“ CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE ”

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By

PRAJAPATI VIJAYKUMAR DEVABHAI

(180610106052)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE PALANPUR

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

(April, 2022)
 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PALANPUR

Ahmedabad-Palanpur Highway, At: Jagana

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project
entitled “CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE” has been carried out by PRAJAPATI
VIJAYKUMAR DEVABHAI under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in CIVIL ENGINEERING 8th Semester of
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year
2021-22.

Sign:- Sign:-

PROF. YOGESH CHAUHAN PROF. P. C. VASANI

Internal Guide Head of the Department

 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PALANPUR

Ahmedabad-Palanpur Highway, At: Jagana

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Internship report submitted along with the
Internship “CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE ” submitted in partial fulfillment
for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in civil to Gujarat Technological
University, Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of original project work carried
out by me at GPC INFRASTRUCTURE PRIVATE LTD. Palanpur under the
supervision of Er. vikasbhai chaudhary and that no part of this report has
been directly copied from any students’ reports or taken from any other
source, without providing due reference.

Name of the Student Sign of Student

Prajapati vijaykumar devabhai

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express our sincere gratitude to our Internal guide prof. yogesh Chauhan
for continuously guiding me and answering all my doubts with patience. I would also like
to thank to all the faculty members. I am Thankful to my company guide Er. Vikasbhai
chaudhary (site engineer), for helping me & giving me about knowledge of construction
of bridge.

I also thank our parents, friends and all the members of the family for their precious
support and encouragement, which they had provided in completion of our work. In
addition to that, we would also like to mention the company personals who gave us the
permission to use and experience the valuable resources required for the internship.

Thanking You

Vijay prajapati
 CONTENT

• TITLE

• CERTIFICATE

•DECLARATION

•ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

•LIST OF FIGURES

•LIST OF TABLES

•INDEX

•PROJECT INTRODUCTION

•CONCLUSION
 List of Figures
Fig.No. Fig.name. page no.

1. Location of bridge
2. RMC plant
3. Equipment used on site
4. Stages in pile construction
5. Bentonite clay in pile foundation
6. Drawing of pile
7. Analysis of reinforcement in pile
8. Site visit pic of pile construction
9. Quantity of concrete used in pile
10. Dismentling of pile
11. PCC layer
12. Drawing of pilecap
13. Analysis of reinforcement in pilecap
14. Site visit pic of pilecap construction
15. Quantity of concrete used in pilecap
16. Core cutter test
17. Calcium carbide test
18. Compressive strength test of cube
19. Drawing of pier
20. Analysis of reinforcement in pier
21. Site visit pic of pier construction
22. Quantity of concrete used in pier
23. Drawing of piercap
24. Analysis of reinforcement in pier cap
25. Site visit pic of piercap construction
26. Quantity of concrete used in piercap
27. Drawing of padestal
28. Railway portion pier
29. PCC in base of girder
30. Drawing of girder cross section
31. Analysis of reinforcement in girder
32. Site visit pic of girder construction
33. Pile load test.
 List of table
Table no. Table name. Page no.
1. Danta portion bridge information.
2. Analysis of reinforcement in pile
3. Analysis of reinforcement in pilecap
4. Analysis of reinforcement in pier
5. Analysis of reinforcement in piercap
6. Analysis of reinforcement in padestal.
7. Analysis of reinforcement in girder.
8. Load calculation in pile load test.
 INDEX
1. Introduction of project

2. RMC plant

3. Equipment used on site

4. Pile foundation

5. Pile cap

6. Different test on field

6.1)core cutter method forbulk density of soil

6.2)calcium carbide method for moisture content

6.3)compressive strength of cube using compression testing machine

7.pier

8.piercap

9.padestal

10.girder

11.pile load test

 Project information:

 Construction of ROB with approaches in lieu of LC no.165 of Ahmadabad-

palanpur(IR Ch-650/2-3) between Rly station-Karjoda&palanpur on NH-58 on
EPC mode under NH(O) in the state of Gujarat

 Authority: CE(NH) R &B,state of Gujarat.

 EPC Contractor:GPC infrastructure limited, palanpur

 Design consultant:SID consultants, ahmedabad

 Safety consultant: Tulip consultancy,vadodara

 Proof consultant: shah associates, Ahmedabad

 Tender cost:98 crore

 Need of this project!!

Due to Traffic and DFCCIL railway project.

Salient features of this project:

The proposed ROB is consisting of bridge structures of 3 arms and a rotary.

Arm 1:Abu road arm(two lane carriage way)

Arm 2:palanpur arm(two lane carriage way)

Arm 3:Danta arm( four lane carriage way)

Common elevated rotary connecting 3 arms

Key features:
Length of approach, rotary and ROB portion:

Palanpur arm:951.280 m

Abu road arm:700.038 m

Danta arm: 682.276 m

Rotary portion:212.0 m

Railway portion:56 m

Total length:2601.594 m

Proposed clear carriage way width:

Palanpur Arm & Abu road arm : 7.5 m
Danta Arm : 2×7.5 m
Railway portion: 2×7.5 m + footpath on one side Rotary portion: 11.55 m

Initiall expenditures for contractor:

RMC plant cost: 85 lakh &50 lakhs

Water bore cost: 5 lakhs

Electricity cost: 12 lakhs

Land rent: 1.5 lakhs/month

RMC plant:
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is concrete that is manufactured in a batch plant, according
to each specific job requirement, then delivered to the job site “ready to use”.

Typical RMC plant consists of silos and bins for the storage of cement and aggregates
respectively, weigh batchers for proportioning different ingredients of concrete, high
efficiency mixer for thorough mixing of ingredients, and a computerized system
controlling the entire production process.

Capacity of RMC plant on site:

60 CMT/hour

Capacity of cement silos:150 tonn. Mixing is done by weight mixing

Various quipments use on site:

(1) Hydraulic excavator:

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or stick),
bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". The house sits atop an
undercarriage with tracks or wheels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic
excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders
and hydraulic motors.

Uses:-digging of holes, foundation

Pile dismentling
(2) pile rig machine

Piling rigs are mainly used to drill/create piles in soil, clay, etc. It is widely used for cast-
in- place piles, diaphragm walls, and foundation reinforcement.

Price :3 crore Rent:1200/m.

(3)joseph Cyril benford (JCB)

Bucket capacity:0.3 m3

(4)hydra crane :

Capacity:12 ton
(5)Transit mix
Use for transporting and mixing the concrete.

Capacity: 6 m³

(6)Hydraulic hoister:
Uses: to hoist reinforcement, material etc
7) trime pipe:

Used for concreting in pile. Outer Dia: 1.10m

I tremie is a watertight pipe, usually of about 250 mm inside diameter (150 to 300 mm),
with a conical hopper at its upper end above the water level. It may have a loose plug
or a valve at the bottom end. A tremie is used to pour concrete underwater in a way that
avoids washout of cement from the mix due to turbulent water contact with the
concrete while it is flowing. This produces a more reliable strength of the product.
Common applications include the following.

Caissons, which are the foundations of bridges, among other things, that span bodies of
water.
Pilings.
Monitoring wells.
Concrete for tremie placement should have a very high slump of about 150 mm to 200
mm.

Transit mixer is a piece of equipment that is used for transporting concrete/ mortar or
ready mix material from a concrete batching plant directly to the site where it is to be
utilized.
nner dia : 0.2m
A
Danta Arm :-
  Pile foundation:

Piling is a deep foundation construction technique used to transmit building load to

deep strong strata underground.

The strong strata can be a hard bedrock or a compact soil bed.

Piles are usually circular or square shape cross-section columns of reinforced concrete,
timber, steel-concrete composite materials. They are driven or nailed in into the earth
until their tip reaches a hard layer of soil. The base of the building rests on the cap of
piles, which are flat surfaces attached on top of piles. The load is then transferred
through pipes to the strata below.

Following are the situations when using a pile foundation system can be

Ø When the groundwater table is high.

Ø Heavy and non-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.
Ø Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.
Ø When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.
Ø When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near the river bed or
seashore, etc.
Ø When there is a canal or deep drainage systems near the structure.
Ø When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to poor soil condition.
Ø When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches dry by pumping or by any
other measure due to heavy inflow of seepage.

How is a bored pile constructed ?

The construction of the bored pile is divided into two phases: the drilling phase and the
construction phase. In the drilling phase, the soil is removed form a hole of the required
diameter and depth, while during the construction phase, the reinforced concrete is
poured in pilehole.

Bored Pile Construction Process:

The bored piling process involves the following stages:

The construction starts by drilling a vertical hole into the soil using the bored piling
machine. The machine is outfitted with accessories like drilling tools, buckets, and grabs
that help remove soil and rocks during the drilling process.

The piles drilled can go up to a depth of 60 m and a diameter of 2.4 m.

A temporary steel cylinder or sleeve is inserted into the drilled hole until the pile is
poured.

After this, a rebar cage for the pile is inserted into the hole and, subsequently, filled with
concrete.

The top of the pile is capped either with a footing or a pile cap near the ground level so
that the structure above can be constructed.

 bentonite powder in pile foundation:

Bentonite is a type of clay material, formed due to the weathering of volcanic ash. They
are mined from the quarry & crushed into fine powder.
The different types of bentonite are

1. Sodium bentonite.

2. Calcium bentonite.

3. Potassium bentonite.

In the construction industry, sodium bentonite is used in pile foundation works.

Why bentonite powder is used in pile foundation work?

The bentonite has high water-absorbent properties. It swells considerably, nearly 8
times its volume after absorbing water.

Sodium bentonite is thixotropic in nature, which makes them suitable for soil
stabilization work.

The bentonite slurry contains cations( Na+) which bring stability to the boring soil
surface due to electrically charged ions.

So, bentonite slurry is used to prevent the collapse of the soil in the pile bore to a larger
extent.

What are the advantages of using bentonite slurry in pile foundation?

Advantages:

1. Bentonite prevents the collapse of the soil by forming a layer over the exposed
Pile foundation surface.
2. Bentonite helps to maintain the quality of concrete in the pile foundation. If
bentonite is not used, the soil particles may get mixed with the poured concrete,
resulting in a lower grade of concrete.

3. Bentonite acts as a lubricant material for the pile driving equipment & hammers
reducing the boring friction.

4. By forming a barrier coat over the soil, bentonite reduces the volume of extra
collapsed soil. This helps to complete the work at a faster rate.
Bearing capacity of soil in pile foundation!!!
Pile length=pile cutoff level -pile termination level

=212.327-192.327

=20.0m

Dia of pile =1 m

According to meyerhoff theory

Ultimate bearing capacity of soil in pile foundation= end bearing resistance+ skin friction
resistance

= 9CAb + ¶CAs

C-cohesion of soil:

For medium stiff clay cohesion varies from 96 kN/m^2 to 198 kN/m^2,

So take average of its value the cohesion in medium stiff clay is 144 kN/m^2.

=9×144×π/4 ×(1)^2 + 0.80×144×π×1×20

=1018.28+7241.14

=8259.42 kN
Analysis of pile:(DP-11)
Total number of pile in one pier=6 Total depth of pile=21.3 m

Total depth below cut off level=20 m. Concrete grade used :M-35 (C:S:A=1:0.5:1)

Cover :75 mm

Bars:20 nos. 25 mm dia

  Analysis Of reinforcement :-

Total Reinforcement Used In 6 Pile = 13393.39 kg

 Construction of pile :-
Calculation of quantity of concrete used in pile:
After pile construction:
Excavation is done around the pile area to facilitate removal of the extra pile portion by
chipping.

Why chipping of pile or dismantling of pile is done ?

Piles were cast with high slump concrete, during the concreting of piles, there is a chance that
fines from concrete might accumulate at the top and also if there is any slush in the bored pile, it
will also come up during concreting. So the concreting of the pile is overflowed to take out all
impurities. After casting of the piles, the top portion of the pile is chipped out till the pile cap.

Excavation is done around the pile area to facilitate removal of the extra pile portion by
chipping. Pile Chipping is the extra pile that is above the cutoff level, which provided for
good and sound concrete. The main purpose of chipping is to remove the surplus slushy
concrete (a mixture of concrete, slurry, and mud) over the cutoff level. When concreting
is going on, the black slush comes out from the borehole. Black slush represents the
mud which produced at the time of boring.

Pile Cut-off level is the actual level at which the piles below pier are made to be of the
same level. The concrete of pile is cut-off at the specified level (given in the
specifications or drawings usually around 75 mm) while the steel is kept projected in-to
the pile cap to make an effective bond.
After chipping of pile pcc layer of 80 mm depth is constructed on cut off level of pile
and then construction of pile cap start.
Pile cap :
A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have
been driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. It
usually forms part of the deep foundation of a building, typically a multi-story
building, structure or support base for heavy equipment, or of a bridge. The cast
concrete pile cap distributes the load of the building into the piles. A similar
structure to a pile cap is a “raft”, which is a concrete foundation floor resting
directly onto soft soil which may be liable to subsidence.
The mat is made of concrete which is an aggregate of small rocks and
cement. This mixture has to be supported by a framework to avoid sagging
and fracture while setting. This process is known as shuttering and
reinforcing. The materials used are long steel bars with longitudinal
protrusions between the piles held in shape by thinner tie wires. Once this
steel mat is laid, timber is attached around the perimeter to contain the
wet concrete mixture. Once poured, (usually as a series of small loads), the
concrete is stirred to remove any air pockets that might weaken the
structure when set. The concrete undergoes a chemical change as it
hardens and this produces a lot of heat. Sometimes, if the mass of concrete
is very large, pipes carrying refrigerant coolant are used in the mass to
assist the setting process to prevent the concrete from cracking.
Hight of pile cap = Top of pile cap – bottom of pile cap

= 214.027 – 212.327

= 1.7 m
Length of pile cap = 8.1 m Width of pile cap = 4.7 m

Concret grade used : M-35

( C : S : A) = ( 1 : 0 : 5 : 1 )
Drawing of pilecap :
  Analysis of pile cap drawing:

Total weight of steel used in 1 pile cap=4459.31 kg

 Construction of pile cap :-
 Concreting in pile cap :-
Calculation of quantity of concrete used in pile cap:
Different tests of soil on field:

(1) core cutter test:

Uses:to determine in situ density of soil. This method is use in case of cohesive soil. Test

procedure:

Weight of empty cutter=895.5 gm

Next,press core cutter in to the soil mass using rammer and stop the process of pressing
when about 15 mm of the dolly protrudes above the soil surface.

Now, weight of cutter +soil=2841 gm Bulk density=weight of soil per volume

=1945.5/1020

=1.90 gm/cm^3
(2) Calcium carbide test:

Use: To determine water content of soil. This test is done to determine the water

content in soil by calcium carbide method as per IS: 2720 (Part II) – 1973. It is a method

for rapid determination of water content from the gas pressure developed by the

reaction of calcium carbide with the free water of the soil. From the calibrated scale of

the pressure gauge the percentage of water on total mass of wet soil is obtained and

the same is converted to water content on dry mass of soil.

Apparatus required :-

i) Metallic pressure vessel, with a clamp for sealing the cup, alongwith a gauge

calibrated in percentage water content

ii) Counterpoised balance, for weighing the sample

iii) Scoop, for measuring the absorbent (Calcium Carbide)

iv) Steel balls – 3 steel balls of about 12.5mm dia. And 1 steel ball of 25mm dia.

iv) One bottle of the absorbent (Calcium Carbide)

Procedure to determine water content of soil:

(I) Set up the balance, place the sample in the pan till the mark on the balance arm

matches with the index mark.

(ii) check that the cup and the body are clean.

v) Hold the body horizontally and gently deposit the levelled, scoop-full of the

absorbent (Calcium Carbide) inside the chamber

vi) Transfer the weighed soil from the pan to the cup.

vii) Hold cup and chamber horizontally, bringing them together without disturbing

the sample

viii) In case of clayey soils, place all the 4 steel balls (3 smaller and 1 bigger) in the

body along with the absorbent

ix) Shake the unit up and down vigorously in this position for about 15 seconds.

x) Hold the unit horizontally, rotating it for 10 seconds, so that the balls roll around

the inner circumference of the body.

xi) Rest for 20 seconds

xii) Repeat the above cycle until the pressure gauge reading is constant and note the

reading. Usually it takes 4 to 8 minutes to achieve constant reading. This is the

water content (m) obtained on wet mass basis.

xiii) Finally, release the pressure slowly by opening the clamp screw and taking the

cup out, empty the contents and clean the instrument with a brush.
xiv) In laboratory,taken weight of soil sample =10 g

Derived water content corresponding to dial guage=12.35%

3).compressive strength of cube using compression testing machine (IS:516):-

This test give us an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. With the help of this test
we can check that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. And compressive
strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its surface without any
crack or deflection.
Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio,
cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control during production of
concrete etc.

Procedure of test:
For this test mainly 150mm * 150 mm * 150 mm cubes are used

Clean the mounds properly and apply oil inside the cube frame
Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 50mm thick
Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel
bar 16mm diameter and 600 mm long, )
Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel
The concrete cubes are removed from the moulds between 16 to 72 hours, usually this
done after 24 hours. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and
wipe out excess water from the surface.Take the dimension of the specimen to the
nearest 0.2mm And then place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the
load shall be applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.Align the specimen centrally
on the base plate of the machine.Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it
touches the top surface of the specimen.
Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140 kg/cm2/min.
till the specimen fails
Record the maximum load and note it

 Comprehensive cube test result :-

 Pier:
A bridge pier is a type of structure that extend to the ground
below or into the water. It is used to support bridge
superstructure and transfer the loads to the foundation. The
bridge piers can be constructed to be substantially attractive
and strong in order to withstand both vertical and horizontal
loads. It also does not hinder water flow or tide if the bridge
spans the water.

Bridge piers may be built using concrete, stone, or metal.

Concrete is commonly specified as construction materials
provided that the pier is submerged in water since metal is
prone to rust in water. It is constructed in many locations like
waterways, dry lands on which highway systems are built as
overpasses.
Requirements of Bridge Piers

It should effectively transfer loads from superstructure to

foundation without failure.
It should withstand all force actions.
The material for the piers should be easily available.
It should have pleasant appearance.
Its design should be simple.
The piers should be durable against weathering, impacts and
corrosion.
It should have minimum repair and maintenance cost.
It should have stability against lateral and longitudinal force
actions, such as seismic, wind, ice, currents, and impacts
 Drawing and analysis of pier :-
 ANALYSIS OF PIER

• Total quantity of steel used in pier

=9171.73 kg

=9.171 tonn
 CONCRETING IN PIER
• Quantity of concrete used in one pier:

Height of pier:10.553 m

• Width of pier:1.35 m

• Length of pier:4.8 m

• Total quantity of wet concrete =10.553×1.35×4.8

=68.38 m^3.

• Total quantity of dry concrete. =68.38+0.52×68.38

• quantity of dry concrete in one rectangular pier =103.9376 m^3.

• concrete grade used in pier =M35.

• piercap :Pier Cap is the component that transfers loads from the
superstructure to the piers. Pier cap provides sufficient seating for the
Bridge girders and disperses the loads from the bearings to the Piers.
Analysis of drawing of piercap :
  ANALYSIS OF PIER CAP

 PIER CAP
Total quantity of steel used in one pier cap

=13655.39 kg

=13.655 tonn
Quantity of concrete used in piercap
 ANALYSIS OF PADESTAL
Pedestals are basically constructed for the purpose of providing
bearing pads in the concrete bridges. Bearing pads are used to form
hinge joints at the ends. The beam rests on these bearing pads which
may be an elastomer.
  Railway portion pier
Danta portion piers were rectangular in shape comperatively the railway portion
contains circular shape.

These piers contains one pile cap as support for two pier. The height of main pile is

13.2m.

The outer part of the main pier is known “protection pier” and inner pier is known as
“main pier”.

Height of protection pier 8.8m.

Each lip of protection pier contains 1.25m.

Prestressed concrete girder:

1. What is Precast (Prestressed) Concrete?

The application of Pre-Stressed Concrete(PSC) is used to offset the
occurrence of tensile stresses in concrete, which is weak in tension, by
applying an external force(Compressive Force) to the concrete beforehand.

PSC uses high-strength steel and concrete in comparison to RC(Reinforced

Concrete). Furthermore, since it is designed without cracks, it has good
durability and watertightness, and has outstanding resistance to impact
load and repeated loads compared to RC. In addition, since the shear
surface of concrete can be effectively used, due to the assumption that
there are no cracks, the second moment of the cross-section is large,
causing the deflection due to live loads to be small.

Prestressed concrete girder:

Prestressed concrete girders are the leading choice for bridge construction
across the country, and it’s easy to understand why. Compared to other
materials and bridge superstructures, studies show prestressed I-beam
girders have the longest service life and require less maintenance. Prestress
concrete girders are also increasingly specified for their aesthetic versatility,
strength, quality and shortened construction time.

Why girder/beam constructed in I shape??

I beams have very high moment of inertia for the same volume of the given
material. So they have high stability in case of bending moments. The two
horizontal parts (called flanges) of the I beam can bear high bending and
shearing stress. That means they do not get twisted and tilted easily.
  P.C.C.in base plate of girder
The soil surface will not be properly levelled

The base plate will help the casting in properly levelled surface. The pcc is done around

150mm depth

As shown in fig. the channels are known as starter.

It will help the shuttering of girder by fixing fixing the shuttering in vertical direction

The tie rods are fixed in the channel horizontally so that the channels can not be spread.
 DRAWING OF GIRDER
Reinforcement analysis of girder :
  ANALYSIS OF GIRDER :-

Total quantity of steel used in one girder

=15247.49 kg
=15.2 tonn
 Reinforcement in girdar :-
 CONCRETING IN GIRDER
  Initial load test on piles:
 This test is performed to confirm the design load calculations and to
provide guidelines for setting up the limits of acceptance for routine
tests. It also gives an idea of the suitability of the piling system. Initial
Test on piles are to be carried out at one or more locations depending
on the number of piles required.

 Load applied for the initial (cyclic) load test is 2.5 times the safe
carrying capacity of the pile. Loading for Initial Tests is conducted as
per Appendix ‘A’ Clause 6.3 of IS-2911 Part IV.

Load tests on piles are conducted on completion of 28 days after casting of piles.

The test should be performed at the cut off level only.

Vertical Load Tests on Piles

This test will be carried out as stipulated in IS-2911 (Part IV) 1995.

Pile Head – The pile head shall be chipped off till sound concrete is met wherever
applicable. The reinforcement shall be cut and head levelled with Plaster of Paris. A
bearing plate with a hole shall be placed on the head for the jack to rest.

Reaction- Kentledge shall be suitably designed to get the desired reaction on the piles.
Anchor piles (if required) shall be placed at a centre to centre distance of 3 times the
pile diameter subject to a minimum distance of 2 M.

Settlement- 2 dial gauges for a single pile and 4 dial gauges for a group of piles with 0.01
mm sensitivity shall be used. They shall be positioned at equal distance around the piles
on datum bars resting on immovable supports at a distance of 3D (min. of 1.5 m) where
D is the diameter of pile or circumscribing circle for non-circular piles.
 Application of load:
The applied load on the piles is 2.5 times the vertical load capacity of the pile.

The test will be carried out by applying a series of vertical displacement load each
increment of about 20% of the taste load on the pile.

It shall be applied as specified depending on the type of test (routine / initial). Each
load shall be maintained till the rate of displacement of the pile top is either 0.1 mm
in the first 30 minutes or 0.2 mm in the first one hour or 2 hours whichever occurs
first. The next increment in the load shall be applied on achieving the aforesaid
criterion.

The load will be applied through the hydraulic Jack on the pile with the use of the
reaction frame girder.

the maximum test loads shall be subjected to 24 hours.

The safe load on a single pie should be the list of the following:

(1) 2/3rd of the final load at which the total displacement attains a value of 18mm or
Maximum Of 2% of pile dia, whichever is less.

(2) 50% of the final load at which the total displacement equals 10% of the pile
diameter in case of uniform diameter piles or 7.5% of the bulb diameter in case of
under reamed piles.

The maximum settlement should not excced 18 mm.

•ultimate load at 18 mm settlement is=2010tonn.

•pile load capacity=2/3 of 2010=1340 tonn.

•cost of test=300rs/tonn.
PILE LOAD TEST
Oven dry method for determination of water content of soil:
This is a laboratory test because we need an oven for this test to perform
and certainly we cannot carry an oven into the field.

It is the simplest and the most commonly adopted method for the
determination of water content.

Its procedure is very simple. Just take out a sample from soil, take its weight
and put it into the oven for 24 hours then take it out and take its weight
again.

The difference of weight will be the weight of water present in the soil
sample.

• Instrument:oven, weight Balance, container.

• Weight of empty container (W1)=3.087kg

• Weight of container +soil (W2). =3.187kg

• Put that soil sample in oven for 24 hours at 105’C.

• Weight of dry soil+container (W3)=3.175 kg

• water content=weight of water/weight of dry soil.

=(W2-W3/W3-W1)×100

=(3.187-3.175/3.175-3.087)×100

=13.66%
Slump test:
• This test is most commonly used for measurement of workability .

• More the slump value more the workability of concrete.

• Slump cone(30cm hight) and temping rod is used for measurement.

• •slump value measured at sight =120 mm.

• Uses:. Slump value

• For road construction. 20-40 mm

• Mass concreting 25-50 mm

• •Beams and slabs 50-100 mm

• Normal rcc works. 80-150 mm

CONCLUSION:

In my 12 months internship,,I have learnt about construction of various portion of bridge. I

understood about pile foundation,pile load test and construction of pilecap,pier ,piercap and
prestressed concrete girder. I have done various test on laboratory and I understood how to
determine various properties of soil,, strength of concrete cube etc.i understood levelling
method on site.