Learning Objective

1. Identifies claims explicitly or implicitly made in a written text; claim of fact, claim of policy,
claim of value.

Instructions: Familiarize the following words. These words will be used in learning this lesson:

1. Allegorical - having an implicit real-life representation or meaning.

2. Dehumanizing - depriving somebody of humanity

3. Eradicate - remove

4. Euthanasia - act of ending a person’s suffering (severe disease) by killing

5. Oligarchy - a power structure in which only few people take control of a country such as in an
economic situation.

6. Quarrying - the process of extracting the usable materials from huge rock formation deposited
on the ground surfaces.

Learning Time (Acquire New Knowledge)

Explicit vs. Implicit Information

Information that is clearly stated and leaves no room for interpretation is called EXPLICIT
INFORMATION.

Example: “It was a stormy night in Greenwood. The strong winds were causing the trees to
sway, and it rained for hours.” 

Here are the pieces of information that are explicitly stated in the example:

 A storm was underway.

 The storm is happening in Baybay.
 It was nighttime.
 The winds were strong.
 The winds were causing the trees to sway.
 It rained for hours.
Information that doesn’t directly provide information and instead requires the reader to infer
what’s going on is called IMPLICIT INFORMATION.

Example: “Kayla peered out the window before heading to bed. The trees were wildly swaying,
and the puddles in her yard were growing larger by the minute.”

The reader can infer a handful of things that are implied in the example:

 It was nighttime.
 The wind was blowing forcefully.
 It was raining heavily.
 A storm was occurring.

Source:

https://www.mometrix.com/academy/explicit-and-implicit-information/#:~:text=When%20talking
%20about%20writing%2C%20explicit,implied%20and%20not%20stated%20directly. 

Meanwhile, read the following sentences. You may have observations, just keep it in your mind
first. 

1. Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world. 

2. Even before the popularity of Dante Alighieri's “Divine Comedy”, all people had been
believing in afterlife. 

3. As time passes it people choose to worship material things as their gods. 

4. Roman Catholicism would have not been known to Filipinos without Ferdinand Magellan’s
expedition.

We say that a fact can be proven true or false. It qualifies our first sentence because the
evidence from history will show but, still this could be arguable because who knows how
accurate history is?

The second sentence is also a fact, literature can testify to it but, only that we can argue that
maybe not “all” are believers of such idea. The use of the quantifier “all” makes it arguable. 

The third sentence can also be proven true or false yet, others may disagree while other may
accept the idea. 

The fourth sentence is true, it was through Magellan’s expedition that the Philippines was
introduced to Catholicism but, we cannot just leave it to that event. Magellan’s expedition may
not be the only instance that this religion had been introduced to the country. 

Therefore, the sentences presented us ideas which claim to be facts and are arguable. 

These are the examples of CLAIMS OF FACT or FACTUAL CLAIMS. Claims of Fact Claims of
Fact are statements about how things were in the past, how they are in the present, or how they
will be in the future. A fact claim is not a question, it is not a fact; it only claims to be a fact and
must be arguable.

Let us examine the next sentences. The words we have collected from the tunnel which fall
under politics are all found here. They must be sharing something in common. 

1. Our senators should make themselves busy in crafting bills that aim for the welfare of the
people. 

2. The government must take brave decision to eradicate oligarchy in the country. 

3. Our parameter on choosing our country's leaders during election must rely on the heart and
the capacity of the candidate, not on his/her wealth. 

4. We ought to be law-abiding citizens not because we commit to the government but because
we are actually a part of the government. 

All the sentences from numbers one (1) to four (4) suggest or propose an action to be taken to
create change from the present or an existing situation (which maybe implied) in which we may
accept or not. Notice the italicized and highlighted words in the sentences: should, must and
ought to. 

These are indicating words which suggest a change in action. Such condition of the given
statements qualifies them to be CLAIMS OF POLICY or POLICY CLAIMS. 

Claims of Policy argue that something should/should not be done, believed or banned. A policy
claim includes the indicating words should/should not, ought to/ought not to, or must/must not.
These must be arguable. 

Now examine the last four sample sentences. Of course, we were able to group them through
the help of the tunnel, through the words we put under literature. 

1. A written poem is the sweetest gift you can give to someone. 

2. A mother's lullaby is but an amazing sound to a child. 

3. Using harsh words in printed novels to humiliate an allegorical character is immoral. 

4. Performances in theaters are more entertaining than those in films First observation is that all
the given sentences posit judgment. 

Sentence number one (1) is a judgment of the poem. How do you quantify the sweetness of the
poem? Do you think we have the same standards when it comes to liking a poem? Definitely
not. Same with a lullaby in the next sentence. In sentence number three (3), morality is based
on the norms of a certain society. Thus, what seems immoral to a group could be moral to a
certain group, depending on their moral standards. In the last sentence, it is a judgement on
how entertaining theaters are, over those in films. You may agree with it or you would say the
film is more entertaining and that would be based on your own preference. 

Therefore, the judgment presented are all subjective in nature wherein it varies from person to
person. Such condition of a statement is what completes the three types of claims. We call
it CLAIMS OF VALUE or VALUE CLAIMS. 

Claims of value are making personal judgments over something and therefore are subjective.
These could either be an approval or disapproval. These give assessments as to desirable or
undesirable, good or bad, right or wrong, just or unjust, moral or immoral, etc. This type of claim
is generally focused, but not limited to: 

1. Aesthetic Value - the concept of beauty and arts and how it uniquely appeals to someone. 

Examples: 

 A written poem is the sweetest gift you can give to someone.

 A mother's lullaby is but an amazing sound to a child. 
 Performances in theaters are more entertaining than those in films 

2. Moral Value - the concept of what is right and wrong according to acertain norms of morality. 

Example: 

 Using harsh words in printed novels to humiliate an allegorical character is immoral.