Annexure-II

Micro-Project Report

Visit electrical machine manufacturing unit and collect data of various tests on it

1.0 Brief Introduction:

• The main objective of testing is to know the quality of the machine, quality of materials
used for manufacturing the machine and also to check its behavior and performance as per
the design data.
• The various results obtained during testing should tally with the design data.
• The variation in the actual result if any should be within the specified allowable limits.
• If actual results are beyond the specified limits than the manufacturer must investigate the
reasons and improve the design and manufacturing process accordingly.
• To check the improved design by resting of machine.
• Indian National Institute i.e. Indian standard Bureau specifies the standards for particular
machines apparatus, equipments material and so many engineering items.
• Newly manufactured machines by a factory or firm has to undergo specified testing,
measurements etc. As the norms fixed by the institute to get the certification or ISI mark.
• The certification is must in some cases and customers are sure of quality of machines as it
has undergone the tests as per ISI.
• So roles of Bureau to pass and certify the machines equipments/Apparatus which have
undergone the standard test decided by their institutions.

2.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro project:

The Micro-Project aims at
• To Visit electrical machine manufacturing unit.
• To Collect data of various tests on it.

3.0 Course Outcomes Integrated:

a) Follow safe practices to prevent accidents while using electrical equipment (CO1)
b) Prepare maintenance schedules for electrical equipment. (CO2)
c) Maintain single phase and three phase transformer (CO4)

4.0 Literature Review

The breaker test is a method of going circuit by circuit on your breaker panel to find out which
circuit is consuming the most energy. For example, you may find that a heater has been left on in an
unoccupied room, or that an appliance, computer or electronic device is drawing more power than you
thought.

The technology of the transformer was developed in the year of 1880 onwards.” I do know that a resonant
transformer is used in testing very high voltages and an occasion requiring large current output such as
cable testing, dielectric loss measurements and partial discharge measurements, etc.

The first commercially available CT scanner was created by British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield EMI
Laboratories in 1972. He co-invented the technology with the physicist Dr. Allan Cormack . Both
researchers were jointly awarded the 1979 Noble Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed

Step1: Selection of the topic of electrical machine manufacturing unit and collect data of various tests
on it. Step
Step2: After selecting collect and study all the information regarding the given topic.
Step3: After collecting the information, we put that information in the Micro project report.
Step4: Finalize the micro project report and verify it by teacher.
Step5: Submitted the Maintenance Of Electrical Equipment Step6:
Finalize the report and verify it by teacher.
Step7: Submit report.

6.0 Actual Resources Used

 Sr.No Name of Specification Qty
Resource/Material
https:// www.electrical4u.com/ 1
routine-test-of-circuit breakers
1 Testing Of Breakers

2 https://www.electrical4u.co 1
m/transformer-testing-
Testing Of Transformer
type-test-and-routin-testof-
transformer/
3 http://testguy.net/content/2 1
Testing Of Current of 64-6-elcectrical tests-for -
transformer Current transformerexplained.

4 TECH KNOWLEDGE 1
BOOK
PUBLICATIONS
5 NA
M/s. Schneider Electric https://www.se.com/in/en/

6 M/s. Larson & Toubro : https://www.larsentoubro.com NA

L&T’s Power /corporate/products-
Transmission & andservices/construction/powertransmission-
Distribution (PT&D) distribution/
Division

7.0 Outputs of Micro-Project:

Testing of Circuit Breaker

Testing of circuit breakers is more difficult as compared to other electrical equipment like transformer or
machine because the short circuit current is very large. Testing of the transformer is mainly divided into
two groups, type tests, and routine tests.
Type tests are conducted for the purpose of proving the capabilities and confirming the rated characteristic
of the circuit breaker. Such tests are conducted in the specially built testing laboratory. Type tests can be
broadly classified as the mechanical performance test, thermal test, dielectric or insulating test, short circuit
test for checking the making capacity, breaking capacity, short time rating current and operating duty.

Mechanical Test – It is mechanical ability type test involving the repeated opening and closing of the
breaker. A circuit breaker must open and close at the correct speed and perform its designated duty and
operation without mechanical failure.

Thermal Test – Thermal tests are carried out to check the thermal behavior of the circuit breakers. The
breaker under test deal with the steady-state temperature rises due to the flow of its rated current through
its pole in a rated condition. The temperature rise for rated current should not exceed 40° for current less
than 800A normal current and 50° for normal value of current 800A and above.

Dielectric Test – These tests are performed to check power frequency and impulse voltage withstand
capacity. Power frequency tests are kept on a new circuit breaker; the test voltage changes with a circuit
breaker rated voltage.

The test voltage with a frequency between 15-100Hz is applied as follows. (1) between poles with circuit
breaker closed (2) between pole and earth with circuit breaker open, and (3) across terminals with circuit
breaker open.

In impulse tests impulse voltage of specified magnitude is applied to the breaker. For outdoor circuit dry
and wet tests are conducted.

Short -Circuit Test – Circuit breakers are subjected to sudden short-circuits in short-circuit test
laboratories, and oscillograms are taken to know the behavior of the circuit breakers at the time of
switching in, during contact breaking and after the arc extinction.

The oscillograms are studied with particular reference to the making and breaking currents, both
symmetrical and asymmetrical restriking voltages, and switchgear is sometimes tested at rated conditions.

Routine Tests of a Circuit Breaker :

Routine tests are also performed as per recommendations of the standards of Indian Engineering Service
and Indian Standards. These tests are performed on the manufacturers’ premises. Routine tests confirm the
proper functioning of the circuit breaker. The routine tests confirm the proper functioning of the circuit
breaker.

Power frequency voltage test being the same as mentioned under the heading of type tests, the millivolt
drop test is performed to determine the voltage drop within the current path of the breaker mechanism.
Operational test is performed on the breaker by simulating its tripping by artificially closing the contacts of
the relays.

Insulation Resistance Test-Megger :

For individual breaker resistance testing, load and line conductors should be preferably disconnected. If not
detached the test values will also involve the characteristics of the connected circuit. Resistance testing is
crucial for verifying that the insulating material which makes up the molded cases breakers are performing
correctly. In order to test for insulation resistance, an instrument known as a megger is used. A megger
instrument applies a known DC voltage to a given wire for a given period of time in order to test the
resistance within the insulation on that particular wire or winding. It is vital that voltage is employed as the
resistance checked with an ohmmeter may differ when there are no report of potential differences. It should
also be noted that if you apply a voltage that is too high for that insulation to withstand, then you could
potentially damage the insulation.

Contact Resistance Test-CRM :

Normal wear and tear of contacts within the CB emerges after extended usage. An easy method to identify
traces of weakening within the circuit breaker is to quantify the resistance across every pole of the breaker.
Indications of abnormal conditions within the CB such as erosion and contamination of contacts are
evident if there are excessive millivolt drops across the breaker. The contact resistance test is important in
finding out if or not a circuit breaker is still apt for functioning.

Timing Test-Timer

The contact timing test is used to compare the circuit breaker's contact performance against the
manufacturer's specifications. The breaker contact operations are timed in milliseconds and cycles, then
compared with the manufacturer's specifications to determine the performance of the breaker.

Pick up Test-Dc volt

By analyzing the current consumed by the trip coil during the circuit breaker’s operation, it is possible to
determine whether there are mechanical or electrical issues present. In many cases, such issues can be
localized to aid in finding the root cause. Optionally, monitoring the tripping supply’s voltage during the
operation can detect issues arising with tripping batteries.

New Breaker Hi-Pot Test :

The analysis of the tripping time characteristics of LV circuit breakers and molded-case circuit breakers is
performed using high current injection, as the way to check the entire functionality. How to test a circuit
breaker of this type depends on its maximum rated current, the trip protection settings and the inverse
curve types which will define the overload and short-circuit trip pickup levels and time delays; all these
features must be checked with the appropriate primary injection test set with the capacity to simulate the
corresponding high current faults required and capture the answer of the breaker. A system which be easily
upgraded in power capacity enables how to test a circuit breaker in the different possible situations and
range of breakers; how to test a circuit breaker of this kind also needs a bendable design of the test set to
fruitfully attain the certain large current job, and a design that create possible to position it nearer to the
breaker, and so decreasing the power needed with smaller test leads; this is the case of the Raptor System,
a modular and flexible primary injection system which easily and quickly adapts its power capacity to the
several high currents ratings of the different circuit breakers.

Testing of Transformer
Insulation Resistance Test or Megger test

Insulation resistance test of transformer is essential type test. This test is carried out to ensure the
healthiness of the overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer. Procedure of Insulation
Resistance Test of Transformer

1. Disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer

2. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure insulation resistance IR value in
between the LV and HV windings
3. Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure
insulation resistance IR value in between the HV windings and earth
4. Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure
insulation resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth.
It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase wise in three phase
transformer. IR values are taken between the windings collectively as because all the windings on HV side
are internally connected together to form either star or delta and also all the windings on LV side are
internally connected together to form either star or delta.

Measurements are to be taken as follows:

• For autotransformer: HV-IV to LV, HV-IV to E, LV to E.
• For two winding transformer: HV to LV, HV to E, LV to E.
• Three winding transformers: HV to IV, HV to LV, IV to LV, HV to E, IV to E, LV to E.
• Oil temperature should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test of the transformer, since the IR
value of transformer insulating oil may vary with temperature.
• IR values to be recorded at intervals of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes.
• With the duration of application of voltage, IR value increases. The increase in IR is an indication of
dryness of insulation.
• Absorption coefficient = 1 minute value/15 secs. value.
• Polarization index = 10 minutes value/1 minute value.

Magnetic Balance Test

Magnetic balance test of transformer is conducted only on three-phase transformers to check the imbalance
in the magnetic circuit.

Procedure of Magnetic Balance Test of Transformer

1. Keep the tap changer of transformer in normal position.

2. Now disconnect the transformer neutral from ground.
3. Then apply single phase 230 V AC supply across one of the HV winding terminals and neutral terminal.
4. Measure the voltage in two other HV terminals in respect of neutral terminal.
5. Repeat the test for each of the three phases.
In case of an autotransformer, a magnetic balance test of transformer should be repeated for LV winding
also. There are three limbs placed side by side in a core of the transformer. One phase winding is wound in
one limb. The voltage induced in different phases depends upon the respective position of the limb in the
core. The voltage induced in different phases of a transformer in respect to neutral terminals given in the
table below.

HV/LV Tan Delta and Capacitance test

The below process explains the method of tan delta testing in a step-by-step manner.
• The requirements necessary for this test such as cable, potential transformer, bushings, current
transformer, and winding on which this testing is conducted has to be initially separated from the system. •
The minimal frequency level of test voltage is applied along with the equipment where the insulation to be
analyzed.
• At first, normal voltage levels are applied. When the tan delta values are as expected at this voltage
level, then the applied voltage level is increased by 2 times as of applied voltage.
• The values of the tan delta are recorded by the tan delta controller.
• To the tan delta calculating component, a loss angle analyzer is connected which compares tan
delta values at higher and general voltage levels and delivers accurate results. It has to be noted that the
testing procedure to be carried out at very minimal frequency levels

It is more recommended to conduct testing at minimal frequency levels, because when the applied voltage
level is more, then the capacitive reactance of the insulator device reaches very minimal, therefore the
capacitive element of the current reaches more. As the resistive element is practically constant; it is based
on the applied voltage level and the insulator’s conductivity value.

Whereas at increased frequency level the capacitive current, is more, and then the amplitude of the vector
amount of both the capacitive and resistive elements of the current reaches very high. So, the necessary
level of power for the tan delta test would become more that seems to be not acceptable. Because of this,
the power constraint for dissipation factor analysis, very minimal frequency test voltage is required.
These exist mainly two approaches to analyze the situation of the insulation method at the time of tan delta
testing. The first is, evaluating the past test results to know the worsening of insulation conditions because
of the aging effect. Whereas the second scenario is to verify the insulation behavior directly from tanδ
value. Here, there is no necessity of assessing past results with that tanδ test values.

When the insulation results are accurate, then the loss factor values are nearly similar for the entire test
voltage values. But, in the case when the insulation results are not accurate, then the tanδ values get
increased for a higher level of voltages. The increasing tanδ corresponds that, high resistive current
element, happens in insulation. These outcomes might be matched with the outcomes of past tested
insulators, to go with the appropriate decision either the equipment has to be substituted or not. This is the
way that how to test the result tan delta testing can be done.

Winding Resistance Test

Transformer winding resistance measurement is carried out to calculate the I2R losses and to calculate
winding temperature at the end of a temperature rise test. It is carried out as a type test as well as routine
test. It is also done at site to ensure healthiness of a transformer that is to check loose connections, broken
strands of conductor, high contact resistance in tap changers, high voltage leads and bushings etc.
There are different methods for measuring of the transformer winding, likewise:
• Current-voltage method of measurement of winding resistance.
• Bridge method of measurement of winding resistance.
• Kelvin bridge method of Measuring Winding Resistance.
• Measuring winding resistance by Automatic Winding Resistance Measurement Kit.

Vector Group Test

In a 3 phase transformer, it is essential to carry out a vector group test of transformer. Proper vector
grouping in a transformer is an essential criteria for parallel operation of transformers. There are several
internal connections of three-phase transformer are available on the market. These several connections give
various magnitudes and phase of the secondary voltage; the magnitude can be adjusted for parallel
operation by suitable choice of turn ratio, but the phase divergence cannot be compensated.

So we have to choose a transformer suitable for parallel operation whose phase sequence and phase
divergence are same. All the transformers with the same vector ground have same phase sequence and
phase divergence between primary and secondary.
Before procuring an electrical power transformer, you should ensure the vector group of the transformer,
whether it will be matched with his or her existing system or not. The vector group test of transformer
confirms his or her requirements.

Turns Ratio Test

The performance of a transformer largely depends upon perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio of
transformer. So transformer ratio test is an essential type test of transformer. This test also performed as a
routine test of transformer. So for ensuring proper performance of electrical power transformer, voltage
and turn ratio test of transformer one of the important tests. The
procedure of the transformer ratio test is simple. We just apply three phase 415 V supply to HV winding,
with keeping LV winding open. We measure the induced voltages at HV and LV terminals of the
transformer to find out actual voltage ratio of the transformer. We repeat the test for all tap position
separately.

Transformer Oil BDV Test

The dielectric strength of transformer oil is also known as the Breakdown Voltage (BDV) of transformer
oil. Breakdown voltage is measured by observing at what voltage, sparking strands between two electrodes
immersed in the oil, separated by a specific gap. A low value of BDV indicates presence of moisture
content and conducting substances in the oil.

For measuring BDV of transformer oil, portable BDV measuring kit is generally available at site. In this
kit, oil is kept in a pot in which one pair of electrodes are fixed with a gap of 2.5 mm (in some kit it 4mm)
between them. Now slowly rising voltage is applied between the electrodes. The rate of rising voltage is
controlled at 2 KV/s and observe the voltage at which sparking starts between the electrodes. That means
at which voltage dielectric strength of transformer oil between the electrodes has been broken down.
This measurement is taken 3 to 6 times in the same sample of oil, and we take the average value of these
readings. BDV is an important and popular test of transformer oil, as it is the primary indicator of the
health of oil and it can be easily carried out at the site.

Dry and clean oil gives BDV results, better than the oil with moisture content and other conducting
impurities. Minimum breakdown voltage of transformer oil or dielectric strength of transformer oil at
which this oil can safely be used in transformer, is considered as 30 KV.

Transformer Oil DGA Test

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is the study of dissolved gases in transformer oil. It is also referred to as a
DGA test. Whenever a transformer undergoes abnormal thermal and electrical stresses, certain gases are
produced due to the decomposition of the transformer oil. When the fault is major, the production of
decomposed gases are significant and they get collected in a Buchholz relay. But when abnormal thermal
and electrical stresses are not significantly high the gasses due to decomposition of transformer insulating
oil will get enough time to dissolve in the oil. Hence
by only monitoring the Buchholz relay it is not possible to predict the condition of the total internal
healthiness of electrical power transformer. That is why it becomes necessary to analyze the number of
different gasses dissolved in transformer oil in service. Using DGA of transformer oil, one can predict the
actual condition of the internal health of a transformer.

It is preferable to conduct the DGA test of transformer oil in a routine manner to get historical information
about the internal health of a transformer over its lifetime. In a DGA test, the gases in oil are extracted and
analyzed to determine the quantity of gasses in a specific amount of oil. By observing the percentages of
different gasses present in the oil, you can predict the internal condition of the transformer.

Generally, the gasses found in the oil in service are hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6),
ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H3), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2) and
oxygen(O2). Most commonly used method of determining the content of these gases in oil, is using a
Vacuum Gas Extraction Apparatus and Gas Chronographs. Using this apparatus, gasses are extracted from
oil by stirring it under vacuum. These extracted gasses are then introduced in gas Chronographs for
measurement of each component.

Generally it is found that hydrogen and methane are produced in large quantity if the internal temperature
of power transformer rises up to 150oC to 300oC due to abnormal thermal stresses. If the temperature goes
above 300oC, ethylene (C2H4) is produced in large quantity. At the temperature is higher than 700oC a
large amount of hydrogen(H2) and ethylene(C2H4) are produced.

Ethylene (C2H4) is an indication of a very high-temperature hot spot inside an electrical transformer. If
during DGA test of transformer oil, CO and CO2 are found in large quantity it is predicted that there is
decomposition of proper insulation.

S.F.R.A Test- Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Test

This is very reliable and sensitive method or tool for condition monitoring of the physical condition of
transformer windings. The winding of transformer may be subjected to mechanical stresses during
transportation, heavy short circuit faults, transient switching impulses and lightening impulses etc. These
mechanical stresses may cause displacement of transformer windings from their position and may also
cause deformation of these windings. Windings collapse in extreme cases, such physical defects eventually
lead to insulation failure or dielectric faults in the windings. Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Test or
in short SFRA Test can detect efficiently, displacement of transformer core, deformation and displacement
of winding, faulty core grounds, collapse of partial winding, broken or loosen clamp connections, short
circuited turns, open winding conditions etc.

Short Circuit Or Impedance Test

The connection diagram for short circuit test or impedance test on transformer is as shown in the figure
below. The LV side of transformer is short circuited and wattmeter (W),voltmeter (V) and ammeter (A) are
connected on the HV side of the transformer. Voltage is applied to the HV side and increased from the zero
until the ammeter reading equals the rated current.
All the readings are taken at this rated current.
The ammeter reading gives primary equivalent of full load current (Isc). The voltage applied for full load
current is very small as compared to rated voltage. Hence, core loss due to small applied voltage can be
neglected. Thus, the wattmeter reading can be taken as copper loss in the transformer.
Therefore, W = Isc 2Req....... (where Req is the equivalent resistance of transformer)
Zeq = Vsc/Isc.

Therefore, equivalent reactance of transformer can be calculated from the formula Zeq 2 = Req 2 + Xeq2 .

These, values are referred to the HV side of the transformer. Hence, it is seen that the short circuit test
gives copper losses of transformer and approximate equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer.

Testing of CT Ratio Test

CT ratio is described as the ratio of primary current input to secondary current output at full load. For
example, a CT with a ratio of 300:5 will produce 5 amps of secondary current when 300 amps flow
through the primary.

If the primary current changes, the secondary current output will change accordingly. For example, if 150
amps flow through a 300 amp rated primary the secondary current output will be 2.5 amps.

Unlike the voltage or power transformer, the current transformer consists of only one or very few turns as
its primary winding. This primary winding can be of either a single flat turn, a coil of heavy duty wire
wrapped around the core or just a conductor or bus bar placed through a central hole.
The ratio test is conducted to prove that the ratio of the CT is as specified, and to verify the ratio is correct
at different taps of a multi tap CT. The turn's ratio is equivalent to the voltage ratio of potential
transformers and can be expressed as follows: N2/N1=V2/V1
• N2 and N1 are number of turns of secondary and primary windings
• V2 and V1 are the secondary and primary side voltage readings

Ratio tests are performed by applying a suitable voltage (below saturation) to the secondary of the CT
under test while the primary side voltage is measured to calculate the turns ratio from the expression
above.
Insulation Resistance Test

The insulation between the current transformer windings and windings to ground should be checked for
dielectric strength while performing a comprehensive CT test. Three tests are performed to determine the
condition of the insulation of the CT under test:

1. Primary to secondary: Checks the condition of the insulation between high to low.

2. Primary to ground: Checks the condition of the insulation between high to ground.

3. Secondary to ground: Checks the condition of the insulation between low to ground.

Insulation resistance readings should remain fairly constant over a period of time. A sharp dip in trending
of insulation resistance values point towards insulation degradation and further investigation is required to
diagnose the problem.

Insulation tests on current transformers rated 600V or less are usually performed at 1000VDC. Prior to
testing, short the primary winding of the CT under test by connecting H1 and H2, then short the secondary
winding of the CT under test by connecting X1 and X2-X5.

Remove the neutral ground and isolate the CT from any associated burden. After the windings are shorted,
the CT will be a three terminal specimen.

Knee Point or Excitation (Saturation) Test

When a CT is "saturated", the magnetic path inside the CT operates like a short circuit on the transmission
line. Almost all of the energy supplied by the primary winding is shunted away from the secondary
winding and is used create a magnetic field inside the CT.

Saturation testing for a current transformer identifies the rated knee point against IEEE or IEC standards,
the point at which the transformer is no longer able to output current in proportion to its specified ratio.

Excitation tests are performed by applying an AC voltage to the secondary winding of the CT and
increasing the voltage in steps until the CT is in saturation. The "Knee" point is determined by observing a
small voltage increase causing a large increase in current.

The test voltage is slowly decreased to zero to de‐magnetize the CT. The test results are plotted on a
logarithmic (log‐log) graph and evaluated based on the transition period between normal operation and
saturation

Winding Resistance Test

The DC winding resistance measurement is an important measurement in accessing the true condition,
state and accuracy of a CT. Winding resistance in a CT will change over a period of time depending on the
specimen age, use, external conditions and loading effect.

It is recommended to measure DC winding resistance periodically on a single tap or multi tap CT and trend
the values. A high precision low resistance measurement circuit is required to obtain this small winding
resistance.
The winding resistance of a current transformer is found by dividing the voltage drop across the winding
(measured from dc milli voltmeter) with the applied dc current through the winding. The CT should be
demagnetized after the completion of winding resistance test.

Burden Test

The burden of a current transformer can be defined as the total impedance in ohms on the secondary output
terminals. The total burden is a combination of impedance offered by watt hour meter coils, relay current
coils, contact resistance, terminal blocks, wire resistance and test switches used in the secondary loop.

Each current transformer has a secondary burden when connected in a relay or metering circuit. CT's are
expected to provide the secondary output current based upon their accuracy class.

If a current transformer is not properly sized based upon secondary loop burden, it may result in a decrease
in CT secondary current. Burden testing is important to verify that CT is supplying current to a circuit that
does not exceed its burden rating.

The burden test is also useful in ensuring that the CTs are:

• Not energized with shorting devices installed (if used for metering or protection)

• Not left with an open circuit when not used

• Connected with a single ground point

• All connections are tight

Polarity Test

The polarity of a CT is determined by the direction in which the coils are wound around the transformer
core (clockwise or counter clockwise) and by how the leads are brought out of the CT case. All current
transformers are subtractive polarity and should have the following designations to visually identify the
direction of current flow:

• H1 - primary current, line facing direction

• H2 – primary current, load facing direction

• X1 - secondary current

The polarity marks on a CT designate the relative instantaneous directions of the currents. The polarity test
proves that the predicted direction of secondary CT current (leaving) is correct for a given direction of
primary current (entering).
Taking care to observe proper polarity is important when installing and connecting current transformer to
power metering and protective relays. At the same instant of time, that the primary current is entering the
primary terminal the corresponding secondary current should be leaving the similarly marked secondary
terminal.

A CT under test is assumed to have correct polarity if instantaneous current direction for primary and
secondary current is opposite to each other. CT Polarity is critical when CT's are being used together in
single-phase or three-phase applications.

Most modern day CT test equipment is capable of performing the ratio test automatically using a simplified
test lead setup and will display polarity as correct or incorrect. CT polarity is verified manually by utilizing
a 9V battery and analog voltmeter with the following test procedure:

1. Disconnect all power prior to testing and connect the analog voltmeter to the secondary terminal of
the CT to be tested. The positive terminal of the meter is connected to terminal X1 of the CT while the
negative terminal is connected to X2.

2. Run a piece of wire through the high side of the CT window and shortly make contact with the
positive end of the 9-volt battery to the H1 side (sometimes marked with a dot) and the negative end to the
H2 side. It is important to avoid continuous contact, which will short circuit the battery.

3. If polarity is correct, the momentary contact causes a small deflection in the analog meter in the
positive direction. If the deflection is negative, the polarity of the current transformer is reversed. The
terminals X1 and X2 need to be reversed and the test can be carried out.
8.0 Skill Developed/learning out of this Micro-Project
The following skills were developed

1. Designing: Designing of micro project with minimum required resources and at low cost. 2.
2. Teamwork: Learned to work in a team and boost individual confidence. 3.
3. Time Management: Timely completion of micro project as scheduled. 4.
4. Data Analysis: Interpretation of data: drawing and analysis of graphs, laboratory calculations, etc. 5.
5. Problem-solving: Develop good problem-solving habits.
6. 6. Technical writing: Preparing a report of the proposed plan and final report.
7.
7. Presentation: Giving working model presentation of the micro project.

9.0 Applications of this Micro project:

Circuit-breakers respond quicker than fuses . Circuit-breakers are more reliable. Circuit-breakers are more
sensitive. Unlike fuses which only operate once and need to be replaced a circuit-breaker can be reset.

Its foremost advantage is controlling and stabilizing the voltage transmission. It does not require any
starting time. It is highly efficient with less capital investment and low maintenance. They provide
isolation to the ground. There are no moving parts in Transformers.

The instrument transformers i.e. current transformer (CT) and potential transformer (PT) (also called
voltage transformer) are both measuring devices. A CT lowers the current for measurement purposes,
while a PT lowers high voltage values into lower ones

Data collected on Testing of Circuit breaker, Transformer is very useful for testing and maintenance in the
domain of electrical engineering.
 Teacher Evaluation sheet
Name of Student: - Enroll No: -
1) Tanmay Mohan Raut 1)1815580119
2) Akash Vijay Rathod 2)1815580116

Name of Program: - Electrical Diploma Semester: - SIX

Course Title: - Utilization of Electrical Energy

Code: - (22626)
Title of Micro-project: - Visit electrical machine manufacturing unit and collect
data of various tests on it.

Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-project

S. Characteristics to be assessed Poor Average Good Excellent

R.
01 Relevance to the course
02 Information collection
03 Project Proposal
04 Completion of target as per the
project
05 Analysis of data &
representation
06 Quality of model
07 Report preparation
08 Presentation
09 Defence
 Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total

Part A- Project Project Part B – Project Individual Marks
Report / presentation /
Proposal Methodology (2 Working Model
(2 Marks) Marks) (2 Marks)
Viva 10
(4 Marks)

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

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