COMBATIVES

Level I Handbook

The History Modern Army Combatives

The History Modern Army Combatives (MAC)

In 1995 when the Commander of the 2nd Ranger Battalion ordered a reinvigoration Combatives training within the battalion, it didnt take long for serious problems with the Armys existing Combatives program to surface. There was the general feeling among the Rangers that the techniques would not work and that it was a waste of valuable training time. In general the Rangers would rather have been shooting, road marching or anything else that they felt they would get actual training value from. At that time the Army had a Combatives manual, FM 21-150 (1992), but had no program to produce qualified instructors or any system for implementing the training in units other than the vague approach of leaving it to local commanders discretion. Unit instructors inevitably ended up being whatever martial arts hobbyist happened to be in that unit and the training progressed along the lines of whatever civilian martial arts they had studied in their off duty time. In most units there was no training at all. The Ranger commander appointed a committee, headed by Matt Larsen, which began to look for a better method. The instructors within the battalion consisted of various traditional martial artists: karate, ju-jitsu, ninjitsu, boxing, wrestling etc. J. Robinson, the head coach of the University of Minnesota wrestling program, himself a Vietnam era Ranger, came out to evaluate the emerging program and gave some valuable advice, mainly that a successful program must have a competitive aspect in order to motivate Soldiers to train and that it must include live sparing in order to be useful in growing a combative culture. The committee began to develop a program based around wrestling, boxing and the various martial arts they had experienced such as Judo and Muay Thai. Eventually, after looking at many different systems, several Rangers went to train at the Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy in Torrance, California. The Jiu-Jitsu taught at the Gracie Academy fit many of the battalions needs. It was easy to learn, had a competitive form, and was proven effective within the arena of Mixed Martial Arts fighting. It did however have some problems. Gracie Jiu-Jitsu was principally designed for the venue that had made it famous, one on one arena fighting, also, sportive Jiu-Jitsu, had great potential to change the art into something not oriented toward fighting at all. Rorion and Royce Gracie made three trips to the battalion over the next couple of years and Larsen and a couple of others made the trip down to Torrance on their own. During this time within the battalion they were developing the drill based training program that has become an essential element in the Modern Army Combatives (MAC) program. The basic idea is that, since commanders have many competing priorities when it comes to training their units, any Combatives program that competes for training time with, for example, shooting is doomed to failure. A successful Combatives program then must fit around the other elements of a units training. By developing a system based on drills, each drill being designed to engrain the basic concepts behind the system, small unit leaders can train Combatives as a part of their existing physical training program without displacing other elements such as running our other forms of PT. With this approach, Combatives can become an integral part of every Soldiers normal day. As the system matured they began to realize what it was about the techniques of Brazilian JiuJitsu that made them work, namely that you could practice them at full speed against a fully resistant opponent. With this principle, techniques that do not work are quickly abandoned for those that do. They also began to draw from other martial arts that share various levels of this live training to fill in the tactical gaps of pure Gracie Jiu-Jitsu. The classic plan of taking an opponent down and submitting them works well in the arena but in the real world the tactics must

fit the tactical situation and therefore this basic rice and beans approach of take them down and finish them on the ground wasnt enough for the Rangers needs. As the program began to grow technically, its success made it grow outside of the battalion, at first to the rest of the Ranger Regiment, and then throughout the infantry and eventually, with the publishing of the new Field Manual FM 3-25.150 (2002) written by Larsen, became doctrine Army wide. As they began to explore the various training methods of the other feeder arts, the ways they complemented each other and exposed each others weaknesses become clear. The concept of positional dominance from Jiu-Jitsu was expanded to the other ranges of combat and blended with techniques from wrestling, boxing, Muay Thai, judo to name just a few. With weapons fighting lessons from Kali and the western martial arts and their own experience from years in the infantry including actual combat, by September 11th, 2001 they had developed a totally integrated system of Close Quarters Combat and laid a sound foundation from which to learn the lessons of the battlefields to come. By that time Larsen had already established what would become the U.S. Army Combatives School at Ft. Benning Georgia, to train the cadre at various infantry leadership courses, and the first two levels of Combatives Instructor qualification which at that time was still primarily drawn from the lessons from Mixed Martial Arts competitions mixed with the prevailing wisdom on Close Quarters Battle. When fighting started in Afghanistan, they began to conduct post action interviews with Soldiers who had been involved in hand-to-hand fighting, developing an interview format and procedures to draw out the lessons that might be missed in a simple narrative. What equipment was the Soldier wearing, what was the tactical situation and other questions? In the years since then, the Combatives School has conducted hundreds of these interviews and adjusted the curriculum with the lessons learned. For example, while every hand-to-hand fight documented has involved grappling, there have not been any that involved striking alone although striking is always a part of the grappling. Also, around thirty percent of the fights have ended with gun shots. Fighting in an environment where everyone is armed means that very frequently the fight is over who controls the weapons. In order to improve the hand-to-hand fighting ability of every Soldier in a unit, it is necessary to systematically develop skills, movement patterns and understanding of fight strategy. The basic techniques are a blueprint for doing just that. This is the method used in the first two instructor training courses. Before moving on Soldiers should have mastered every detail of these basic techniques and drills. Beyond these basics, which must be proscriptive because of the demands of teaching over a million students, the training will become conceptual, more how to train than technique specific. At that level the techniques should be taken as examples of the kind of things that work and should point you in the right direction. The nature of todays battlefield, the equipment we may be wearing, the missions we find ourselves tasked with, like the needs that you may have for Combatives training, are constantly changing. Effective Combatives training must also be an ever evolving process. The Modern Army Combatives Program will point you in the right direction to begin that process.

FIGHT TACTICS/TRAINING STRATEGY

When two untrained fighters meet, almost anywhere in the world, their tactic to win the fight will most likely be to pummel each other with their fists until one of them receives enough damage that they cannot fight back effectively. This is referred to as the Universal Fight Plan because everyone knows it instinctively. The approach that most martial arts take to training is to make fighters better at executing this same strategy. This has the drawback of pitting fighters directly against their opponent in what essentially becomes a contest of athletic ability, the bigger, stronger and faster of the two having a natural advantage. With a large enough skill advantage this can be overcome but striking skill is one of the more difficult areas of combative technique to master. It is more efficient to teach fighters to control a fight by controlling the elements of the fight. These elements are the Range, Angle and Level. The first step is to teach a tactic that defeats the universal fight plan through this control and lays a foundation for mastering more complex tactics that are dependant on higher levels of skill. The Basic fight strategy of MAC has three phases. They are: 1. Close the distance The untrained fighter is primarily dangerous at punching range. The goal is to avoid that range. Even if you are the superior striker, the most dangerous thing you can do is to spend time at the range where the enemy has the highest probability of victory. When training soldiers, the primary goal should be instilling the courage to close the distance. The willingness to close with the enemy is the defining characteristic of a warrior and the ability to do so against an opponent who is trying to hit you is the first step in learning the use of range to control a fight. 2. Gain dominant position Before any killing or disabling technique can be applied, the soldier must first gain and maintain dominant body position. It is the leverage gained from dominant body position that allows the fighter to defeat a stronger opponent. An appreciation for dominant position is fundamental to becoming a proficient fighter because it ties together what would otherwise be a long confusing list of unrelated techniques. If a finishing technique is attempted from dominant position and fails, the fighter can simply try again. If, on the other hand, a finishing technique is attempted from other than dominant position and fails, it will usually mean defeat. 3. Finish the fight When dominant body position has been achieved, the fighter can begin attempts to finish the fight secure in the knowledge that if an attempt fails, as long as he maintains dominant position, he may simply try again. Training will start with ground grappling, which is not only easier both to teach and to learn, but also provides a sound base from which to move to the more difficult standing techniques. The material covered in this handbook is considered the baseline knowledge that every soldier should know.

1. Stand in Base Sit like a fighter Knee through the armpit Assume a fighters stance 2. Escape the Mount, Trap and Roll Put your elbows in and on the ground Trap one of your opponents arms, first hand wraps over his wrist with a thumb less grip, second hand grabs above the elbow notch with thumb on the outside Take same side foot as the trapped arm and plant it on the ground on the outside of opponents foot Take your opposite side knee and line it up in the center of your opponents spine Thrust upward with your hips and roll him over

3. Pass the Guard Establish a good base Take your hands and place them on outside of opponents hip flexors fingers point out Turn your fingers inwards and drive your hands to his chin placing your face in the sternum Follow arms out to cover his biceps, roll hands back and cup them with a thumb less Post one foot up and turn hips Release same side grip, take hand with knife edge through opening, Turn head and eyes in the opposite direction Place hand on ground and knee on the ground and throw same side leg back at a 45 degree angle Grab his leg just above hip and pull him onto your lap by straightening your back Step up towards the shoulder with outside leg, knee pushing inward to control your opponents hip Reach same side hand across and place thumb inside collar Drive knee towards his ear and come around to get perpendicular with him, the back of the knee comes up to his buttocks Opposite side hand transfers to the waistline Stack him up, pushing his knees straight over his head until you break the grip of his legs Let his legs past your head and assume good side control

4. Side Control Put your elbow on the ground between his ear and shoulder (elbow notch) put your weight on him Control his hip by pinching your backside knee and your other elbow together Chest to Chest contact Leg by his head straight, pushing forward on toe 5. Achieve the Mount from Side Control Take the hand closest to his leg and move it to the back side to control his hips Be aware of his knees and look down Sit through facing his legs and place your bottom knee against the hip, spread your legs out to avoid being taken over backwards The hand that was securing the hip now controls the legs, push or pull his knees and swing your back leg up and over the top, to the mounted position 6. Escape the Mount, Shrimp to the Guard You attempt the Arm Trap and Roll, your opponent post his leg out The space he created by posting his leg is where you create space with your elbow, turn to your side facing the posted leg shrimp your knee underneath his leg until it comes out, turn to your other hip loop your leg and hook his leg Take both hands and push your opponent hips away, bring your other knee up, put your weight on your posted foot, turn your body and face the other way and then put him in your guard 7. Arm Push and Roll to the Rear Mount Your opponent gives you a Standard block to avoid your strikes Your going to target the top arm or the one closest to the top of the head, one hand on the back of the elbow and one hand on the wrist both with thumb less grips, push that arm across his body and then capture it with your chest Once you capture the arm, the hand on the elbow will go under the neck and secure opponents wrist with a thumb less grip, the hand that was on the wrist will go to his elbow, change your posture to make room so that your opponent can roll Use the power of your body and push him with your chest (making sure you dont go to far over center) using a ratchet motion until his elbows stop him going any more Take your weight off of him and fold his arms underneath him and push him forward on top of it and then sit up, straight arms, hands in the back of collar feet near hips

8. Escape the Rear Mount Once your opponent puts his hooks in, you will place one hand over your head and cover your ear, palm facing in, the other hand will go to the arm pit Once your opponent reaches in, the hand under the arm pit secures the wrist of your opponent and pushes it away and your other arm wraps around it making a figure four Fall to the side you figure four, once your body weight is on that arm you can let go and start to get to your shoulders to the ground Push your hips away from your opponent legs, one hand on his hip and the other on his knee, go through his legs until your hips clears his legs, inside leg comes through and goes on the ground, knee towards armpit and foot hooking the groin area, opposite leg will come through the middle and your foot will hook the back of his knee Top hand reach into far side collar, bottom hand post on ground Roll into and gain the mount 9. Rear Naked Choke Take your bicep put it along one side of your opponents neck, take your forearm and roll it around to the other side of neck, his chin will line up with your elbow Tighten choke up and grab your shoulder or arm Opposite hand goes behind the head as if your combing his hair back Tuck your head in to avoid getting hit Roll your shoulders back, push chest forward and finish the choke 10. Cross Collar Choke from the Mount and Guard Open his collar with the weak hand to make room to fit your fingers in, insert your fingers in the inside and the thumb on the out side Relax your arm so you can reach behind his neck and grasp his collar, second hand goes under the first arm, same grip fingers on the inside, thumb on the out side, reach all the way back until it meets the other hand Turn wrist so your palms face you, pull him in to you expand your chest and rotate shoulders back and take your elbows to your side Post head forward on ground Done from either the mount or the guard 11. The Bent Arm Bar (Mount and Side Control) Your opponent gives you the parallel (Boxing) block Take both hands, thumbs along side of your hands, with thumb less grips, drive his wrist and elbow to the ground, your elbow will go to the elbow notch

Your head will go on the back of your hand, to protect your face from strikes, your other hand will go under his elbow and grab your own wrist with thumb less grip Drag the back of his hand towards his waistline and lift his elbow back and break his shoulder

12. The Straight Arm Bar from the Mount Your opponent gives you straight arms, lean on his arms and decide which arm you are going to break One hand goes under the arm and the other goes over the arm your going to break, put your weight on your hands and pop up to the balls of your feet, make sure your posture is up right (butt low) Turn away from the arm your going to break, on the balls of your feet, put your hip next to his triceps Put all your weight on your hands and on the far side leg so you can take the leg closest to his head and move it around his head, sit on his triceps and slide down his arm like a firemans pole, your hips are right next to his shoulder Pinch your knees together and at this point grab his wrist with a baseball bat grip hold it to your chest and fall back break his elbow by pushing up with your hips 13. The Straight Arm Bar from the Guard When you have your opponent in your guard and he gives you straight arms, decide which arm you are going to break Reach up and secure his arm at the elbow or above it, with a beer can grip with the opposite hand, palm facing you dig underneath that leg ,grab the back of his thigh Open your guard, bring your legs up, curl your back to limit the friction Pull with the hand that is on the back of the thigh to spin, bring your head to his knee place the leg over his head and grab it with your leg pull him down, pinch your heels to your butt and knees together The hand that was behind his thigh comes out and secures the same wrist that you have secured at the elbow with a thumb grip Pull down with your calf and push up with your hips to break his arm Section I.1 14. Sweep from the Attempted Straight Arm Bar Your opponent tucks his head to avoid the arm bar With the hand that is behind his thigh, pull his knee as close to your head as possible That sets up the angle for your spine to be perpendicular make sure you maintain the grip on the elbow Swing the leg that was suppose to hook his head and swing it in a big circle

With the leg that is hooked under his arm pit, push it towards his head so you will roll right up in mount

15. Scissors Sweep

Your opponent is attempting to pass your guard as you control his elbows When he posts one of his legs to create space, relax your guard and keep knees tight to hang on your calf and post on your opposite shoulder to swing your butt out toward his posted leg, at the same time you do that your leg will go across his waist like a belt, your other side leg goes flat, just off the ground Hook his hip with your foot , reach up and secure the collar on the opposite side of his posted leg Extend your body to take him off his base, you will make a scissoring motion with your legs to sweep him over and come up in mount

Combat Takedowns: An enemy can most easily be controlled or disabled from a position on the ground. It is therefore important that a fighter should understand how to take an enemy down. Takedowns, like all standing combative moves, require more practice than is normally available for Combatives training. Takedown training should focus on the things that all successful combat takedowns must accomplish. These three things are: 1. Achieve the clinch without taking serious damage 2. Taking the enemy down by breaking his base 3. Ending in dominant body position
16. Close the Gap and Achieve the Clinch Start from a fighting stance outside of kicking range Tuck in your chin and use the arms to cover the vital points of the head Aggressively close the distance Head goes to the enemys chest and cupped hands to his biceps Face away from the side you are moving to Control the far side arm by reaching over it and pulling into your armpit, holding it at the elbow Drive the other elbow under his elbow Grasp him around the waist 17. Front Takedown to the Mount Step around to the front of him so you can drive off that leg ( just like pushing a tackling dummy)

Release your grip on the elbow and reach around to the small of his back (one hand on the other both facing down) Pull in to him with your hands and at the same time your driving with the back leg, step past him, that will make his back arch over Now hes about to fall, release your grip push your hip against him and ride him over to the mount position

18. Rear Takedown Some times when you achieve the clinch you will end up behind him Establish an opposing thumb grip around his waist, and place your head in the small of your opponents back Step around the side so your foot is perpendicular to his creating a T with your foot With your other foot you scrape the back of the calf and create another T with your foot and his Sit down on the opposite heel ( butt low ) to take him down Release your grip as your opponent falls to the ground and roll right on top of him in mount 19. Front Guillotine Choke Your opponent shoots in on you and presents his neck to you Channel his head to one of your arm pits slightly sprawl your hips back Take your arm and wrap it around his neck, palm facing your body, your other hand reach down and grab your hand again palm facing you Make sure you dont reach around and grab his arm Cinch up the choke and sit down to place him in your guard Finish the choke by pushing with your legs and pulling with your arms

10 Lesson Training Plan: These are the 90-minute lesson plans that should be followed to train all soldiers in the Basic Combatives tasks of the Modern Army Combatives Program. Note: All lessons should begin with a warm up and finish with an AAR. Session 1 - Grappling History/Demo/ - Lecture/Safety - Stand Up in Base - Dominant Body Positions - Demo Session 3 - Drill #1: Detail: Hand & Knees on Ground - Escape the Mount, Shrimp to the Guard - Shrimp, PE - Escape the Mount, PE - Pass the Guard, PE Session 5 - Drill #1: Detail: Change Hips - Drill #2: Detail: Thumb less Grip - Rear Naked Choke - Cross Collar Choke from Mount/Guard - Bouts for submission by Chokes Session 7 - Drill #1: Detail: Head Above Knee - Drill #2: Detail: Sitting Up - Straight Arm Bar from Guard - Scissors Sweep - Sweep from the Attempted Straight Arm Bar - Bouts for submission Session 9 - Drill #1: Detail: Control Hip & Legs - Drill #2: Detail: Proper Feet Position - Drill #3: Detail: Use both Sweeps - Front Takedown to the Mount - Rear Takedown - Front Guillotine Choke - Bouts for submission Session 2 - Escape the Mount, Trap and Roll - Pass the Guard - Explain Side Control - Achieve the Mount from Side Control - Drill #1 Session 4 - Drill #1: Detail: Thumb Inside Collar & Choke - Arm Push and Roll to the Rear Mount - Escape the Rear Mount - Drill #2 - Bouts for Dominant Body Position Only Session 6 - Drill #1: Detail: Good Posture - Drill #2: Detail: Ratcheting - Bent Arm Bar - Straight Arm Bar from Mount - Bouts for submission Session 8 - Drill #1: Detail: Savor the Moment - Drill #2: Detail: Protect Neck & Control Arm - Drill #3: Detail: Shrimp to Guard - Fighters Stance - Close the Gap and achieve the Clinch - Bouts for submission Session 10 - Drill #1: Practice - Drill #2: Practice - Drill #3: Practice - Review/Demonstrate Combatives - Combatives Evaluation

Combatives Evaluation: The thirteen core moves of the Modern Army Combatives Program are evaluated during the performance of five tasks. This is designed to emphasize that these moves form the core of a complete system and are not just memorized individual moves. Some tasks simultaneously evaluate both fighters conducting the offensive and defensive moves.
Task Number 1 Basic
Conditions Article II. Standards

2 Rear Mount

3 Shrimp

1- Fighter uses Escape the Mount, Arm The enemy is mounted on the Trap and Roll. Soldiers chest 2- Pass the Guard. 3- Achieve the Mount from Side Control. 4- Repeat task for 2nd Fighter. 1-Fighter uses Arm Push and Roll to the The Soldier is mounted on the Rear Mount. enemys chest 2-Establishes Rear Naked Choke. 3-Releases the choke 4-2nd Fighter Escapes the Rear Mount. 5Repeat task for 2ndFighter. 1-Fighter uses Escape the Mount, Shrimp Fighter is Mounted on the to the Guard. Enemys chest. 2-Attacks using the Cross Collar Choke or the Straight Arm Bar from the Guard. 3-Fighter uses Sweep from the Attempted, Straight Arm Bar, or the Scissors Sweep if attacks fail. 1-Fighter Achieves the Clinch. The Soldier is facing the enemy 2-Fighter uses Front Takedown to the at approximately ten feet Mount on the enemy. 3-Properly applies the Bent Arm Bar or Straight Arm Bar.

4 Front Takedown

5 The Soldier is facing the enemy 1-The Soldier Achieves the Clinch and Rear Takedown at approximately ten feet when the enemy turns, goes behind 2- The Soldier uses the Rear Takedown to the Mount 3- Properly applies the Bent Arm Bar or Straight Arm Bar 6 The Enemy attempts a double- 1-Fighter defends takedown attempt with Guillotine leg takedown on the Fighter. the Front Guillotine Choke. 2-Then Places the Enemy in the Guard. 3-Completes the choke by pulling with his arms and pushing with his legs. Note: Stand up in the base is evaluated each time the Fighter stands.

Session One: Demonstrations

Fight scenario demonstration: fighter 1 closes the gap achieves the clinch and takes fighter 2 down, 1 mounts 2, 2 trap and rolls 1, 1 puts 2 in guard, 2 passes guard achieves side control and mounts, 1 shrimp escapes and puts 2 back in guard, 1 scissors sweeps and mounts 2, 2 traps and rolls 1, 1 conducts a straight arm bar from the guard and 2 taps out. End of the Lesson Demonstration: Soldiers want to know how these dominant body positions will put them in a place to finish the enemy: What did I learn today? How is this going to relate to winning a fight? Demonstrate: Cross Collar Choke, Bent Arm Bar, and Straight Arm Bar from the Mount Demonstrate: Cross Collar Choke, Straight Arm Bar, and the Sweeps from the Guard Demonstrate: Rear Naked Choke from the Rear Mount Demonstrate: Bent Arm Bar, and Mount from Side Control Note: Don't do a thorough talk through. State the dominant body position you are in and the name of the finishing move you are going to demonstrate. Demonstrate the finishing moves and transition on to next dominant body position and the finishing moves available from there. Explain this is where the training is headed and that they will learn these moves in subsequent sessions. DO THIS AT END OF SESSION. By presenting this demonstration here, the student can walk away visualizing how each dominant body position can and will lead to a finishing move that they can demonstrate in later sessions where they will bout.

General Competition Information

A look at the history of Combatives systems reveals two fundamental mistakes, both of which are related to competition. The first mistake is having no form of competition. This is generally done due to the misguided thought that the techniques are too dangerous to be done competitively. While many techniques are too dangerous to be executed during live competition; there are great benefits to be gained by competing even in a limited set of techniques. The boxer is a better puncher than the traditional martial artist not because of the mechanics of punching but because his technique has been refined in the crucible of competition. The feel for an enemys body movement of most high school wrestlers is superior to most traditional martial artists for this very same reason. For military units there are many other reasons that a competitive form is useful. The problem of developing a strong unit program is really the problem of how to motivate subordinate unit leaders to emphasize the training. Competitions can be useful for this in several ways. Competitions are also a very good way to encourage the pursuit of excellence in soldiers. The other mistake is that once you have decided on a method of competition, training will naturally become focused on winning at competition rather than on winning in combat. Over time, the system changes until it bears only a slight resemblance to the original combat art. This is evident in almost every Combatives system. Boxers do not concern themselves with how to defend against takedowns. Wrestlers do not concern themselves with defending against chokes. The dilemma then is how to garner the benefits from competition without falling into the trap of a competitive focus. The answer is to have a graduated system of competition rules. In this way there will not be a competitive advantage to training specifically for competitions. Those who do will find themselves unprepared for the additional techniques that are allowed at the next level of competition. This also allows for a very safe subset of techniques to be used at the lower levels without losing the combat focus. There are four sets of rules governing Combatives competition. Other combative sports are also encouraged, however it should be recognized that they sometimes reinforce bad combative habits. Basic Competitions
The basic competition rules are designed for entry level soldiers, or soldiers with a limited knowledge base. Soldiers will begin with a handshake, face each other on their knees and fight until submission or a designated time limit. On reaching the time limit, a winner will be designated by the referee based upon aggressiveness and technical superiority.

Standard Competitions 1. Uniform: Soldiers should compete wearing BDUs and bare feet or wrestling shoes. For ease in scoring, one soldier may wear a DBDU top. 2. Duration: Matches last five to ten minutes. Specific match duration is decided in advance. 3. Scoring: Points are awarded to establish good fight habits and emphasize the importance of dominant body position. It is important to remember that submission will end the fight regardless of the score. The point values are:
2 Points---------Take Down: From the standing position, the fighter places his opponent on the ground but fails to gain dominant position. 3 Points----------Take Down: From the standing position, the fighter places his opponent on his back and gains a position past the guard: side control, mount, knee mount, north-south, etc. 3 Points----------Pass the Guard: From between his opponent's legs, the fighter clears the legs and gains side control or the mount. 3 Points----------Sweep: From the guard position, the fighter changes positions, placing his opponent on his back. 3 Points----------Knee Mount: From side control, the fighter establishes one knee in his opponent's chest / abdomen and the other knee up and away from him and stabilizes himself. 4 Points----------Mount: The fighter establishes the mount with both knees and feet on the ground. 4 Points----------Back Mount: The fighter establishes the back mount with both feet hooked in position. 1 Point --------Stalling: Planning to use the clock to your advantage. Fighter will receive three warnings, after which his opponent will be awarded the point, this process will continue until action is resumed. 2 Points--------Passivity: Fighter disengages from the top position, the referee awards two points to the other fighter.

Standard Competition: Continued Note: All positions must be stabilized to the judges satisfaction to earn points. 4. Judging: Each match has one judge and one score keeper. It is the judges responsibility to ensure a safe and fair match. All decisions are final. 5. Illegal Techniques: The following are illegal and dangerous techniques. Their use may result in disqualification: Strikes of any kind Twisting knee & ankle locks Finger techniques Wrist techniques Grabbing the fingers Toe holds Attacking the groin Spiking Slam Slamming the opponent to pass the guard 6. Tie Breaking: If the score is tied at the end of the allotted time, the match will continue until the next point is scored or deducted. 7. Time limits: Time limits tend to change the type of technique commonly employed. There is however a need to limit the length of matches, especially when conducting a large number of them, for instance in a tournament. It is preferable to have no time limit, the victor decided by submission. If time limits are to be employed, a specific time limit will be decided on in advance, commensurate with the number of fights to be conducted. Another technique is to have a set amount of maximum points, usually fifteen. The first fighter who reaches that limit is the winner. Everyone involved should however keep in mind that a victory by submission is far preferable to a point victory.