East Asia

East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-
cultural terms.[8][9] The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North
Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[3][4][5][6] China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan
are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state due to severe ongoing political
tensions in the region, specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan.
Hong Kong and Macau, two small coastal quasi-dependent territories located in the south
of China, are officially highly autonomous but are under de jure Chinese sovereignty.
Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau are among the
world's largest and most prosperous economies.[10] East Asia borders Siberia and the
Russian Far East to the north, Southeast Asia to the south, South Asia to the southwest,
and Central Asia to the west. To the east is the Pacific Ocean and to the southeast is
Micronesia (a Pacific Ocean island group, classified as part of Oceania).
 East Asia

Area 11,840,000 km2 (4,570,000 sq mi) (3rd)

Population 1.6 billion (2020; 4th)

Population density 141.9/km2 (54.8/sq mi)

GDP (PPP) $40 trillion (2022)[1]

GDP (nominal) $28 trillion (2022)[2]

GDP per capita $17,500 (nominal)[2]

Demonym East Asian

Countries 6 states[3][4][5][6]
 China
 Japan
 Mongolia
 North Korea
 South Korea
 Taiwan

Dependencies 2 autonomous dependencies

 Hong Kong (China)
 Macau (China)

Languages Chinese

Japanese

Korean

Mongolian
 Tibetan

Others

Time zones UTC+7, UTC+8 & UTC+9

Largest cities List of urban areas:[7]

Beijing • Busan • Hong Kong • Macau •

Osaka • Pyongyang • Seoul • Shanghai •

Shenzhen • Tokyo • Yokohama •

Ulaanbaatar • Taipei

UN M49 code 030 – Eastern Asia

142 – Asia

001 – World
 East Asia

Chinese name

Simplified Chinese 东亚/东亚细亚

Traditional Chinese 東亞/東亞細亞

Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin Dōngyǎ/Dōngyà or Dōng Yǎxìyǎ/Dōng Yàxìyà

Wade–Giles Tung1-ya3

Wu

Romanization ton平 ia去

Gan

Romanization Tung1 nga3

Hakka

Romanization dung24 a31

Yue: Cantonese

Jyutping dung1 aa3

Southern Min

Hokkien POJ Tang-a

Tibetan name

Tibetan ཨེ་ཤ་ཡ་ཤར་མ་

Korean name

Hangul 동아시아/동아세아/동아
Hanja 東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
 Transcriptions

Revised Romanization Dong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A

Mongolian name

Mongolian Cyrillic Зүүн Ази

ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ
ᠠᠽᠢ
Transcriptions

SASM/GNC Dzuun Azi

Japanese name

Kana ひがしアジア/とうあ

Kyūjitai 東亞細亞/東亞

Shinjitai 東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜

Transcriptions

Revised Hepburn Higashi Ajia/Tō-A

Kunrei-shiki Higasi Azia/Tou-A

Uyghur name

Uyghur ‫شەرقىي ئاسىي‬‎

Transcriptions

Latin Yëziqi sherqiy asiy

East Asia, especially Chinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of
civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries
in the present day include the Japanese, Korean and Mongolian civilizations. Various other
civilizations existed as separate political entities in East Asia in the past but have since
been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as Tibet, Baiyue,
Manchuria, Ryukyu and Ainu among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young history in
the region after the prehistoric era; originally, it was a major site of Austronesian civilization
prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward.
For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence
on its neighbours.[11][12][13] Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the Chinese
sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from
Classical Chinese and Chinese script. The Chinese calendar serves as the root from which
many other East Asian calendars are derived. Major religions in East Asia include
Buddhism (mostly Mahayana[14]), Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Taoism,
Ancestral worship, and Chinese folk religion in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and
Taiwan, Shintoism in Japan, and Christianity, and Sindoism in Korea.[15][16][17] Tengerism
and Tibetan Buddhism are prevalent among Mongols and Tibetans while other religions
such as Shamanism are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern
China such as the Manchus.[18][19][20] Major languages in East Asia include Mandarin
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Major ethnic groups of East Asia include the Han
(mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan), Yamato (Japan) and Koreans (North
Korea, South Korea). Mongols, although not as populous as the previous three ethnic
groups, constitute the majority of Mongolia's population. There are 76 officially-
recognised minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to mainland China
(including Hui, Manchus, Chinese Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and Zhuang in the frontier
regions), 16 native to the island of Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous
peoples), one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido (the Ainu) and four native
to Mongolia (Turkic peoples). Ryukyuan people are an unrecognised ethnic group
indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, which stretch from Kyushu Island
(Japan) to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognised indigenous ethnic groups in
mainland China and Taiwan.

East Asian people comprise around 1.7 billion people, making up about 38% of the
population in Continental Asia and 20.5% of the global population.[21][22][23] The region is
home to major world metropolises such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Seoul, Shanghai, Taipei,
and Tokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's
most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked
areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a
sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square
kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km2 (120/sq mi).

History
China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian
civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed.[24] The various other regions
in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs.
Historian Ping-ti Ho famously labeled Chinese civilization as the "Cradle of Eastern
Civilization", in parallel with the "Cradle of Middle Eastern Civilization" along the Fertile
Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt[25] as well as the Cradle of
Western Civilization encompassing Ancient Greece [a] and Ancient Rome [b]

Chinese civilization existed for about 1500 years before other East Asian civilizations
emerged into history, Imperial China would exert much of its cultural, economic,
technological, and political muscle onto its neighbours.[42][43][44][45] Succeeding Chinese
dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically
and militarily for over two millennia.[45][46][47] The Imperial Chinese tributary system
shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's
economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history
of East Asia in particular.[48][49][44] Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the
country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied
Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing
systems.[50]

Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Han dynasty made China the regional power in East Asia,
projecting much of its imperial power on its neighbours.[45][51] Han China hosted the
largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the
most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced
civilization in the region at the time.[52][53] Cultural and religious interaction between the
Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact
and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's northeastern expansion in 108 BC
when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and
established a province called Lelang. Chinese influence would soon take root in Korea
through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, and
Confucian political institutions.[54] Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice
cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting from the fourth century
AD, Japan incorporated the Chinese writing system which evolved into Kanji by the fifth
century AD and has become a significant part of the Japanese writing system.[55] Utilizing
the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain
historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.[56] During
the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of
Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[57][58] As full-fledged medieval East Asian
states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century
AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as
Confucianism, the use of written Han characters, Chinese style architecture, state
institutions, political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and various scientific and
technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang
China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.[57][58][59] Drawing inspiration from the Tang
political system, Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he
radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic
empire.[60] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture,
and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state
dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture
such as poetry, calligraphy, and landscape painting became widespread.[60] During the
Nara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of
government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese
culture as well as political and social philosophy.[61][62] The Japanese also created laws
adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono,
which was inspired from the Chinese robe (hanfu) during the eighth century AD.[63] For
many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's
most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power exerting its
influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking
greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.[64][65][66][67]

As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the
late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.[42][68] By the mid-nineteenth
century, the weakening Qing dynasty became fraught with political corruption, obstacles
and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the
industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.[69][70]
The U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry would open Japan to Western ways, and the
country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.[71][72][73] Around the same time, Japan
with its rush to modernity transformed itself from an isolated feudal samurai state into East
Asia's first industrialised nation in the modern era.[74][75][72] The modern and militarily
powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power
with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.[74][76] By the early 1900s,
the Japanese empire succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant
power.[76] With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the
European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active geopolitical position in
East Asia and world affairs at large.[77] Flexing its nascent political and military might,
Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War as
well as vanquishing imperial rival Russia in 1905; the first major military victory in the
modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.[78][79][80][81][71] Its hegemony
was the heart of an empire that would include Taiwan and Korea.[74] During World War II,
Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and
Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a
maritime colonial power in East Asia.[82] After a century of exploitation by the European
and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the defeat and occupation of
Japan by the victorious Allies as well as the division of China and Korea during the Cold
War. The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into two rival
states, while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state Republic of China after
the latter lost Mainland China to the People's Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War.
During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the post war economic
miracle of Japan, which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to
experience an economic slowdown during the 1990s, but nonetheless Japan continues to
remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the economic rise of South
Korea and Taiwan, and the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through
its entry in the World Trade Organization while enhancing its emerging international status
as a potential world power.[3][83][84] Although there have been no wars in East Asia for
decades, the stability of the region remains fragile because of North Korea's nuclear
program.

Definitions
Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia

In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including Greater China,
Japan, and Korea.[85][86][87][88][21][89][90][91][92][93][84]

China, Japan, and Korea represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional
East Asia - as they once shared a common written language, culture, as well as sharing
Confucian philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by
Imperial China.[94][95][96][97][98] Other usages define Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau,
Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based
on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties,
particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that originated from
China.[94][98][99][100][101][102] Some scholars include Vietnam as part of East Asia as it has
been considered part of the greater Chinese sphere of influence. Though Confucianism
continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no
longer used in its written language and many scholarly organisations classify Vietnam as a
Southeast Asian country.[103][104][105] Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China
yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on
Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries
such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[103][104] Xinjiang (East Turkestan) and
Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia.[106][107][108]

Broader and looser definitions by international organisations such as the World Bank refer
to the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. Mainland China, Japan, and South
Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the Russian Far East and Siberia.[109] The
Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and Nepal.[110] The
World Bank also acknowledges the roles of sub-national or de facto states, such as Hong
Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the
region as "China, Japan, the Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian
Federation".[111]

The countries of East Asia also form the core of Northeast Asia, which itself is a broader region.

East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.

UNSD geoscheme for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding
political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[112]

   North Asia
   Central Asia
   Western Asia
   South Asia
   East Asia
   Southeast Asia

The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[112] but also other
common definitions of East Asia contain the Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau,
Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan and Japan.[8][113]

Alternative definitions

In business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical
area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and Korea.
However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN
countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East
describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location
within Asia. Alternatively, the term "Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing East
Asia, Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.

Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia
to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten
ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at
odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[114][115][116] The
Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and
Korea.[110]

Economy

GDP nominal GDP nominal per GDP PPP

GDP PPP per
Customs
billions of USD capita
billions of USD capita

territory
(2021)[1] USD (2021)[1] (2021)[1] USD (2021)[1]

 China 16,642.318 11,819 26,656.766 17,205.654

 Hong
368.633 49,036 472.395 58,165.200
Kong[117]

 Macau[118] 39.449 58,004 61.623 58,930.534

 Japan 5,378.136 42,928 5,585.786 41,636.628

 Mongolia 14.233 4,172 42.412 12,259.059

 North
N/A N/A N/A N/A
Korea

 South
1,806.707 34,866 2,436.875 44,292.194
Korea

 Taiwan 759.104 32,123 1,403.663 54,019.882

East Asia $25,008.59 $14,858 $36,659.52 $21,779.585

Territorial and regional data

Etymology
 Common Name Official Name ISO 3166 Country Codes[119]

Alpha- Alpha-
Flag ISO Short
Exonym Endonym Exonym Endonym 2 3 Numeric
Name
Code Code

People's
中华人民
China 中国 Republic of China CN CHN 156
共和国
China

Hong Kong
Special
Administrative 中華人民
Hong Region
共和國香
香港 Hong Kong HK HKG 344
Kong of the 港特別行
People's 政區
Republic of
China

Macao
Special
Administrative 中華人民
Region
共和國澳
Macau 澳門 Macao MO MAC 446
of the 門特別行
People's 政區
Republic of
China

Japan 日本 Japan 日本国 Japan JP JPN 392

Монгол Монгол
улс / Улс（
Mongolia Mongolia ） Mongolia MN MNG 496
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ

ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ

Korea (the
Democratic
조선민주 Democratic
North
조선 People's
주의인민 People's KP PRK 408
Korea Republic of
Korea
공화국 Republic
of)
 South 한국 Republic of 대한민국 Korea (the KR KOR 410
Korea Korea Republic
of)

Republic of
臺灣 / 台
Taiwan[120] China 中華民國 Taiwan [121] TW TWN 158
灣
(Taiwan)

Demographics

Population
Population[122][123] Capital/Administrative
State/Territory Area km2 density
HDI[124]
(2018) Centre
per km2

 China 9,640,011[c] 1,427,647,786[d] 138 0.761 Beijing

 Hong
1,104 7,371,730 6,390 0.949 Hong Kong
Kong

 Macau 30 631,636 18,662 0.914 Macao

 Japan 377,930 127,202,192 337 0.919 Tokyo

 Mongolia 1,564,100 3,170,216 2 0.737 Ulaanbaatar

 North
120,538 25,549,604 198 0.733 Pyongyang[125]
Korea

 South
100,210 51,171,706 500 0.916 Seoul
Korea

 Taiwan 36,197 23,726,460 639 0.916 Taipei[126]

0.856
East Asia 11,840,000 1,683,205,624 141 (very
high)

Ethnic groups
 Writing
Ethnicity Native name Population Language(s)
system(s) s

Chinese
Simplified
(Mandarin,
Han
Min, Wu,
characters,
Han/Chinese 漢族 or 汉族 1,313,345,856[127] Yue, Jin, Gan,
Traditional
Hakka, Xiang,
Han
Huizhou,
characters
Pinghua, etc.)

Han
characters
Yamato/Japanese 大和民族 125,117,000[128] Japanese (Kanji),
Katakana,
Hiragana

조선족 (朝鮮族)
Hangul, Han
Korean
한민족 (韓民族) 79,432,225 Korean characters
(Hanja)

Bai 白族 1,858,063 Bai, Simplified

Southwestern Han
Mandarin characters,
Latin script
 Northwestern
Mandarin,
other Chinese Simplified
Hui 回族 10,586,087 Dialects, Han
Huihui characters[e]
language,
etc.
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ

Монголчууд

Mongol
Mongols 8,942,528 Mongolian script,

Монгол/ Cyrillic script

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ

Zhuang, Simplified
Southwestern Han
Zhuang 壮族/Bouxcuengh 18,000,000
Mandarin, characters,
etc. Latin script

Uyghurs 维吾尔族/‫ئۇيغۇر‬ 15,000,000+[129] Uyghur Arabic

alphabet,
Latin script
 Simplified
Northeastern
Han
Mandarin,

ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
满族/
Manchus 10,422,873 characters,
Manchu
Mongol
language
script

Latin script,
Hmong/Miao,
苗族/Ghaob Simplified
Hmong/Miao 9,426,007 Southwestern
Xongb/Hmub/Mongb Han
Mandarin
characters

Tibetan,
Tibetan
Tibetans 藏族/བོད་པ་ 6,500,000 Rgyal Rong,
script
Rgu, etc.

Various Yi script,
Loloish, Simplified
Yi 彝族/ꆈꌠ 8,714,393
Southwestern Han
Mandarin characters
Tujia 土家族 8,353,912 Northern Simplified
Tujia, Han
Southern characters
Tujia

Simplified
Han
Kam 侗族/Gaeml 2,879,974 Gaeml
characters,
Latin script

Tu, Simplified
Tu 土族/Monguor 289,565 Northwestern Han
Mandarin characters
ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ

Daur 达斡尔族/ 131,992 Daur, Mongol

Northeastern script,
Mandarin Simplified
Han
characters
 臺灣原住民/ 高山族/ Austronesian Latin script,
Indigenous
Yincomin/ languages Traditional
Taiwanese 533,600
Kasetaivang/ (Amis, Yami), Han
Peoples
Inanuwayan etc. characters

Han
characters
Japanese

Ryukyuan 琉球民族 1,900,000 (Kanji),

Ryukyuan
Katakana,
Hiragana

Han
characters
Japanese

Ainu アイヌ/ Aynu/ Айну 200,000 (Kanji),

Ainu[130]
Katakana,
Hiragana

Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity,
within East Asia only.

East Asian culture

Overview
The culture of East Asia has largely been influenced by China, as it was the civilization that
had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the
foundation for East Asian civilization.[131] The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese
civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations
for a civilised life in East Asia. Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the
adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal
systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial
examinations that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and
cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in
the histories of Japan and Korea.[132][45][133][134][135][136][137][138][98] The Imperial Chinese
tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China
and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the
ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial
China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of
Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.[139][140] The Imperial
Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two
millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and
thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[49][140] The relationship
between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical
influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[136][134][140][132]

Religions

Religion in East Asia (2020)[141]

   Buddhism (52.10%)
   Folk Religion (19.65%)
   No Religion (19.62%)
   Christianity (5.56%)
   Islam (1.57%)
   Hinduism (0.01%)
   Other (1.43%)
 Native Creator/Current Founded Main
Religion Major book
name Leader Time Denomination

Chinese
中國民
classics, Pre
間信仰 5000
Chinese folk Spontaneous Salvationist, Huangdi pan
or 中国 years
religion formation Wuism, Nuo Sijing, and
民间信 from now
precious poly
仰
scrolls, etc.

Taoism 道教 Zhang Daoling, 125 A.D. Zhengyi, Tao Te Ching Pan

was considered Eastern Quanzhen poly
the founder of Han
Taoism by dynasty
Taoists. He
founded
Zhengyi, the
earliest
denomination
of Taoism.
Zhang Daoling
reformed the
Chinese folk
religion from
Szechuan, into
a real,
organised, and
regulated
religion, in
125A.D.. Wang
Chongyang
founded the
Quanzhen
Denomination.
Tale says Wang
Chongyang
met two Gods,
Lü Dongbin and
Han Zhongli,
during Jin
dynasty (1115–
1234) in 1159.
He then get
started to study
Taoism himself.
Three years
later, he
finished his
studying, and
founded
Quanzhen. The
new leader of
Zhengyi need
to be the son or
paternal
nephew of the
previous
leader,
confirmed by
the court of
Zhengyi, in
Mount Longhu,
Jiangxi. Also
beginning from
the Song
Dynasty, the
leaders of
Zhengyi get
started to be
confirmed and
titled by the
Emperor of
China. In 1949,
the 63th leader,
Zhang Enfu,
fled to Taiwan
with Chiang
Kai-shek,
leader of the
Kuomintang,
died in 1969 in
Taipei. The
Kuomintang
Authority titled
his cousin
Zhang
Yuanxian as the
64th leader,
while the Court
of Zhengyi
back in Jiangxi
argued that the
oracle already
foreseen the
leadership will
end at the 63th
generation.
Zhang
Yuanxian died
in 2008, only
left a daughter
as heir.
Meanwhile, the
Kuomintang
Authority didn't
confirmed the
next leader. On
the other hand,
in Mainland
China, Zhang
Enfu's second
daughter's son,
Lu Jintao,
changes his
surname to
Zhang, and get
in charge of the
Court of
Zhengyi
currently. For
the leader of
Quanzhen, the
last (18th)
leader (1335-
1362) was
Wanyan
Deming, titled
by the Emperor
of Yuan
Dynasty.
Wanyan
Deming was a
Jurchen Taoist,
the Wanyan
family was the
imperial house
of Jin Dynasty.
There is no
official leader
of Quanzhen
after Wanyan
 Deming
anymore.

The Emperor of
the Eastern
Han Dynasty,
Liu Zhuang,
made a dream
about the
Buddha
occasionally,
then sent
people to the
Western
Regions to
Introduce
Buddhism to
the Capital, 67 A.D.
East Asian 漢傳佛
Chang'an, in 67 Eastern Diamond Non
Buddhism/Chinese 教 or 汉 Mahayana
A.D. In 384 Han Sutra Dua
Buddhism 传佛教
A.D., during the dynasty
Eastern Jin
dynasty, Indian
Mālānanda
introduced the
Chinese
Buddhism to
Baekje. In 552
A.D., King
Seong of
Baekje offered
Buddhism to
the Emperor
Kinmei of
Japan.

Tibetan Buddhism 藏传佛 Tonpa Shenrab 1800 Mahayana, Anuttarayoga Non

 教/བོད་ Miwoche, years ago Bon Tantra
Prince of the
བརྒྱུད་ནང་
Ancient Xang
བསྟན། Xung Kingdom.

Pre
萨满教
Spontaneous Prehistoric poly
Shamanism[g] or Бөө N/A
formation period and
мөргөл
pan

Pre
Spontaneous Jōmon Kojiki, Nihon pan
Shintoism 神道 Shinto sects
formation period Shoki and
poly

Pre
신도 or Spontaneous 900 years pan
Shindo/Muism
무교 formation ago
Shindo sects N/A
and
poly

琉球神
Pre
道 or ニ
Spontaneous pan
Ryukyuan religion ライカ N/A N/A N/A
formation and
ナイ信
poly
仰

Festivals
 Native Other Gregorian Relig
Festival Calendar Date Activity
Name name date prac

Family
Reunion,
農曆新年/
Ancestors Wors
Lunar New 农历新年 Spring Month 1 Day 21 Jan–
Chinese Worship, the K
Year or 春節/春 Festival 1 20 Feb
Tomb of Go
节
Sweeping,
Fireworks

Ancestors
Worship,
Korean
New Year
설날 or 설 Seollal Korean
Month 1 Day 21 Jan–
1 20 Feb
Family
Reunion,
N/A

Tomb
Sweeping

Family
藏历新年/ Reunion,
Losar or ལོ་གསར་ or Ancestors
White Tibetan, Month 1 Day 25 Jan –
Tsagaan 查干萨日/ Worship, N/A
Moon Mongolian 1 2 Mar
Sar Цагаан Tomb
сар Sweeping,
Fireworks

New Year 元旦 Yuan Dan Gregorian 1 Jan 1 Jan Fireworks N/A

Lanterns
Birthd
Upper Expo,
of the
Lantern 元宵節 or Yuan Month 1 Day 4 Feb – Ancestors
Chinese God
Festival 元宵节 Festival 15 6 Mar Worship,
Sky-
(上元节) Tomb
office
Sweeping

Daeboreum 대보름 or Great Full Korean Month 1 Day 4 Feb – Greeting of Bonf
정월 대보름 Moon 15 6 Mar the moon, (dalji
kite-flying, taeug
Jwibulnori,
 eating nuts
(Bureom)

In
Ancestors
Traditionally, Mem
Worship,
on the 105th of a l
Tomb
day after Ancie
Sweeping,
the Winter name
No cooking
solstice. Jie Z
hot
Revised to 1 (Chin
meal/setting
day before 介子推
fire, Cold
Cold the orde
Hanshi 寒食節 or food only.
Food Solar term Qingming April 3–5 by th
Festival 寒食节 Cuju, etc.
Festival Festival by Mona
(People
Johann of the
used to mix
Adam Schall (Chin
this one
von Bell state
with the
(Chinese: 汤 Duke
Qingming
若望) during Wen
Festival due
the Qing Jin
to their
dynasty. (Chin
close dates)
重耳)

Qingming 清明節 or Tomb Solar term 15th day April 4- Ancestors Burn
Festival 清明节 Sweeping after the 6th Worship, Hell
Day Vernal Tomb mone
Equinox. Sweeping, dece
Just 1 day Excursion, famil
after the Planting mem
Hanshi trees, Flying Plant
Festival, but kites, Tug of willow
in much war, Cuju, branc
higher etc. (Almost to ke
repute. the same ghos
with the away
Hanshi from
Festival's, hous
 due to their
close dates)

Driving
poisons &
plague
away.
(China -
Dragon
Boat Race,
Duanwu Wearing
Dragon 端午節 or Festival / coloured Wors
Chinese / Month 5
Boat 端午节 or Dano lines, vario
Festival 단오 (Surit-
Korean Day 5
Hanging Gods
nal) felon herb
on the front
door.) /
(Korea -
Washing
hair with iris
water,
ssireum)

Birthd
Ancestors
中元節 or of the
Ghost Mid Yuan Month 7 Worship,
中元节 or Chinese God
Festival
백중 Festival Day 15 Tomb
Sweeping
Earth
office

Family
Mid- Wors
中秋節 or Month 8 Reunion,
Autumn 中秋祭 Chinese the M
中秋节 Day 15 Enjoying
Festival Godd
Moon view

Chuseok 추석 or 한 Hangawi Korean Month 8 Family N/A

가위 Day 15 Reunion,
Ancestors
Worship,
Tomb
 Sweeping,
Enjoying
Moon view

Family
Tsukimi
月見 or お Month 8 Reunion, Wors
Tsukimi or Gregorian
月見 Day 15 Enjoying the M
Otsukimi
Moon view

Climbing
Mountain,
Double Double Wors
重陽節 or Month 9 Taking care
Ninth Positive Chinese vario
重阳节 Day 09 of elderly,
Festival Festival Gods
Wearing
Cornus.

Birthd
Ancestors
Lower of the
下元節 or Month 10 Worship,
Yuan N/A Chinese God
下元节 Day 15 Tomb
Festival Wate
Sweeping
office

Ancestors
Between
Dongzhi 冬至 or 동 Between
Dec 21
Worship,

Festival 지 or 冬至 N/A Gregorian Dec 21 and

Dec 23
and Dec
Rites to
dispel bad
N/A

23
spirits

Wors
Small New Jizao (祭 Month 12 Cleaning
小年 Chinese the G
Year 灶) Day 23 Houses
of He

*Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration.

*Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

Collaboration

East Asian Youth Games

Formerly the East Asian Games, it is a multi-sport event organised by the East Asian
Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from
East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), as well as the
Pacific island of Guam, which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees.

It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the Central Asian Games, the
Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games), the South Asian Games and the West Asian
Games.

Free trade agreements

 Name of Negotiation Signing Starting Current
Parties Leaders at the time
agreement begins date time status

China–South Xi Jinping, Park Jun 01, Dec 30,

May, 2012 Enforced
Korea FTA Geun-hye 2015 2015

Xi Jinping, Shinzō
China–Japan– Mar 26, 10 round
Abe, Park Geun- N/A N/A
South Korea FTA 2013 negotiation
hye

Shinzō Abe,
Japan-Mongolia Feb 10,
Tsakhiagiin - - Enforced
EPA 2015
Elbegdorj

Xi Jinping,
China-Mongolia Officially
Tsakhiagiin N/A N/A N/A
FTA proposed
Elbegdorj

Jiang Zemin, Tung Jun 29,

China-HK CEPA - - Enforced
Chee-hwa 2003

Jiang Zemin,
China-Macau Oct 18,
Edmund Ho Hau- - - Enforced
CEPA 2003
wah

Hong Kong- Carrie Lam, Oct 09,

N/A N/A Negotiating
Macau CEPA Fernando Chui 2015

Hu Jintao, Ma Ying- Jan 26, Jun 29, Aug 17,

ECFA Enforced
jeou 2010 2010 2010

CSSTA (Based Xi Jinping, Ma Ying- Jun 21,

Mar, 2011 N/A Abolished
on ECFA) jeou 2013

CSGTA (Based Hu Jintao, Ma Ying- Feb 22,

N/A N/A Suspended
on ECFA) jeou 2011

Military alliances
 Parties within the
Name Abbr.
region

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation SCO ( )

General Security of Military Information Agreement GSOMIA

Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship

- ( )
Treaty

Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the

-
United States and Japan

Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the

-
Republic of Korea

Taiwan Relations Act (Sino-American Mutual Defense TRA

Treaty before 1980) (SAMDT)

Major non-NATO ally (Global Partners of NATO) - [144]

Major cities

Largest population centres of East Asia

 

v t e ([Link]

[145][146]
Rank City name Country Pop.
1 Tokyo Japan 38,140,000
2 Seoul South Korea 25,520,000

3 Shanghai China 24,484,000

4 Beijing China 21,240,000 Shanghai

Tokyo

5 Osaka Japan 20,337,000

6 Chongqing China 13,744,000

7 Guangzhou China 13,070,000
8 Tianjin China 11,558,000
9 Shenzhen China 10,828,000 Beijing
Seoul
10 Chengdu China 10,104,000
Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the largest city in the world, both in metropolitan population
and economy.

Taipei is the capital, financial centre of Taiwan and anchors a major high-tech industrial area
in Taiwan.

Seoul is the capital of South Korea, leading global technology hub.

 Shanghai is the largest city in China.

Beijing is the capital of the People's Republic of China.

Osaka is the second largest metropolitan area in Japan.

 Guangzhou is one of the most important cities in southern China. It has a history of over
2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road and continues to serve as a
major port and transportation hub today.

Nagoya is the third largest metropolitan area in Japan. Nagoya is famous as the location of
Lexus headquarters.

Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.

 Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia with a population of 1 million as of 2008.

Hong Kong is one of the global financial centres and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.

Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea, and is a metropolis on the Korean Peninsula.
 Xi'an or Chang'an is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held the
position under several of the most important dynasties. It has a significant cultural influence
in East Asia.

Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and
Japan. As the video progresses, you can see major cities along the coast and the Japanese
islands on the Philippine Sea. The island of Guam can be seen further down the pass into the
Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand. A lightning storm can be
seen as light pulses near the end of the video.

See also

China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit

East Asia Summit

East Asia–United States relations

East Asian Community

 East Asian languages

East Asian studies

East Asian cultural sphere

Notes

a. See[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

b. [37][38][39][40][41]

c. Includes all area which under PRC's government control (excluding "South Tibet" and disputed
islands).

d. A note by the United Nations: "For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong
Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and Taiwan Province of
China."[122][123]

e. The Hui people also use the Arabic alphabet in the religious field.

f. The Khotons also in .

g. almost Manchu, Mongolian

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Further reading

Church, Peter. A short history of South-East Asia (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and
Eastern Responses, 1830-1975 (1975) online 3rd edition 1958 ([Link]
[Link].2015.283180)

Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958) online free to borrow ([Link]
details/historyoffareast0000crof)

Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia (1922) online free ([Link]

mericansineast01denngoog/page/n644)

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. East Asia: A cultural, social, and political
history (Cengage Learning, 2013).

Embree, Ainslie T., ed. Encyclopedia of Asian history (1988)

vol. 1 online ([Link]
e/2up) ; vol 2 online ([Link]
n5/mode/2up) ; vol 3 online ([Link]
e_l9c1/page/n5/mode/2up) ; vol 4 online ([Link]
ofas0000embr)

Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition
and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online free to borrow (http
s://[Link]/[Link]?query=creator%3A%28Reischauer%2C%20Fairbank%2
C%29) , famous textbook.

Flynn, Matthew J. China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia (2006), for secondary
schools

Gelber, Harry. The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the
present (2011).

Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the
Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) a major scholarly survey excerpt ([Link]
m/More-Than-Providence-American-East-Relations/dp/0231180438/)

Hall, D.G.E. History of South East Asia (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).

Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). excerpt (http
s://[Link]/History-East-Asia-Civilization-Twenty-First/dp/1107544890/)

Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921-1931.
(1965).
Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations:
America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp online
review ([Link]
-pacific-relations-america-europe-and-asia-in-the-twentieth-century-edited-by-jens
enrichard-and-davidannjonsugitayoneyuki-westport-conn-praeger-2003-xvi-304-pp-
6995-cloth/22A4DB3E0B917B3AE00A780351F3B775)

Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong
(Scribner, 1997). online free to borrow ([Link]
ay)

Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. (6 vol.
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).

Mackerras, Colin. Eastern Asia: an introductory history (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire,

1992).

Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed
1955) 1950 edition online free ([Link] ,
780pp; focus on 1900-1950.

Miller, David Y. Modern East Asia: An Introductory History (Routledge, 2007)

Murphey, Rhoads. East Asia: A New History (1996)

Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the
British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam
and Malaya (1904) online ([Link]

Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911-1949 (2014) excerpt ([Link]

Wars-Asia-1911-1949-S-Paine/dp/1107697476/)

Prescott, Anne. East Asia in the World: An Introduction (Routledge, 2015)

Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger
Publishing, 2006).

Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in Routledge Handbook of
Modern Japanese History (2017) online ([Link]
324/9781315746678.ch3)

Steiger, G. Nye. A history of the Far East (1936).

 Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964) online free (https://
[Link]/download/[Link].10689.12563/10689.12563_text.pdf)

Vogel, Ezra. China and Japan: Facing History (2019) excerpt ([Link]
China-Japan-Ezra-F-Vogel/dp/0674916573/)

Woodcock, George. The British in the Far East (1969) online ([Link]
britishinfareast0000wood)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern Asia.

Look up east asia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for East Asia.

High resolution map of East Asian region ([Link]

[Link])

Retrieved from
"[Link]
title=East_Asia&oldid=1088238034"

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