Mathematical Analysis I
INSTRUCTOR: MAY VELUZ G. SALANSANG
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
The following suggestions will be of great help in the drawing of
graphs of functions:
1. Find the derivatives f’(x), f’’(x), and the critical numbers of the f.
2. Determine if the critical numbers are maximum points or
minimum points (or neither). These are the points when the first
derivative changes sign.
3. Determine the intervals where f(x) is increasing or decreasing.
4. Find the intervals where their curve is concave upward,
concave downward and determine the points of inflection by
means of the change of signs of the second derivative.
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
5. Plot the points of the relative extrema and connect the points by
arcs as implied by y’ and y’’.
6. Assign additional points, one on the right one on the left of the
extreme points.
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
1. Sketch the graph of y = x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 4 by using the
properties of the derivative..
Step 1. Find y’ , y’’ , and the critical numbers.
y’ = 3x2 + 10x + 3
1
(3x + 1)(x + 3) = 0 , x = –
3
, –3
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
1. Sketch the graph of y = x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 4 by using the
properties of the derivative..
Step 1. Find y’ , y’’ , and the critical numbers.
y’ = 3x2 + 10x + 3
1
(3x + 1)(x + 3) = 0 , x = –
3
, –3
y’’ = 6x + 10
5
6x + 10 = 0 , x=–
3
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
Step 2. Divide the number line into regions determined by the
critical numbers.
5 5 1 1
x < –3 –3 < x < – – <x<– x>–
3 3 3 3
5 1
–3 – –
3 3
5 1
x = –3 x=– x=–
3 3
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
Step 3. Construct the table, and determine the signs y’ and y’’
in the respective regions. Give the conclusions based on y’
and y’’.
Regions y y' y‘’ Remarks
x < –3 f increasing, curve
+ –
(ex. x = - 4) concave downward
(–3, 5) maximum
x = –3 y=5
point
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
5
–3 < x < – f decreasing, curve
3 – –
(ex. x = –2) concave downward
5 7
5 7 − , point of
x=– y= 3 27
3 27
inflection
5 1
– <x<– f decreasing, curve
3 3 – +
(ex. x = -1 ) is concave upward
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
1 121
5 –121 − ,−
x=– y= 3 27
3 27
minimum point
1
x>– f increasing, curve is
3 + +
(ex. x = 0) concave upward
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
5 7
Step 4. Plot the critical points (–3, 5) , – , ,
3 27
1 121
– ,– , and apply the remarks to the graph.
3 27
Step 5. Plot additional points
1
One on the right of the critical number x = –
3
:{
1 121 x = 0 , y = –4
– ,– x=1,y=5
3 27
One on the left of the critical number x = –3
(–3, 5) : x = –4 , y = 0
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
(-3, 5)
5 7
− ,
3 27
(-4, 0)
Note that the arrow indicates
that the graph tends to go up 1 121
or down indefinitely. − ,−
3 27
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
2. Sketch the graph of y = x3 + 3x2 – 2 by using the properties
of the derivative.
Step 1. Find y’ and y’’, and the critical numbers.
y’ = 3x2 + 6x
3x (x + 2) = 0 , x = 0, –2
y’’ = 6x + 6 = 0 , x = –1
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
Step 2. Form the regions with plotted critical numbers.
x < –2 –2 < x < –1 –1< x < 0 x >0
–2 –1 0
Step 3. Construct the table and determine the signs of y’ and
y’’ in the respective regions. Form the conclusions based on y’
and y’’.
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
Regions y y' y'' Remarks
x < –2 f increasing, curve
+ –
(ex. x = -3) concave downward
(–2, 2) maximum
x = –2 y=2
point
–2 < x < –1 f decreasing, curve
– –
(ex. x = -1.5) concave downward
(–1, 0) point of
x = –1 y=0
inflection
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
Regions y y' y'' Remarks
–1 < x < 0 f decreasing, curve
– +
(ex. x = -0.5) is concave upward
(0, –2) minimum
x=0 y = –2
point
f increasing, curve is
x>0 + +
concave upward
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
Step 4. Plot the critical points (–2, 2), (–1, 0), (0, –2), and
apply the remarks to the graph.
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
Step 4. Plot the critical points (–2, 2), (–1, 0), (0, –2), and
apply the remarks to the graph.
Step 5. Plot the additional points
One on the right of the critical point
(0, –2): x = 1, y = 2
One on the left of the critical number
(–2, 2): x = –3, y = –2
SKETCH OF GRAPHS
(-2, 2)
(-1, 0)
Note that the arrow indicates (0, -2)
that the graph tends to go up
or down indefinitely.
