THE LESSER PHRYGIAN TUMULI

Part 1
The Inhumations
 Frontispiece
Tum] 36. Dinos with bichrome decoration from Tumu lus ]
Watercolor by Maria n Welker
University Museum Monograph 88

THE GORDION EXCAVATIONS (1950-1973)

FINAL REPORTS VOLUME II

G. K. Sams, Series Editor

THE LESSER PHRYGIAN TUMULI

Part 1
The Inhumations
Ellen L. Kohler

Published by
The University Museum
~

~
1995
 Production
Bagnell & Socha

Printing
Science Press

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

(Revised for vol. 2, pt.1)

The Gordion excavations: final reports.

University Museum monograph / University Museum, University of

Pennsylvania; 43, 88)
Companion set to Gordion special studies.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. Three great early tumuli / Rodney S. Young - v. 2. The
lesser Phrygian tumuli, pt. 1. The inhumations.
2. Gordion (Extinct city) 2. Turkey-Antiquities.
I. Young, Robert Stuart, 1907-1974.
II. Series: University Museum monograph; 43, etc.

DS156.G6G671981 939'.26
81-13373
ISBN 0-934718-39-3 (set)

Copyright © 1995
University of Pennsylvania Museum
Philadelphia
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

~
n~VERSITY OF
PENNSYLVANIA
MUSEUM
of Archaeology and
Anthropology
 THIS STUDY IS DEDICATED TO

Rodney S. Young
and
G. Roger Edwards

and to
all the rest of the assembly of excavators
of the lesserinhumation tumuli at Gordion
 The preparation of this volume was supported in part by:

THE GENERAL RESEARCH PROGRAM OF

THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES

and by generous gifts from

THE DONORS TO THE GORDION PUBLICATION FUND:

The Midas International Corporation

Chicago, Illinois

The Fleischman Foundation

Cincinnati, Ohio
in memory ofDorothy Hannah Cox

The United States Gypsum Foundation, Inc.

Chicago, Illinois

and from individual friends of Gordion

Contents

LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. x

LIST OF PLATES..................................... xv

LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xxii

ABBREVIATIONS
Bibliographical xxiii
Minor xxxi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxiii

EDITOR'S PREFACE. xxxvi

INTRODUCTION .

PART 1. THE NORTHEAST RIDGE......................... 7

I. TUMULUSB
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Catalogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

II. TUMULUS C
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Catalogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

III. TUMULUS G
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Catalogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

IV. TUMULUS H
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Catalogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

V. TUMULUSJ
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Catalogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
viii GORDION EXCAVATIONS, FINAL REPORTS II, PART I

VI. TUMULUS KY
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Catalogue. . .. 77

VII. TUMULUS N
In troduction . 83
Catalogue . 86

VIII. TUMULUS Q
Introduction . 91
Catalogue . 93

IX. TUMULUS S
Introduction ..... 95
Catalogue . 96

X. LOCUS "T" . 99

XI. TUMULUS X
Introduction . 101
Catalogue . 104

XII. TUMULUS Y
Introduction . 107
Catalogue . 110

PART 2. THE SOUTH RIDGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113

XIII. TUMULUS S-1

Introduction . 115
Catalogue . 123
XIV. TUMULUS S-2
Introduction .. 141
Catalogue .... 144
XV. TUMULUS S-3
Introduction .. 147
Catalogue .... 148
XVI. TUMULUS Z
Introduction .. 151
Catalogue .... 156
PART 3. COMMENTARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 163

XVII. CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Pits and Their Linings. . . . .. . . 165
Carpentry of the Chambers . 169
Stone Caps . 177
Mantles . 178
 CONTENTS ix

XVIII. PLATFORMS, COFFINS, AND ASSEMBLAGE PATTERNS

Platforms . . . . . .. 183
Coffins . . . . . . . .. 183
Pre-Kimmerian Traditional Burial Assemblages. . . . . .. .. 185
Assemblages in the Lesser Pre-Kimmerian Chambers .... 186
Assemblages in the Post-Kimmerian Chambers. . . . . . 187
Assemblages Found in the Stone Caps. . . . . 189

XIX. THE INTERNAL SEQUENCE OF THE INHUMATION

TUMULI AND THEIR DATING.... 191

XX. SELECTED FORMS OF GIFTS

Jewelry . 197
Bronze . 198
Vessels . 198
Belts . 207
Fibulae . 211
Bronze and Iron . 213
Weapons . 213
Tweezers . 213
Iron . 214
Fire-Tending Implements . 214
Pottery. . . . 214
Painted Pottery 214
Monochrome Wares . 217
Wood . 225

XXI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 227

APPENDIX A. Inscriptions (Cl. Brixhe and M. Lejeune) . . 235

APPENDIX B. The Equids from Tumulus KY

(Sebastian Payne) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237

TURKISH SUMMARY . 245

CONCORDANCE . 247

INDEX . 251

FIGURES

PLATES
 List of Figures

Figure 1 General plan of site of Gordion. F. TumB 28. Black-on-reserved-buff

Figure 2 General plan of Northeast Ridge. pithos sherd.
Figure 3 A. Tumulus B. General pre-excava- G. TumB 29. Gray polished ridged
tional profile across tumulus. rim.
B. Tumulus B. Plan of trench outlines H. TumB 30. Coarse gray basin with
with location of main burial. rim bands and spools.
Figure 4 Tumulus B. Outline section BiB' Figure 10 A. Tumulus C. General pre-excava-
through main trenches. tional profile A-A' across tumulus.
Figure 5 Tumulus B. Plan of central area B. Tumulus C. Plan of trench outlines
with stone cap and guide walls. with location of main burial.
Figure 6 A. Tumulus B. Restored section GC Figure 11 A. Tumulus C. Section B-B' through
through burial. central area.
B. Tumulus B. Plan of burial complex B. Tumulus C. Plan of central area.
at roof level. Figure 12 A. TumC 4. Fragmentary glazed
Figure 7 A. Tumulus B. Contents of chamber, lydion.
coffin closed. B. TumC 6. Fragmentary red-glazed
B. Tumulus B. Contents of chamber, ribbed lydion.
coffin open. C. TumC 11. Fragment of red glazed
Figure 8 A. TumB 12. Bronze fragments of lydion.
lebes cauldron. D. TumC 12. Fragmentary glaze-band-
B. TumB 14. Iron horizontal or ed lydion.
bridge handle. E. TumC 13. Buffbarbotined-ware
C. TumB 15. Spouted jug. Detail: sherd.
painted panel. F. TumC 15. Fragment of painted
D. TumB 16. Spouted jug. Detail: dinoid amphora.
painted panel. G. TumC 17. Black polished saucer.
Figure 9 A. Tumulus B. Uncatalogued "hitch." H. TumC 18. Lydian(?) or West
B-D. TumB 18-20. Bronze imported Anatolian(?) black-on-red pyxis.
fibulae. I. TumC 21. Fragment of black pol-
E. TumB 26. Bichrome pithos sherd. ished closed vessel.
 LIST OF FIGURES xi

J. TumC 22. Black polished bowl rim B. Tumulus H. Isometric reconstruc-

sherd. tion of chamber's southwest corner
K. TumC 23. Black polished bowl according to D. H. Cox's cribwork
sherd. theory.
L. Tumulus C. Uncatalogued sherds. Figure 21 A. Tumulus H. Reconstructed floor
plan.
M. TumC 25. Graffito on black pol-
ished sherd. B. Tumulus H. Detail of guide wall C
where it crossed trench 4.
Figure 13 A. Tumulus G. General pre-excava-
tional profile A-K. Figure 22 A. TumH 1. Iron L-headed nail.
B. Tumulus G. Plan of trench outlines B. TumH 5. Black semi-polished jar
with location of main burial. with incised decoration.
Figure 14 Tumulus G. State plan of chamber C. TumH 6. Black polished saucer.
and stone pack at roof level. D. TumH 12. Iron spearhead.
Figure 15 A. Tumulus G. Restored section ~B' E. TumH 13. Small iron spatula.
through burial. F. TumH 16. Black-on-Red sherd.
B. Tumulus G. Restored section GC G. TumH 26. Coarse polished trefoil
through burial.
jug.
Figure 16 Tumulus G. A. Isometric recon- H. TumH 27. Coarse trefoil jug.
struction of chamber; B. Detail:
reconstruction ofjoinery of north- I. TumH 28. Coarse bowl.
west corner of chamber; C. Detail: J. TumH 34. Doodle on black-pol-
vertically exploded isometric view ished bowl sherd.
ofjoinery of northwest corner. K. Tumulus H. Profile of uncata-
Figure 17 A,B. TumG 1, 2. Fragmentary plain logued rim.
bronze bowl rims. L. Tumulus H. Profile of uncata-
C. TumG 7. Black-on-buff round- logued base.
mouthed jug. Detail. Figure 23 Tumulus J. Plan of trench outlines
D. TumG 10. Black-on-bufflarge with main burial at sill height, and
round-mouthed jug. pre-tumulus features.
£. TumG 12. Fragmentary gray nar- Figure 24 A. Tumulus J. Restored section A-A'
row-necked amphora. through burial area.
F. TumG 13. Gray-ware narrow- B. Tumulus J. Plan of finds on floor.
necked storage jar. Figure 25 A. Tum] 2. Bronze petaled omphalos
G. TumG 14. Gray burnished casse- bowl.
role sherd. B. Tum] 3. Bronze ribbed omphalos
H. TumG 15. Gray bowl sherd, ledged. bowl.
Figure 18 A. Tumulus H. General pre-excava- C. Tum] 6-10. Bronze arrowheads.
tional profile A-K across tumulus. D. Tum] 12. Bronze tweezers on ring.
B. Tumulus H. Plan of excavation E. Tum] 14. Iron spearhead.
trenches and features pertaining to
F. Tum] 16. Iron double ax.
main burial.
G. Tumulus J. Profiles of uncata-
Figure 19 Tumulus H. Plan of trenched area.
logued vessels.
Figure 20 A. Tumulus H. Schematic restored
Figure 26 A. Tum] 17. Black-ware narrow-
section ~B' through central area.
necked storage jar.
xii GORDION EXCAVATIONS, FINAL REPORTS II, PART I

B. Tum] 18. Small bronze cauldron. Figure 33 A. Tumulus N. General pre-excava-

tional profile A-A' across tumulus.
C. Tum] 19. Bronze ring handle and
attachment for small cauldron. B. Tumulus N. Plan of drill-grid and
trench outlines.
D. Tum] 20. Fragments of bronze
bowl with swiveling ring handles Figure 34 A. Tumulus N. Reconstructed section
and banded rim. PrE' through east-west axis of
chamber.
E-1. Tum] 22, 23, 25, 26, 28. Bronze
appliques. B. Tumulus N. Reconstructed plan of
chamber at sill height.
.J. Tum] 30. Iron ladle(?) handle.
Figure 35 A. Tumulus N. Vertically exploded
Figure 27 A. Tum] 33. Iron sickle.
isometric view of lowest courses of
B. Tum] 34. Black-on-red conical bot- burial chamber.
tle or jug.
B. Tumulus N. Plan of burial chamber
C. Tum] 35. East Greek bowl with showing location of contents.
black painted decoration.
Figure 36 A-C. TuroN 1, 9,10. Rims of bronze
D. Tum] 36. Bichrome dinos with plain bowls.
plastic decoration.
D. TuroN 11. Fragment of bowl with
E. Tum] 46. Polished vessel fragment. vitreous glaze.
F. Tum] 49. Polished omphalos bowl. E. TuroN 12. Bronze-pouring crucible
G,H. Tum] 50, 51. Polished tripod fragment.
plates. F. Tumulus N. Uncatalogued sherd.
I. Tum] 62. Gray polished handle Figure 37 A. Tumulus Q. General pre-excava-
fragment. tional profile A-A' across tumulus.
Figure 28 A. Tumulus KY. General profile of B. Tumulus Q. Plan of trenches with
Ku~uk Yassihoyuk. outlines of pit and chamber.
B. Tumulus KY. Plan of trench out- Figure 38 Tumulus Q. Partially restored sec-
lines and main burial. tion PrB' through burial.
Figure 29 A Tumulus KY. Section A-A' through Figure 39 A. Tumulus S. Plan of excavation
chamber and horse burials. trenches and pit.
B. Tumulus KY. Plan of pit containing B. Tumulus S. Schematic section A-A'
remains of chamber on best-pre- through pit.
served level and horse burials.
Figure 40 A. Tumulus X. General pre-excava-
Figure 30 Tumulus KY. Plan of contents of tional profile A-A' across tumulus.
chamber.
B. Tumulus X. Plan of excavation
Figure 31 A-I. TumKY 1, 3, 5, 7,8, 11-14. Bronze trenches and pertinent features.
plaques.
Figure 41 A. Tumulus X. Section through burial
j,K. TumKY 15, 16. Bronze toggles. as preserved, with elevation of east
Figure 32 A. TumKY 17. Bronze tweezers. scarp.
B. TumKY 19. Bronze knucklebone. B. Tumulus X. Plan of pit at roof
C. TumKY 21. Gray-ware narrow- level.
necked amphora. Figure 42 A. TumX 2. Black-on-tan side-spouted
D. TumKY 22. Large gray-ware nar- sieve jug.
row-necked amphora. B. TumX 4. Black polished footed
E. TumKY 23. Detail of chain. dinos.
C. TumX 6. Gray polished amphora.
 LIST OF FIGURES xiii

Figure 43 A. Tumulus Y. General pre-excava- I. TurnSl 18. Belt handle of fibula

tional profile A-A' across tumulus. type (XII,l4A).
B. Tumulus Y. Plan of trenches and Figure 53 A. TumSl 22. Fibula (XII,2).
pertinent features.
B. TurnSl 24. Fibula (XII,2A).
Figure 44 A. Tumulus Y. Section ~B' (see Fig.
C,D. TurnSl 27,28. Fibulae (XII,9).
43B) through chamber and trench-
es 2 and 3. E,F. TurnSl 30, 31. Fibulae (XII,ll).
B. Tumulus Y. Plan of chamber at var- G-K. TurnSl 40, 42-44, 45C. Fibulae
ious preserved levels. (XII,13).
Figure 45 Tumulus Y. Reconstructed cut-away L-N. TumS146, 53, 56. Fibulae (XII,14).
perspective drawing of chamber. Figure 54 A-G. TurnSl 57A, 60, 65A, 68-70A, 71.
Figure 46 A. TurnY 6. Gray (mottled) polished Fibulae (XII,14).
dinos. H,I Tumulus S-l. Uncatalogued sherds.
B. TurnY 7. Gray polished footed Figure 55 A. Tumulus S-l. Uncatalogued sherds.
dinos. B. TurnSl 79. Fragment of gray-ware
C. TurnY 8. Gray burnished narrow- open-mouthed vessel.
necked amphora. C. TurnSl 80. Gray-ware vessel frag-
Figure 47 A. Tumulus S-l. General profile A-A' ment.
across tumulus. D. TurnSl 81. Gray-ware open-
B. Tumulus S-l. Plan oftrenches and mouthed amphora sherd.
main burial, with location of sec- E. TurnSl 87. Fibula (XII,2).
ondary features.
Figure 56 A. Tumulus S-2. General profile A-A'
Figure 48 A. Tumulus S-l. Plan of burial com- across tumulus.
plex at level of restored floor and
sills. B. Tumulus S-2. Plan of trench out-
lines with main features.
B. Tumulus S-l. Exploded isometric
drawing of southeast end of burial Figure 57 A. Tumulus S-2. Section A-A' prior to
chamber. excavation of pit.

Tumulus S-l. Section ~B' through B. Tumulus S-2. Section GC prior to

Figure 49 A.
main trenches and burial. excavation of pit.
Figure 58 A. Tumulus S-2. Section ~B'.
B. Tumulus S-l. Plan of burial at level
of stone cap and primary guide B. Tumulus S-2. Plan of excavation.
walls. Area inside pit drawn at level of
chamber roof.
Figure 50 A. Tumulus S-l. Section GC through
trench 2A. Figure 59 A. Tumulus S-2. Section ~D'
B. Tumulus S-l. Mudbrick cist grave B. Tumulus S-2. Reconstructed cut-
in layer IV. away isometric drawing of wooden
chamber.
Figure 51 Map of Battle of the Sakarya.
Figure 60 A. TurnS2 1. Fragment of bowl of
Figure 52 A. TurnSl 6. Fragment of bronze
banded-rim type.
ribbed bowl.
B,C. TurnS2 3, 4. Fragments of petaled
B-F. TurnSl 7A,B, 8A,B, 9. Bronze
bowls.
petaled bowls.
D. TurnS2 10. Lydian base sherd.
G. TurnS110. Bronze plain bowl.
E. TurnS2 11. Gray-ware dinos.
H. TurnSl 14. Detail: hinge.
xvi GORDION EXCAVATIONS, FINAL REPORTS II, PART 1

E. TumB 30. Coarse gray basin with J. TumC 21. Fragment of black pol-
rim bands and spools. ished closed vessel.

F,G. TumB 31, 32. Clay spindle whorls. K. TumC 22. Black polished bowl rim
sherd.
H-M. TumB 33-35. Stone head idols.
Plate 17 A. TumC 23. Black polished bowl
N. TumB 36. Stone mold for small
sherd.
bronze spool.
B. TumC 24. Fragments of stone
Plate 13 A. Tumulus C before excavation.
alabastron.
B. Tumulus C. Main burial.
C. TumC 25. Graffito on black pol-
Plate 14 A. Tumulus C. Main burial. ished sherd.
B. Tumulus C. Second pile of looters' D. TumC 26. Limestone relief: Kybele
back-dirt. and bull.
Plate 15 A. TumC 1. Fragmentary iron bands. E. Tumulus G before excavation.
B. TumC 2. Pierced knucklebones. Plate 18 A. Tumulus G. Roof beams over loot-
C,D. TumC 3. Fragmentary animal- ed grave.
shaped vessel. B. Tumulus G. West end showing
E. TumC 4. Fragmentary glazed crossing beams of double roof.
lydion. Plate 19 A. Tumulus G. Large stones once
F. TumC 7. Black-on-red bowl sherd. directly over roof, fallen into loot-
G. TumC 8. Fragment of stone alabas- ed chamber.
tron (interior). B. Tumulus G. Fragments of roof rest-
H. TumC 9. Iron axhead. ing on floor of chamber.

I,]. TumC 10. Lead clamps and seal- Plate 20 A. Tumulus G. Chamber cleaned.
ings. B. Tumulus G. Exterior after clearing
K. TumC 11. Fragment ofred-glazed of stone pack.
lydion. C. Tumulus G. East end of north side
Plate 16 A. TumC 12. Fragmentary glaze-band- wall.
ed lydion. Plate 21 A,B. TumG 1, 2. Fragmentary plain
B. TumC 13. Buffbarbotined-ware bronze bowl rims.
sherd. C,D. TumG 3, 4. Bronze imported fibu-
C. TumC 14. Structural cake of pi as- lae.
ter. E. TumG 5. Bronze fibula (XII,7A).
D. TumC 15. Fragment of painted F. TumG 6. Bronze tack.
two-handled dinos.
G,H. TumG 7. Black-on-buff round-
E. TumC 16. Fragmentary plain black mouthed jug with petaled body.
burnished bowl.
I. TumG 8.Jar with black decoration
F. TumC 17. Black polished saucer. on white ground coat.
G. TumC 18. Lydian(?) or southwest ]. TumG 9. Fragmentary glass sand-
Anatolian(?) black-on-red pyxis. core bead.
H. TumC 19. Bichrome sherd. Plate 22 A. TumG 10. Black-on-buff large
I. TumC 20. Fragments of large round-mouthed jug.
coarse lydion. B,C. TumG 11, 12. Gray narrow-necked
amphoras.
 List of Plates

Frontispiece TumJ 36. Dinos with bichrome E,F. TumB 4, 5. Black polished shoul-
decoration from TumulusJ (water- der-handled amphoras.
color by Marian Welker). G-I. TumB 6. Lead sealing strips.
Plate Air view (1957) of east end of Plate 9 A-C. TumB 7. Ivory pin or spindle with
Northeast Ridge. ram's head.
Plate 2 A. View toward southeast from top of D. TumB 8. Ivory disk or spindle
TumulusMM. whorl.
B. View toward south from top of E,F. TumB 9,10. Gray low-neckedjars.
TumulusMM.
G. TumB 11. Clay spindle whorl.
Plate 3 A. View toward west-southwest from
top of Tumulus K-III (1955). Plate 10 A. TumB 12. Bronze fragments of
lebes-cauldron.
B. View toward west-southwest from
top of Tumulus MM. B. TumB 13. Bronze bosses.

Tumulus B. Roof logs at southeast C. TumB 14. Iron horizontal or

Plate 4 A.
end. bridge handle.

Tumulus B. Roof logs and T'Iap at D-G. TumB 15, 16. Spouted jugs with
B.
top of wall in east corner. painted animal panels.

Tumulus B. Closed coffin appear- Plate 11 A,B. TumB 17. Stone head idol.
Plate 5 A.
ing on southwest side. C-E. TumB 18-20. Bronze imported
Tumulus B. Coffin closed and fibulae.
B.
skeleton on floor. F,G. TumB 21, 22. Bronze arrow heads.
Plate 6 A. Tumulus B. Coffin opened. H. TumB 23. Bronze nail(?).
B. Tumulus B. Detail of upper half of I. TumB 24. Fragmentary bichrome
coffin and skeleton cleaned. jar.
Plate 7 A. Tumulus B. Stone cap. l TumB 25. Bichrome wall sherd.
B. Tumulus B. Guide walls meeting at K. TumB 26. Bichrome pithos sherd.
center of mantle. Plate 12 A,B. TumB 27A,B. Bichrome pithos
Plate 8 A,B. TumB 1. Gold socket with paste sherds.
inlay. C. TumB 28. Black-on-reserved-buff
C. TumB 2. Unpainted lekythos. pithos sherd.
D. TumB 3. Gray burnished low- D. TumB 29. Gray polished ridged
neckedjar. rim.
xviii GORDIO:--J EXC.!,.VATIONS, FINAL REPORTS II, PART I

B. Tumulus J. Bronze deposit in stone B. Tum) 36. Bichrome dinos with

cap. plastic decoration.
Plate 35 A. Tum) 1. Fragments of bronze wide- C,D. Tum) 37,38. Polished jugs.
mouthed trefoil jug. E. Tum) 39. Polished jug or jar.
B,C. Tum) 2. Bronze petaled omphalos F. Tum) 41. Polished jug orjar with
bowl. lugged rim.
D. Tum) 3. Fragments ofribbed G,R. Tum) 42, 43. Polished footed ves-
omphalos bowl. sels.
E,F. Tum) 4. Pair of bronze knives. Plate 40 A,B. Tum) 44, 46. Polished vessel frag-
G. Tum) 5. Bronze leaf-shaped arrow- ments.
head. C-G. Tum) 47-49. Polished omphalos
H-L. Tum) 6-10. Bronze arrowheads. bowls.
Plate 36 A. Tum) 11. Small bronze band H,I. Tum) 50, 51. Polished tripod
clamps. plates.
B. Tum) 12. Tweezers on ring. J-M. Tum) 52, 53. Stone tripod mortars.
C. Tum) 13. Bronze ear spoon. N. Tum) 54. Bronze earring.
D. Tum) 14. Iron spearhead. Plate 41 A-C. Tum) 55-57. Bronze fibulae
E. Tum) 15. Large iron arrowhead. (XII,13).
F,G. Tum) 16. Iron double axhead. D,E. Tum) 58, 59. Bichrome sherds.

H. Tum) 17. Black-ware narrow- F. Tum) 60. Clay mold(?).

necked storage jar. G. Tum) 61. Stone implement.
I. Tum) 18. Fragments of small H. Tum) 62. Gray polished handle
bronze cauldron. fragment.
J. Tum) 19. Bronze ring handle and I. Tum) 63. Stone inscription.
attachment for small cauldron. Plate 42 A. Tumulus KY. Pre-excavational sur-
Plate 37 A. Tum) 20. Fragments of bronze vey.
bowl with swiveling ring handles B. Tumulus KY. Removal of stone cap.
and banded rim.
Plate 43 A. Tumulus KY.Chamber, cleaned.
B. Tum) 21. Fragmentary handle from
bronze belt. B. Tumulus KY. East end of burial:
two bridled horses.
C-F. Tum) 22-25. Bronze appliques.
Plate 44 A. Tumulus KY. Head of north horse.
Plate 38 A-C. Tum) 27-29. Bronze appliques.
B. Tumulus KY. Head of south horse.
D. Tum) 30. Iron ladle(?) handle.
Plate 45 A-C. TumKY 1, 4. Bronze plaques: disks
E. Tum) 31. Fragments of iron horse-
with raised centers.
bit(?).
D. TumKY 8. Bronze plaque: plain
F. Tum) 32. Iron rings (2-1/2).
disk.
G. Tum) 33. Iron sickle.
E-G. TumKY 9, 11, 12. Bronze plaques:
H. Tum) 34. Black-on-red conical bot- crescents.
tle/jug(?).
H. TumKY 13. Bronze plaque:
Plate 39 A. Tum) 35. East Greek bowl with "tongue."
black painted decoration.
I. TumKY 15,16. Bronze toggles.
J. TumKY 17. Bronze tweezers.
 LIST OF PLATES xvii

D. TwnG 13. Gray-ware narrow- I. TumH 17. Painted sherd ofAlisar

necked storage jar. type.
E. TwnG 14A,B. Gray burnished J. TumH 18. Bichrome narrow-
casserole sherds. necked trefoil jug.
F. TwnG 15. Gray bowl sherd, ledged Plate 29 A. TumH 19. Bichrome sherd.
(exterior) .
B. TumH 20. Black-on-orange pol-
Plate 23 A. Southwest edge of Northeast ished she rd.
Ridge. Tumuli I and H.
C. TumH 21. Fragments of banded
B. Tumulus H. East side of chamber. feeding bottle.
Plate 24 A. Tumulus H. South end and west D. TumH 22. Brown-on-orange
side of chamber. sherds.
B. Tumulus H. West side of chamber. E. TumH 23. Black polished reeded
Plate 25 A. Tumulus H. North end. Stone sherd.
pack, with pre-tumulus house wall F. TumH 24. Small gray narrow-
above. necked trefoil jug.
B. Tumulus H. Northeast quarter with G. TumH 25. Coarse one-handled util-
skeletal remains and traces of ity pot.
wooden platform. H,I. TumH 26,27. Coarse trefoil jugs.
Plate 26 A. Tumulus H. Upper level of stones Plate 30 A. TumH 28. Coarse bowl.
in cap.
B. TumH 29. Coarse wide-necked
B. Tumulus H. Lower level of stones amphora.
in cap.
C. TumH 30. Unfinished stone bead.
Plate 27 A. TumH 1. Iron L-headed nail.
D. TumH 31. Stone spindle whorl.
B-D. TumH 2. East Greek Bird bowl.
E. TumH 32. Chipped stones (2).
E. TumH 3. Red polished wide-
mouthed trefoil jug. F. TumH 33. Small flint scraper.
G. TumH 34. Doodle on black pol-
F. TumH 4. Black polished round-
ished bowl sherd.
mouthed jug.
Plate 31 A. TumuliJ, K, and in background,
G. TumH 5. Black semi-polished(?) jar
Kus Tepe.
with incised decoration.
B. TumulusJ. North and east walls.
H. TumH 6. Black polished saucer.
Plate 32 A. TumulusJ. Pit.
I. TumH 7. Gallstone.
B. Tumulus J. Skeleton and sherds on
J. TumH 8. Hittite conical bowl.
north side.
Plate 28 A. TumH 9. Bronze Hittite pin.
C. TumulusJ TwnJ 14 (iron spear-
B. TumH 10. Bronze pinhead or head), lost whetstone, and TwnJ
bead(?). 4A,B (pair of bronze knives) in situ.
C. TumH 11. Iron arrowhead. Plate 33 A. Tumulus J. TwnJ 2 (omphalos
D. TumH 12. Iron spearhead. bowl) in situ.
E. TumH 13. Small iron spatula. B. Tumulus J. TwnJ 3 (omphalos
bowl) in situ.
F. TumH 14. Bone awl.
C. Tumulus J. Obliquely fallen roof
G. TumH 15. Spherical glass bead.
beams at west end of chamber.
H. TumH 16. Black-on-red sherd.
Plate 34 A. Tumulus J. Sunken stone cap.
xx GORDION EXCAVATIONS, FINAL REPORTS II, PART I

C. Tumulus S-l. Reed covering of plat- Plate 69 A. TurnSl 72. Fragmentary lead
form on northeast side of pit. clamp.
Plate 61 A. Tumulus S-l. Bronze disk from B. TurnSl 73. Small gray-ware cup.
bronze and leather belt in situ. C. TurnSl 74. Gray dinos.
B. Tumulus S-1. View across pit, show- D. TurnSl 75. Gray amphora.
ing guide wall D.
E. TurnSl 76. Bronze stud.
Plate 62 A. Tumulus S-l. Guide wall E in man-
F. TurnSl 77. Painted sherd.
tle. Cremation 2 in situ.
G. TurnSl 78. Gray sieve jug.
B. Tumulus S-l. Mudbrick cist grave
in layer IV. H,I. TurnSl 79,80. Gray-ware vessel
fragments.
Plate 63 A. Tumulus S-l. Cremation 2 in situ.
.J. TurnSl 81. Gray open-mouthed
B. Tumulus S-l. Cremation 3 in situ.
amphora.
Plate 64 A. Tumulus S-l. Cremation 4 in situ.
K. TurnSl 82. Fibula (XII,14).
B. TurnS11. Bronze bail from small
L. TurnSl 83. Fibula (XII,9~).
cauldron.
M. TurnSl 84. Gray open-mouthed
C-E. TurnSl 2, 3. Fragmentary bronze
ladle handles. amphora.

TurnSl 4. Bronze bolster from Plate 70 A. TurnSl 85. Coarse buff vessel frag-
F.
ladle handle. ment.

G. TurnSl 5. Bonze rim band from B. TurnSl 86. Large gray coarse jug.
ring-handled bowl. C. TurnSl 87. Fibula (XII,2).
H. TurnSl 6. Fragment of ribbed bowl. D. TurnSl 88. Gray burnished round-
Plate 65 A-C. TurnSl 7-9. Fragments of petaled mouthed jug.
bowls. E. TurnSl 89. Small bronze studs.
D. TurnSl 10. Fragments of plain F-I. TurnSl 90-93. Fibulae (XII,9~).
omphalos bowl.
J. TurnS1100. Fibula (XII,I3).
E,F. TurnSl 11, 12. Fragments of solid K. Tumulus S-2 before excavation.
bronze belts with striated decora-
tion. Plate 71 A. Tumulus S-2. Northeast scarp of
trench 1.
G-J. TurnSl 13-16. Fragments of
hinged belt straps. B. Tumulus S-2. Southwest scarp of
trench 2.
Plate 66 A,B. TurnSl 18, 19. Bronze belt handles.
Plate 72 A. Tumulus S-2. Central trenches half-
C. TurnSl 21. Bronze patching strips. cleared.
D. TurnSl 23A. Fibula (XII,2A). B. Tumulus S-2, cleared. Fragmentary
E. TurnSI 27. Fibula (XII,9~). roof beams fallen.
F,G. TurnSI 30,32. Fibulae (XII,l1). Plate 73 A. Tumulus S-2. Northwest wall of
H-M. TurnSI 33,34,39,41-43. Fibulae chamber.
(XII,13). B. Tumulus S-2. Interior of north cor-
Plate 67 A,B. TurnSI 44,45. Fibulae (XII,I3). ner of chamber.
C-I. TurnSI 46,47,51,53,54,56,57. Plate 74 A. Tumulus S-2. Interior of west cor-
Fibulae (XII,I4). ner of chamber.
Plate 68 A-I. TurnSI 58,60-62,64,68-71. B. Tumulus S-2. Interior of east cor-
Fibulae (XII'14)' ner of chamber.
 LIST OF PLATES xix

K,L. TumKY 18,19. Bronze knuckle- E. TurnS 2. Fibula (XII,7A).

bones.
Plate 53 A. View toward west from unlettered
Plate 46 A. TumKY 21. Gray narrow-necked tumulus east of Tumulus Y.
amphora with stamped decoration.
B. Tumulus X. Chamber cleaned.
B. TumKY 22. Gray narrow-necked
Plate 54 A. TumX 1. Bronze nails.
amphora with incised decoration.
B-E. TumX 2. Black-on-tan spouted
C. TumKY 23. Horse's bronze nose
sieve jug.
piece.
F. TumX 3. Black polished wide-
D. TumKY 25A. Fragment of iron
mouthed trefoil jug.
horse-bit.
G,H. TumX 4, 5. Black polished footed
E. TumKY 26. Painted sherd.
dinoi.
F. View toward west-southwest from
I. TumX 6. Gray polished amphora.
top of MM.
Plate 55 A. View to east from top of Tumulus
Plate 47 A. Tumulus N. Drill at work.
K-III (1982).
B. Tumulus N. Stone cap partially B. Tumulus Y. Trenches 1 and 2.
cleared.
Plate 56 A. Tumulus Y. Chamber cleaned.
Plate 48 A. Tumulus N. Cleared to top of col-
lapsed roof. B. Tumulus Y. Detail of interior south
corner.
B. Tumulus N, cleared.
Plate 57 A. TurnY 1. Imported fibula.
Plate 49 A. Tumulus N. Southwest interior cor-
ner of chamber. B. TurnY 2. Fibula (XII,2).

B. Tumulus N. Northwest interior cor- C. TurnY 3. Fibula (XII,13).

ner of chamber. D. TurnY 4. Gray polished wide-
C. TumN 1. Fragments of plain mouthed jug.
bronze bowl. E. TurnY 5. Black polished round-
Plate 50 A,B. TumN 2, 4. Two pairs of fibulae mouthed jug.
(XII,ll). F. TurnY 6. Gray polished dinos.
C-E. TumN 5-7. Fibulae (XII,13). G. TurnY 7. Gray polished footed
F. TumN 8. Gray-ware neckedjar. dinos.

G,H. TurnN 9,10. Fragments of bronze H. TurnY 8. Gray burnished narrow-

plain bowls. necked amphora.

I. TumN 11. Fragment of bowl with Plate 58 A. South Ridge before excavation.
vitreous glaze. B. Tumulus S-l before excavation.
West side with depression left by
J. TurnN 12. Pottery bronze-pouring
military trench 2.
crucible.
Plate 51 A,B. Tumulus Q. Chamber. Plate 59 A. Tumulus S-l. Stratification along
northeast scarp of trench 1.
C,D. TurnQ 1, 2. Fibulae (XII,4).
B. Tumulus S-l. Northwest end of
E. TurnQ 3. Fibula (XII,13). chamber.
Plate 52 A,B. Tumulus S. Cist grave cleared. Plate 60 A. Tumulus S-l. Line of side wall
C. TurnS 1. Studded open-work belt beams.
plaque. B. Tumulus S-l. Matting among
D. Bronze studs, uncatalogued. stones of cap.
xxiv GORDION EXCAVATIONS, FINAL REPORTS II, PART 1

AthMitt Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts: Athenische Abteilung. Berlin: Gebr.
Mann, 1876-.

BaM Baghdader Mitteilungen

Barnett, Assyrian Barnett, R. D., Assyrian Palace Reliefs and Their Influence on the Sculptures ofBabylonia
Palace Reliefs and Persia. London: Batchworth Press Ltd., n.d.

Barnett, Nimrud Ivories Barnett, R. D., A Catalogue of the Nimrud Ivories with Other Examples ofAncient Near
Eastern Ivories in the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1957.

BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

BASORSuppl. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Supplement.

Belleten Belleten Turk Tarih Kurumu. Ankara: TTK Basimevi, 1937-.

Bellinger, "Textile Bellinger, L. "Textile Fragments from Gordion," typewritten report submitted to The
Fragments" University Museum, 13 October 1952. The Textile Museum, Washington, D.C.

BibO Bibliotheca Orientalis. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Bittel, Grundxiige Bittel, K., Grundzuge der Vor- und Friihgeschichte Kleinasiens. 2d ed. Tubingen:
Wasmuth, n.d.

Bittel and Giiterbock, Bittel, K. and H. Giiterbock, Bogazkoy I: Neue Untersuchungen in der hethitischen
Bogazkoy I Hauptstadt. Berlin: Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1935.

Bittel et al., Bittel, K. et al., BogazkiYyIV: Funde aus den Grabungen 1967 und 1968. Berlin: Gebr.
BogazkoyIV Mann, 1969.

Blegen, Troy IV Blegen, C. W., C. G. Bouler,]. L. Caskey, M. Rawson, Troy: Excavations Conducted by the
University of Cincinnati, 1932-1938. Vol. IV: Settlements VII and VIII. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1958.

Blinkenberg, Fibiiles Blinkenberg, Chr., Fibiiles grecques et orientales. Lindiaka V. Copenhagen: F. Host and
Son, 1926.

Blinkenberg, Lindos I Blinkenberg, Chr., Les petits objets. Lindos: Fouilles et recherches 1902-1914, I.
Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1931.

BlVIFEA Bulletin of the Museum ofFar Eastern Antiquities. Stockholm.

Boardman, Greek Boardman,]., Excavations in Chios 1952-1955: GreekEmporio. London: Thames &
Emporia Hudson, 1967.

Boardman and Hayes, Excavations at Tocra 1963-1965. The Archaic Deposits II and Later Deposits. British
TocraADII School at Athens, Supplementary Vol. 10. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973

Boehlau et al., Lar. Boehlau,]. and K. Schefold, Larisa am Hermos: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen
amH. 1902-1934. Vol. 3. Die Kleinfunde. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1942.
Boehmer, Kleinfunde Boehmer, R., Die Kleinfunde von Bogazkoy. WVDOG 87. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1972.
Boehmer, Unterstadt Boehmer, R., Die Kleinfunde aus der Unterstadt von Bogazkoy Grabungskampagnen
1970-1978. Bogazkoy-Hattusa X. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1979.
Bradford, Ancient Bradford,]. Ancient Landscapes: Studies in Field Archaeology. London: G. Bell and Sons,
Landscapes Ltd., 1957.
 LIST OF PLATES xxi

C. Tumulus S-2. Stone pack on south- E. TumZ 5. Iron wall nail holding
west end of pit: line of reed mat- TumZ2.
ting.
F. TumZ 6 (lower), TumZ 7 (upper).
Plate 75 A. TumS2 1. Fragments of bronze Iron wall nails.
bowl of banded-rim type.
G,H. TumZ 8. Bronze sieve-spouted
B. TumS2 2. Bronze swiveling ring bowl.
handle.
Plate 81 A. TumZ 9. Fragments of rim bands
C. TumS2 3, 4. Fragments of petaled and spools.
bronze bowls.
B. TumZ 10. Pair of bronze ring han-
D,E. TumS2 5, 7. Bronze studs. dles with molded decoration.
F. TumS2 8. L-headed nail. C. TumZ 11. Plain bronze ring han-
G. TumS2 10. Lydian base sherd. dIe.

H. TumS2 9. Iron band fragments. D. TumZ 12. Fragment of petaled

bronze bowl.
I. TumS2 11. Gray dinos.
E. TumZ 13. Fragment of reeded
J. TumS2 14. Coarse low-necked jar. bronze bowl.
Plate 76 A. Tumulus S-3 before excavation. F. TumZ 14. Molded socket from fibu-
B. Tumulus S-3. Excavation area la tassel.
cleared. G. TumZ 15. Bronze patching strip.
C. TumS3 1. Amber bead. Plate 82 A. TumZ 16. Iron L-headed nail.
D. TumS3 2. Sherds of small banded B. TumZ 18. Bent iron nail.
vessel.
C. TumZ 19. Black-on-reddish-buff
Plate 77 A. Top of South Ridge (1982): fore- dinos.
ground, Tumulus S-3; middle
ground, Tumulus Z; background, D. TumZ 20. Black polished round-
hills south of Cekirdeksiz. mouthed fluted jug.

B. View from top of Tumulus Z: west E. TumZ 21. Fragmentary buff bowl.
end of Northeast Ridge. Plate 83 Aj. Comparanda from Gordion.
Plate 78 A. Tumulus Z. Sunken area in top, Plate 84 A. Tumulus KY. South equid, upper
which became opening for Trench cheek teeth.
2. B. Tumulus KY. North equid, upper
B. Tumulus Z. Southwest side of cheek teeth.
chamber. C. Tumulus KY. South equid, lower
Plate 79 A. Tumulus Z. Southwest side of cheek teeth.
chamber after floor cleaned and D. Tumulus KY. North equid, lower
props installed. cheek teeth.
B. Tumulus Z. Northwest section Plate 85 A. Tumulus KY. South equid, canines.
(between beams J-M and K-N).
B. Tumulus KY. North equid, canines.
Plate 80 A. TumZ 1. Bronze ring handle with
C. Tumulus KY. South equid, P 2S with
molded decoration.
bevelled front corner.
B,C. TumZ 2, 3. Plain bronze ring han-
dles,
D. Tumulus KY. North equid, P 2s with
bevelled front corner.
D. TumZ 4. Bronze nail with disk-
washer.
List of Tables

Table 1 Orientations of pits and skeletons 166

Table 2 Data on the wooden chambers 170
Table 3 Data on mantles 179
Table 4 Temporal sequence of the inhumation tumuli 192
Table 5 Fibulae in the inhumation burials 212
Table 6 Tumulus KYequids: tooth measurements 239
Table 7 Tumulus KYequids: postcranial measurements 240
Table 8 Tumulus KYequids: data on ageing 241
Table 9 Tumulus KYequids: withers height estimates 242
 Abbreviations

Bibliographical
AA Arduiologischer Anzeiger

AATA Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts

Aegean and Near East Weinberg, S., ed. The Aegean and the Near East: Studies Presented to Hett» Goldman on the
Occasion ofHer Seventy-fifth Birthday. Locust Valley, N.Y.:]..J. Augustin: 1956.

AfO Archiv fur Orientforschung

AJA American Journal ofArchaeology

AJSLL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

Akurgal, Kunst Anat. Akurgal, E., Die Kunst Anatoliens von Homer bis Alexander. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1961.

Akurgal, Kunst Heth. Akurgal, E. and M. Hirmer, Die Kunst der Hethiter. Munich: Hirmer, 1961.

Akurgal, Phryg. Kunst Akurgal, E., Phrygische Kunst. Ankara: TTK Basimevi, 1955.

Akurgal, Spdtheth: Akurgal, E., Spdthethitische Bildkunst. Ankara: Archaologisches Institut der Universitat
Ankara, 1949.

AnatSt Anatolian Studies. London: British Institute of Archaeology, 1951-.

Anat . . . Near East Emre, K. et al., eds. Anatolia and the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honor of Tahsin OzgUC
Ankara: TTKBaslmevi, 1989.

Anderson, AGH Anderson,]. K., Ancient GreekHorsemanship. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press, 1961.

Anderson, Comm. Cem. Anderson, G., The Common Cemetery at Gordion. Ph.D. dissertation. Bryn Mawr College,
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Antalya Museum Ozgen, E. and I., eds. Antalya Museum. Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture and
Tourism, 1988.

AR Archaeological Reports. Society for Promotion of Hellenic Studies.

ArchRev Archaeological Review

Art and Icon. Mellink, M.]. et al., eds., Aspects of Art and Iconography: Anatolia and Its Neighbors.
Studies in Honor ofNimet OzgUC. Ankara: TTK Basimevi, 1993.
xxiv GORDION EXCAVATIONS, FINAL REPORTS II, PART I

AthMitt Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts: Athenische Abteilung. Berlin: Gebr.
Mann, 1876-.

BaM Baghdader Mitteilungen

Barnett, Assyrian Barnett, RD., Assvrian Palace Reliefs and Their Influence on the Sculptures ofBabylonia
Palace Reliefs and Persia. Londo~: Batchworth Press Ltd., n.d.

Barnett, Nimrud Ivories Barnett, R D., A Catalogue of the Nimrud Ivories with Other Examples ofAncient Near
Eastern Ivories in the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1957.

BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

BASORSuppl. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Supplement.

Belleten Belleten Turk Tarin Kurumu. Ankara: TTK Basimevi, 1937-.

Bellinger, "Textile Bellinger, L. "Textile Fragments from Gordion,' typewritten report submitted to The
Fragments" University Museum, 13 October 1952. The Textile Museum, Washington, D.C.

BibO Bibliotheca Orientalis. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Bittel, Grunduige Bittel, K., Crundziige der Vor- undFriihgeschichte Kleinasiens. 2d ed. Tubingen:
Wasmuth, n.d.

Bittel and Giiterbock, Bittel, K. and H. Guterbock, Bogazkoy I: Neue Untersuchungen in der hethitischen
Bogazkoy I Hauptstadt. Berlin: Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1935.

Bittel et al., Bittel, K. et al., Bogazkoy IV: Funde aus den Grabungen 1967 und 1968. Berlin: Gebr.
Bogazkoy IV Mann, 1969.

Blegen, Troy IV Blegen, C. W., C. G. Bouler,J. L. Caskey, M. Rawson, Troy: Excavations Conducted by the
University of Cincinnati, 1932-1938. Vol. IV: Settlements VII and VIII. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1958.

Blinkenberg, Fibides Blinkenberg, Chr., Fibides grecques et orientales. Lindiaka V. Copenhagen: F. Host and
Son, 1926.

Blinkenberg, Lindos I Blinkenberg, Chr., Les petits objets. Lindos: Fouilles et recherches 1902-1914, I.
Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1931.

BMFEA Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. Stockholm.

Boardman, Greek Boardman,J., Excavations in Chios 1952-1955: Greek Emporio. London: Thames &
Emporia Hudson, 1967.

Boardman and Hayes, Excavations at Tocra 1963-1965. The Archaic Deposits II and Later Deposits. British
Tocra AD II School at Athens, Supplementary Vol. 10. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973
Boehlau et al., Lar. Boehlau,J. and K. Schefold, Larisa am Hermos: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen
amH. 1902-1934. Vol. 3. Die Kleinfunde. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1942.
Boehmer, Kleinfunde Boehmer, R, Die Kleinfunde von Bogazkoy. WVDOG 87. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1972.
Boehmer, Unterstadt Boehmer, R, Die Kleinfunde aus der Unterstadt von Bogazkoy Grabungskampagnen
1970-1978. Bogazkoy-Hattusa X. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1979.
Bradford, Ancient Bradford, J. Ancient Landscapes: Studies in Field Archaeology. London: G. Bell and Sons,
Landscapes Ltd., 1957.
 ABBREVIATIONS xxv

Brixhe and Lejeune, Brixhe, Cl. and M. Lejeune, Corpus des inscriptions palio-phrygiennes. Paris: Institut
CIPP Francais d'Etudes Anatoliennes, 1984.

BullNBC Bulletin of the Needle and Bobbin Club. New York: Needle and Bobbin Club.

Buluc, Ank. Frig Nekr. Buluc, S., AnkaraFrig Nekropolunden Uf Tiimiilus Buluntulam [Docentlik Tezi]. Ankara:
Ankara Universitesi (DTCF), 1979.

CAH Cambridge Ancient History, sec. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970-.

Caner, Fib. in Anat. I Caner, E. Fibeln in Anatolien I. PBF XIV,8. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1983.

Cappadoce Le Guen-Pollet, B., et O. Pelon (eds.). La Cappadoce meridionale jusqu'a lefin de l'epoque
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Anatoliennes, 3-14 avril 1987. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1991.
Carter, Symbol Carter, D., Symbol of the Beast: Animal Style Art in Eurasia. New York: Ronald, 1959.
CHIlI Cambridge History of Iran II, The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Ed., I. Gershevitch.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Cl.Rh. Jacopi, G., Clara Rhodos VI/VII Pt. 1, Esplorazione archeologica di Camiro II. Rhodes:
Istituto Storico-Archeologico di Rodi, 1932-33.

Coldstream, GGP Coldstream,J. N., Greek Geometric Pottery. London: Methuen, 1968.

Cook,GPP Cook, R. M., Greek Painted Pottery. London: Methuen, 1960.

CSCAntiq University of California Studies in Classical Antiquity

Dark Ages and Nomads Mellink, M.J., (ed.), Dark Ages and Nomads c. 1000 B.C.: Studies in Iranian and
Anatolian Archaeology. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1964.

DTCF Division of Languages, History, and Geography. University of Ankara.

Dergi Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakiiltesi Dergisi.

Deshayes, Outils Deshayes,J., Les Outils de bronze de l'Indus au Danube. Institut Francais d'Archeologie
de Beyrouth, Bibliotheque Archeologique et Historique, Vol. 71. Paris: Geuthner,
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Ene. Brit. Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago and London: Benton, 1967.

Erkanal, Axte Erkanal, H., Die Axte und Beile des 2. Jahrtausends in Zentralanatolien. PBF IX, 8.
Munich: C. H. Beck, 1977.

ESA Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua

Expedition Expedition: Bulletin of The University Museum. Philadelphia: The University Museum,
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Festschrift Bittel Boehmer, R. M. and H. Hauptmann, eds., Beitrage zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens:
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Festschrift Eilers Festschriftfiir Wilhelm Eilers. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1967.

Florilegium Anat. Florilegium Anatolicum: Melanges offerts il Emmanuel Laroche. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1979.

Forbes, Technowgy Forbes, R. J., Studies in Ancient Technology. 8 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955-64.
xxvi GORDION EXCA\,ATIONS, FINAL REPORTS II, PART 1

GEFR The Gordion Excavations (1950-1973) Final Reports.

Goldman, Tarsus II Goldman, H., Excavations at Gozlii Kille, Tarsus. Vol. II: From the Neolithic through the
Bronze Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956.

Goldman et al., Goldman, H. et al. Excavations at Gozlii Kiile, Tarsus. Vol. III: The Iron Age. Princeton:
Tarsus III Princeton University Press, 1963.

Greenewalt, Lydian Greenewalt, C. H.,Jr., Lydian Pottery of the Sixth Century B.C.: The Lydion and Marbled
Pottery Ware. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1966. Ann Arbor: University
Microfilms, 1967.

Greenewalt, Ritual Greenewalt, C. H.,Jr., Ritual Dinners in Early Historic Sardis. Classical Studies 17.
Dinners Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978.

GSS Gordion Special Studies.

Gunter, Gordion III Gunter, Ann, The Bronze Age. GEFR Vol. III. UMM 73. Philadelphia: The University
Museum, 1991.

Hodge, WGR Hodge, A. T., The Woodwork of Greek Roofs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1960.

Hogarth, Carchemish I Hogarth, D. G., Carchemish I: Introductory. London: Trustees of the British Museum,
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Hogarth, et al., Hogarth, D. G., et al., Excavations at Ephesus: The Archaic Artemisia. London: Trustees
Ephesus of the British Museum, 1908.

Hrouda, KaF Hrouda, B., Die Kulturgeschichte des assyrischenFlachbildes. Bonn: Habelt, 1965.
ICCAX Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Classical Archaeology. Ankara-Izmir
29-30 September 1973. 3 vols. Ankara: TTK Basimevi, 1978.
ILN The Illustrated London News.

In Memoriam Bossert In Memoriam Helmuth Theodor Bossert = Jahrbuch fur kleinasiatische Forschung 2, Pts. 1-2.
Istanbul: Universitat Istanbul, 1965.
IstMitt Istanbuler Mitteilungen. Istanbul: Archaologisches Institut des Deutschen Reiches.

Jacobsthal, Pins Jacobsthal, P., Greek Pins and Their Connexions with Europe and Asia. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1956.

Jan tzen, Samos VIII Jantzen, U., Samos VIII: Agyptische und orientalische Bronzen aus dem Heraion von Samos.
Bonn: Habelt, 1972.
Jettmar, Steppes Jettmar, K., Art of the Steppes. New York: Crown, 1967.
JdI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts. Berlin.

.JFA [ournal ofField Archaeology. Boston.

JNES [ournal ofNear Eastern Studies. Chicago.

JOAl Jahresheft des Ostereichischen Archiologischen Instituts.
 ABBREVIATIONS xxvii

Karageorghis, ENS I Karageorghis, v., Salamis 3: Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis I. Nicosia:
Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1967.

Karageorghis, ENS II Karageorghis, V., Salamis 4: Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis II. Nicosia:
Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1970.

Karageorghis, E.7VS III Karageorghis, V., Salamis 5: Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis III. Nicosia:
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xxviii GORDION EXCAVATIONS, FINAL REPORTS II, PART 1

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