Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5 & 6:
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
And
THE EARTH’S INTERNAL
HEAT
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This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is
here to help you master interaction and interdependence in the
ecosystem. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
The module covers:
Lesson 5 – Exogenic Processes
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe how rocks undergo weathering;
2. Identify the agents of erosion; and
3. Explain how the products of weathering are carried away
by erosion and deposited elsewhere.
4.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the process in which a plant grows into the base of a stone monument and
creating a crack on it?
A. chemical weathering C. mechanical weathering
B. freezing D. thawing
2. What is the type of chemical weathering that rapidly dissolves crystals of halite or
rock salt to form a solution?
A. abrasion C. hydrolysis
B. dissolution D. oxidation
3. What type of weathering occurs when stalactites and stalagmites on caves are
formed?
A. chemical weathering C. mechanical weathering
B. freezing and thawing D. thermal and pressure change
4. What chemical reaction is exhibited when water reacts with one mineral to form a
new mineral like feldspar?
A. abrasion C. hydrolysis
B. dissolution D. oxidation
5. What chemical reaction causes rust to form?
A. abrasion B. dissolution
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C. hydrolysis D. oxidation
EXORGENIC PROCESS
The earth’s surface is composed of water and landmasses. The solid portion
is made out of rocks and minerals that could experience changes either
physically or chemically. The weathered materials are transported by
different agents from one place to another and will settle down in a
particular area. These progressions that happen are achieved by forms
called exogenic processes. It includes weathering, erosion, and deposition.
Mechanical weathering or physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks
into pieces without any change in its composition. In this process, the size
and shape of rocks changes and this occurs because of the following factors
shown in the table below.
Factors Description
Due to tectonic forces, granite may rise to form mountain range. After the granite
Pressure ascends and cools, the overlying rocks and sediments may erode. At the point
when the pressure diminishes, the rock expands, cools, and became brittle and
fractured.
Rocks expand and are fractured when expose to high temperature. However, if the
Temperature temperature drops to 0°C (freezing point of water), it also expands and causes
fracture.
Frost Generally, rocks have fracture in its surface and when water accumulates in the
Wedging crack and at that point freezes, the ice expands and breaks the rock apart.
The breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and friction. This primarily occurs
Abrasion during collision of rocks, sand, and silt due to current or waves along a stream or
seashore causing sharp edges and corners to wear off and become rounded.
Organic The roots grow causing penetration into the crack, expand, and in the long run,
Activity break the rock.
Human Activities such as digging, quarrying, denuding forests and cultivating
Activities land contribute to physical weathering.
Burrowing Animals like rats, rabbits and squirrels excavate into the ground to create a space
Animals for habitation.
Activity 1
Identify the factors of physical weathering shown in each picture.
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1.
2.
3.
In chemical weathering, there are changes in the composition of rocks due to
the chemical reactions presented below.
Chemical Description
Reactions
It occurs in specific minerals which are dissolved in water. Examples of
Dissolution these minerals are Halite (NaCl) and Calcite (CaCO 3). The formation of
stalactites and stalagmites in caves are brought about by this chemical
reaction.
Hydrolysis Rock-forming minerals like amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar react
with water and form different kinds of clay minerals.
It is the response of oxygen with minerals. If the iron oxidizes, the
Oxidation mineral in rocks decomposes. Rusting is an example of this chemical
reaction.
Activity 2
Analyze each picture. Identify the chemical reaction that causes
chemical weathering.
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4.
5.
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following process does NOT alter the composition of material?
A. chemical weathering
B. dissolution
C. hyrolysis
D. mechanical weathering
2. What type of weathering is exhibited when the rocks are fractured,
cracked, and broken down into small pieces?
A. chemical weathering
B. oxidation
C. physical weathering
D. pressure change
3. Which of the following is an example of oxidation?
A. rusting of iron
B. halite dissolves in water
C. feldspar decomposes to form clay
D. stalactites and stalagmites formation
4. Which activity does NOT facilitate erosion?
A. kaingin
B. loss of plant cover
C. planting
D. steepening of slope
5. Which diagram exhibits the most ideal arrangement for exogenic processes?
A. erosion – sediments – weathering – transport- deposition
B. sediments – erosion – weathering – transport
C. sediments – transport – erosion – weathering
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D. weathering – erosion – transport-deposition
6. What term refers to the removal and transport of weathered
material from one place to another?
A. deposition
B. erosion
C. sublimation
D. weathering
7. Which of the following is NOT an agent of erosion?
A. glacier
B. rocks
C. water
D. wind
8. Which of the following cannot be considered as a role of gravity in erosion?
A. It moves glaciers down slope.
B. It loosens the land materials.
C. In mountains, it moves down large slabs of rocks.
D. It acts as agents of mass wasting like landslides, fall,
mudflows, and avalanches.
9. What term refers to the process wherein rocks break down into pieces?
A. deposition
B. erosion
C. mass wasting
D. weathering
10. What process of chemical weathering is involved when water reacts
with one mineral to form a new mineral like feldspar into clay?
A. dissolution
B. hydrolysis
C. oxidation
D. pressure
References
Books
Albarico, Joni. 2016. Earth and Life Science. Lipa City, Batangas:
Scolaire Publishing
Bayo-ang et al. 2016. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School.
Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation
Olivar II, J S., Rodolfo, R. and Hillel Cabria. 2016. Exploring Life
through Science Earth Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.
6
Salandanan, G.G., Faltado, R.E., and Merle B. Lopez. 2016. Earth and
Life Sciences for Senior High School. Quezon City: Lorimar
Publishing, Inc.
Sia, SR D. and Leah Amor S. Cortez. 2016. SCIENCE in Today’s World
for Senior High School Earth and Life Science. Quezon City: Sibs
Publishing House, Inc.
Thompson, G.R. and Jonathan Turk. 2012. Introduction to Earth
Science. Pasay City: Cengage learning Asia Pte Ltd
Quarter 2 – Module 6
The Earth’s Internal
Heat
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using
The module covers:
Lesson 2 – The Earth’s Internal Heat
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from.
2. Identify the sources of Earth’s internal heat; namely, radiogenic heat
and primordial heat.
3. Describe the parts and function of Earth’s interior.
4. Describe the processes of heat transfer in Earth’s mantle.
1. This refers to the heat left over from the formation of the Earth?
A. radiogenic heat C. superheating
B. primordial heat D. heat from the sun
2. How much is the approximate terawatts in the flow of heat in Earth’s
interior
to its surface?
A. 41 terawatts C. 47 terawatts
B. 43 terawatts D. 49 terawatts
3. Which of the following is the outermost layer of the Earth?
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A. crust C. discontinuity
B. core D. mantle
4. What kind of heat transfer occurs mostly on the Earth’s surface?
A. conduction C. insolation
B. convection D. radiation
5. What kind of process by which heat energy is transmitted
through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules?
A. conduction C. insolation
B. convection D. radiation
Heat energy plays a vital role in our planet. It is one of the extreme factors
in what makes the world livable. If you think of a volcano, you know Earth
must be hot inside. The heat inside of our planet moves continents, build
mountains and causes earthquakes, but where does all this heat inside
the earth come from?
Sources of heat in our planet can be identified as Primordial and
Radiogenic heat. During the early formation of the Earth, the internal heat
energy that gradually gathered together by means of dispersion in the
planet during its few million years of evolution is called Primordial heat.
The major contribution of this internal heatis the accretion energy – the
energy deposited during the early formation of a planet. The core is a storage
of primordial heat that originates from times of accretion when kinetic energy
of colliding particles was transformed into thermal energy.
On the other hand, the thermal energy released as a result of
spontaneous nuclear disintegration is called Radiogenic Heat. It involves
the disintegration of natural radioactive elements inside the earth – like
Uranium, Thorium and Potassium. Uranium is a special kind of element
because when it decays, heat (radiogenic) is produced
Activity 1: Earth’s Layers
Directions. Label the diagram below with the names of each layers. Include a
brief
description of each of the Earth’s layers.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
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Sources of Heat and Heat Transfer
Both sources of heat whether primordial or radiogenic undergo
heat transfer and it plays an important role to the continuous changes and
development of our planet. In connection, another part of this module
describes the heat transfer in the Earth. Three processes can transfer heat:
conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction governs the thermal conditions in almost entire solid
portions of the Earth and plays a very important role in the lithosphere. Its
processes happen in the earth’s surface. Conduction is one of the three
main ways that heat energy moves from place to place.
Convection involves transfer of heat by the movement of mass, which
is a more efficient means of heat transport in the Earth compared to pure
conduction. Convection dominates the thermal conditions in the zones
where large quantities of fluids (molten rocks) exist, and thus governs the
heat transport in the fluid outer core and the mantle. In geological time
scale, the mantle behaves as a viscous fluid due to the existence of high
temperatures
Radiation is the least important mode of heat transport in the Earth.
The process of heat exchange between the Sun and the Earth, through
radiation, controls the temperatures at the Earth's surface. Inside the
Earth, radiation is significant only in the hottest parts of the core and the
lower mantle.
Activity 2: Fill me up!
Directions. Use the word bank to fill in the gaps in the passage
below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Convection Earth’s plates
Plates
Convection current Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Crust Plate tectonics
The surface layer of the earth is called the
layer is broken up into pieces called . These
“float” on the
mantle. Heat rising and falling inside the mantle creates current
called
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. The current move the
. This movement is known as . The movement of
the earth’s plate causes earthquakes and
Activity 3: Illustrate and Explain
Directions. Illustrate the example indicated in the given scenario in
the box where conduction and convection are applied. Then, relate it
to the processes occurring in the Earth’s internal heat.
CONDUCTION
Chocolate candy in your hand will eventually melt as the heat from
your body is released and makes it melted.
Explanation:
CONVECTION
A heater in the hot air balloon heats the air. The air inside is trapped
causing the balloon to rise.
Explanation:
Directions. Read each question and choose the correct answer. Write
your answers on separate sheet of paper
1. What process by which heat is directly transmitted through a
substance when there is a difference of temperature or
between adjoining regions, without movement of the
material?
A. conduction C. insolation
B. convection D. radiation
2. Why radioactive decay plays a significant role in Earth’s internal
heat?
A. Radioactive element can be found anywhere in the planet.
B. When radioactive element decays, it produces heat.
C. Spontaneous nuclear disintegration of radioactive
elements produced thermal energy.
D. All of the above
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3. Which of the following is described as the process of heat
exchange between the Sun and the Earth that controls the
temperatures of the latter?
A. conduction C. insolation
B. convection D. radiation
4. What is produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle
and crust?
A. radiogenic heat C. superheating
B. primordial heat D. heat from the sun
5. How the conduction in the surface of the earth affect the
temperature of our atmosphere?
A. Air molecules come in contact with the warmer surface
of the land and ocean resulting to the increase of its
thermal energy.
B. Air molecules come in contact with the cooler surface of
the land and ocean resulting to the decrease of its
thermal energy.
C. Air molecules do not come in contact with the warmer
surface of the land and ocean resulting to the increase
of its thermal energy.
D. Air molecules do not come in contact with the cooler
surface of the land and ocean resulting to the increase
of its thermal energy
Gerald Schubert; Donald Lawson Turcotte; Peter Olson (2001). "Chapter 2:
Plate tectonics". Mantle convection in the earth and planets.
Cambridge University Press. pp. 16 ff. ISBN 978-0-521-79836-5.
Green, Ronald. 2007. “Numerical Simulation of Thermal – Hydrological
Processes Observed at the Drift-Scale Heater Test at Yucca Mountain,
Nevada.” Elsevier Geo – Engineering Book Series, vol. 2 (2004)
175 – 180.
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