexed journals and participate in more
than 25 international conferences.

Rubén González Crespo

Dr. Rubén González Crespo has a PhD in Computer
Science Engineering. Currently he is Vice Chancellor of
Academic Affairs and Faculty from UNIR and Global
Director of Engineering Schools from PROEDUCA Group.
He is advisory board member for the Ministry of Education
at Colombia and evaluator from the National Agency for
Quality Evaluation and Accreditation of Spain (ANECA).
He is member from different committees at ISO Organization. Finally, He has
published more than 200 papers in indexed journals and congresses.

- 13 -

View publication stats