Unit 1 : Happiness

Word Definition
1. socialize when you socialize, you spend time with other people for fun
2. poverty a country with a lot of poverty has a lot of people who don’t have money
3. access if you have access to something, you can use it
4. freedom if you have complete freedom, you can do anything you want to do
5. provides if a government provides jobs to people, it gives jobs to people
6. standard of living if you have a high standard of living, you have very comfortable and wealthy
7. financial if you discuss your financial situation, you are talking about money
8. secure if you are secure, you feel safe and not worried about anything
9. basic necessities if you have the basic necessities, you have a home and enough food to eat
10. confident if you are confident about something, you are sure about it
11. square mile a square mile = 2.59 square kilometers
12. littering is leaving garbage or trash lying around outside
13. graffiti is words or pictures that are written or drawn on walls or other public places
14. top up if you top something up, you add to it to make it full

15. tax break if the government gives someone a tax break, it lowers the amount of tax they
have to pay
16. strict if you are strict, you don’t allow people to behave badly

17. flushing if you are flushing something, you are cleaning or emptying it with a fast flow
of water
18. unemployed if you are unemployed, you do not have a job
19. look after if you look after people, you take care of them and make sure they are well
20. public if you make something public, you provide it to everyone
21. researcher someone who studies something and tries to discover facts about it
22. long-term happening over a long time
23. community the place where you live
24. hobby an activity that you enjoy doing in your free time
25. volunteer do something without being paid
26. grateful thankful
27. mood the way you feel at a particular time
28. well-being health and happiness
29. support help
30. factor one of the things that causes a situation
31. self-esteem your self-esteem is how you feel about yourself

32. salary a salary is the money that someone receives each month or year from their
employer

Unit 2 : Big Ideas

Word Definition
1. afford (verb) have enough money to pay for something
2. powered (verb) gave the energy that something needed in order to work
3. efficient (adjective) able to tasks well without wasting time or energy

4. electricity (noun) a form of energy that can be used for heating and lighting and to provide
energy for machines
5. solar power (noun) energy from the sun’s light and heat
6. creative (adjective) having the ability to invent and develop new and original ideas
7. eventually (adverb) in the end, especially after a lot of problems
8. prevention (noun) the act of making sure that something does not happen
9. equipment (noun) the things people need for a job, hobby, or sport
10. design (noun) a drawing that shows how to make something
11. running water is water that is brought into a building through pipes
12. drought a drought is a long period of time with no rain
13. diagrams are drawings that show how something, e.g., a machine, works
14. junkyard a junkyard is a place where old machines are thrown away

15. tractor fan a tractor fan is a machine part that helps cool the engine in a tractor (a vehicle
used on farms)
16. shock absorber a shock absorber is a machine part that helps make a car run smoothly over
uneven roads
17. PVC pipes are tubes made from a plastic material (polyvinyl chloride)
18. malaria is a disease spread by mosquitoes

19. struggling if someone is struggling, they are trying hard to do something because it is
difficult
20. don’t give up if you don’t give up, you don’t stop trying to do something, especially
something that is difficult
21. pollution the process of making things such as air and water dirty
22. absorb to take in something, such as gas, liquid, or heat
22. developing world countries or parts of the world that generally have low standards of living
24. purify to make something clean by removing harmful or dangerous things from it
25. alternative a different choice
26. fuel things that provide heat or energy, such as oil, wood, or gasoline
27. containers (noun) something such as a box or bottle that is used to hold things in
28. detect (verb) notice, discover, or find
29. benefit (verb) give advantages to, have a good effect on
30. indicate (verb) show or demonstrate
31. innovations (noun) new things or new methods of doing something
32. device (noun) an object that has been invented for a particular purpose
33. renewable (adjective) always available, can be renewed
34. store (verb) put somewhere and leave it there until it is needed

35. system (noun) way of working, organizing, or doing something that follows a plan or
set of rules
36. valuable (adjective) useful and helpful
37. body temperature your body temperature is how hot or how cold your body is
38. evaporates when a liquid evaporates, it changes to a gas its temperature increases
39. labs are laboratories, places where scientific research is done

Unit 3 : Connected Lives

Word Definition

1. when you edit something, you correct and make changes to it in order to
edit
improve it
2. culture a culture is a society with its own beliefs or way of life
3. communication means sharing information with people, for example, by talking or writing
4. interact when you interact with someone, you talk, spend time, or work together
5. the relationship between two people is the way they feel and act toward each
relationship
other, or the way they connected
6. the term media includes television, radio, magazines, and other things that
media
provide information
7. participation means joining in to be a part of something
8. potential something with potential has the possibility for success in the future
9. technology is methods, systems, and devices that are the result of scientific knowledge
10. traditional if something is traditional, it is connected with customs, methods, or beliefs
that have existed for a long time
11. anthropology is the study of people, society, and culture
12. structure the structure of something is the way it is put together or organized
13. dominant medium a dominant medium is the most powerful, successful, or noticeable medium
(medium is the singular form of media)
14. voice a person’s voice can refer to his or her opinion about something and the ability
to share that opinion
15. collaborate if you collaborate, you work with other people to achieve a goal or complete a
project
16. advertise tell people about something so that they might buy it or use it
17. contact communicate or meet with someone
18. environmentally relating to natural world of land, sea, air, plants, and animals
19. message a piece of information or a request that you send to someone
20. positive good or helpful
21. posting making something available to other people on the Internet
22. tool something that you use to do a particular thing
23. tribe a group of people who usually live in the same place and share customs, beliefs,
language, etc.
24. virtual used to describe an activity or a game that you can only do on the computer
25. voting giving your opinion about a decision, usually by marking a paper or raising
your hand
26. Internet start-up an Internet start-up is a newly created online business
27. lease if you lease a building or a piece of land, you allow someone to use it in return
for regular payments
28. donations are money or items that someone gives to an organization to help it

Unit 4 : Deep Trouble

Word Definition
1. acidic if something is acidic, it contains acid, a chemical that is harmful to the
 environment
2. reduce if you reduce something, you make it less
3. survive to survive is to continue to live or exist
4. diverse if something is diverse, it has things that are very different from each other
5. a(n) species is a group of plants or animals whose members are very similar to
species
each other
6. quantity a(n) quantity is a number or an amount
7. a(n) ecosystem is the relationship between all the plants and animals that live
ecosystem
together in a particular area
8. restore if you restore something, you make it the way it was before
9. when you estimate something’s size or number, you make a guess based on the
estimate
information available
10. population the population is the number of people or animals that live in a particular place
11. stable something that is stable is not likely to change
12. commercial fishing is fishing for profit
13. sonar technology uses sound waves to locate objects, for example, underwater
14. predatory fish are fish that kill and eat other fish
15. to weed out is to remove something because it is not good or strong enough
16. biodiversity is the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species
17. advice (n.) an opinion about what someone should do
18. avoid (v.) choose not to do something
19. declining (v.) becoming less
20. definitely (adv.) for sure
21. essential (adj.) extremely important or absolutely necessary
22. impact (n.) an effect
23. individual (n.) a person
24. informed (adj.) based on knowledge or information
25. minimal (adj.) very small
26. rely on (v.) need or depend on someone or something in order to live or exist
27. conservationist a conservationist is someone who works to protect the environment
28. harvest when you harvest something, such as a crop or other type of food, you gather it
in
29. dedicate when you dedicate yourself to something, you give it a lot of time and effort
because you think it is important
30. vital something that is vital is very important
31. hatchlings baby fish
32. in captivity not free; unable to go where you want
33. breed have babies
34. the wild a natural environment

Unit 5 : Memory and Learning

Word Definition
1. technique (noun) a special way of doing a particular thing
2. genius (noun) someone with a very high level of intelligence
3. collective knowledge (noun) knowledge that all members of a group share
4. visualize (verb) to form a picture in your mind of someone or something
5. memorize (verb) to learn something so you remember it exactly
6. internal (adj.) inside of something
7. external (adj.) outside of something
8. complex (adj.) having many different parts; difficult to understand
9. achievement (noun) something that is done successfully
10. texts (noun) a book or other written or printed work
respect/ if you respect, or have respect for, something or someone, you have a very
11.
have respect for high opinion of it or them
12. loci is the plural form of the Latin noun locus, meaning “place”

13. medieval refers to the period of European history between approximately AD 500 and
1500
14. virtue a virtue is a very good personal quality
15. millennium a millennium is a period of one thousand years
16. crutch a crutch is something that someone depends on for support or help
17. affect to make something change in a certain way
18. diet the kinds of food a person normally eats
19. drug a chemical
20. mental activity an activity that uses and exercises the mind
21. physical relating to the body
22. proof information that shows that something is true
23. route a path
24. state a person’s condition at a certain time
25. stress a feeling of worry that is caused by difficulties in your life
26. transfer to move something from one place to another
27. brainteasers are activities that exercise the mind, such as puzzles

28. encode if you encode information, you put it into a different form or system of
language
29. antioxidants are chemicals that can reduce the effect of harmful substances in your body

Unit 6 : Dangerous Cures

Word Definition
1. specific if you talk about a(n) specific thing, you talk about one particular thing
2. target a(n) target is something that you aim at and try to hit
3. disease if you have a(n) disease, you have serious illness
4. colleague your colleague is someone that you work with, especially in a professional job
5. endangered a(n) endangered animal is one that may not exist in the future
6. encounter if you encounter problems or difficulties, you experience them
7. cure a(n) cure is a medicine or a treatment that makes an illness go away
8. model if you create something based on a(n) model, you copy the design of something
9. resources if you have resources, you have materials, money, and other things that you
need in order to do something
10. side effects as well as making an illness go away, some drugs also cause bad, unwanted side
effects
11. for a living if you do something for a living, you do it as your main job
12. pirates are people who attack ships to rob them
13. medications are medicines that are used to treat and cure illnesses
14. peel if you peel something, you remove layers from it one at a time

15. inject if you inject something, such as medicine, you put it into a person or animal
using a needle
16. molecule a molecule is the smallest amount of a chemical that can exist by itself
17. leads clues that help you find something
18. better chance greater possibility
19. primary forest area of old land with many trees, not changed by human activity
20. career (noun) a job or profession that someone does for a long period of his or her life
21. contributions (noun) actions that produce something or make something successful
22. control (noun) limit
23. differentiates (verb) shows the difference between two things
24. dose (noun) a measured amount of a medicine or drug to be taken at one time

25. expert (noun) person who is very skilled at doing something or who knows a lot about
a particular subject
26. medical (adjective) connected with medicine
27. relief (noun) help, less pain

28. remedy (noun) something intended to cure you when you are sick or in pain
29. risk (verb) put in danger
30. toxicologist a toxicologist is a scientist who studies poisons

31. in a coma someone who is in a coma is in a state of unconsciousness, usually because of a

serious injury or illness
32. substance a substance is a type of matter (e.g., a solid or liquid) with a particular chemical
content
33. Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BC) was an ancient Greek physician (doctor), considered to be the
father of Western medicine
34. Leukemia is a disease of the blood in which the body produces too many white blood cells

Unit 7 : Nature’s Fury

Word Definition
1. climate the climate of a place is the weather conditions that are normal there
2. collide if things collide, they crash into each other
3. condition a condition is the state that something is in
4. data are facts and statistics that you can analyze
5. extends if something extends from one place to another, it covers that area or distance
6. form when things form, the begin to exist and take shape
7. occur when events occur, they happen
8. region a region is an area of country or the world
9. strikes if an object strikes other things, it hits them
10. violent if something is violent, it uses physical force to hurt or kill people
11. pavement the pavement is the hard surface of a road
12. on record if something is on record, it is written down and remembered from the past
13. altitude if something is at a particular altitude, it is at that height above sea level
14. La Niña (Spanish for the girl) is a weather pattern that occurs when cold water in the
Pacific comes to the surface of the ocean off the coast of South America
15. funnel a funnel is a shape with wide, circular top and a narrow, short tube at the
bottom
16. expand get bigger
17. charge the type of electricity that something contains (either positive or negative)
18. volt a measurement unit for electricity
19. particle a very small piece of matter
20. flash a sudden burst of light
21. appropriate (adjective) acceptable in a particular situation
22. block (verb) stop someone or something from going somewhere
23. experience (noun) knowledge based on past events
24. frequent (adjective) happening often
25. fuel (noun) something that burns
26. method (noun) a particular way of doing something
27. on purpose (adverb) deliberately, intentionally
28. particularly (adverb) especially
29. significant (adjective) large enough to be important
30. strategy (noun) a plan intended to achieve a goal
31. fire-resistant if something is fire-resistant, it does not catch fire easily
32. military campaign a military campaign is a planned set of activities for fighting a war
33. trench a trench is a long, narrow channel
34. chemical fire retardant is a type of chemical that slows down the burning of fire

35. backburning is removing fuel, such as plants and trees, in a fire’s path, usually by burning it
in a controlled way
 Unit 8 : Building Wonders
Word Definition
1. architect an architect is a person who plans and designs building
2. commit if you commit yourself to something, you give your time and energy to it
3. illustrate if you illustrate ideas, you explain or give examples of the ideas
4. inspiration if you get inspiration, it gives you new ideas
5. a successor is a person who takes another person’s role or job after he or she
successor
has left
6. is a kind of art that is produced by carving or shaping stone, wood, clay, or
sculpture
other materials
7. structure a structure is something made of parts connected together in an ordered way
8. style an artistic style is characteristic of a particular period or group of people
9. symbol a symbol is a shape or design that represents an idea
10. theme a theme is an important idea or subject found throughout a piece of writing or a
work of art
11. masterpiece a masterpiece is an extremely good work of art
12. curved if something is curved, it is not straight
13. pillars are tall, round structures that support buildings
14. carved if something is carved, it is cut from wood or stone into a shape or pattern
15. three-dimensional a three-dimensional object can be measured in three directions : height, length,
and depth
16. Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War was a revolt against the government of Spain (1936-
1939)
17. go out of fashion to go out of fashion means to become unpopular
18. client a client is someone for whom a professional does some work
19. pharaoh a king in ancient Egypt
20. the afterlife the belief in some religions of the existence of life after death
21. tombs stone structures containing the bodies of dead people
22. possessions things that a person owns or has with them
23. archaeologist a person who studies societies and peoples of the past by examining the remains
of their buildings and other objects
24. site (noun) a place with a particular purpose
25. consist (verb) a formed from
26. construct (verb) build
27. debate (verb) discuss
28. excavate (verb) carefully remove earth from
29. represent (verb) be a symbol of
30. require (verb) need
31. ritual (noun) ceremony
32. temple (noun) place for religious activities
33. transport (verb) move
34. Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in southern England, built around 2600 B.C
35. nomadic if a person or group is nomadic, they travel from the place to place rather than
living in one place all the time
36. Stone Age The Stone Age was a very early period in human history when people used
tools and weapons made of stone, not metal
37. equinox an equinox is a time in the year when day and night are of equal length
38. sacrifice a sacrifice is a religious ceremony in which people or animals are killed
39. astronomer an astronomer is a person who studies stars, planets, and other objects in space

Unit 9 : Form and Function

Word Definition

1. if you speculate about something, you make a guess about its nature or about
speculate
what might happen
2. insulation is a material or substance used to keep something warm
3. fossil a(n) fossil is the remains of a prehistoric animal found inside a rock
4. a(n) theory is a formal idea that is intended to explain something and that can
theory
be tested
5. a(n) layer of material is a quantity of it that covers something, or is between
layer
two other things
6. display something that is for display is designed to be seen
7. is anything that you see, experience, read, or are told that makes you believe
evidence
something is true
8. when things evolve, they gradually change and develop into another form over
evolve
time
9. flexible if something flexible, it moves into different positions easily without breaking
10. primitive if an animal is primitive, it belongs to an early period in its development
11. paleontologists are scientists who study fossils
12. limbs are arms or legs
13. iridescent if something is iridescent, it has many bright colors that seem to be changing
14. sac a sac is a small part of an animal’s body that is shaped like a little bag
15. flaps if a bird or insect flaps its wings, the wings go up and down
16. glide when birds or airplanes glide, they float on air currents
17. parachute a parachute is a device made of cloth that allows a person to jump safely from
an airplane
18. dragon a large lizard-like animal in stories and legends
19. branch part of a tree that has leaves or fruit growing on it
20. launch (to) send something into air
21. escape (to) succeed in getting away from something
22. adjust (verb) adapt, change
23. industry (noun) commercial activity
24. involved (verb) part of, connected with
25. mimic (verb) copy, imitate
26. overlap (verb) partly cover the same area
27. process (noun) series of actions
28. repel (verb) resist, push away
29. solid (adjective) without a space inside it
30. surface (noun) the outer layer
31. unique (adjective) the only one of its kind
32. Charles Darwin was a 19th-century English naturalist who developed a theory of evolution by
natural selection
33. armor-like if something is armor-like, it is similar to the metal clothing that soldiers wore
in the past to protect themselves in battle
34. channel a channel is a long, narrow passage for water or other liquids to flow along
35. drag is a force that opposes the motion of an object moving in water or air
 Unit 10 : Mobile Revolution
Word Definition
1. subscription a subscription is an amount you pay regularly to receive a service
2. quadruples if something quadruples, it becomes four times bigger
3. a challenge is a new and difficult thing that requires great effort and
challenge
determination
4. current if something is current, it is happening at the present time
5. dependable if a thing is dependable, you can be sure it will do what you need it to do
6. health care is the various services for the prevention or treatment of illnesses and injuries
7. if you install something, you connect or set up something, such as a computer
install
program, so it is ready to use
8. monitor when you monitor something, you check its progress
9. reality if something is a reality, it is true or actually exists
10. rural if something is rural, it is in the countryside and not in the city
11. thoroughly if you do something thoroughly, you do it carefully and in a detailed way
12. update when you update something, you add new information to it
13. software is a computer program
14. election an election is a process in which people vote to choose a person or a group of
people to hold an official position
15. crops are plants that are grown in large quantities to be harvested
16. nomadic (adj.) traveling from place to place, with no settled home
17. radio collars (n.) objects worn around the neck that can send electronic signals
18. territory (n.) land that is controlled by someone or a group of people
19. livestock (n.) animals such as cows and sheep that are kept on a farm
20. analyzes (verb) gives information about
21. applications (noun) uses
22. empower (verb) provide a way to achieve something
23. enrich (verb) make better
24. imagine (verb) use your mind to picture something
25. isolated (adjective) far away from
26. practical (adjective) effective
27. prosperity (noun) a condition of doing well financially
28. remote (adjective) far away
29. transform (verb) change
30. diagnose to diagnose is to identify a problem or an illness
31. dense if a place is dense, it contains a lot of things in a small area
32. infrastructure refers to basic facilities such as transportation, communications, and buildings
33. mining is the activity of getting useful minerals, such as gold, from the ground