Major Project Report On

E-Commerce

By

HUSSEIN SASH maged ( 8 )

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree

Bachelor of Technology (Computer Science)

(2020)

Under the guidance of

MOHAMMED AMER

Professor HOD

BAGHDAD UNIVERCITY

Baghdad
 BAGHDAD UNIVERCITY

Department of Computer Science

Certificate

This is to certify that

HUSSEIN SASH maged (8),
student of Bachelor of Technology, Eight

Semester, Department of Computer Science of BAGHDAD UNIVERCITY, has pursued the Major

Project titled “E-Commerce” under the supervision of AMER, Head Of Department (HOD) and

Internal guide MOHAMMED and the report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of

requirements for the award of the degree, Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science by

BAGHDAD UNIVERCITY in the Year 2020.

MOHAMMED AMER

Professor HOD
 BAGHDAD UNIVERCITY

Department of Computer Science

Certificate

This is to certify that

HUSSEIN SASH maged (8),
student of Bachelor of Technology, Eight

Semester, Department of Computer Science of BAGHDAD UNIVERCITY, has pursued the Major

Project titled “E-Commerce” under the supervision of AMER, Head Of Department (HOD) and

Internal guide MOHAMMED and the report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of

requirements for the award of the degree, Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science by

BAGHDAD UNIVERCITY in the Year 2020.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

Signature Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere regard and indebtedness to my project internal guide MOHAMMED, for his

valuable time, guidance, encouragement, support and cooperation throughout the duration of our

project. I would sincerely like to thank IT Department for giving me the opportunity to work on

enhancing my technical skills while undergoing this project. This project was done under the

guidance of MOHAMMED, Head of Department. This project helped in understanding the various

parameters which are involved in the development of a web application and the working and

integration of front end along with the back end to create a fully functional web application.

I would like to thank AMER, Head of Department and whole of department for their constant

support.

HUSSEIN SASH maged

8
 ABSTRACT

Electronic Commerce is process of doing business through computer networks. A person sitting on his chair in front of a computer can access all the
facilities of the Internet to buy or sell the products. Unlike traditional commerce that is carried out physically with effort of a person to go & get
products, ecommerce has made it easier for human to reduce physical work and to save time. E-Commerce which was started in early 1990’s has
taken a great leap in the world of computers, but the fact that has hindered the growth of e-commerce is security. Security is the challenge facing e-
commerce today & there is still a lot of advancement made in the field of security. The main advantage of e-commerce over traditional commerce is
the user can browse online shops, compare prices and order merchandise sitting at home on their PC. For increasing the use of e-commerce in
developing countries the B2B e-commerce is implemented for improving access to global markets for firms in developing countries. For a developing
country advancement in the field of e-commerce is essential. The research strategy shows the importance of the e-commerce in developing
countries for business applications.

The main objective of the E-commerce Portal is to manage the details of Products,Customer,Shipping,Payment,Category. It manages all the
information about Products, Sales, Category, Products. The project is totally built at administrative end and thus only the administrator is
guaranteed the access. The purpose of the project is to build an application program to reduce the manual work for managing the Products
Customer, Sales, Shipping. It tracks all the details about the Shipping,Payment,Category.
 INDEX

S.No. Index Page No.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-6

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Aim 1

1.3 Existing System 2

1.4 Proposed System 2

1.5 Feasibility Study 3-4

1.6 Project Work Schedule 5

1.7 Organisation of Report 6

Chapter 2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION 7

2.1 Hardware Requirement 7

2.2 Software Requirement 7

Chapter 3 DESIGN & PLANNING 8-14

3.1 Software Development Life Cycle Model 8

3.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW 9

3.3 User Flow Diagram 10

3.4 ER Diagram 11

3.5 DFD Diagram 12-14

Chapter 4 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS 15 - 20

4.1 FRONT END 15 - 17

4.2 BACK END 18 - 20

Chapter 5 TESTING 21- 31

5.1 UNIT TESTING 21 - 22

5.2 INTEGRATION TESTING 23 - 24

 5.3 SOFTWARE VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION 25 - 27

5.4 Black-Box Testing 28

5.5 White-Box Testing 29 - 30

5.6 SYSTEM TESTING 31

Chapter 6 RESULTS 32 - 34

Chapter 7 ADVANTAGES 35

Chapter 8 CONCLUSION 36

BIBLIOGRAPHY 37
 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Customer get many benefits via online shopping this helps e-commerce companies to build long-

lasting and profitable relationship with their customers. For making strong relationship with these

users it is very important to focus on the customer as a whole and making sense of a flood of real-

time information that goes well beyond demographics or shopping behavior. There are two entities

who will have the access to the system. One is the admin and another one will be the registered user.

Admin can add product details, view all the order details and can also view the sales of the products.

User need to register with basic registration details to generate a valid username and password.

After the user logins, it can view all the products that are recommended on the homepage compiled

by the system based on user’s information. From the recommended products, the user can even

further view its details and then if interested to buy, the system gives add to cart option for

purchasing the product. The system even has an AI bot with the help of which the user can get

answers to queries like features, warranty, price etc. details of the products. This AI Bot even

converts text to speech. After selecting the product, user can do payment for the particular product

online. Users can view their order history of their purchased product.

1.2 AIM

The main aim of e-commerce websites development is to sell products to users. The most successful

websites are carefully optimized to achieve a high percentage of purchases. To achieve success e-

commerce websites need to integrate all of the latest online closing & upsell techniques available

which have been proven to increase the chances that a visitor will purchase. There are many

important elements that go into building a successful e-commerce website such as removing friction

during the purchasing process, making the checkout smooth and easy, making the website fast and

attractive, up selling users on related products, incentivizing buyers, reducing cart abandonment,

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nurturing past buyers to buy again, remarketing to past visitors who haven’t yet purchased, using the

proper payment options, having a mobile ready design and many more things which are needed to

develop and e-commerce website.

1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

This existing system of buying goods has several disadvantages. It requires lots of time to travel to

the particular shop to buy the goods. It is having lots of manual work. Since everyone is leading

busy life now a days, time means a lot to everyone. Also there are expenses for travelling from

house to shop. It is less user-friendly. In current system user must go to shop and order products. It

is difficult to identify the required product.More over the shop from where we would like to buy

some thing may not be open 24*7*365. Hence we have to adjust our time with the shopkeeper’s

time or vendor’s time. In current e commerce system user have to go shop to view the description of

the product. It is unable to generate different kinds of report.

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system helps in building a website to buy, sell products or goods online using internet

connection. Unlike traditional commerce that is carried out physically with effort of a person to go

and get products, eCommerce has made it easier for human to reduce physical work and to save

time. The basic concept of the application is to allow the customer to shop virtually using the

Internet and allow customers to buy the items and articles of their desire from the store.E-commerce

is fast gaining ground as an accepted and used business paradigm.

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1.5 FEASIBILITY STUDY

A feasibility study is a high-level capsule version of the entire System analysis and Design Process.
The study begins by classifying the problem definition. Feasibility is to determine if it’s worth
doing. Once an acceptance problem definition has been generated, the analyst develops a logical
model of the system. A search for alternatives is analyzed carefully. There are 3 parts in feasibility
study.

1) Operational Feasibility

2) Technical Feasibility

3) Economical Feasibility

1.5.1 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

Operational feasibility is the measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and takes
advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it satisfies the
requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development.The operational
feasibility assessment focuses on the degree to which the proposed development projects fits in with
the existing business environment and objectives with regard to development schedule, delivery
date,  corporate culture  and existing business processes.To ensure success, desired operational
outcomes must be imparted during design and development. These include such design-dependent
parameters as reliability, maintainability, supportability, usability, producibility, disposability,
sustainability, affordability and others. These parameters are required to be considered at the early
stages of design if desired operational behaviours are to be realised. A system design and
development requires appropriate and timely application of engineering and management efforts to
meet the previously mentioned parameters. A system may serve its intended purpose most
effectively when its technical and operating characteristics are engineered into the design.
Therefore, operational feasibility is a critical aspect of systems engineering that needs to be an
integral part of the early design phases.

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1.5.2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This involves questions such as whether the technology needed for the system exists, how difficult
it will be to build, and whether the firm has enough experience using that technology. The
assessment is based on outline design of system requirements in terms of input, processes, output,
fields, programs and procedures. This can be qualified in terms of volume of data, trends, frequency
of updating inorder to give an introduction to the technical system. The application is the fact that it
has been developed on windows XP platform and a high configuration of 1GB RAM on Intel
Pentium Dual core processor. This is technically feasible .The technical feasibility assessment is
focused on gaining an understanding of the present technical resources of the organization and their
applicability to the expected needs of the proposed system. It is an evaluation of the hardware and
software and how it meets the need of the proposed system.

1.5.3 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

Establishing the cost-effectiveness of the proposed system i.e. if the benefits do not outweigh the
costs then it is not worth going ahead. In the fast paced world today there is a great need of online
social networking facilities. Thus the benefits of this project in the current scenario make it
economically feasible. The purpose of the economic feasibility assessment is to determine the
positive economic benefits to the organization that the proposed system will provide. It includes
quantification and identification of all the benefits expected. This assessment typically involves a
cost/benefits analysis.

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1.6 Giant Chart

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1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT

1.7.1 INTRODUCTION

This section includes the overall view of the project i.e. the basic problem definition and the general
overview of the problem which describes the problem in layman terms. It also specifies the software
used and the proposed solution strategy.

1.7.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

This section includes the Software and hardware requirements for the smooth running of the
application.

1.7.3 DESIGN & PLANNING

This section consists of the Software Development Life Cycle model. It also contains technical
diagrams like the Data Flow Diagram and the Entity Relationship diagram.

1.7.4 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

This section describes the different technologies used for the entire development process of the
Front-end as well as the Back-end development of the application.

1.7.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section has screenshots of all the implementation i.e. user interface and their description.

1.7.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This section has screenshots of all the implementation i.e. user interface and their description.

Page No. 6
 CHAPTER 2 : SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

2.1 Hardware Requirements

Number Description

1 PC with 250 GB or more Hard disk.

2 PC with 2 GB RAM.

3 PC with Pentium 1 and Above.

2.2 Software Requirements

Number Description Type

1 Operating System Windows XP / Windows

2 Language PHP

3 Database MySQL

4 IDE Visual Code

5 Browser Google Chrome

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 CHAPTER 3 : DESIGN & PLANNING

3.1 Software Development Life Cycle Model

3.1.1 WATERFALL MODEL

The waterfall model was selected as the SDLC model due to the following reasons:

Requirements were very well documented, clear and fixed.

Technology was adequately understood.
Simple and easy to understand and use.
There were no ambiguous requirements.
Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model. Each phase has specific deliverables and a
review process.
Clearly defined stages.
Well understood milestones.Easy to arrange tasks.

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3.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW

Page No. 9
3.3 Use Case Diagram

Page No. 10
3.4 ER Diagram

Page No. 11
3.5 DFD Diagram

3.5.1 Zero-Level DFD Diagram

Page No. 12
3.5.2 First-Level DFD Diagram

Page No. 13
3.5.3 Second-Level DFD Diagram

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 CHAPTER 4 : IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

In this Section we will do Analysis of Technologies to use for implementing the project.

4.1 : FRONT END

4.1.1 HTML   

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to
be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript.
Web browsers receive HTML documents from a
web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML
describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance
of the document.

HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other
objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a
means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings,
paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written
using angle brackets. Tags such as <img /> and <input /> directly introduce content into the page.
Other tags such as <p> surround and provide information about document text and may include
other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret the
content of the page.

HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript, which affects the
behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content. The
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the
CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.

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4.1.2 JavaScript   

JavaScript s a high-level, interpreted scripting language that conforms to the ECMAScript

specification. JavaScript has curly-bracket syntax, dynamic typing, prototype-based object-
orientation, and first-class functions.Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the core
technologies of the World Wide Web.JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential
part of web applications. The vast majority of websites use it,and major web browsers have a
dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it.As a multi-paradigm language, JavaScript supports event-
driven, functional, and imperative (including object-oriented and prototype-based) programming
styles. It has APIs for working with text, arrays, dates, regular expressions, and the DOM, but the
language itself does not include any I/O, such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities. It relies
upon the host environment in which it is embedded to provide these features.

Initially only implemented client-side in web browsers, JavaScript engines are now embedded in
many other types of host software, including server-side in web servers and databases, and in non-
web programs such as word processors and PDF software, and in runtime environments that make
JavaScript available for writing mobile and desktop applications, including desktop widgets.

The terms Vanilla JavaScript and Vanilla JS refer to JavaScript not extended by any frameworks or
additional libraries. Scripts written in Vanilla JS are plain JavaScript code.Google's Chrome
extensions, Opera's extensions, Apple's Safari 5 extensions, Apple's Dashboard Widgets, Microsoft's
Gadgets, Yahoo! Widgets, Google Desktop Gadgets, and Serence Klipfolio are implemented using
JavaScript.

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4.1.3 Css   

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a
document written in a markup language like HTML.CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World
Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.CSS is designed to enable the separation of
presentation and content, including layout, colors, and fonts.This separation can improve content
accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics,
enable multiple web pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file,
and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content.

CSS information can be provided from various sources. These sources can be the web browser, the
user and the author. The information from the author can be further classified into inline, media
type, importance, selector specificity, rule order, inheritance and property definition. CSS style
information can be in a separate document or it can be embedded into an HTML document.
Multiple style sheets can be imported. Different styles can be applied depending on the output
device being used; for example, the screen version can be quite different from the printed version,
so that authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium.The style sheet with the
highest priority controls the content display. Declarations not set in the highest priority source are
passed on to a source of lower priority, such as the user agent style. The process is called cascading.

One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater control over presentation. Someone who finds red
italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser and the
web site, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, or may remove all
added styles and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just the red italic
heading style without altering other attributes.

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4.2 : BACK END

4.2.1 PHP   

PHP is a server side scripting language that is used to develop Static websites or Dynamic websites
or Web applications. PHP stands for Hypertext Pre-processor, that earlier stood for Personal Home
Pages.
PHP scripts can only be interpreted on a server that has PHP installed.
The client computers
accessing the PHP scripts require a web browser only.
A PHP file contains PHP tags and ends with
the extension ".php".

The term PHP is an acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP is a server-side scripting
language designed specifically for web development. PHP can be easily embedded in HTML files
and HTML codes can also be written in a PHP file. The thing that differentiates PHP with client-
side language like HTML is, PHP codes are executed on the server whereas HTML codes are
directly rendered on the browser.

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (or simply PHP) is a general-purpose programming language

originally designed for web development. It was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994.PHP
code may be executed with a command line interface (CLI), embedded into HTML code, or used in
combination with various web template systems, web content management systems, and web
frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in a web
server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web server outputs the results of
the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be any type of data, such as generated HTML
code or binary image data. PHP can be used for many programming tasks outside of the web
context, such as standalone graphical applications and robotic drone control.

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4.2.1 Java   

Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based, object-oriented[15] (although

not a pure object-oriented language, as it contains primitive types , and designed to have as few
implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers write once, run
anywhere (WORA),meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java
without the need for recompilation.Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run
on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture. The syntax
of Java is similar to C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. As of 2019,
Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub,particularly
for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers.

Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been
acquired by Oracle) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform.
The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries
were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the
specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies
under the GNU General Public License. Meanwhile, others have developed alternative
implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode
compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets).

The latest versions are Java 12, released in March 2019, and Java 11, a currently supported long-
term support (LTS) version, released on September 25, 2018; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8
LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use, while it will otherwise still
support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020. Oracle (and
others) highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java, because of serious risks due to
unresolved security issues.Since Java 9 (and 10) is no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to
immediately transition to Java 11 (Java 12 is also a non-LTS option).

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4.2.2 MySQL   

MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) based on Structured

Query Language (SQL).Its name is a combination of "My", the name of co-founder Michael
Widenius's daughter, and "SQL", the abbreviation for Structured Query Language. A relational
database organizes data into one or more data tables in which data types may be related to each
other; these relations help structure the data. SQL is a language programmers use to create, modify
and extract data from the relational database, as well as control user access to the database. In
addition to relational databases and SQL, an RDBMS like MySQL works with an operating system
to implement a relational database in a computer's storage system, manages users, allows for
network access and facilitates testing database integrity and creation of backups.

MySQL is pretty easy to master in comparison with other database software like Oracle Database,
or Microsoft SQL Server.
MySQL can run on various platforms UNIX, Linux, Windows, etc. You
can install it on a server or even in a desktop. Besides, MySQL is reliable, scalable, and fast.
The
official way to pronounce MySQL is My Ess Que Ell, not My Sequel. However, you can pronounce
it whatever you like, who cares?

MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License, and
is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses. MySQL was owned and sponsored by the
Swedish company MySQL AB, which was bought by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle
Corporation).In 2010, when Oracle acquired Sun, Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project
to create MariaDB.

MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack (and others), which is an
acronym for Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python. MySQL is used by many database-driven
web applications, including Drupal, Joomla, phpBB, and WordPress. MySQL is also used by many
popular websites, including Facebook, Youtube, Twitter and so on.

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 CHAPTER 5 : TESTING

5.1 : UNIT TESTING

5.1.1 Introduction   

In  computer programming,  unit testing  is a  software testing  method by which individual units
of  source code, sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated control
data, usage procedures, and operating procedures, are tested to determine whether they are fit for
use. Intuitively, one can view a unit as the smallest testable part of an application. In  procedural
programming, a unit could be an entire module, but it is more commonly an individual function or
procedure. In object-oriented programming, a unit is often an entire interface, such as a class, but
could be an individual method. Unit tests are short code fragments created by programmers or
occasionally by white box testers during the development process. It forms the basis for component
testing. Ideally, each  test case  is independent from the others. Substitutes such as  method
stubs,  mock objects, fakes, and  test harnesses  can be used to assist testing a module in isolation.
Unit tests are typically written and run by software developers to ensure that code meets its design
and behaves as intended.

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5.1.2 Benifits   

The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the individual parts are
correct. A unit test provides a strict, written contract that the piece of code must satisfy. As a result,
it affords several benefits.

1) Find problems early : Unit testing finds problems early in the development cycle. In test-driven
development (TDD), which is frequently used in both extreme programming and scrum, unit tests
are created before the code itself is written. When the tests pass, that code is considered complete.
The same unit tests are run against that function frequently as the larger code base is developed
either as the code is changed or via an automated process with the build. If the unit tests fail, it is
considered to be a bug either in the changed code or the tests themselves. The unit tests then allow
the location of the fault or failure to be easily traced. Since the unit tests alert the development team
of the problem before handing the code off to testers or clients, it is still early in the development
process.

2 ) Facilitates Change : Unit testing allows the programmer to  refactor  code or upgrade system
libraries at a later date, and make sure the module still works correctly (e.g., in regression testing).
The procedure is to write test cases for all functions and methods so that whenever a change causes
a fault, it can be quickly identified. Unit tests detect changes which may break a design contract.

3 ) Simplifies Integration : Unit testing may reduce uncertainty in the units themselves and can be
used in a bottom-up testing style approach. By testing the parts of a program first and then testing
the sum of its parts, integration testing becomes much easier.

4 ) Documentation : Unit testing provides a sort of living documentation of the system. Developers
looking to learn what functionality is provided by a unit, and how to use it, can look at the unit tests
to gain a basic understanding of the unit's interface (API).Unit test cases embody characteristics that
are critical to the success of the unit. These characteristics can indicate appropriate/inappropriate
use of a unit as well as negative behaviors that are to be trapped by the unit.

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5.2 : INTEGRATION TESTING

Integration testing  (sometimes called  integration and testing, abbreviated  I&T) is the phase
in  software testing  in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. It
occurs after  unit testing  and before  validation testing. Integration testing takes as its
input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in
an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its output the integrated system ready
for system testing.

5.2.1 Purpose   

The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance, and

reliability  requirements  placed on major design items. These "design items", i.e., assemblages (or
groups of units), are exercised through their interfaces using  black-box testing, success and error
cases being simulated via appropriate parameter and data inputs. Simulated usage of shared data
areas and  inter-process communication  is tested and individual  subsystems  are exercised through
their input interface.  Test cases  are constructed to test whether all the components within
assemblages interact correctly, for example across procedure calls or process activations, and this is
done after testing individual modules, i.e., unit testing. The overall idea is a "building block"
approach, in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to support
the integration testing of further assemblages.Software integration testing is performed according to
the software development life cycle (SDLC) after module and functional tests. The cross-
dependencies for software integration testing are: schedule for integration testing, strategy and
selection of the tools used for integration, define the cyclomatical complexity of the software and
software architecture, reusability of modules and life-cycle and versioning management.Some
different types of integration testing are big-bang, top-down, and bottom-up, mixed (sandwich) and
risky-hardest. Other Integration Patterns[2]  are: collaboration integration, backbone integration,
layer integration, client-server integration, distributed services integration and high-frequency
integration.

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5.2.1.1 Big Bang   

In the big-bang approach, most of the developed modules are coupled together to form a complete
software system or major part of the system and then used for integration testing. This method is
very effective for saving time in the integration testing process. However, if the test cases and their
results are not recorded properly, the entire integration process will be more complicated and may
prevent the testing team from achieving the goal of integration testing.A type of big-bang
integration testing is called "usage model testing" which can be used in both software and hardware
integration testing. The basis behind this type of integration testing is to run user-like workloads in
integrated user-like environments. In doing the testing in this manner, the environment is proofed,
while the individual components are proofed indirectly through their use. Usage Model testing takes
an optimistic approach to testing, because it expects to have few problems with the individual
components. The strategy relies heavily on the component developers to do the isolated unit testing
for their product. The goal of the strategy is to avoid redoing the testing done by the developers, and
instead flesh-out problems caused by the interaction of the components in the environment.

5.2.1.2 Top-down And Bottom-up

Bottom-up testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components are tested
first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the
component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.All the bottom or low-level modules, procedures or
functions are integrated and then tested. After the integration testing of lower level integrated
modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. This
approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready.
This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report
testing progress in the form of a percentage.Top-down testing is an approach to integrated testing
where the top integrated modules are tested and the branch of the module is tested step by step until
the end of the related module.Sandwich testing is an approach to combine top down testing with
bottom up testing.

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5.3 : SOFTWARE VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION

5.3.1 Introduction   

In  software project management,  software testing, and  software engineering,  verification and
validation (V&V) is the process of checking that a software system meets specifications and that it
fulfills its intended purpose. It may also be referred to as software quality control. It is normally the
responsibility of  software testers  as part of the  software development lifecycle. Validation checks
that the product design satisfies or fits the intended use (high-level checking), i.e., the software
meets the user requirements.This is done through  dynamic testing  and other forms of
review.Verification and validation are not the same thing, although they are often
confused. Boehm succinctly expressed the difference between

Validation : Are we building the right product?

Verification : Are we building the product right?

According to the Capability Maturity Model (CMMI-SW v1.1)

Software Verification: The process of evaluating software to determine whether the products of a
given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase.

Software Validation: The process of evaluating software during or at the end of the development
process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements.

In other words, software verification is ensuring that the product has been built according to the
requirements and design specifications, while software validation ensures that the product meets the
user's needs, and that the specifications were correct in the first place. Software verification ensures
that "you built it right". Software validation ensures that "you built the right thing". Software
validation confirms that the product, as provided, will fulfill its intended use.

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From Testing Perspective

Fault – wrong or missing function in the code.

Failure – the manifestation of a fault during execution.
Malfunction – according to its specification the system does not meet its specified functionality

Both verification and validation are related to the concepts of  quality  and of  software quality
assurance. By themselves, verification and validation do not guarantee software quality;
planning,  traceability, configuration management and other aspects of software engineering are
required.Within the  modeling and simulation  (M&S) community, the definitions of verification,
validation and accreditation are similar:

M&S Verification is the process of determining that a  ⦁ computer model, simulation, or

federation of models and simulations implementations and their associated data accurately
represent the developer's conceptual description and specifications.
M&S Validation is the process of determining the degree to which a model, simulation, or
federation of models and simulations, and their associated data are accurate representations of
the real world from the perspective of the intended use(s).

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5.3.2 Classification of Methods   

In  mission-critical  software systems, where flawless performance is absolutely necessary,  formal
methods may be used to ensure the correct operation of a system. However, often for non-mission-
critical software systems, formal methods prove to be very costly  and an alternative method of
software V&V must be sought out. In such cases, syntactic methods are often used.

5.3.3 Test Cases   

A test case is a tool used in the process. Test cases may be prepared for software verification and
software validation to determine if the product was built according to the requirements of the user.
Other methods, such as reviews, may be used early in the life cycle to provide for software
validation.

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5.4 : Black-Box Testing

Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application

without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually
to every level of software testing:  unit,  integration,  system  and  acceptance. It typically comprises
most if not all higher level testing, but can also dominate unit testing as well.

5.4.1 Test Procedures   

Specific knowledge of the application's code/internal structure and programming knowledge in

general is not required. The tester is aware of what the software is supposed to do but is not aware
of how it does it. For instance, the tester is aware that a particular input returns a certain, invariable
output but is not aware of how the software produces the output in the first place.

5.4.2 Test Cases   

Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed to
do. Test cases are generally derived from external descriptions of the software, including
specifications, requirements and design parameters. Although the tests used are
primarily functional in nature, non-functional tests may also be used. The test designer selects both
valid and invalid inputs and determines the correct output, often with the help of an  oracle  or a
previous result that is known to be good, without any knowledge of the test object's internal
structure.

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5.5 : White-Box Testing

White-box testing  (also known as  clear box testing,  glass box testing,  transparent box testing,
and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests internal structures or workings of an
application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing an internal
perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester
chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is
analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT). White-box testing can be applied
at the unit, integration and system levels of the software testing process. Although traditional testers
tended to think of white-box testing as being done at the unit level, it is used for integration and
system testing more frequently today. It can test paths within a unit, paths between units during
integration, and between subsystems during a system–level test. Though this method of test design
can uncover many errors or problems, it has the potential to miss unimplemented parts of the
specification or missing requirements.

5.5.1 Levels   

1 ) Unit testing : White-box testing is done during unit testing to ensure that the code is working as
intended, before any integration happens with previously tested code. White-box testing during unit
testing catches any defects early on and aids in any defects that happen later on after the code is
integrated with the rest of the application and therefore prevents any type of errors later on.

2 ) Integration testing : White-box testing at this level are written to test the interactions of each
interface with each other. The Unit level testing made sure that each code was tested and working
accordingly in an isolated environment and integration examines the correctness of the behaviour in
an open environment through the use of white-box testing for any interactions of interfaces that are
known to the programmer.

3 ) Regression testing : White-box testing during regression testing is the use of recycled white-box
test cases at the unit and integration testing levels.

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5.5.2 Procedures   

White-box testing's basic procedures involves the tester having a deep level of understanding of the
source code being tested. The programmer must have a deep understanding of the application to
know what kinds of test cases to create so that every visible path is exercised for testing. Once the
source code is understood then the source code can be analyzed for test cases to be created. These
are the three basic steps that white-box testing takes in order to create test cases:

Input involves different types of requirements, functional specifications, detailed designing of

documents, proper source code, security specifications. This is the preparation stage of white-
box testing to layout all of the basic information.
Processing involves performing risk analysis to guide whole testing process, proper test plan,
execute test cases and communicate results. This is the phase of building test cases to make sure
they thoroughly test the application the given results are recorded accordingly.
Output involves preparing final report that encompasses all of the above preparations and
results.

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5.6 : SYSTEM TESTING

System testing  of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete, integrated system to

evaluate the system's compliance with its specified  requirements. System testing falls within the
scope of black-box testing, and as such, should require no knowledge of the inner design of the code
or logic. As a rule, system testing takes, as its input, all of the "integrated" software components that
have passed  integration testing  and also the software system itself integrated with any applicable
hardware system(s). The purpose of integration testing is to detect any inconsistencies between the
software units that are integrated together (called  assemblages) or between any of
the assemblages and the hardware. System testing is a more limited type of testing; it seeks to detect
defects both within the "inter-assemblages" and also within the system as a whole.

System testing is performed on the entire system in the context of a  Functional

Requirement  Specification(s) (FRS) and/or a  System Requirement  Specification (SRS). System
testing tests not only the design, but also the behavior and even the believed expectations of the
customer. It is also intended to test up to and beyond the bounds defined in the software/hardware
requirements specification(s).

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 CHAPTER 6 : RESULTS

6.1 Css Code

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6.2 User Login

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6.3 Admin Login

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 CHAPTER 7 : ADVANTAGES

Speed up the buying process and save time for customers.

Best Quality of services in reasonably low operation cost.
Less store setup cost and quick ROI (Return of investments).
No Geographical limitation, tap the global market form the day one.

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 CHAPTER 8 : CONCLUSION

In general, today’s businesses must always strive to create the next best thing that consumers will
want because consumers continue to desire their products, services etc. to continuously be better,
faster, and cheaper. In this world of new technology, businesses need to accommodate to the new
types of consumer needs and trends because it will prove to be vital to their business’ success and
survival. E-commerce is continuously progressing and is becoming more and more important to
businesses as technology continues to advance and is something that should be taken advantage of
and implemented.From the inception of the Internet and e-commerce, the possibilities have become
endless for both businesses and consumers. Creating more opportunities for profit and
advancements for businesses, while creating more options for consumers. However, just like
anything else, e-commerce has its disadvantages including consumer uncertainties, but nothing that
can not be resolved or avoided by good decision-making and business practices.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm
https://www.javatpoint.com
https://www.w3schools.com
https://html.com

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